• • Increasing 2-MeTHF fraction in GVL/DMSO solvent weakens perovskite-GVL coordination, accelerating solvent extraction and promoting alpha-phase formation while suppressing delta-phase, yielding films with enlarged grains and reduced voids in ambient air.
• • The SCEP strategy using TAC surfactant induces Marangoni flow, equalizing evaporation across the film surface, suppressing edge crystallization, and maintaining uniform film morphology over large areas.
• • The best-performing SCEP modules achieved a total area of 7200 cm², with J-V curves and stabilized efficiency certifications from NREL and TÜV Rheinland, demonstrating commercial-scale reliability.
• • The green-solvent approach eliminates toxic polar aprotic solvents, addressing environmental and safety concerns, and is compatible with slot-die coating for large-area manufacturing.