Scenario Simulation and Case Study of Oil Spill Diffusion from Oil Pipelines Crossing Rivers

• • Oil spill diffusion distance and affected area are predominantly governed by water conditions and emergency resource accessibility; in high-water months, the efficiency of maintenance and repair resources is critical, as response time directly influences containment success. • • External forces (hydraulic and wind) dominate oil spreading over internal forces (gravity, inertia, viscosity, surface tension) within short timescales; for long emergency resource arrival times, internal force contributions based on Fay's theory are negligible, simplifying simulation models. • • The study designed eight scenarios combining two leakage modes (small hole and full rupture), two water conditions (high and low flow), and two emergency resource locations (operation area and maintenance center), enabling comprehensive risk assessment. • • The simulation framework integrates leak rate calculations (pressurized and unpressurized), oil volume estimates, and diffusion distance models, providing a practical tool for rapid assessment of spill impacts and resource allocation.