Robust photothermal coating of core-shell nanoparticles for zero-energy long-lasting antifogging

• • The Au@SiO2 core-shell NP coating maintains antifogging performance after 1 week of water immersion and over 100 glass-cloth wipes, demonstrating exceptional mechanical robustness for real-world durability. • • The photothermal effect of Au cores enables zero-energy defogging under light exposure, eliminating the need for electrical heating and reducing operational costs. • • The SiO2 shell provides strong interfacial adhesion to diverse substrates and a hydrophilic surface, ensuring rapid water film formation and preventing fog formation. • • The scalable direct-ink-writing printing technology allows uniform NP coating fabrication, addressing the scalability bottleneck for commercial antifogging applications.