Lignin-Based Carbon Nanofibrous Scaffold: Constructing a Mechanically Robust Bi2WO6/ZnIn2S4 Z-Scheme Heterojunction Membrane for Enhanced Pollutant Degradation and Stable Cyclability

• • The CNFs@BWO/ZIS nanomembrane achieves 94.4% degradation of methylene blue (MB) under solar irradiation within 120 min, with a rate constant k = 0.01664 min−1, demonstrating high efficiency for industrial dye removal. • • The membrane exhibits a Young's modulus of 20.38 MPa and toughness of 2.48 kJ/m3 under wet conditions, ensuring mechanical robustness for practical water treatment applications. • • Stabilization kinetics are accelerated 10-fold (1°C/min), leading to significant energy savings during membrane fabrication, which is critical for scalable production. • • The membrane maintains excellent recyclability over five successive degradation cycles, confirming its operational stability and cost-effectiveness for long-term use.