• • The bi-level optimization framework reduces total system cost by up to 12.3% compared to single-level planning, as demonstrated in the real urban park case study, by simultaneously optimizing capacity and operation.
• • Flexible load control decreases peak-valley load difference by 18.7%, mitigating peak energy pressure and enhancing renewable energy accommodation, which is critical for grid stability in high-renewable-penetration parks.
• • Energy storage integration improves load curve smoothing, reducing operational costs by 9.5% and enabling a 15.2% increase in renewable self-consumption, directly addressing the intermittency of wind and solar generation.
• • Reliability constraints ensure a loss of power supply probability (LPSP) below 0.5%, preventing stability imbalances during extreme weather events, as validated by Monte Carlo simulations, which is essential for critical infrastructure resilience.