Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers Based on Nanofibers: Foundation, Preparation and Application

• • Electrospinning-derived nanofibers achieve high specific surface area and tunable fiber diameters, enabling composite compatibility that conventional micron-scale fibers cannot match; this directly enhances interfacial polarization and multiple internal reflections, critical for broadband absorption in stealth coatings. • • In-situ synthesis routes allow precise control over nanofiber composition and heterostructure formation, such as the impedance-matchable 3D MXene sponge/NiFe@NC heterostructure with tunable pores, which addresses the impedance mismatch bottleneck that limits commercial absorber efficiency. • • Interface-confinement strategies yield ultrathin and flexible electromagnetic interference shielding films, demonstrating that fiber coating and interface engineering can decouple mechanical flexibility from electromagnetic performance, a key requirement for conformal stealth surfaces. • • SiCf/epoxy composites with tailored fiber coatings show that fiber–matrix interface design directly modulates electromagnetic wave absorption, providing a pathway to integrate structural load-bearing with radar absorption in aerospace components, though long-term environmental stability remains unquantified.