Preparation and Performance of Piezoelectric Hydrogels for Accelerating Wound Healing in Damaged Plants

• • The PAM/PEG/CaCl2 hydrogel achieved a peak open-circuit voltage of ~6 mV under periodic mechanical loading, sufficient to mimic plant action potentials and trigger regenerative responses without external power sources. • • At 30 °C and 55% RH, the hydrogel retained ~70% of its initial mass after 80 h of continuous dehydration, demonstrating adequate water retention for prolonged outdoor application when properly encapsulated. • • In tomato stem wound models, callus area coverage reached 49.50%, 64.87%, and 86.13% at 3, 5, and 10 days, respectively, showing a significant acceleration of healing compared to untreated controls. • • The hydrogel formulation avoids heavy metals and non-degradable components, ensuring environmental compatibility and eliminating secondary pollution risks, making it suitable for in-situ ecological restoration.