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Oxygen Vacancy Engineering in Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics for Performance Optimization

Authors: Ze Xu; Till Frömling; Ming Li; Ke Wang

DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3755-8Status: Verified Translated Edition
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Key Findings in This Report

• • Oxygen vacancy concentrations below 1 at% in NBT and KNN ceramics are not reliably quantifiable by any single technique; XPS has known reliability issues, necessitating a multi-method approach (impedance spectroscopy, XPS/STEM, EPR/PAS) for accurate assessment. • • Defect chemistry modeling via Nb5+ doping in NBT revealed Bi deficiency ranges of 0.0017–0.0033 and O deficiency of 0.0025–0.0050, corresponding to a chemical formula of Na0.5Bi0.4967–0.4983TiO3, enabling precise stoichiometric control. • • Activation energy (Ea) shifts from <0.9 eV (oxide ion conduction) to 1.5–1.8 eV (intrinsic electronic conduction) upon filling oxygen vacancies, providing a quantitative marker for vacancy concentration changes. • • Oxygen vacancy-induced hardening increases mechanical quality factor and stabilizes electromechanical response under high-power conditions, but also raises coercive field and suppresses polarization, requiring trade-off optimization for specific applications.