Perovskite Photodetectors on Skin: Current Advances and Commercialization Challenges

• • Self-powered FPDs achieve dark currents of ~10^-12 A and detect 3 nW cm^-2 at 0 V bias, eliminating battery reliance for continuous wearable monitoring—critical for reducing device bulk and extending operational life in clinical PPG and UV dosimetry. • • Low-temperature solution processing (<150°C) enables direct fabrication on PET and PI substrates, but R2R manufacturing suffers from uncontrolled crystallization dynamics at high coating speeds, directly reducing production yield and impeding cost parity with silicon. • • Lead-containing waste streams impose significant cost burdens; aqueous 'one-click restart' recycling for metal-free perovskites enables near-complete material recovery, mitigating environmental risk and improving life-cycle economics for disposable wearable sensors. • • Long-term operation under coupled light-thermal-humidity stress remains unresolved; standardized accelerated aging tests and robust encapsulation are absent, preventing reliability validation required for medical-grade or athletic-use commercialization.