Preparation and Oil-Water Separation Performance of PVDF Membranes Co-modified with Dopamine and Polyvinyl Alcohol

• • The optimal modified membrane M3 achieved a pure water flux of 4893.2 ± 70.2 L/(m²·h), a 2.3-fold improvement over pristine PVDF, enabling high-throughput filtration in industrial oily wastewater treatment. • • For toluene-in-water emulsion separation, M3 delivered an emulsion flux of 2138.1 ± 29.4 L/(m²·h) with an oil rejection of 98.5% ± 0.1%, meeting discharge standards and reducing energy costs. • • Antifouling performance: M3 exhibited a flux recovery rate (FRR) of 92.0% after BSA fouling, indicating robust resistance to irreversible fouling and extended membrane lifespan. • • Chemical stability: The membrane withstood acid, alkali, and salt immersion tests, maintaining structural integrity and separation performance, crucial for harsh industrial environments.