• • Gas-releasing microneedles achieve up to 10-fold deeper drug penetration compared to passive diffusion, as demonstrated in ex vivo skin models, enabling targeted delivery to the dermal layer (depth >500 μm) for enhanced therapeutic efficacy in thick skin lesions.
• • Integration of gas propulsion with intrinsic bioactivity (e.g., nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide) results in synergistic antibacterial effects, reducing bacterial viability by >99.9% within 24 hours, which is critical for chronic wound management.
• • Precise regulation of gas release kinetics is achieved via stimuli-responsive materials (e.g., pH, glucose, or near-infrared light), with release rates tunable from 0.1 to 10 μmol/min, allowing spatiotemporal control over therapeutic action.
• • Scalable manufacturing of gas-releasing microneedles is feasible using established micromolding techniques, with production yields exceeding 95% and batch-to-batch variability below 5%, supporting clinical translation and industrial scale-up.