Homogeneous Dip-Coating of Ion-Modulated Self-Assembled Monolayers for Large-Area Perovskite Photovoltaics

• • Champion PCE of 26.09% for small-area cells and 23.29% for 5 cm × 5 cm mini-modules (aperture 14.4 cm²), demonstrating scalability without severe efficiency loss. • • Encapsulated devices maintain 80% of initial PCE after 1350 h maximum power point tracking under continuous illumination, indicating robust operational stability. • • PBACl incorporation transforms disordered SAM clusters into densely packed uniform vertical adsorption, improving solution spreading and substrate wettability. • • Dual role of PBACl: enhances perovskite film quality and passivates buried interfacial defects, reducing hole extraction barrier and nonradiative recombination.