• • Under progressive acceleration at 35°C, the direct cooling system without fins fails: maximum surface temperature reaches 49.8°C and maximum temperature difference 16.5°C, exceeding safe control ranges and risking thermal runaway.
• • Adding aluminum fins reduces maximum temperature from 49.8°C to 40.9°C (a 8.9°C drop) and temperature difference from 16.5°C to 5.0°C (a 11.5°C reduction), demonstrating effective thermal homogeneity improvement.
• • Longitudinal temperature difference decreases from 11.2°C to 4.6°C (58.9% reduction) and transverse from 5.9°C to 1.2°C (79.7% reduction) with fins, indicating enhanced heat conduction in both directions.
• • The direct cooling system with fins meets temperature control requirements under all tested dynamic conditions (steady, alternating load, progressive acceleration) at ambient temperatures of 25, 30, and 35°C, ensuring battery safety and longevity.