• • The catalyst achieves exceptional efficiency with an ultralow Pd loading of 0.055 wt%, minimizing noble metal cost and resource depletion while maintaining high activity for direct ammoximation.
• • Subnanometric Pd2 clusters, stabilized by Ti-OH defect sites, are confined within the 8-ring side pockets of mordenite, ensuring atomic proximity between Pd and Ti active sites, which is critical for synergistic catalysis.
• • The catalyst demonstrates industrial-grade longevity, maintaining consistent activity in a fixed-bed reactor for over 4020 hours, a key requirement for commercial deployment.
• • The use of water as a solvent, instead of alcohols, enhances ketone conversion and oxime selectivity, offering a greener and safer process for industrial ε-caprolactam production.