• • BTP-TO2-based OSCs yield ~19% PCE across both halogenated and non-halogenated solvents, eliminating the need for solvent-specific processing and reducing performance variability that typically exceeds 10–15% in conventional systems.
• • SANS analysis of PM6:BTP-TO2 (1:1.2 w/w, 11.5 mg mL⁻¹ donor) shows fractal slopes of ~ -1 (0.005–0.1 Å⁻¹) and ~ -4 (0.1–0.3 Å⁻¹), confirming a stable, persistent acceptor conformation that resists aggregation-induced morphological drift.
• • Devices retain >80% of initial efficiency (T80) for >1200 h under continuous operation, meeting the industrial stability threshold for thin-film photovoltaics and enabling deployment in grid-connected applications.
• • Large-area modules maintain consistent performance, demonstrating that the solvent-insensitive morphology translates from lab-scale cells to scalable manufacturing, reducing the cost barrier for OSC commercialization.