• • Fe-BC exhibited a 72.4% increase in specific surface area (from 279.20 to 481.42 m2·g−1), enhancing active sites for AMX adsorption and demonstrating the efficacy of FeCl3 impregnation.
• • At 25 °C, pH 6, and C0 = 50 mg·L−1, Fe-BC achieved an adsorption capacity of 32.61 mg·g−1, confirming its potential for treating realistic AMX concentrations.
• • After six thermal regeneration cycles, AMX removal efficiency remained above 76%, indicating excellent reusability and economic viability for long-term water treatment.
• • Adsorption mechanisms were identified as pore filling, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, complexation, and π–π interaction, providing a multi-pathway removal strategy.