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A Hetero-Cross-Linking Strategy for Versatile Artificial Muscles with Superior Electromechanical Sensitivity

Authors: Hao Xu; Zhekai Jin; Chao Wang

DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3970-1Status: Verified Translated Edition
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Key Findings in This Report

• • Record-high electromechanical sensitivity of 360 MPa⁻¹ achieved in SBE-1, exceeding the previous benchmark of 110 MPa⁻¹ by over 3-fold, enabling low-voltage actuation for practical soft robotics. • • SBE-1 exhibits an ultralow Young's modulus of ~10 kPa and a relative dielectric constant of 3.6, simultaneously addressing the trade-off between mechanical softness and dielectric performance. • • Under 35 V μm⁻¹ without prestretching, SBE-1 achieves 90% area strain, outperforming pure phases and other DEAs, demonstrating superior actuation performance at low fields. • • SBE-based artificial muscles deliver a power density of 2250 W kg⁻¹ at resonance (>200 Hz), surpassing natural muscle and prior DEA artificial muscles, enabling high-frequency, high-power applications.