• • PSCs achieve lab efficiencies exceeding 26%, but large-area modules (>800 cm²) exhibit a performance gap of >15% relative to small cells, underscoring the need for scalable coating techniques like slot-die and blade coating to maintain uniformity.
• • Operational stability under damp heat (85°C/85% RH) and thermal cycling (-40°C to 85°C) remains a bottleneck; encapsulated devices show <10% degradation after 1000 hours, yet field data indicate ion migration accelerates failure, necessitating strain regulation via compositional engineering.
• • For BIPV and Agri-PV, semi-transparent PSCs with tunable bandgaps (1.6–1.8 eV) achieve average visible transmittance (AVT) of 20–30% while retaining >15% efficiency, enabling dual land use and aesthetic integration.
• • Lifecycle assessments reveal that perovskite modules have an energy payback time of <0.5 years, compared to >1.5 years for silicon, but lead toxicity and solvent waste require closed-loop recycling to meet sustainability targets.