Flexible and Wearable Bioelectronics for Electrocardiography Monitoring: A Review

• • Bioinspired dry adhesives based on 1D–2D hybrid carbon nanocomposites achieved all-in-one ECG electrode functionality (ACS Nano, 2016, 10: 4770–4778), eliminating gel desiccation and skin irritation that plague conventional Ag/AgCl electrodes; industrial impact: enables reusable, long-term wearable patches with reduced maintenance. • • Skin-conformal polymer electrodes demonstrated clinical-grade ECG and EEG recordings (Adv Healthcare Mater, 2018, 7: e1700994), with signal fidelity comparable to standard gel electrodes; clinical impact: supports continuous monitoring in ambulatory settings without conductive gels. • • Kirigami-structured, low-impedance, skin-conformal electronics enabled long-term biopotential monitoring and human–machine interfaces (Adv Sci, 2023, 11: 2304871), achieving stable skin-electrode impedance under mechanical deformation; industrial impact: facilitates robust signal acquisition during body motion, reducing motion artifacts. • • Stretchable sponge electrodes tolerated motion artifacts and recorded high-quality electrophysiological signals (ACS Nano, 2022, 16: 11792–11801), with performance maintained under dynamic conditions; clinical impact: improves diagnostic accuracy for arrhythmia detection during daily activities.