Comparative Study on Rime/Glaze Icing Mechanisms and Characteristics of Wind Turbine Blades Based on Rotating Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow

• • Temperature has negligible effect on rime icing but significantly affects glaze icing region, morphology, and mass; at -1°C, glaze icing thickness at 0.60R (mid-span) exceeds that at 0.90R (tip), a non-monotonic distribution that contradicts conventional monotonic assumptions and necessitates span-wise adaptive de-icing strategies. • • Rime forms streamlined ice while glaze forms horn-shaped ice; as temperature decreases, the glaze icing region shrinks but horn-shaped features become more pronounced, increasing aerodynamic penalties and mechanical loads on blades. • • Maximum icing thickness of rime increases monotonically along blade span, whereas glaze exhibits non-monotonic behavior; this disparity requires distinct icing detection and mitigation protocols for rime vs. glaze conditions in wind farms. • • For identical icing duration, rime icing mass exceeds glaze icing mass; as temperature decreases, glaze icing mass shows a growth trend with decreasing acceleration, implying that at lower temperatures the incremental mass gain per degree drop diminishes, affecting power loss predictions.