Porous TPU piezoelectric composites with core-shell structured PZT@CMCS particles for enhanced energy harvesting

• • Achieved output voltage of 53 V and current of 13 μA, an 11-fold increase over conventional PZT composite films, enabling practical energy harvesting for wearable sensors. • • Core-shell PZT@CMCS structure improves interfacial compatibility with TPU, reducing defects and enhancing mechanical flexibility without compromising piezoelectric performance. • • Porous TPU skeleton facilitates stress transfer and amplification, allowing a high piezoelectric filler content (exact wt% not specified) while maintaining flexibility, critical for scalable manufacturing. • • The composite addresses brittleness of PZT ceramics, offering a pathway to flexible devices for self-powered electronics and structural health monitoring.