• • Intra-day output deviations of the VPP are constrained to -37.8 to 64.0 MW, substantially lower than standalone wind power forecast errors, directly reducing imbalance penalty costs in electricity markets.
• • Thermal storage capacity expansion beyond 500 MW·h produces diminishing returns on net profit, indicating an optimal sizing threshold for capital allocation in integrated VPP designs.
• • Battery storage capacity increases exhibit minimal impact on net profit, suggesting that gas turbine flexibility and thermal storage provide superior marginal economic value for this configuration.
• • The electricity-heat bidirectional decoupling architecture enables valley-period electricity and heat storage and peak-period energy release, optimizing gas turbine dispatch and improving overall system economics.