Harnessing Anion Intercalation to Activate Layered Double Hydroxides for Efficient and Stable Seawater Splitting

• • Anion intercalation expands LDH interlayer spacing, enhancing mass transport and OER activity; e.g., SDS-intercalated NiFe-LDH shows significantly improved performance (ref. 124). • • Intercalated anions modulate electronic structure of metal centers, boosting intrinsic OER activity; DFT and experimental characterizations confirm this (ref. 120). • • Negatively charged interlayer microenvironment selectively enriches OH−, improving chloride tolerance; benzoate-intercalated NiFe-LDH nanosheet arrays exhibit enhanced stability for seawater oxidation (ref. 133). • • Organic anion intercalation, such as thiamine pyrophosphate, enables robust and durable seawater oxidation electrocatalysis (ref. 130).