Enhanced built-in electric field by asymmetric Mo-doped BiVO4 for photoelectrocatalytic detoxification of ofloxacin in hyposaline wastewater

• • Mo doping amplifies the built-in electric field (IEF) to 2.05 times that of pristine BiVO4, directly enhancing charge separation and PEC activity. • • 4% Mo-BiVO4 achieves 96.5% ofloxacin degradation within 60 minutes, a significant improvement over undoped BiVO4. • • The photoanode retains 91.9% degradation efficiency in natural lake water with saline and organic interferents, proving high anti-interference capability for real-world applications. • • The crystal dipole engineering strategy via symmetry-breaking doping offers a scalable route to improve PEC performance in hyposaline wastewater treatment.