Carrier Regulation in Monolithic Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells

• • PO-TSCs have achieved certified efficiencies exceeding 26%, with theoretical limits beyond 40% for dual-junction designs, indicating a clear pathway to surpass single-junction S-Q limits. • • Wide-bandgap perovskite top cells require precise defect and phase control to minimize voltage losses; surface passivation using isomeric diammonium molecules has been shown to reduce non-radiative recombination, enabling open-circuit voltages exceeding 2.2 V in tandem devices. • • Interconnecting layers must be optically transparent and electrically efficient; solution-processed interconnects have demonstrated reduced carrier recombination, with a certified efficiency of 25.1% achieved via bottom contact modulation in inorganic perovskite/organic tandems. • • Organic bottom cells benefit from enhanced charge generation and collection; Knoevenagel condensation enables high-dipole interfacial molecules that improve charge extraction, contributing to overall efficiency gains and operational stability.