• • Hydrogen inhalation at 2% concentration significantly improved cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats (Ohsawa et al., 2007), establishing a baseline for therapeutic dosing in preclinical models.
• • Hydrogen-rich saline protects against oxygen glucose deprivation and reperfusion-induced apoptosis via VDAC1 and Bcl-2 pathways (Mo et al., 2019), indicating a molecular mechanism for cytoprotection.
• • Hydrogen gas attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury via regulation of the MAPK/HO-1/PGC-1a pathway in neonatal rats (Wang et al., 2020), demonstrating multi-pathway modulation.
• • Hydrogen-rich saline promotes recovery of renal function after ischemia/reperfusion injury via anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammation (Li et al., 2016), supporting its systemic therapeutic potential.