Opportunities for Plasmonic Organic Photovoltaics Using Nonfullerene Acceptors

• • Plasmonic nanostructures (MNPs, nanopatterns, nanogratings) incorporated into HTL, ETL, active layer, or transparent electrode enhance OPV performance via LSPR, improving light absorption, exciton generation/dissociation, and charge transport; however, parasitic SET and exciton quenching can limit efficiency if uncontrolled, necessitating precise optical/electronic/ interfacial engineering. • • Broadband plasmonic designs extend spectral utilization and enable versatile device architectures, but most studies have focused on FA systems where spectral mismatch and severe quenching have historically capped performance; NFAs with strong near-infrared absorption aligned with plasmonic resonances could unlock previously inaccessible enhancement mechanisms. • • Critical challenges remain: precise control over nanoparticle size, shape, and dispersion is essential for chemical and morphological stability; mechanisms of exciton quenching and charge recombination at metal–organic interfaces require further investigation to enable industrial-scale deployment. • • The field is shifting toward NFA-based OPVs, where plasmonic enhancement could drive performance improvements; however, without resolving stability and interfacial loss pathways, commercial viability remains constrained by degradation rates and cost-parity thresholds against legacy silicon photovoltaics.