• • THPC extends film formation kinetics by 1.4×, suppressing explosive nucleation in PM6:L8-BO-X blends and enabling ordered fibrous morphology; this translates to a PCE of 20.19% versus 18.67% for PEDOT:PSS, directly addressing the industrial need for reproducible high-throughput coating.
• • Non-radiative recombination loss is reduced from 0.243 eV to 0.227 eV, and open-circuit voltage increases from 0.866 V to 0.883 V; these metrics are critical for closing the gap to the Shockley-Queisser limit and enhancing device stability under operational stress.
• • THPC's deep work function of 5.32 eV increases built-in potential and reduces interfacial trap density, facilitating charge extraction; this enables broad applicability across Y-series acceptors, with D18:L8-BO achieving 20.55% PCE, demonstrating robustness for diverse material systems.
• • The low surface energy of THPC improves interfacial compatibility with hydrophobic active layers, mitigating defects and vertical phase separation issues inherent to hydrophilic PEDOT:PSS; this is essential for scaling to roll-to-roll manufacturing where interfacial control dictates yield and lifetime.