• • LGC0.4@3 sensor achieves a sensitivity of 0.4 kPa⁻¹, a 3.2-fold improvement over homogeneous GC@3 sensors (0.125 kPa⁻¹), directly enabling detection of subtle tactile stimuli such as pulse waves and surface textures.
• • Linear range extends to 300 kPa, covering the full spectrum of human touch (0.1–100 kPa) and robotic gripper forces (up to 250 kPa), eliminating the need for signal conditioning or dual-sensor arrays in high-force applications.
• • Dynamic monitoring of ground slope changes and convexity/concavity features (Figure 1e,f) demonstrates real-time response with <10 ms latency, critical for closed-loop control in prosthetic limbs and autonomous navigation.
• • The layer-by-layer fabrication protocol yields a 92% device-to-device reproducibility (n=20), with a coefficient of variation of 7.3% in sensitivity, meeting industrial tolerances for mass production.