Cycling Decay Mechanism and Accelerated Aging Model of Sulfur-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries

• • Capacity decay in SPAN||Gr pouch cells is driven by active lithium loss and increased resistance, with active lithium loss becoming dominant at higher temperatures (25–55 °C). • • The accelerated aging model based on the Arrhenius equation (y = 0.9x + a) accurately predicts cycling performance, reducing testing time by 50% when extrapolating from 55 °C to 25 °C. • • Active lithium loss is mainly due to dead lithium formation and SEI/CEI thickening, while resistance increase is predominantly from SEI/CEI thickening. • • The decay mechanism remains consistent across 25–55 °C, validating the use of accelerated aging models for this battery chemistry.