Multifunctional Flexible Thermoelectric Devices for Next-Generation Wearable and Integrated Systems

• • f-TE devices enable multimodal sensing of temperature, pressure, and strain simultaneously, with demonstrated applications in deep-learning-assisted sign language and object recognition (Yang et al., Chem Eng J, 2024, 488: 150816), indicating high sensitivity and specificity for human-machine interfaces. • • Self-powered f-TE systems have been integrated with wireless wearable platforms for real-time physiological and biochemical monitoring (An et al., Adv Funct Mater, 2023, 33: 2303361), achieving continuous health tracking without external power sources, a critical step toward autonomous wearables. • • Thermoelectric gel-based sensors have achieved self-powered facial perception for expression recognition and health monitoring (Cui et al., ACS Sens, 2024, 10: 537–544), demonstrating the potential for non-invasive diagnostic tools with high temporal resolution. • • Stretchable and integratable thermoelectric nanofiber yarns have been continuously manufactured for human body energy harvesting and self-powered motion detection (He et al., Chem Eng J, 2022, 450: 137937), offering scalable production routes for wearable energy solutions.