• • Synergistic NPs/CLs-SACs systems achieve 100% atomic utilization of single-atom sites while leveraging nanoparticle electronic adaptability, enabling performance metrics such as industrial-level CO2-to-CO electrolysis current densities (e.g., >100 mA/cm²) and pH-universal nitrate reduction to ammonia with Faradaic efficiencies exceeding 90% (ref. 68, 69).
• • The integration of oxophilic single Ru and W atoms with tiny Pt nanoparticles for alkaline hydrogen oxidation (Nat Commun, 2025, 16: 883) demonstrates a 2-3 fold enhancement in HOR activity compared to Pt/C, addressing the sluggish kinetics that limit anion exchange membrane fuel cells.
• • Fe–N4 sites coupled with small-sized Fe3C nanoparticles for PEMFCs (Energy Environ Sci, 2024, 17: 5941–5949) exhibit a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.85 V vs. RHE in 0.1 M HClO4, with less than 30 mV degradation after 10,000 cycles, indicating improved durability over conventional Fe–N–C catalysts.
• • Nickel nanocluster-stabilized unsaturated Ni–N3 atomic sites enable CO2-to-CO electrolysis at industrial-level current densities (e.g., 200 mA/cm²) with a CO Faradaic efficiency of >95% and stability over 100 hours (Angew Chem Int Ed, 2025, 64: e202424552), overcoming the trade-off between activity and stability in single-atom catalysts.