• • Biochar route: total CO2 emission 250.02 kg/t, carbon sequestration 120.29 kg/t, offering long-term carbon fixation (stable over centuries) – critical for climate mitigation.
• • Organic fertilizer route: total CO2 emission 536.14 kg/t, carbon reduction 86.22 kg/t – inferior carbon performance but higher immediate economic return.
• • Net profit: biochar 471.97 CNY/t vs. organic fertilizer 822.27 CNY/t – organic fertilizer is 74% more profitable, making it attractive for near-term investment.
• • Both routes achieve net CO2 reduction, but biochar's carbon sequestration is 39.5% higher than organic fertilizer's reduction, highlighting trade-offs between economic and environmental goals.