• • The binaphthyl-based chromophore (S-3) achieves a second-harmonic generation (SHG) response of ~3.53 times that of KDP, demonstrating a practical benchmark for organic NLO crystals in frequency conversion applications.
• • The material exhibits a wide transparency window with an optical bandgap of 3.91 eV, enabling operation in the visible to near-UV range without significant absorption losses, critical for photonic device integration.
• • Phase-matchable birefringence (Δn = 0.15) and a high laser damage threshold of 742.6 MW cm⁻² ensure stable performance under high-power laser irradiation, addressing a key industrial bottleneck for organic NLO materials.
• • Thermal stability up to 210 °C confirms suitability for device fabrication processes that require elevated temperatures, expanding the operational envelope for organic NLO crystals.