• • Fatigue resistance: No significant mechanical degradation after 10,000 cycles at 200% strain, eliminating hysteresis. This addresses the primary failure mode of hydrogel fibers in wearable applications, where repeated body movements previously caused premature fracture and signal drift.
• • Strain sensing performance: Gauge factor ~3.0, response time 140 ms, recovery time 130 ms, and repeatability over 10,000 cycles at 70% strain. These metrics meet the requirements for real-time motion detection and long-term monitoring in smart textiles, with response/recovery speeds suitable for capturing human kinematics.
• • Environmental stability: The OHEF exhibits remarkable resistance to dehydration and freezing, extending operational lifetime in ambient conditions and enabling use in cold environments where conventional hydrogels fail due to water evaporation or ice crystallization.
• • Multi-sensing capabilities: Smart textiles based on OHEF detect deformation, temperature, proximity, and pressure, and perform passive sensing. This multifunctionality reduces the need for multiple discrete sensors, simplifying system integration and lowering manufacturing complexity for wearable devices.