• • Janus/gradient anodes achieve bottom-up Li deposition, preventing top-heavy growth and dendrite penetration, as evidenced by improved Coulombic efficiency and cyclic stability in multiple studies (e.g., Li et al., Adv Sustain Syst 2024, 8: 2400205).
• • Lithiophilic-lithiophobic Janus designs guide Li nucleation and growth, reducing interfacial resistance and enhancing CE, with reported stable cycling over hundreds of cycles at current densities up to several mA cm−2.
• • Conductivity-gradient frameworks spatially regulate electron and ion transport, enabling uniform Li plating and stripping, as demonstrated by screen-printed Cu-mesh current collectors achieving long-term safety (Li et al., EcoEnergy 2024, 2: 311–321).
• • Dual-gradient configurations synergistically combine lithiophilicity and conductivity gradients, achieving high areal capacities and low overpotentials, critical for practical high-energy LMBs.