Key Optimization Technologies for Multi-Energy Integrated Supply Systems in Large Ports

• • Electricity cost reduction of 32.60% without flexible load and 37.73% with flexible load compared to grid-only supply, demonstrating significant economic benefits for port operators. • • Clean energy utilization ratio increased by 55.46% (without flexible load) and 58.54% (with flexible load), indicating substantial decarbonization potential and reduced reliance on fossil-based grid electricity. • • Flexible load scheduling enables an additional 5.13 percentage point cost reduction and 3.08 percentage point clean energy increase over the non-flexible scenario, highlighting the value of demand-side management in port energy systems. • • The PSO-based optimization achieves peak shaving and valley filling, improving grid stability and reducing the port's carbon footprint, with validated performance on a typical spring day using real measured data.