Enhanced ion conductivity detection utilizing superhydrophilic cauliflower-like Pt black electrodes prepared via ultrasonic electrodeposition

• • Contact angle of 34.52° (superhydrophilic) reduces bubble adhesion, directly mitigating signal drift in marine conductivity sensors. • • Impedance reduction by 0.7 times lowers power consumption and enhances signal-to-noise ratio for portable or implantable devices. • • Charge storage capacity increase of 3.54 times boosts sensitivity and enables detection of minute ion concentration changes. • • Sensor accuracy improved from 0.0025 to 0.0012 mS/cm and response time reduced by 160 s, meeting stringent requirements for real-time oceanographic monitoring.