• • Interfacial resistance of 11.7 Ω cm2 and lithium self-diffusion coefficient of 4.5×10−11 cm2/s (one order of magnitude higher than pure lithium) enable stable high-rate operation; industrially, this reduces ohmic heating and allows faster charging protocols.
• • Critical current density increased fourfold compared to baseline, enabling 1300-h symmetrical cell cycling life; this directly addresses dendrite-induced short circuits, a primary failure mode in solid-state batteries.
• • Full cells retain 80% capacity after 220 cycles, demonstrating practical viability; this cycle life at high capacity retention suggests the composite anode mitigates chemo-mechanical degradation, a key barrier to commercialization.
• • In-situ reduction of Ti4+ by metallic lithium creates a mixed ionic/electronic conducting LLTO framework; this eliminates the need for external electronic percolators, simplifying cell design and reducing dead volume, which is critical for achieving high energy density.