Pollution Status of River and Lake Sediments and Research Progress in In-situ Remediation Technologies

• • In-situ remediation technologies offer lower costs and minimal disturbance compared to ex-situ methods, making them a priority for sustainable sediment management. • • Heavy metal contamination, particularly Cd and Hg, is prevalent in Chinese river and lake sediments, necessitating targeted remediation strategies. • • Combined in-situ technologies, integrating physical, chemical, and biological approaches, demonstrate enhanced efficiency and are a key research direction. • • Future development requires interdisciplinary integration and material innovations to overcome scalability and long-term effectiveness challenges.