High-Performance All-Solid-State Artificial Muscles Enabled by Double-Network Hydrogel Electrolytes

• • Achieved a maximum contractile stroke of 16% at a low voltage range of −1 to 1.8 V, demonstrating high actuation performance suitable for low-power biomedical and robotic applications. • • Generated an isometric force of approximately 500 mN at −1 to 2 V, enabling robust mechanical output for actuation tasks requiring significant force generation. • • The all-solid-state design eliminates liquid electrolyte leakage risks and improves biocompatibility, addressing critical safety and encapsulation challenges in implantable and wearable devices. • • The muscle unit retained structural integrity and actuation performance after weaving and knotting, indicating excellent mechanical robustness and flexibility for integration into complex textile-based systems.