• • PD additive achieves a PCE of 25.79% and a VOC of 1.193 V in 1.55 eV perovskite solar cells, representing a low energy loss and high efficiency.
• • Unencapsulated PD-treated devices retain 96% of initial efficiency after 2000 h in N2, versus 74% for controls, demonstrating enhanced long-term stability.
• • Under ISOS-D-2I protocol (65±5°C, N2), PD-treated devices show <5% PCE degradation after 288 h, while controls degrade by ~30%, indicating superior thermal stability.
• • PD passivation improves film crystallinity and uniformity, reducing non-radiative recombination and energy loss, which is critical for commercial viability.