• • Bi@NC anode delivers a specific capacity of 300 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, with rate capability sustained above 75 A g−1, enabling high-power operation for SICs.
• • Exceptional cycling stability of over 12,000 cycles in half-cell configuration, indicating robust structural integrity and long-term durability for practical applications.
• • Full SIC device achieves a maximum energy density of 115 Wh kg−1 at 434 W kg−1, and retains 72 Wh kg−1 at an elevated power density of 45,535 W kg−1, demonstrating superior kinetic matching.
• • Three-electrode Swagelok cell tests confirm minimal voltage variation across current densities, validating well-matched kinetics between Bi@NC anode and activated carbon cathode, crucial for device reliability.