• • Average PCE improved from 23.32% to 24.79% (a 1.47 percentage point absolute gain), directly translating to higher power output per installed area and reduced levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for perovskite photovoltaics.
• • Unencapsulated devices retained 84% of initial efficiency after 1000 h in ambient air, versus 75% for controls, indicating a 9 percentage point improvement in moisture/oxygen tolerance—critical for reducing encapsulation costs and enabling flexible or building-integrated applications.
• • PEF parameters: rectangular pulse waveform, voltage amplitude <30 V, frequency 20–500 Hz, electrode-to-film lateral spacing ~5 mm, NH3/He gas mixture at 1 atm for 3 min. These mild conditions avoid thermal budget issues and are compatible with roll-to-roll processing.
• • DFT calculations show iodine vacancy (VI) and lead vacancy (VPb) formation energies on α-FAPbI3 (100) surface, with PEF-induced NH3 passivation reducing defect density and suppressing ion migration, as evidenced by improved carrier lifetimes and reduced non-radiative recombination.