A review on graphene-reinforced titanium matrix composites

• • Graphene's theoretical strength (~130 GPa) and Young's modulus (~1 TPa) exceed conventional ceramics, enabling significant reinforcement at low additions; e.g., 0.1 wt.% GNPs in Ti matrix composites achieved a 34% increase in yield strength while retaining 18% elongation (Mu et al., Mater Sci Eng-A, 2017). • • Optimal interfacial structure of 'nano-TiC layer + residual graphene' is achieved via controlled sintering reactions; this design simultaneously enhances strength and ductility, breaking the trade-off (Liu et al., Compos Part B-Eng, 2021). • • Powder metallurgy with ball milling time optimization (e.g., 6 h) yields uniform graphene dispersion and improved tensile properties; excessive milling degrades graphene structure (Wang et al., Mater Sci Eng-A, 2022). • • Additive manufacturing (selective laser melting) enables in-situ formation of TiC and grain refinement, achieving tensile strength up to 1.2 GPa with 8% elongation in GNPs/Ti composites (Shi et al., Adv Eng Mater, 2024).