# SinoGreenTech - Complete Academic & Scientific Research Knowledge Base (Full Index)

> This is the complete open-access intelligence index containing all verified research publications indexed at https://sinogreentech.com.

## Index Summary
- Total Indexed Publications: 1398
- Web Platform: https://sinogreentech.com
- Quick Curated Index: https://sinogreentech.com/llms.txt
- XML Sitemap: https://sinogreentech.com/articles-sitemap.xml

## Complete Repository Catalog

### 1. [Ammonium Vanadate Cathodes in Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries: Design Strategies and Research Progress](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ammonium-vanadate-cathodes-in-aqueous-zinc-ion-batteries-design-strategies-and-research-progress) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4363-6]
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) offer a compelling combination of high safety, environmental compatibility, and abundant zinc resources, positioning them as viable candidates for grid-scale energy storage. Their practical deployment, however, is constrained by cathode materials that suffer from structural degradation, sluggish Zn2+ diffusion, and inadequate electronic conductivity. Ammonium vanadates (AVOs) have emerged as high-performance cathodes owing to their layered or tunneled frameworks, which accommodate reversible Zn2+ (de)intercalation with diffusion coefficients superior to conventional vanadium oxides. This review systematically examines recent advances in AVO cathodes for AZIBs, correlating morphological variations—including nanowires, nanobelts, and microflowers—with electrochemical characteristics. The analysis establishes structure–performance relationships that govern capacity retention, rate capability, and cycling stability. Key optimization strategies are critically assessed: defect engineering to enhance electronic conductivity and active site density, interlayer spacing modulation via pre-intercalated cations or structural water to facilitate Zn2+ transport, and composite construction with conductive carbonaceous or polymeric matrices to mitigate dissolution and improve mechanical integrity. Despite these advances, challenges persist in achieving long-term cycling stability (>10,000 cycles) and high areal mass loading (>10 mg cm-2) required for commercial viability. The review concludes by outlining future research directions, including operando characterization of degradation mechanisms and scalable synthesis routes for AVO cathodes in practical AZIB configurations.

### 2. [Microenvironment-responsive therapeutic platforms: Innovations for spinal cord injury repair](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/microenvironment-responsive-therapeutic-platforms-innovations-for-spinal-cord-injury-repair) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4346-y]
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a formidable clinical challenge due to the complex, dynamic lesion microenvironment that impedes axonal regeneration and functional recovery. This highlight examines a microenvironment-responsive therapeutic platform integrating microneedle delivery, ferroptosis modulation, and hydrogen therapy. The platform leverages the pathological hallmarks of SCI—oxidative stress, iron dyshomeostasis, and lipid peroxidation—to achieve spatiotemporally controlled cargo release. By combining microneedle arrays for minimally invasive intraparenchymal administration with hydrogen-releasing biomaterials, the system addresses the dual bottlenecks of poor drug penetration across the blood-spinal cord barrier and insufficient neutralization of reactive oxygen species. Ferroptosis inhibition is achieved through iron chelation and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) stabilization, while hydrogen gas scavenges hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite. This multimodal strategy attenuates secondary injury cascades, reduces glial scar formation, and promotes neural stem cell differentiation. The work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82574518) and the Talent Cultivation Project of Paring Academicians with Young Talents in higher education institutions in Zhejiang. The authors declare no conflict of interest. This highlight underscores the translational potential of microenvironment-responsive platforms for SCI repair, emphasizing the need for rigorous preclinical validation and scalable manufacturing.

### 3. [Dual-Site Adsorption over Phosphorus-Doped Copper Oxide for Efficient CO2 Electroreduction to Ethylene](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dual-site-adsorption-over-phosphorus-doped-copper-oxide-for-efficient-co2-electroreduction-to-ethylene) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4500-8]
Electroreduction of CO2 to ethylene offers a promising route for renewable electricity storage, yet achieving high ethylene selectivity at industrial current densities remains challenging due to the large energy barrier for C–C coupling. Here, we report a “MOF-assisted in situ doping” strategy to introduce the oxophilic nonmetal phosphorus (P) into the copper oxide (CuO) lattice, constructing a localized Cu–P dual-site adsorption configuration for the key *OCCHO intermediate. The optimized catalyst delivers an impressive Faradaic efficiency of 64.6% for ethylene with a partial current density of 646 mA cm-2. Comprehensive structural characterizations demonstrate that P mainly occupies Cu sites, generating abundant lattice defects and oxygen vacancies. In situ synchrotron infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations reveal that P doping modulates the electronic structure of Cu, optimizes the binding energies of *CO and *CHO, and stabilizes *OCCHO via P–O/Cu–C dual-site adsorption, thereby significantly lowering the asymmetric C-C coupling energy barrier to 0.74 eV. This work highlights a dual-site microenvironment regulation strategy for CO2-to-ethylene electroreduction.

### 4. [Hydrophilic Single-Atom Interface Unlocks Low-Potential CO Removal on Pt in PEMFCs](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/hydrophilic-single-atom-interface-unlocks-low-potential-co-removal-on-pt-in-pemfcs) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4419-1]
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) fed with reformate hydrogen suffer severe anode poisoning by trace CO, necessitating high CO electrooxidation potentials that degrade performance and durability. This work introduces a Pt@CrSA-N-C anode catalyst featuring a hydrophilic Cr single-atom interface that simultaneously weakens CO adsorption on Pt via electronic regulation and promotes water activation, thereby lowering the CO oxidation onset potential to approximately 0.13 V vs. RHE. The onset potential was determined by two independent methods: the first potential at which the background-corrected current exceeds 0 mA cm-2 during CO oxidation reaction tests in a three-electrode system, and the potential at which the forward scan current exceeds the N2 background current in CO-stripping voltammetry. The catalyst achieves a maximum power density under 100 ppm CO that surpasses reported advanced catalysts, as compiled in Table S5. Structural, spectroscopic, and electrochemical characterizations collectively establish a coherent rationale for the hydrophilic single-atom interface strategy. This approach addresses the longstanding trade-off between CO tolerance and Pt utilization, offering a viable route for low-potential CO removal in practical PEMFC anodes.

### 5. [An Ionoelastomer-Based Bioinspired Wearable Electronics with Tele-Perception and Tactile Sensation for Machine Learning-Assisted Rehabilitation Management](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/an-ionoelastomer-based-bioinspired-wearable-electronics-with-tele-perception-and-tactile-sensation-for-machine) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4304-5]
Comprehensive assessment of rehabilitation efficiency is essential for designing appropriate training programs for better musculoskeletal functional recovery. Existing contact-receptor-dependent rehabilitation assessment systems mostly focus on assessing the restoration of muscle function by evaluating grip strength or joint flexion angle; however, parameters reflecting neuromuscular synergistic function are always overlooked. Herein, we develop an ionoelastomer-based soft artificial electroreceptor (SAER) that integrates tele-perception and tactile sensation to track the rehabilitation process, collecting signals related to approaching speed and grip strength sequentially. The SAER uses polyurethane ionoelastomer incorporated with quasi-solid conductive salt as the electric field receptor, and is integrated on a rehabilitation-training ball after assembly to establish an untethered detection device; this enables the remote capture of hand approaching parameter within a 9 cm range, followed by the quantification of grip strength when contacting and grasping. Furthermore, a data-driven assessment system is established by integrating machine learning, which accurately classifies rehabilitation efficiency into six levels; it supports for rehabilitation evaluation and training programs adjustment. Overall, the SAER-based rehabilitation management system establishes a paradigm that synergistically evaluating parameters corresponding to neuromuscular functional restoration and holds strong potential for home-based active rehabilitation for minimizing dependence on frequent clinical supervision.

### 6. [Microwave-Absorbing Materials with Strong Environmental Adaptability for Corrosion Protection, Anti-Icing, and Thermal Management](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/microwave-absorbing-materials-with-strong-environmental-adaptability-for-corrosion-protection-anti-icing-and-t) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4436-0]
Microwave-absorbing materials (MAMs) deployed on naval vessels, aerospace vehicles, and critical electronic systems face coupled electromagnetic, marine salt-spray corrosion, and extreme-temperature loads that legacy single-function absorbers cannot withstand. This review consolidates progress on three environmentally adaptive MAM classes: corrosion-protective, anti-icing, and thermal-management absorbers. The electromagnetic loss and impedance-matching fundamentals are first established, then the synergistic mechanisms, design strategies, and characterization protocols for each class are examined against representative material systems and their measured performance. The analysis identifies a shared design logic—multiscale hierarchical architecture, interfacial polarization engineering, and multifunctional phase integration—while distinguishing the divergent protection mechanisms: barrier and passivation effects for corrosion, surface-energy and latent-heat regulation for anti-icing, and phonon–electron transport decoupling for thermal management. Persistent bottlenecks include the trade-off between impedance matching and protective-layer density, the absence of standardized coupled-field test protocols, and the scarcity of long-term salt-spray and thermal-cycling durability data. Future directions are delineated: intelligent self-adaptive absorbers, multiphysics-coupled simulation frameworks, and environmentally benign multifunctional integration. The review provides a theoretical and technical basis for the design, construction, and engineering scale-up of next-generation high-performance absorbers for aerospace, electronic, and marine equipment.

### 7. [Design Strategies and Research Advances in 3D-Printed Organic Room-Temperature Phosphorescent Materials](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/design-strategies-and-research-advances-in-3d-printed-organic-room-temperature-phosphorescent-materials) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4435-9]
Organic room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials exhibit large Stokes shifts, high signal-to-noise ratios, and long emission lifetimes, positioning them as promising candidates for advanced anti-counterfeiting, bioimaging, sensing, and display technologies. Despite significant progress in molecular design—including radical-based systems, crystal engineering, host-guest doping, polymer matrix confinement, and supramolecular assembly—the integration of these materials with 3D printing remains in its infancy. This review critically examines the design strategies and research advances in 3D-printed organic RTP materials, focusing on the fundamental photophysical processes of intersystem crossing and suppression of non-radiative transitions. We analyze how printing parameters, matrix rheology, and layer-by-layer deposition influence phosphorescence quantum yields and lifetimes. Key challenges such as oxygen quenching, thermal degradation during extrusion, and poor interlayer adhesion are discussed with quantitative benchmarks. The review highlights that current 3D-printed RTP systems achieve lifetimes up to 1.2 s and quantum yields of 12% under ambient conditions, but scalability beyond 100 cm² remains limited by nozzle clogging and slow curing kinetics. By mapping material formulation to printability, we identify operational windows for extrusion-based and vat photopolymerization techniques. This work provides a roadmap for engineers to transition RTP materials from laboratory-scale demonstrations to industrial fabrication of complex 3D architectures with persistent luminescence.

### 8. [Dimensionally Programmable Covalent Organic Frameworks via Reversible Coordination-Directed Clip-off Strategy and Its Application in Uranium Extraction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dimensionally-programmable-covalent-organic-frameworks-via-reversible-coordination-directed-clip-off-strategy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4406-y]
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising adsorbents for uranium extraction from complex aqueous environments due to their tunable pore structures and customizable functionalities. However, conventional bottom-up assembly routes yield frameworks with fixed dimensionality, where internal pores and buried functional sites remain inaccessible, limiting dynamic optimization for uranium capture. This study introduces a reversible coordination-directed clip-off strategy that enables dimensional programming of COFs through silver-nitrogen coordination bonds and thiosulfate/silver ion regulators. The approach allows controlled cleavage and reconstruction of coordination bonds, dynamically exposing hidden binding sites and adapting the framework to uranium extraction requirements. While the strategy demonstrates high-efficiency uranium extraction, it faces challenges including increased material and operating costs from silver-based regulators, potential structural fatigue from repeated cleavage-reconstruction cycles, and limited validation beyond laboratory scale. The reversible dimensional programming is generalizable to other reticular frameworks such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), enabling stimuli-responsive smart materials, controlled-release carriers, and adaptive separation membranes. Integration with machine learning and computational screening could accelerate rational design of functional active sites. This interdisciplinary approach offers a pathway toward intelligent, dimensionally morphing materials for energy and environmental sustainability, though optimization of regulating components and structural durability is required for practical scalability.

### 9. [Self-Assembled Metal-Amino Acid Coordination Networks on Drug Nanocrystals for Potent Antitumor Therapy via Synergistic Enhancement of Disulfidptosis and Apoptosis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/self-assembled-metal-amino-acid-coordination-networks-on-drug-nanocrystals-for-potent-antitumor-therapy-via-sy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4286-4]
Multifunctional nanoplatforms capable of efficiently regulating both emerging and classical cell death mechanisms, thereby overcoming the adaptive resistance of malignant cells to certain cell death modalities, remain a significant challenge. Herein, we propose a new concept for the self-assembly of zinc-cystine coordination networks on curcumin (Cur) drug nanocrystals (DNCs) to construct Cur@PDA@GOx/Zn-Cys (CPGZC) nanoplatforms, enabling enhanced antitumor therapy through multicomponent synergistic modulation of both newly identified disulfidptosis and classical apoptosis. At tumor site, GOx-mediated glucose depletion reduces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) levels, which can impair the intracellular conversion of cystine to cysteine. Combined with the exogenous cystine delivered by CPGZC NPs, rapid intracellular disulfide accumulation strongly activates disulfidptosis. Simultaneously, the reduction in NADPH levels inhibits GSH biosynthesis, augmenting the intracellular ROS levels elicited by Cur DNCs within the CPGZC nanoplatforms. Moreover, the elevated oxidative stress, in synergy with the excessive Zn2+ introduced, aggravates mitochondrial damage, thereby further amplifying apoptosis. Consequently, the synergistic modulation of disulfidptosis and apoptosis induces a potent antitumor response, as validated by comprehensive in vitro and in vivo investigations. This study opens new avenues for the development of multifunctional nanoplatforms for enhanced cancer therapy through the effective integration of both emerging and classical cell death mechanisms, which may serve as a promising strategy to advance our comprehension of synergistic utilization of various cell death mechanisms and combat with complex cancers.

### 10. [Polymer-templated Molecular Ordering of Hole Transport Layers Enables High Efficiency and Stable Organic Photovoltaics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/polymer-templated-molecular-ordering-of-hole-transport-layers-enables-high-efficiency-and-stable-organic-photo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4312-8]
Carbazole phosphonic acid-based self-assembled molecules (SAMs) serve as effective hole-selective contacts in organic solar cells (OSCs), yet their molecular packing and aggregation behavior during solution processing remain difficult to control, limiting hole transport and device durability. This study introduces a polymer-templated self-assembly strategy to regulate molecular organization by one-step spin-coating a blend of [2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz) and PEDOT:PSS. The polycationic PEDOT+ framework acts as a template, providing supplementary anchoring interactions that promote ordered molecular arrangement and suppress unfavorable agglomeration. Pronounced face-on orientation and enhanced structural coherence of 2PACz within the polymer matrix are evidenced. The templated ordering improves vertical charge transport, interfacial homogeneity, and film morphology. In binary OSCs based on PM6:BTP-eC9, the hybrid hole transport layers (HTLs) yield a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.26%, with an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.874 V, a short-circuit current (JSC) of 28.97 mA cm-2, and a fill factor (FF) of 80.02%. Devices incorporating hybrid HTLs exhibit exceptional operational stability, retaining over 90% of initial PCE (T90) after 405 h of continuous operation at the maximum power point (MPP). This work establishes polymer-directed SAM assembly as a scalable route to simultaneously optimize nanoscale molecular packing, interfacial energetics, and long-term device stability for high-performance OSCs.

### 11. [Inkjet Printing Organic Light-Emitting Diodes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/inkjet-printing-organic-light-emitting-diodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4279-0]
Inkjet printing has emerged as a viable additive manufacturing route for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), offering drop-on-demand patterning, high material utilization, and compatibility with large-area flexible substrates. This review critically examines the formulation science, printhead physics, and drying kinetics that govern the quality of inkjet-printed organic layers. We analyze the rheological window required for stable jetting, typically 1–20 mPa·s viscosity and 25–45 mN/m surface tension, and the dimensionless Ohnesorge number (0.1 < Z < 1) that defines satellite-free droplet formation. The coffee-ring effect, driven by capillary flow and solvent evaporation gradients, remains the dominant failure mode for pixel non-uniformity; binary solvent systems and substrate temperature control (40–60 °C) mitigate this. We survey recent progress in printed hole-transport, emissive, and electron-transport layers, with particular attention to cross-linkable hole-transport materials that resist interlayer dissolution. Device performance metrics from printed OLEDs now reach external quantum efficiencies of 15–20% for fluorescent emitters and >25% for phosphorescent systems, with operating lifetimes (T95) exceeding 1,000 hours at 1,000 cd/m². We identify remaining bottlenecks: nozzle clogging from aggregated nanoparticles, film thickness variation across large panels, and the absence of standardized ink formulations. The review concludes with a roadmap for industrial adoption, emphasizing in-line metrology and closed-loop process control as prerequisites for yield parity with vacuum-deposited OLEDs.

### 12. [Multi-crosslinking and Topological Entanglement Enable Silk Fibroin Hydrogels with Sustained Mechanical Softness for Neural Regeneration](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multi-crosslinking-and-topological-entanglement-enable-silk-fibroin-hydrogels-with-sustained-mechanical-softne) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4439-4]
Silk fibroin (SF) hydrogels are promising for neural regeneration but suffer from progressive stiffening due to excessive β-sheet assembly, limiting their use in traumatic brain injury (TBI) repair. This study introduces a dopamine (DA)-mediated synergistic topological entanglement strategy to construct an SF-DA/gelatin-DA composite hydrogel (SG). The system integrates covalent cross-linking, net cationic electrostatic repulsion, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking to regulate SF assembly dynamics at the molecular level. The resulting SG hydrogel maintains stable mechanical softness over extended periods, with a storage modulus of approximately 1.2 kPa after 28 days, compared to a 5-fold increase in pure SF hydrogels. The sustained softness promotes neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and differentiation, with a 2.5-fold increase in βIII-tubulin expression and a 1.8-fold increase in GFAP expression after 14 days. In a rat TBI model, SG hydrogel implantation reduced glial scar formation by 40% and improved neurological function scores by 30% at 8 weeks. The hydrogel degrades at a rate of 12% per week, matching tissue regeneration. This multi-crosslinking approach offers a clinically translatable strategy for neural tissue engineering, addressing the critical bottleneck of mechanical instability in SF-based biomaterials.

### 13. [Nanovesicle-hybridized hydrogels: construction, functionalization, and biomedical applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nanovesicle-hybridized-hydrogels-construction-functionalization-and-biomedical-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4384-9]
Nanovesicle-hybridized hydrogels constitute a class of bioactive materials that integrate the structural stability of polymer networks with the intrinsic biological functions of nanoscale vesicles. Conventional hydrogels suffer from swelling-induced mechanical degradation, uncontrollable cargo release, and an inability to integrate multiple bioactivities. Hybridization with nanovesicles provides a robust solution to these limitations. This review systematically delineates the evolution of construction strategies, transitioning from simple physical entrapment to advanced chemical crosslinking involving noncovalent supramolecular interactions and covalent conjugation. We elucidate how these integration methods fundamentally enhance mechanical strength, enable spatiotemporally controlled release of vesicles and their cargos, and endow composite systems with multifaceted bioactivities. The diverse biomedical applications of these hybridized platforms in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and disease therapy are thoroughly discussed. Current technical hurdles in clinical translation and promising future directions are identified, providing a roadmap for the next generation of intelligent biomimetic materials. The review emphasizes that the shift from physical doping to chemical crosslinking represents a paradigm change, yielding composites with superior mechanical resilience and programmable release kinetics. By critically assessing the trade-offs between crosslinking density, vesicle integrity, and payload retention, this work offers a framework for designing hybrid systems with tailored properties. Key challenges include scalable manufacturing, long-term stability, and regulatory hurdles. The analysis underscores that clinical translation demands standardized protocols for vesicle isolation, crosslinking efficiency, and sterility assurance. This review serves as a benchmark for researchers and engineers aiming to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale fabrication and industrial production of nanovesicle-hybridized hydrogels.

### 14. [Thumb-Sized Liquid Metal System for Robust Dynamic Electrocardiography Monitoring Against Motion Artifacts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/thumb-sized-liquid-metal-system-for-robust-dynamic-electrocardiography-monitoring-against-motion-artifacts) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4472-0]
Dynamic electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring during physical activity remains compromised by motion artifacts that corrupt signal fidelity, particularly with conventional gel electrodes whose impedance rises sharply under deformation. This work presents a thumb-sized liquid metal system integrating gallium-based epidermal electrodes with a self-adhesive elastomeric matrix to sustain robust ECG acquisition against motion. The electrodes exploit the fluidic compliance of eutectic gallium–indium to maintain continuous skin contact, while the adhesive formulation ensures stable interfacial coupling without additional fixation. The system achieves low motion artifact levels, preserving waveform morphology and R-peak detectability during ambulation. The compact form factor enables unobtrusive wearability, and the materials architecture addresses the trade-off between adhesion and conformability that limits existing dry electrodes. The study establishes a materials and device pathway for clinical-grade dynamic ECG in ambulatory and point-of-care settings, with implications for continuous cardiac monitoring where patient movement is unavoidable.

### 15. [Vortex-mediated piezoelectric enhancement in bulk ferroelectrics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/vortex-mediated-piezoelectric-enhancement-in-bulk-ferroelectrics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4464-9]
Topological polarization textures have transitioned from theoretical predictions to experimental observations over two decades, yet their stabilization has remained largely confined to low-dimensional architectures where geometric confinement balances depolarization, strain, and gradient energies. Extending these textures into bulk ferroelectrics and quantitatively linking them to macroscopic electromechanical properties constitutes a persistent challenge. Wu et al. address this by engineering vortex and antivortex domains in bulk rhombohedral 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-30PT) crystals. Phase-field simulations reveal that increasing vortex core density from 6 to 27 μm⁻² enhances the dielectric constant (ε33/ε0) and piezoelectric coefficient (d33) by approximately 3.5-fold and 3.4-fold, respectively, correlating with increased polarization curl. Experimentally, a mechanically assisted direct-current poling (MDCP) strategy elevates vortex core density from 0.01 to 21 μm⁻², boosting d33 from 1380 to 1820 pC·N⁻¹ and ε33/ε0 from 4,630 to 6,230. This mechanically driven approach enables controllable manipulation of topological domain architectures in bulk crystals without nanoscale confinement, offering a scalable route for functional optimization. The work establishes bulk ferroelectrics as a platform for topology-mediated electromechanical design, introducing an additional degree of freedom for enhancing piezoelectric performance in three-dimensional crystals.

### 16. [Designer Entropy Enables Negative and Zero Thermal Expansion beyond 1000 K](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/designer-entropy-enables-negative-and-zero-thermal-expansion-beyond-1000-k) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4433-5]
Negative thermal expansion (NTE) and zero thermal expansion (ZTE) materials are technologically relevant for precision engineering, yet their practical deployment is constrained by narrow operating temperature windows. This study introduces an entropy-designing strategy to regulate the thermal expansion behavior in the AⅠBⅡCⅢMo3O12 system, specifically K0.4(Mg0.25Mn0.25Co0.25Ni0.25)0.4Sc1.6Mo3O12 (CE0.4MO) and related CExMO compositions (x = 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0). By tuning configurational entropy, the operating temperature windows for both NTE and ZTE are significantly broadened, with the ZTE region shifting to higher temperatures. Among single-phase compositions, CE0.4MO exhibits the lowest configurational entropy and demonstrates NTE from 100 to 830 K and ZTE up to 1100 K, surpassing most reported ZTE materials. Systematic analyses of structural evolution, lattice dynamics, and electronic structure reveal that reduced configurational entropy suppresses structural evolution, directly correlating with decreased structural flexibility. Higher atomic displacement parameters (ADPs) of oxygen in CE1.0MO provide experimental evidence for enhanced flexibility. Raman spectroscopy shows that the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of peaks in the 750–900 cm-1 range positively correlates with configurational entropy, indicating reduced lattice disorder, while modes within 750–1050 cm-1 blue-shift as entropy decreases, confirming lattice stiffening. Electron localization function (ELF) and charge density analyses indicate that Mg/Mn/Co/Ni/Sc–O bonds are ionic, with ionicity weakening as configurational entropy decreases, thereby enhancing constraints on atomic vibrations and reducing structural flexibility. This work establishes a theoretical foundation for designing thermal expansion materials with wide operating temperature ranges.

### 17. [Surface Fluorination and Liquid-Bridge Assembly of Perovskite Quantum Dots for High-Resolution Displays](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/surface-fluorination-and-liquid-bridge-assembly-of-perovskite-quantum-dots-for-high-resolution-displays) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4320-4]
Colloidal lead halide perovskite quantum dots (Pe-QDs) have achieved external quantum efficiencies exceeding 20% in red, green, and blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs), yet their integration into high-resolution displays is impeded by two persistent bottlenecks: the intrinsic ionic lability of Pe-QDs, which compromises structural and environmental stability, and the absence of mild, high-fidelity patterning techniques that avoid ligand detachment and surface defect formation. This work addresses both obstacles through a dual strategy. First, a ligand-fluoride co-stabilization method yields shape-defined, colloidally stable rhombic dodecahedral CsPbBr3 Pe-QDs; subsequent fluorine surface reconstruction using tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) enhances ligand binding affinity, producing BHOA+F CsPbBr3 Pe-QDs with a photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) of 94.6%. Accelerated ageing, ultraviolet irradiation, and thermal cycling tests confirm improved structural and environmental stability. Second, capillary liquid-bridge confined assembly enables reproducible, scalable fabrication of pixelated Pe-QDs with in-plane long-range order, vertical confinement, and precise spatial patterning. The resulting pixelated Pe-QDs LEDs exhibit high efficiency, sufficient brightness, and long operational stability, with the approach generalizable across red, green, and blue Pe-QDs for wide color gamut displays. This combination of surface fluorination and liquid-bridge assembly represents a landmark achievement in high-resolution display technology.

### 18. [In-Memory and In-Sensor Neuromorphic Computing with 2D Ferroelectrics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/in-memory-and-in-sensor-neuromorphic-computing-with-2d-ferroelectrics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4479-8]
The von Neumann architecture is increasingly constrained by energy consumption and data-transfer efficiency as artificial intelligence and data-intensive applications expand. Neuromorphic computing, inspired by the human brain's information-processing mechanisms, offers an alternative paradigm. Two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials are promising candidates due to their intrinsic non-volatility, atomic-scale thickness, ultra-low power consumption, excellent fatigue endurance, and dangling-bond-free surfaces. This review examines recent advances in 2D ferroelectric materials and associated device architectures for neuromorphic applications. It first introduces ferroelectric mechanisms and representative 2D ferroelectrics, then surveys key device architectures including ferroelectric tunnel junctions, diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic devices. Their applications in in-memory computing and in-sensor neuromorphic systems are discussed, with emphasis on artificial neural networks, spiking neural networks, reservoir computing, and neuromorphic perception for efficient information processing and intelligent sensing. The unique properties of 2D ferroelectrics enable integrated sensing, memory, and computing functionalities, demonstrating potential for future neuromorphic and brain-inspired intelligent systems.

### 19. [Ce-induced dynamic electron buffering to regulate controllable surface reconstruction of Co for alkaline oxygen evolution reaction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ce-induced-dynamic-electron-buffering-to-regulate-controllable-surface-reconstruction-of-co-for-alkaline-oxyge) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4505-9]
Transition metal hydroxides are promising oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts for alkaline water electrolysis. This study reports Ce-doped Co(OH)2 electrocatalysts synthesized via one-step electrodeposition, where the Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio is precisely controlled by deposition temperature. The optimized Ce-Co(OH)2 catalyst, obtained at 40°C, exhibits an overpotential of 236 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and maintains stability for 200 h. In an anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE), the Ce-Co(OH)2 anode achieves a cell voltage of 2.04 V at 1 A cm-2 and operates for over 500 h at 500 mA cm-2. Mechanistic analysis reveals that Ce3+/Ce4+ dynamic electron buffering regulates surface reconstruction: during OER, electron transfer direction reverses (Ce → O → Co), with Ce donating electrons to Co sites to prevent over-oxidation and structural collapse. This work establishes a versatile strategy for balancing surface reconstruction and structural stability in Co-based OER catalysts, providing a foundation for designing high-performance, durable alkaline water oxidation electrocatalysts.

### 20. [Ultra-flexible Transparent Self-powered Triboelectric Sensors for Eyelash-Guided Human-Machine Interaction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ultra-flexible-transparent-self-powered-triboelectric-sensors-for-eyelash-guided-human-machine-interaction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4467-x]
Conventional eye-movement interaction systems depend on video capture, infrared tracking, and image recognition, which impose inherent constraints on accuracy, response latency, and stability. This study introduces an eyelash-guided signal interaction system based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (PF-TENG) using PDMS-FDTS thin films. The system employs eyelash movements as interactive inputs, eliminating the need for complex optical acquisition devices. A CNN-LSTM hybrid neural network classifies distinct eyelash movement patterns with a classification accuracy exceeding 98.5%. The PF-TENG device exhibits ultra-flexibility and transparency, enabling seamless integration onto eyeglasses without obstructing the user's field of view. Experimental validation demonstrates real-time monitoring of ocular states for driving fatigue detection, accurately identifying fatigue signs and enhancing application potential in intelligent driving. The system offers a natural, comfortable input modality and significant advantages for human-machine interaction, with broad prospects in eye-movement control and intelligent transportation.

### 21. [Large intrinsic piezoelectricity in intramolecular modified relaxor ferroelectric polymers near the morphotropic phase boundary](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/large-intrinsic-piezoelectricity-in-intramolecular-modified-relaxor-ferroelectric-polymers-near-the-morphotrop) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4343-7]
Piezoelectric materials interconvert mechanical and electrical energy, but piezoceramics are brittle while PVDF-based ferroelectric polymers exhibit low piezoelectric coefficients (d33 ≈ -30 pC N-1). Chemical modification via morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) engineering has raised d33 in P(VDF-TrFE) to -63.5 pC N-1, and to -69 pC N-1 with stretching, but intrinsic piezoelectricity in relaxor terpolymers remains limited. Here, relaxor ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) with varying C=C double bond (DB) content is synthesized via dehydrochlorination. Structural and electrical characterization reveals that increasing DB content stabilizes long-range ferroelectric order while suppressing short-range relaxor characteristics, forming a trans/helix phase boundary. At a critical DB content of 2.0 mol%, a markedly enhanced intrinsic d33 of -129.0 pC N-1 is achieved, outperforming previous MPB approaches. This finding addresses the fundamental bottleneck of low piezoelectric response in flexible ferroelectric polymers and provides a viable route for high-performance wearable electromechanical devices.

### 22. [Crumpled and Multi-Scale Porous Fe−N−C Catalyst with Enhanced Site Accessibility and Mass Transport in Oxygen Reduction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/crumpled-and-multi-scale-porous-fenc-catalyst-with-enhanced-site-accessibility-and-mass-transport-in-oxygen-re) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4371-6]
The sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) necessitates platinum-based catalysts, but their high cost and scarcity drive the search for platinum-group metal-free (PGM-free) alternatives. Fe−N−C catalysts with atomically dispersed Fe−N4 sites are promising, yet their practical performance is limited by buried active sites and poor mass transport. Here, a crumpled, multi-scale porous Fe−N−C catalyst (Fe−N−PCG) is synthesized via spray pyrolysis coupled with high-temperature metal etching. The crumpled morphology, formed by capillary compression during rapid solvent evaporation, and in-plane mesopores from Fe nanoparticle etching, synergistically enhance site accessibility and mass transport. Fe−N−PCG achieves a site density (SD) of 2.74×10^19 sites g−1 and Fe utilization (UFe) of 51.7%. As a gas diffusion electrode, it delivers a mass transport overpotential (ηmt) of 67 mV at 800 mA cm−2. In zinc-air batteries, Fe−N−PCG exhibits a peak power density of 296.1 mW cm−2 at 500 mA cm−2, outperforming Pt/C (241 mW cm−2 at 438 mA cm−2). At 50 mA cm−2, it delivers a discharge voltage of 1.19 V and a specific capacity of 815 mAh g−1, surpassing Pt/C (1.13 V, 715 mAh g−1). These results demonstrate that morphology and porosity engineering can concurrently optimize intrinsic activity, site utilization, and mass transport, offering a rational design strategy for high-performance PGM-free catalysts.

### 23. [Strain-Resilient Bioelectronics Enabled by Coupled Material-Circuit Design](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/strain-resilient-bioelectronics-enabled-by-coupled-material-circuit-design) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4377-9]
Continuous molecular monitoring on dynamic biological tissues demands electrochemical interfaces that maintain charge transport and reactivity under large mechanical strain. Existing stretchable platforms based on conductive elastomer composites or serpentine metal interconnects suffer from strain-induced disruption of percolation networks, active area fluctuation, and interfacial charge-transfer kinetic degradation, producing baseline drift and signal distortion that preclude reliable operation on skin, stomach, or intestine. Xu et al. (Science, 2026, 392) introduced SIRES, an intrinsically stretchable electrochemical interface that couples a strain-resilient liquid-metal elastomeric architecture with a Randles-circuit-informed design strategy. The platform preserves stable charge transport and electrochemical reactivity during large deformation, enabling high-fidelity multiplexed molecular sensing across diverse dynamic biological surfaces. This highlight analyzes the material-circuit co-design framework, evaluates its performance limits against conventional stretchable electrodes, and identifies remaining barriers in fabrication scalability, encapsulation reliability, and system-level integration. The work establishes a universal design paradigm for soft bioelectronics, with direct implications for wearable and implantable diagnostic translation.

### 24. [Crystal-Phase Engineering of 4H-Phase High-Entropy Alloy Core–Shell Nanowires for Durable Acidic Water Electrolysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/crystal-phase-engineering-of-4h-phase-high-entropy-alloy-coreshell-nanowires-for-durable-acidic-water-electrol) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4318-5]
The development of high-entropy alloy (HEA) electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is constrained by the thermodynamic instability of unconventional crystal phases and the trade-off between activity and durability under acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) conditions. This work demonstrates that crystal-phase engineering, using Au nanowires (NWs) as a crystallographic template, stabilizes a 4H-phase HEA core–shell nanostructure (4H-Au@4H-IrPtNiFeCo NWs) that is otherwise inaccessible via conventional synthesis. The 4H-phase HEA electrocatalyst achieves a current density of 3000 mA cm−2 at 1.90 V and maintains stable operation for over 1200 h at 1000 and 2000 mA cm−2 in a PEMWE device. These device-level metrics indicate that the advantage of the 4H-phase HEA extends beyond half-cell measurements, translating into improved PEMWE performance. The unique combination of unconventional atomic stacking, electronic modulation, multielement synergy, and enhanced thermal stability underpins the enhanced acidic water electrolysis performance. This study positions crystal phase, alongside composition, morphology, and surface structure, as a key design parameter for high-performance HEA catalysts in energy conversion and chemical transformation.

### 25. [Bioinspired Temperature-Responsive Anisotropic Cilia Surface for Flexible Manipulation of Underwater Bubbles](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bioinspired-temperature-responsive-anisotropic-cilia-surface-for-flexible-manipulation-of-underwater-bubbles) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4249-2]
Underwater bubble manipulation is critical for water electrolysis, heat transfer, and mineral flotation, yet existing strategies relying on buoyancy or Laplace gradient forces from asymmetric surface geometries suffer from limited flexibility and narrow applicability. This work introduces a temperature-responsive anisotropic cilia surface (TRAS) that achieves bidirectional long-range bubble transport by modulating elastic modulus and stiffness. The TRAS enables precise control over the asymmetric three-phase contact line and viscous resistance, facilitating reversible bubble motion. Experimental validation using aqueous ethanol droplets with varying surface tensions (73.16 mN/m for 0 vol% to 22.27 mN/m for 100 vol%) on cilia with center-to-center spacings of 0.2–1.0 mm reveals that transport direction depends on both cilia spacing and liquid surface tension. Droplets of 0 vol% and 20 vol% ethanol exhibit sustained reverse transport on hard cilia, while 60 vol%, 80 vol%, and 100 vol% solutions show sustained forward transport. Notably, 40 vol% ethanol droplets display bidirectional transport at 0.6 mm spacing, reverse transport at 0.8 and 1.0 mm, and forward transport at 0.2 and 0.4 mm. These results demonstrate that tuning surface tension and cilia spacing provides a versatile platform for directional bubble manipulation, with promising applications in heat transfer, electrochemistry, and gas handling systems.

### 26. [Selenonium-Catalyzed Dynamic Siloxane Exchange for PDMS-Vitrimer Coatings](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/selenonium-catalyzed-dynamic-siloxane-exchange-for-pdms-vitrimer-coatings) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4248-2]
Marine biofouling imposes substantial operational penalties on maritime assets, yet commercial silicone foul-release coatings rely on static, non-adaptive networks that cannot be reprocessed or repaired. This work introduces selenonium-salt-catalyzed dynamic siloxane exchange as a route to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) vitrimer coatings. The authors incorporate A16Se+ organoselenium catalysts into PDMS networks at loadings designated A16Se+xPDMS, enabling thermally activated siloxane bond exchange that confers vitrimeric stress relaxation, reprocessability, and high-temperature self-healing. Antibiofouling performance is benchmarked against pristine PDMS using colony morphology assays for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, SEM imaging of bacterial adhesion after 3 h, Chlorella fluorescence adhesion quantification, zeta potential measurements, and 3-month seawater immersion panels. Reviewer 1 questioned the direct relevance of recyclability and high-temperature self-healing to marine antifouling and requested that surface elastic modulus and Pseudomonas antibacterial data be elevated to the main text. In response, the authors relocated scratch and self-healing results from Figure 5 to Supporting Information Figures S12 and S13, condensed the main-text discussion, and integrated surface elastic modulus data into Figure 4G and Pseudomonas antibacterial results into Figure 6A. The revised manuscript positions dynamic exchange as supporting evidence of network dynamics rather than as a primary antifouling metric, while foregrounding modulus and antibacterial performance as the application-relevant properties.

### 27. [Opportunities for Plasmonic Organic Photovoltaics Using Nonfullerene Acceptors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/opportunities-for-plasmonic-organic-photovoltaics-using-nonfullerene-acceptors) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4506-2]
This review critically examines recent advances in plasmonic organic photovoltaics (OPVs) enabled by metal nanoparticles (MNPs), nanopatterns, and subwavelength nanogratings, with a specific focus on the transition from fullerene acceptor (FA) to nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) systems. When incorporated into hole transport layers (HTLs), electron transport layers (ETLs), active layers, or transparent electrodes, these nanostructures leverage localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) to enhance light absorption, exciton generation and dissociation, and charge transport. Broadband plasmonic designs extend spectral utilization and enable versatile device architectures. The net performance enhancement arises from a delicate balance: beneficial contributions such as electromagnetic field enhancement (ELEF), additional absorption via light scattering (AALS), and plasmon resonance energy transfer (PRET) increase photon harvesting and carrier generation, while parasitic processes including self-absorption (SET) and exciton quenching limit efficiency if not properly controlled. Despite substantial progress, challenges persist in precise control over nanoparticle size, shape, and dispersion to improve chemical and morphological stability. The mechanisms of exciton quenching and charge recombination at metal–organic interfaces require further investigation. Critically, most studies to date have focused exclusively on FA systems, where spectral mismatch and severe quenching have historically capped performance. NFAs offer unique advantages, including strong near-infrared absorption that aligns with plasmonic resonances, potentially unlocking enhancement mechanisms previously inaccessible. These insights provide a framework for understanding plasmonic effects in OPVs and highlight the prospective potential of plasmonic nanostructured designs to drive further performance improvements, particularly as the field shifts toward next-generation NFA-based OPV devices.

### 28. [A Biomimetic Nanocomposite Co-delivering Carbon Dots and Indoximod for Synergistic Immunochemotherapy of Glioblastoma](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-biomimetic-nanocomposite-co-delivering-carbon-dots-and-indoximod-for-synergistic-immunochemotherapy-of-gliob) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4418-7]
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most lethal primary brain tumor, with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) severely restricting effective treatment options. Immunotherapy has achieved remarkable success in cancers such as lung cancer and melanoma, yet its efficacy in GBM is constrained by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and a paucity of tumor-infiltrating T cells. This study developed a biomimetic nanocomposite for the co-delivery of an immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducer and an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) inhibitor to overcome these challenges. Paclitaxel-derived carbon dots (PCDs), which induce ICD in tumor cells and promote the recruitment and activation of immune cells, were synthesized and assembled with Indoximod (an IDO-1 inhibitor) to form a nanocomposite (P-In). A biomimetic coating was subsequently applied to create M@P-In. This coating significantly enhanced BBB penetration and tumor cell uptake. The M@P-In nanocomposite efficiently induced ICD in tumor cells and inhibited IDO-1 activity via the released Indoximod, thereby reversing T-cell suppression and activating antitumor immune responses. Consequently, M@P-In demonstrated potent antitumor efficacy against glioblastoma in vivo with minimal systemic toxicity. This work presents a novel and promising strategy for immunochemotherapy against GBM by co-delivering a carbon dot-based ICD inducer and an IDO-1 inhibitor to the tumor site.

### 29. [Unveiling Space-Charge-Regulated Etching in MAB Ceramics: A Novel Vacuum Molten Salt Strategy for Mo2AlB2](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/unveiling-space-charge-regulated-etching-in-mab-ceramics-a-novel-vacuum-molten-salt-strategy-for-mo2alb2) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4267-y]
The synthesis of two-dimensional MBenes from MAB-phase ceramics is impeded by uncontrolled etching kinetics that compromise structural integrity and yield. This study introduces a vacuum molten salt strategy to regulate space-charge accumulation during the selective removal of Al from Mo2AlB2, producing honeycomb-like architectures. The vacuum environment suppresses oxidative side reactions and modulates ionic transport, enabling precise control over etching depth and morphology. The resulting Mo2AlB2 exhibits exceptional electromagnetic wave absorption, with a minimum reflection loss of -56.3 dB at 2.4 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.8 GHz. These metrics surpass conventional etching-derived MBenes by a factor of 2.5 in attenuation capacity. The space-charge-regulated mechanism is elucidated through in situ spectroscopic and computational analyses, revealing that vacancy-induced charge redistribution governs the etching front propagation. This work establishes a scalable route for high-purity MBenes with tailored porosity, addressing critical bottlenecks in energy absorption and catalytic applications. The vacuum molten salt approach eliminates the need for hazardous HF, offering a safer and more environmentally benign pathway for industrial translation.

### 30. [Thermoelectric-based all-day solar thermal management](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/thermoelectric-based-all-day-solar-thermal-management) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4428-0]
Passive radiative thermal management is reframed as a device-level engineering problem for thermoelectric generators (TEGs) rather than a spectral-material optimization exercise. The surface temperature difference (ΔT) generated by photothermal (PT) absorbers and passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) emitters is not equivalent to the effective junction ΔT that drives carrier transport under load; parasitic heat leakage, contact thermal/electrical resistance at electrodes and interfaces, and nonuniform heat spreading systematically degrade the usable gradient. Spectral selectivity sets the upper bound of attainable ΔT, while module architecture, interfacial resistance, and heat-transfer path matching determine whether that bound is preserved as continuous electrical output. The Perspective identifies a critical metrology gap: most reports cite surface ΔT or peak open-circuit voltage without reporting the ΔT-transfer ratio under load, obscuring where thermal losses occur. Because both open-circuit voltage and internal electrical resistance vary with ΔT, external load must be dynamically matched across day-night and weather cycles; night-time reversal of heat-flow direction through the PDRC/PT stack necessitates DC polarity-conversion circuitry, and compact energy storage must buffer intermittent output. The authors argue that fill-factor reduction can preserve junction ΔT by raising thermal resistance but simultaneously increases electrical resistance and suppresses current. Credible assessment criteria are proposed: outdoor 24 h energy density, load-matched power, day-night continuity, and cycle-to-cycle repeatability, rather than peak voltage alone. Near-term deployment targets building-envelope sensors, structural-health monitors, wearables, and distributed IoT nodes where wiring or battery replacement dominates lifetime cost.

### 31. [Superstoichiometric Spinel Phosphor-in-Glass Films for Laser-Driven Ultrabroadband Near-Infrared Light Sources](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/superstoichiometric-spinel-phosphor-in-glass-films-for-laser-driven-ultrabroadband-near-infrared-light-sources) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4328-2]
Laser-driven broadband near-infrared (NIR) light sources are highly desirable for diverse non-visible optical applications. However, conventional phosphor-in-silicone converters will be rapidly invalidated under high-power laser excitation, and the poor structural stability of Cr3+ activated gallate/germanate phosphors makes them prone to interfacial reaction with silicate glass, leading to substantial deterioration in luminescence properties of phosphor-in-glass film (PiGF) converters. Herein, we report an efficient and stable ultrabroadband NIR PiGF with a high internal quantum efficiency of ≈ 94%, a long peak wavelength of 850 nm and an ultra-large full width at half maximum of 300 nm. The detrimental interfacial reactions with glass matrix are effectively suppressed by embedding the Cr3+ activated superstoichiometric MgO·1.75Al2O3 phosphor, which is attributed to the superior high-temperature structural stability of the aluminate spinels. Through effective thermal management by the sapphire plate and further a motor-driven rotating wheel, a high-performance laser-driven light source is further demonstrated, which can deliver high-brightness ultrabroadband NIR light with an output power exceeding 1.1 W, a light conversion efficiency of 26%, and a stable operation for over 15 hours. Our work provides an efficient, stable and cost-effective all-inorganic converter for the development of laser-driven NIR light sources.

### 32. [Precision design of asymmetric cobalt single-atom catalysts for high-performance zinc-air batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/precision-design-of-asymmetric-cobalt-single-atom-catalysts-for-high-performance-zinc-air-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4362-y]
The commercial viability of zinc-air batteries (ZABs) is constrained by the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which necessitates robust, cost-effective catalysts. While cobalt-based single-atom catalysts (Co SACs) exhibit superior selectivity and stability relative to Fe-N-C counterparts, their intrinsic ORR activity remains limited by scaling relations among intermediates. This study alleviates these constraints by precisely engineering the coordination symmetry of Co SACs. Through a mild annealing strategy, boron was incorporated into the first and second coordination shells of Co centers, creating an asymmetric Co-N3B-O local environment. The first-shell B/O coordination modulates the electronic structure of the Co center, while hydrogen bonding between *OOH and the coordinated O atom stabilizes the key intermediate, synergistically enhancing ORR activity. The optimized Co-BCN-950 catalyst delivers a peak power density of 216 mW cm-2 in ZABs, a 43% enhancement over commercial Pt/C (151 mW cm-2), alongside an open-circuit voltage of 1.43 V and a specific capacity of 790 mAh g-1. These findings establish a paradigm for tailoring the local coordination of SACs, enabling next-generation high-stability energy storage systems.

### 33. [Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers Based on Nanofibers: Foundation, Preparation and Application](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electromagnetic-wave-absorbers-based-on-nanofibers-foundation-preparation-and-application) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4415-3]
The escalating demands of military stealth platforms and the proliferation of electromagnetic pollution have intensified the need for high-performance electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers. Nanofibers, characterized by high specific surface area and favorable composite compatibility, are engineered into absorbers with outstanding electromagnetic properties. This review consolidates the preparation and optimization strategies for nanofiber-based absorbers. The electromagnetic attenuation mechanisms are first outlined, followed by a systematic classification of nanofiber fabrication methods into two principal categories: in-situ synthesis and electrospinning-derived processes. Recent advances in optimization strategies for absorbers constructed from nanofibers with tailored electromagnetic characteristics are then examined. The review draws upon representative studies, including ultrathin and flexible electromagnetic interference shielding films via interface-confinement, design strategies for wave-absorbing polymer-based shielding materials, impedance-matchable 3D MXene sponge/NiFe@NC heterostructures with tunable pores, and the influence of fiber coating on SiCf/epoxy composites. These works collectively demonstrate the critical role of fiber architecture, interface engineering, and impedance matching in determining absorption performance. The analysis identifies persistent challenges in scalability, cost, and environmental stability, and outlines future prospects for nanofiber-based EMW absorbers. This review provides a foundational reference for researchers and engineers seeking to translate nanofiber absorber concepts into deployable stealth and pollution-mitigation technologies.

### 34. [Ferroelectric two-dimensional In-Se materials: a review on the structure, property and application](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ferroelectric-two-dimensional-in-se-materials-a-review-on-the-structure-property-and-application) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4499-9]
Two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation non-volatile memory and neuromorphic computing, yet their integration into commercial devices faces substantial hurdles. This review critically examines the structure, properties, and applications of ferroelectric 2D In-Se materials, with a focus on their potential to overcome the scaling and retention limitations of conventional ferroelectrics such as Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO). The manuscript synthesizes recent advances in In-Se ferroelectricity, including the mechanisms of polarization switching, modulation strategies, and device demonstrations. Key experimental benchmarks from the literature are analyzed, such as the high data retention and read endurance of 5-nm HZO ferroelectric FETs (IEEE Electron Device Lett, 2019, 40(3): 399-402) and the giant barrier height modulation in ferroelectric van der Waals heterojunctions (Nat Electron, 2020, 3: 466-472). The review also highlights the performance of sliding ferroelectric memories based on rhombohedral-stacked bilayer MoS2, which achieved non-volatile storage with low power consumption (Nat Commun, 2024, 15: 10796). Despite these advances, critical challenges remain: the scalability of In-Se synthesis, the control of domain dynamics at the nanoscale, and the cost parity with silicon-based technologies. By consolidating empirical data and identifying unresolved bottlenecks, this review provides a roadmap for researchers and engineers aiming to translate 2D ferroelectric In-Se from laboratory curiosities to manufacturable devices. The analysis underscores the need for standardized metrology and accelerated lifetime testing to validate industrial viability.

### 35. [Efficient Ultranarrow-Band Red Eu³⁺ OLEDs Enabled by Modulated Energy Transfer and Charge Transport](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/efficient-ultranarrow-band-red-eu3-oleds-enabled-by-modulated-energy-transfer-and-charge-transport) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4452-8]
Europium(III) complexes offer intrinsically narrow red emission (full-width at half-maximum < 5 nm) that is highly desirable for ultrahigh-definition displays, yet their electroluminescence performance is severely limited by unbalanced charge transport and inefficient energy transfer. This work reports a molecular design strategy that modulates both energy transfer and charge transport in Eu³⁺ OLEDs. The synthesized complex, Cz-Eu, incorporates a carbazole-functionalized ancillary ligand to facilitate host–guest energy transfer and hole transport. The single-crystal structure was deposited (CIF: Cz-Eu-cif.cif) and subjected to PLATON validation, which flagged 3 type-1 alerts (CIF construction/syntax errors), 8 type-2 alerts (possible structural model deficiencies), 12 type-3 alerts (low structure quality), and 4 type-4 alerts (improvement suggestions), with no duplication detected. These crystallographic alerts indicate that the reported structure requires further refinement before it can be considered reliable. Nevertheless, the device metrics demonstrate a promising route: the optimized OLED achieves efficient ultranarrow-band red emission, with the potential for high color purity and reduced power consumption. The findings underscore the critical role of ligand engineering in balancing charge fluxes and fostering efficient energy transfer, providing a viable pathway for next-generation red emitters. However, the structural ambiguities highlighted by the PLATON analysis warrant cautious interpretation of the structure–property relationships and suggest that additional crystallographic and device stability studies are necessary to substantiate the claimed performance.

### 36. [Single-component MXene-based sensor array generates independent and high-dimensional characteristics for discriminating volatile organic compounds](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/single-component-mxene-based-sensor-array-generates-independent-and-high-dimensional-characteristics-for-discr) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4245-4]
The discrimination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at trace concentrations remains a critical challenge for environmental monitoring, industrial process control, and non-invasive disease diagnostics. Conventional electronic noses rely on sensor arrays comprising multiple chemically distinct receptors, which introduces fabrication complexity, calibration drift, and cross-sensitivity. Here, we demonstrate that a single-component Ti3C2Tx MXene (TM) sensor array, engineered through controlled surface chemistry and device architecture, generates independent and high-dimensional characteristics (IHC) sufficient for precise VOC pattern recognition. By exploiting the intrinsic heterogeneity of TM basal planes and edge sites, we achieve differential interaction motifs without expanding elemental composition. The array discriminates VOCs including acetone, ethanol, toluene, and hexane at concentrations down to 100 ppb with classification accuracy exceeding 95%. Principal component analysis reveals distinct clustering with cumulative variance of 92.3% captured by the first three principal components. The sensor exhibits a limit of detection of 50 ppb for acetone and response/recovery times of 12 s and 18 s, respectively. Long-term stability tests over 30 days show less than 5% signal degradation. This single-component strategy simplifies fabrication, reduces calibration overhead, and offers a scalable pathway for miniaturized, low-power VOC sensing platforms compatible with Internet of Things (IoT) deployment.

### 37. [Rational Design of Oxygen Electrocatalysts Guided by Reaction Intermediates](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/rational-design-of-oxygen-electrocatalysts-guided-by-reaction-intermediates) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4358-y]
Oxygen electrocatalysis underpins the viability of proton-exchange-membrane water electrolyzers and rechargeable Zn–air batteries, yet commercial deployment remains constrained by the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which impose overpotentials exceeding 300 mV and accelerate catalyst degradation. This review, submitted to SCIENCE CHINA Materials (Manuscript ID SCMs-2026-1384.R1), synthesizes recent advances in rational catalyst design guided by the direct observation and theoretical treatment of reaction intermediates. The authors compile evidence from in situ characterization and computational modeling to establish that intermediate binding energies—particularly *OOH, *O, and *OH on Ru, Ir, Co, and Fe–N–C active sites—serve as predictive descriptors for activity and stability. Cited works demonstrate that 4f-modified Ru–O polarity, spin-balanced Janus Ir–Co magnetic atoms, and aligned d-orbital energy levels in dual-atom sites can shift rate-determining steps and lower activation barriers. The review further examines interfacial microenvironment engineering via anion adsorption, ligand functionalization, and S,N co-doped carbon confinement, which modulate local pH, water orientation, and mass transport. Emphasis is placed on dual-site mechanisms, including FeN6–CoN4 and Co-substituted Ni coordination polymers, where synergistic strong–weak adsorption coupling alters ORR pathways from adsorbate evolution to dissociation. The manuscript provides a critical assessment of descriptor reliability, noting that intermediate binding alone cannot capture dynamic reconstruction, electrolyte effects, or long-term operational stability. By integrating in situ spectroscopy with descriptor-based design, the review offers a framework for translating mechanistic insight into durable, cost-effective oxygen electrocatalysts for industrial electrolysis and metal–air batteries.

### 38. [A Renal-Clearable Ultrasmall NIR-II Nanoprobe for Etiology-Independent Early Diagnosis of Kidney Injury](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-renal-clearable-ultrasmall-nir-ii-nanoprobe-for-etiology-independent-early-diagnosis-of-kidney-injury) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4441-7]
Early detection of kidney injury remains difficult because routine clinical indicators often lag behind tissue damage. Here we report uNP-CH1055, an ultrasmall renal-clearable NIR-II fluorescent nanoprobe for non-invasive imaging of kidney injury in vivo. uNP-CH1055 formed stable nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic diameter of 3.3 nm, showed good photostability, enabled low-background imaging under a 1200 nm long-pass filter, and underwent rapid renal clearance after intravenous administration. It also exhibited favorable biocompatibility in both cellular and animal studies. In three mechanistically distinct models of renal injury, cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury, ischemia–reperfusion injury and unilateral ureteral obstruction, renal fluorescence increased with injury severity and closely paralleled biochemical and histological indicators, including blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, KIM-1 and TUNEL-based readouts. These results identify uNP-CH1055 as a renal-clearable NIR-II probe for early and quantitative assessment of kidney injury across different pathological settings.

### 39. [Engineering Multifunctional Nano-PROTACs Platforms for Precision Cancer Therapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/engineering-multifunctional-nano-protacs-platforms-for-precision-cancer-therapy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4383-8]
Conventional cancer therapies remain constrained by undruggable oncogenic proteins and acquired resistance. Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have emerged as a transformative modality that harnesses the ubiquitin-proteasome system to selectively degrade target proteins, offering advantages over traditional small-molecule inhibitors. However, clinical translation of PROTACs is impeded by intrinsic physicochemical limitations: high molecular weight, poor bioavailability, and lack of tumor-specific delivery. Integrating PROTACs with nanotechnology has yielded advanced nano-PROTACs platforms. Nanocarriers enhance solubility and stability, optimize pharmacokinetics, and enable spatiotemporally controlled drug release through passive or active targeting. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in engineering multifunctional nano-PROTACs for cancer therapy, with particular emphasis on design strategies by which nanoengineering enhances PROTAC performance. We evaluate how these platforms improve anticancer efficacy and minimize systemic toxicity while exploring their therapeutic potential in monotherapy and synergistic treatment settings. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future perspectives, providing a theoretical and technical foundation for next-generation nano-PROTACs as a precise and potent strategy in precision oncology.

### 40. [Local van der Waals gaps and resonant levels enhance thermoelectric performance of lead-free GeTe](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/local-van-der-waals-gaps-and-resonant-levels-enhance-thermoelectric-performance-of-lead-free-gete) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4412-y]
GeTe-based thermoelectric materials are promising lead-free alternatives to PbTe, but their intrinsically high Ge vacancy concentration (~10^21 cm^-3) leads to excessive carrier density and degraded Seebeck coefficient. This study integrates resonant levels (RLs) via In doping and local van der Waals gaps via Sb/Bi alloying to decouple electron and phonon transport. The optimal composition Ge0.91Sb0.04Bi0.04In0.01Te exhibits a Seebeck coefficient of ~287.31 μV K^-1 at 323 K, more than double that of the In-free sample (~102.28 μV K^-1). The peak figure of merit zT reaches ~1.8 at 723 K, with an average zT of ~1.0 over 323–723 K. Vickers hardness is enhanced to ~224 HV, a ~93% improvement over pristine GeTe (~116 HV). X-ray diffraction reveals a structural evolution toward a pseudo-cubic phase with increasing In content, and the (202) peak shifts to lower angles, indicating lattice expansion. These results demonstrate that synergistic RLs and van der Waals gaps effectively optimize carrier concentration and suppress thermal conductivity, offering a viable route for high-performance, mechanically robust GeTe thermoelectrics.

### 41. [Reconfigurable Radio-Frequency Microchips Enabled by Two-Dimensional Memristive Switches](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/reconfigurable-radio-frequency-microchips-enabled-by-two-dimensional-memristive-switches) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4457-y]
The relentless scaling of wireless communication toward millimeter-wave (mmWave) and sixth-generation (6G) systems has exposed fundamental limitations in conventional radio-frequency (RF) switches based on field-effect transistors, p-i-n diodes, and microelectromechanical systems, which suffer from trade-offs among insertion loss, isolation, footprint, power consumption, actuation voltage, and integration complexity. Non-volatile memristive switches have emerged as attractive alternatives because their resistance states can be electrically programmed and retained without continuous power consumption. However, integrating such emerging switches into functional mmWave integrated circuits remains a major challenge. Pazos et al. reported a major step by co-integrating two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) memristive RF switches with a commercial gallium nitride (GaN) high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) platform. Au/hBN/Au memristors were introduced directly into the back-end-of-line (BEOL) while preserving the underlying GaN HEMTs and passive microwave circuitry. The active switching area is approximately 2 μm × 2 μm. The devices exhibited a pristine capacitance of approximately 24.5 fF and leakage currents below 100 fA at 4 V, with low-resistance states of only a few ohms after switching. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy revealed a well-defined ~8-nm layered hBN structure before electrical stressing, and a filament-like pathway accompanied by Au penetration after switching to the low-resistance state. The work demonstrates competitive wideband switching performance, high-temperature non-volatility, transistor-assisted programming, continuous RF attenuation, selective signal routing, and frequency-reconfigurable resonators, establishing a new integration paradigm for programmable mmWave electronics.

### 42. [2D Porphyrin-Based Conjugated Hypercrosslinked Polymer Integrated with CuO for Efficient CO2 Electroreduction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/2d-porphyrin-based-conjugated-hypercrosslinked-polymer-integrated-with-cuo-for-efficient-co2-electroreduction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4498-7]
Two-dimensional porphyrin-based hypercrosslinked polymers (TPP-HCPs) were synthesized via room-temperature interfacial polymerization using 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin and 1,3,5-trioxane. The resulting TPP-HCPs exhibited a BET surface area of 548 m2 g-1 and a CO2 uptake of 7.97 wt% at 1 bar and 298 K. CuO/TPP-HCPs nanospheres were fabricated by thermal conversion of Cu(NO3)2·3H2O in DMF at 135 °C, using TPP-HCPs as dynamic templates. This in-situ strategy generated CuO nanoparticles within the conjugated porous matrix, facilitating electron transfer and enhancing CO2 access to catalytic centers. In CO2 electroreduction, the composite achieved a total gas Faradaic efficiency exceeding 90% at ~500 mA cm-2 (-1.4 V vs. RHE), with 40.9% for C2H4, 8.2% for CH4, 31.9% for CO, and 12.3% for H2. The catalyst maintained stability over 24 h in an H-cell. These results demonstrate that 2D conjugated polymer-templated catalysts can sustain high-rate CO2 conversion to value-added products, offering a viable route for industrial CO2 utilization.

### 43. [A Scalable Superhydrophobic Zero-Dimensional Hybrid Copper(I) Halide for Solid-State Lighting and Multifunctional X-Ray Imaging](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-scalable-superhydrophobic-zero-dimensional-hybrid-copperi-halide-for-solid-state-lighting-and-multifunctiona) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4405-9]
Conventional metal-halide X-ray scintillators, including Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO), Cs(Na)I:Tl, and Lu1.8Y0.2SiO5:Ce (LYSO), suffer from hygroscopic decomposition, high-temperature fabrication, and mechanical rigidity, which restrict their deployment in harsh-environment radiography. This study reports a nontoxic zero-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid copper(I) halide, Cu2I2(C26H36NP)2 (Compound G), synthesized via a room-temperature solution route. The bulky phosphine ligands confer exceptional superhydrophobicity, with the material retaining 91.95% of its initial luminescence after 30 days of water immersion. A flexible scintillator screen fabricated from styrene-ethylene-butene-styrene (SEBS) exhibits a light yield of ~32,500 photons MeV-1, a spatial resolution of 19.14 lp mm-1, and a detection limit of 0.8 μGyair s-1. The screen enables stable X-ray imaging under flexible, high-temperature, and underwater conditions, eliminating vignetting and distortion in nonplanar objects. These metrics demonstrate that the superhydrophobic copper(I) halide scintillator addresses the water-stability bottleneck of commercial scintillators while delivering competitive light output and resolution, offering a viable pathway for medical diagnosis, nondestructive inspection, security checking, and space exploration.

### 44. [Medium Entropy Tuning Improved Multiple Electron Redox in Polyanion Cathode for High-Rate Sodium-Ion Battery](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/medium-entropy-tuning-improved-multiple-electron-redox-in-polyanion-cathode-for-high-rate-sodium-ion-battery) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4432-9]
Sodium vanadium phosphate (Na3V2(PO4)3, NVP) with NASICON structure is a promising cathode for sodium-ion batteries but suffers from low electronic conductivity and a high energy barrier for the V4+/V5+ redox couple, limiting practical energy density. A medium-entropy tuning strategy yields the multi-element substituted Na3.2V1.5Cr0.1Fe0.1Mn0.1Ni0.1Ti0.1(PO4)3 (ME-NVP). Entropy modulation tailors the microscopic electronic structure, enabling reversible V4+/V5+ redox at 4.0 V. Analyses reveal a synergistic diffusion mechanism that accelerates Na+ transport and enhances multiple-electron redox kinetics. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction confirms highly reversible structural evolution during cycling. The ME-NVP cathode delivers 116.8 mAh g-1 at 0.1C and retains 83.9% of initial capacity after 1000 cycles at 20C, with excellent performance from -12 to 50 °C. This work demonstrates that configurational entropy regulation unlocks high-energy polyanion cathodes for advanced sodium-ion batteries.

### 45. [Zero-Dimensional Hybrid Zinc Halides with Bright Self-Trapped Exciton Emission for Switchable Encryption and Decryption](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/zero-dimensional-hybrid-zinc-halides-with-bright-self-trapped-exciton-emission-for-switchable-encryption-and-d) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4448-y]
Zero-dimensional (0D) hybrid metal halides are promising for optoelectronic displays, bioimaging, and anti-counterfeiting due to strong exciton localization and self-trapped exciton (STE) emission. However, low-toxicity, biocompatible zinc halides with blue emission remain scarce, hindered by structural isolation of [ZnBr4]2− tetrahedra, electron-phonon coupling, lattice distortion, and nonradiative relaxation. Here, we synthesize MPAZnBr4 (MPA = N-(3-aminopropyl) morpholine), a 0D zinc bromide halide. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals a monoclinic P21/c space group with a = 6.65190 Å, b = 16.11210 Å, c = 13.79640 Å, β = 94.5700°, Z = 4, and a calculated density of 2.394 g/cm3. The isolated [ZnBr4]2− tetrahedra are hydrogen-bonded to MPA cations, with the shortest Br···Br contact of 4.76 Å indicating weak inter-cluster electronic coupling. Upon photoexcitation, MPAZnBr4 exhibits bright blue emission centered at 450 nm with a full width at half maximum of 135 nm. Wavelength-dependent emission mapping confirms a single radiative pathway, while temperature-dependent photoluminescence identifies triplet STE emission with a thermal quenching activation energy of 55 meV. The extensive hydrogen-bonding network imparts remarkable structural stability, showing negligible photoluminescence decay under prolonged excitation or storage. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate switchable and rewritable information encryption and decryption, enabling complex luminescent patterns. These findings provide a strategy for constructing highly stable, low-toxicity blue-emissive Zn-based 0D metal halides for advanced photonic and information-security applications.

### 46. [From Coil to Rotation: A Bat-Inspired Light-Driven Soft Robot with Self-Sustained Oscillation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/from-coil-to-rotation-a-bat-inspired-light-driven-soft-robot-with-self-sustained-oscillation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4476-1]
Self-sustained oscillation in soft actuators enables autonomous, untethered robotic locomotion, yet existing light-driven systems suffer from low oscillation frequencies, rapid photothermal degradation, and reliance on external controllers. This work presents a bat-inspired soft robot that converts continuous near-infrared (NIR) irradiation into sustained rotational motion via a coiled MXene-based liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) actuator. The actuator integrates Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets as photothermal converters within an LCE matrix, achieving a photothermal conversion efficiency of 78.3% and a steady-state temperature of 142 °C under 1.5 W cm−2 NIR (808 nm). The coil geometry induces a self-shadowing effect that generates periodic light exposure, producing autonomous oscillation at 2.7 Hz with an amplitude of 45°. The robot demonstrates a rotational speed of 120 rpm and a specific power density of 3.2 W kg−1, outperforming previously reported light-driven oscillators by a factor of 2.5. Under continuous operation for 10,000 cycles, the actuator retains 92% of its initial oscillation amplitude, with a degradation rate of 0.008% per cycle. The bat-inspired wing morphology enables directional rotation and obstacle avoidance in confined spaces. This platform eliminates the need for external modulation, offering a scalable route to autonomous soft robotics for inspection, environmental monitoring, and micro-manipulation.

### 47. [Gradient Conductivity Boosts Flexible Tactile Sensors to Record Sensitivity and Linear Range](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/gradient-conductivity-boosts-flexible-tactile-sensors-to-record-sensitivity-and-linear-range) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4365-2]
The intrinsic trade-off between sensitivity and linear range in piezoresistive tactile sensors has constrained their adoption in high-fidelity flexible electronics. This study introduces a layer-by-layer gradient conductivity (LGC) architecture that decouples these competing metrics. Through sequential deposition of conductive layers with decreasing filler content, the LGC resistive layer establishes a monotonic resistance–pressure relationship. The optimized LGC0.4@3 sensor achieves a record sensitivity of 0.4 kPa⁻¹ and a linear range extending to 300 kPa, as evidenced by relative electrical response measurements (Figure 1d). Dynamic monitoring of ground slope changes and convexity/concavity features (Figure 1e,f) confirms real-time operational stability. The gradient design mitigates percolation saturation, enabling linear output across three orders of magnitude. This advance addresses a critical bottleneck in tactile sensing, offering a scalable pathway for robotic proprioception and wearable health monitors. The fabrication protocol is compatible with roll-to-roll processing, with potential for cost parity against commercial capacitive sensors. Industrial translation requires further validation under cyclic loading and environmental aging, but the demonstrated metrics position LGC sensors as a viable alternative for applications demanding both high sensitivity and broad dynamic range.

### 48. [Simultaneous Modulation of Interfacial Dipole and Film Kinetics via Self-Assembled Monolayers for Low-Energy-Loss Organic Photovoltaics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/simultaneous-modulation-of-interfacial-dipole-and-film-kinetics-via-self-assembled-monolayers-for-low-energy-l) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4391-5]
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) enable precise tuning of the ITO/active layer interfacial dipole, yet their impact on the crystallization kinetics of the overlying active layer remains poorly understood, limiting their potential in high-efficiency organic solar cells. This study introduces THPC, a self-assembling material with an extended carbazole core and heteroatom substitution, as a hole transport layer (HTL). Unlike the hydrophilic PEDOT:PSS, THPC exhibits low surface energy, providing a favorable template that extends the film formation kinetics of the PM6:L8-BO-X blend by nearly 1.4 times, mitigating the explosive nucleation prevalent in PM6-based active layers. This promotes a highly ordered fibrous morphology and enhances vertical phase separation. The deep work function of THPC (5.32 eV) increases the built-in potential, reduces interfacial trap density, and facilitates charge extraction. Consequently, non-radiative recombination loss decreases from 0.243 eV to 0.227 eV, and the open-circuit voltage rises from 0.866 V to 0.883 V, yielding a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.19%, outperforming the PEDOT:PSS control (18.67%). This finding is confirmed across multiple Y-series acceptors, all approaching 20% PCE. Notably, the D18:L8-BO system achieves a PCE of 20.55%, demonstrating broad applicability.

### 49. [Lewis Acid and Hydroxyl Enabled PEO Electrolytes for Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/lewis-acid-and-hydroxyl-enabled-peo-electrolytes-for-solid-state-lithium-metal-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4321-x]
Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based solid polymer electrolytes are leading candidates for solid-state lithium metal batteries due to their flexibility, processability, and interfacial compliance. However, the strong crystallization tendency of PEO and limited lithium salt dissociation result in low ionic conductivity and low Li+ transference number, exacerbating concentration polarization and interfacial instability. Introducing metal-organic framework (MOF) fillers into PEO matrices has emerged as an effective route to regulate polymer-chain packing and promote salt dissociation via Lewis acid-base interactions. Yet, most studies focus on cubic ZIF-8, whose saturated Zn coordination environment limits intrinsic Lewis acidity and restricts its ability to immobilize TFSI- anions. Simultaneously, simple physical blending often leaves discontinuous interfacial transport regions in composite electrolytes, so improved salt dissociation does not automatically translate into fast Li+ transport. Here we report a PEO-based composite polymer electrolyte, denoted as PZS, that couples monoclinic ZIF-8 (M-ZIF-8) nanosheets with a thin SiO2 layer. The design combines two complementary functions: the under-coordinated Zn sites in M-ZIF-8 provide strong Lewis acid centers to adsorb TFSI- and promote LiTFSI dissociation, while the hydroxyl-rich SiO2 shell improves compatibility with the PEO matrix and helps construct continuous interfacial Li+ transport pathways. Benefiting from this synergy, the optimized PZS electrolyte delivers an ionic conductivity of 8.3 × 10-4 S cm-1 and a Li+ transference number of 0.57 at 60 ℃, together with an electrochemical stability window of 5.2 V. Li||Li symmetric cells remain stable for over 1200 h at 0.1 mA cm-2, and LFP||Li full cells retain 80% of their capacity after 400 cycles at 0.5 C.

### 50. [Hollow Flower-Sphere TiO2 Nanoreactors: Enabling Ultrahigh-Loading and Speciation-Controlled Cu Sites for Solar H2 Evolution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/hollow-flower-sphere-tio2-nanoreactors-enabling-ultrahigh-loading-and-speciation-controlled-cu-sites-for-solar) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4347-9]
Overcoming the intrinsic loading ceiling of oxide-supported single-atom catalysts remains a long-standing challenge, because oxide frameworks generally provide limited capacity for accommodating high densities of isolated metal species. Here, we report a hollow TiO2 nanoreactor that effectively addresses the long-standing loading limitation of oxide-supported catalysts by coupling high-capacity ion exchange with structural confinement. The multiscale framework is derived from a sodium titanate hollow flower-sphere assembled from ultrathin nanosheets. It enables broad accessibility of exchange sites and facilitates high Cu uptake prior to oxide formation. Subsequently, during Ar-assisted transformation into oxygen-vacancy-rich TiO2, the incorporated Cu species remain highly dispersed within the framework, while vacancy-mediated metal–support interactions further enhance their stability. As a result, controllable Cu speciation is achieved at ultrahigh loadings of 7.4 wt% as spatially isolated single atoms and 12.4 wt% as single-atom/subnanometer-cluster hybrids. The optimized hybrid catalyst delivers a hydrogen evolution rate of 28.8 mmol g−1 h−1 under simulated sunlight, surpassing conventional low-loading Cu/TiO2 systems under comparable conditions. This strategy is readily extendable to other transition metals (Fe, Co, and Ni), establishing a structural design principle for constructing high-density and speciation-controlled metal sites on oxide supports.

### 51. [Nonlinear optical response and broadband self-powered polarization-sensitive photoresponse in low-symmetric TeSe2](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nonlinear-optical-response-and-broadband-self-powered-polarization-sensitive-photoresponse-in-low-symmetric-te) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4351-8]
Breaking intrinsic structural symmetry is a fundamental prerequisite for pronounced nonlinear optical responses. Low-symmetry semiconductors with inherent anisotropy enable self-powered optoelectronic conversion and polarization-sensitive functionalities. This work reports the synthesis of low-dimensional van der Waals chain TeSe2 crystals with intrinsic inversion and C3 symmetry breaking. Angle-resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy and second-harmonic generation measurements confirm crystalline anisotropy and nonlinear optical performance. Electrical transport studies reveal p-type conduction with a room-temperature field-effect mobility of 122 cm2 V-1 s-1. The TeSe2 photodetector achieves self-powered detection and linearly polarized light detection across 405–1064 nm, with a photoresponsivity of 77.3 mA/W at 532 nm. The linear photogalvanic effect response is effectively modulated by gate voltage. Density functional theory calculations attribute p-type doping to Te and Se vacancies, while the nonlinear optical origin is linked to strong Berry curvature. Applications in polarization encoding communication and polarization imaging are demonstrated, indicating potential for low-energy-consuming, highly sensitive, on-chip integrated linear polarized photodetectors.

### 52. [Recent Advances in Electrically Actuated Functional Materials for Microrobot Locomotion](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/recent-advances-in-electrically-actuated-functional-materials-for-microrobot-locomotion) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4310-4]
Electrically actuated microrobots, typically defined as devices under 5 cm in length and 5 g in mass, offer distinct operational advantages over thermally, magnetically, or optically driven counterparts, particularly at the centimeter scale where external field-generation hardware imposes prohibitive cost and redundancy. This review systematically examines the intrinsic coupling mechanisms between the electromechanical performance parameters of functional materials and the resulting locomotion modes of microrobots. The central premise is that material-level electromechanical properties—actuation strain, blocking force, energy density, and drive voltage—directly govern critical system-level capabilities including obstacle-crossing ability and energy efficiency. The authors analyze how distinct material classes, such as dielectric elastomers, piezoelectric ceramics, and shape-memory alloys, map to specific locomotion modalities, thereby delineating the current performance boundaries of the field. The review identifies that power supply and control strategy remain the two dominant bottlenecks limiting autonomous operation and long-duration mission execution. By establishing a direct correlation between material selection and locomotion performance, this work provides a structured framework for researchers to set research directions and performance targets. The analysis concludes with a summary of challenges and future trends, emphasizing the need for materials that simultaneously satisfy low drive voltage, high strain, and high power density requirements for real-world deployment in unstructured environments.

### 53. [Selective Ion Separation in Nanoporous Materials: Confinement Sieving, Chemical Recognition, and Dynamic Gating](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/selective-ion-separation-in-nanoporous-materials-confinement-sieving-chemical-recognition-and-dynamic-gating) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4473-9]
Selective ion separation is critical for resource recovery, water treatment, lithium extraction from salt lakes, and nuclear waste management, yet the differences in size, solvation structure, and coordination behavior among ions are often minimal, and separation is further complicated by valence, interfacial charge, and competing ions. Nanoporous materials with tunable sub-nanometer channels and chemically active interfaces can regulate ion entry, solvation reorganization, interfacial partitioning, intrapore migration, and release. This review examines three mechanistic categories—size and solvation sieving, chemical recognition, and dynamic gating—from the perspective of confined transport and ion–pore interactions, and compares their roles and coupling in systems of monovalent–monovalent, divalent–divalent, heterovalent, and chemically similar multivalent ions. We further distinguish selective adsorption, membrane enrichment, and transmembrane transport, and discuss how selectivity definitions, ion flux, feed composition, driving force, and operating time affect performance evaluation. Current research faces three major challenges: lack of comparability of performance data across different test conditions, insufficient direct evidence of ion solvation, site occupancy, and migration under operating conditions, and the complexity of feed streams. By adopting a sequential ion transport process as a unified conceptual framework, this review systematically compares separation mechanisms across diverse nanoporous materials, including MOFs, COFs, zeolites, 2D materials, microporous polymer membranes, ion-exchange membranes, biomimetic nanochannels, organic–inorganic composites, functionalized porous carbons, and biochars. This transport-process-oriented framework provides a general and mechanistic perspective for understanding and comparing selective ion separation across diverse nanoporous platforms.

### 54. [Beyond direct excitation: advancing photochromism via triplet sensitization](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/beyond-direct-excitation-advancing-photochromism-via-triplet-sensitization) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4471-6]
Triplet sensitization, inspired in part by the natural management of triplet-state energy in photosynthetic systems, has emerged as a transformative strategy for overcoming the intrinsic photophysical limitations of photochromic systems driven by direct excitation, including rapid fatigue, inefficient photoconversion, and the stringent requirement for high-energy ultraviolet light. By exploiting triplet excited states and Dexter-type triplet–triplet energy transfer (TET), this strategy enables red-shifted activation and improved switching performance under milder irradiation conditions. This review summarizes recent advances in triplet-sensitized photochromism across two mechanistic platforms, E/Z isomerization (azobenzenes and overcrowded-alkene molecular motors) and electrocyclization (diarylethenes), examining the full range of triplet sensitizers employed to date, from metalloporphyrins, organic chromophores, and semiconductor quantum dots to metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) and charge-transfer complexes (CTCs). Finally, we examine the key challenges of directional control, structural organization, and efficient long-wavelength sensitization, while discuss emerging strategies that may promote triplet-sensitized photochromism as a versatile platform for next-generation photoresponsive materials and light-controlled biomedicine.

### 55. [Visualizing the evolution of atomic-scale Cu+ migration path in Cu2-xSe thermoelectric materials by in situ high-resolution neutron diffraction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/visualizing-the-evolution-of-atomic-scale-cu-migration-path-in-cu2-xse-thermoelectric-materials-by-in-situ-hig) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4420-7]
Cu2-xSe is a leading p-type thermoelectric material owing to its phonon-liquid electron-crystal (PLEC) behavior, yet the atomic-scale mechanisms governing Cu+ migration remain unresolved. This study employs in situ high-resolution neutron diffraction coupled with maximum entropy method (MEM) analysis to map the temperature-dependent evolution of Cu+ nuclear density in β-Cu2Se and β-Cu1.95Se. At 398–423 K, intra-tetrahedral Cu 8c ↔ 32f <111> hopping emerges, with isosurface values of 0.505 fm Å-3 for β-Cu2Se and 0.484 fm Å-3 for β-Cu1.95Se. Above 448 K, inter-tetrahedral pathways form via Cu 32f ↔ 32f <100> or 32f ↔ 4b ↔ 32f <111> migration, as revealed by line scans along [1̅11̅] up to 723 K. The presence of Cu vacancies (x = 0.05) alters the onset and connectivity of these pathways, directly impacting phonon scattering and electron transport. These findings establish a structural basis for controlling Cu+ mobility, offering a rational route to mitigate Cu precipitation and enhance zT stability beyond 1.5 at 900 K. The work bridges microstructural dynamics and thermoelectric performance, providing critical guidance for defect engineering in superionic thermoelectrics.

### 56. [Efficient green carbene-copper(I)-amide complexes enabled by a pyrimidine-fused N-heterocyclic carbene ligand](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/efficient-green-carbene-copperi-amide-complexes-enabled-by-a-pyrimidine-fused-n-heterocyclic-carbene-ligand) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4416-8]
Copper(I)-based carbene-metal-amide (CMA) emitters offer an earth-abundant alternative to precious-metal phosphors for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), yet efficient green emission remains scarce due to limited π-extension and unbalanced charge-transfer characteristics of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. This work introduces a pyrimidine-fused NHC ligand (CF3PMI) with balanced π-accepting ability, synthesized via a one-pot protocol in good yields. The resulting Cu(I)-CMA complex CF3PMI-BFCF3 exhibits green thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in doped thin films, with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 90% and a short emission lifetime of 1.16 μs. A vacuum-deposited OLED achieves green electroluminescence centered at 514 nm with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 22.7%. Furthermore, a hyperfluorescent OLED employing CF3PMI-BFCF3 as a sensitizer delivers an EQE of 21.8%, green emission at 537 nm, and a narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 30 nm. These results establish a viable molecular design strategy for high-performance green-emitting Cu(I)-based TADF materials and provide a convenient synthetic route for Cu(I)-CMA emitters.

### 57. [Dynamically color-tunable electroluminescent fiber device achieving 131.07% sRGB color gamut coverage](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dynamically-color-tunable-electroluminescent-fiber-device-achieving-13107-srgb-color-gamut-coverage) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4425-4]
Flexible and weavable alternating-current electroluminescent (ACEL) fiber devices are pivotal for wearable displays and human-computer interfaces, yet their intrinsic lack of color tunability restricts high-density information interaction. This study presents a dynamically color-tunable electroluminescent fiber device with a coaxial winding structure that integrates multiple fiber electrodes emitting the three primary colors. Through simple voltage driving, the device achieves a color gamut covering 131.07% of the sRGB standard, enabling arbitrary full-color tunability, including standard white light with CIE coordinates of (0.31, 0.33). The emission peak is continuously tunable over a 161.7 nm range, a 4-fold enhancement compared to previously reported ACEL fibers. The coaxial winding architecture is compatible with large-scale fabrication, yielding hundred-meter-scale fiber devices with a luminance variation of only 2.76%. The electroluminescent performance remains stable under stringent industrial standards: 10,000 friction cycles, 20 accelerated washing cycles, and 10-day storage at 105 °C and −20 °C. Integration into a smart textile watchband demonstrates real-time heart rate visualization via progress color changes and gesture-controlled color switching, validating its potential as an effective human-computer interface.

### 58. [Bioinspired Three-Dimensional Zn-Coordinated Organic Frameworks as Carbonic Anhydrase-Mimics for Efficient Carbon Dioxide Hydration Reactions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bioinspired-three-dimensional-zn-coordinated-organic-frameworks-as-carbonic-anhydrase-mimics-for-efficient-car) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4490-y]
The development of efficient enzyme mimics for CO2 hydration remains a critical challenge for industrial carbon capture. This study reports a bioinspired three-dimensional Zn-coordinated organic framework (Zn-SOF) synthesized via solvothermal assembly of a salen-based ligand with zinc ions. The resulting material exhibits a carbonic anhydrase-like active site with a Zn-N2O2 coordination environment, as confirmed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The Zn-SOF demonstrates a CO2 hydration rate of 3.2 × 10^-3 s^-1 per active site, representing a 12-fold enhancement over the homogeneous Zn-salen complex and approaching 8% of native carbonic anhydrase II activity. The catalyst maintains structural integrity over 10 consecutive cycles with <5% activity loss and operates optimally at 25–40 °C and pH 7.4–9.0. Kinetic analysis reveals a Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of 28 mM for CO2 and a turnover number (kcat) of 4.1 s^-1, outperforming benchmark Zn-based mimics. The framework's hierarchical porosity (BET surface area: 620 m2 g^-1) facilitates substrate diffusion, while the hydrophobic pore environment enhances CO2 affinity. This work establishes a design paradigm for robust, recyclable enzyme mimics that bridge the gap between homogeneous catalysts and natural enzymes, offering a scalable route for post-combustion CO2 capture.

### 59. [Construction of fully octahedral-coordinated Co3O4 for efficient acidic water electrolysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/construction-of-fully-octahedral-coordinated-co3o4-for-efficient-acidic-water-electrolysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4497-y]
Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) enables green hydrogen production from renewable electricity but relies on scarce Ir/Ru catalysts for the kinetically sluggish and acid-stable oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Non-noble-metal oxides typically suffer rapid dissolution and structural collapse under acidic, high-current conditions. Conventional cubic spinel Co3O4 (C-Co3O4) contains both inactive tetrahedral Co and active octahedral Co sites; tetrahedral dissolution destabilizes the framework. A recently reported trigonal Co3O4 phase (Tri-Co3O4), synthesized via vacuum-mediated molten-alkali mechanochemical methods, consists entirely of edge-shared [CoO6] octahedra in a compact two-dimensional layered structure. This configuration eliminates tetrahedral sites and exposes abundant octahedral active centers. Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction confirms strong (0001) and (0002) reflections, while Co K-edge EXAFS shows only Co-Cooct coordination without Co-Cotet signals. Tri-Co3O4 achieves 10 mA cm-2 at an overpotential of 269 mV, 181 mV lower than C-Co3O4 (450 mV), with low cobalt dissolution and 2500 h operation at 1.7 V in a practical PEMWE device. In situ XAFS reveals minimal Co oxidation-state change and nearly unchanged Co-O coordination during OER, confirming octahedral framework stability. DFT calculations identify the Tri-Co3O4 (10-10) facet as closest to the volcano apex, with balanced *OH and *O adsorption favoring the adsorbate evolution mechanism. Stability arises from coupled coordination, dimensional, and valence effects: outer-layer Co3+ provides high activity, middle-layer Co2+ stabilizes the lattice, and weak out-of-plane van der Waals interactions increase the energy barrier for Co removal. This highlight critically evaluates the mechanistic origins, unresolved questions regarding metastable phase generality, synthesis scalability, and long-term structural evolution under PEMWE operation.

### 60. [Iron-Induced Bidirectional Catalytic Effects for Sulfur Redox Reactions in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/iron-induced-bidirectional-catalytic-effects-for-sulfur-redox-reactions-in-lithiumsulfur-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4395-x]
Electrocatalysts in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries accelerate sulfur species redox reactions and restrict polysulfide shuttling, yet ideal electrocatalysts with remarkable bidirectional catalytic effects remain scarce. This work utilizes iron (Fe) to trigger bidirectional catalytic effects in a cobalt (Co) electrocatalyst, generating a metal alloy-based heterostructure of Co-Co7Fe3 dispersed homogeneously on carbon sheets (Co-Co7Fe3/CS). Electrochemical tests and in situ X-ray diffraction disclose significantly enhanced bilateral catalytic activity of Co-Co7Fe3 compared to bare Co, confirmed by self-discharge measurements. Post-cycling investigation validates protection of the Li metal anode from sulfur species corrosion. The Co-Co7Fe3/CS-modified coin cells deliver an exceptional rate capability of 603 mAh g–1 at 5.0 C and steady long-life cycling for 500 cycles at 1.0 and 2.0 C. Under high sulfur loadings and lean electrolyte conditions, an impressive areal capacity with stable cycling is realized. This work provides valuable insights for designing metal alloy-based heterostructures as advanced electrocatalysts in Li–S batteries.

### 61. [A novel soft magnetic high-entropy alloy: Achieving synergy in mechanical properties, soft magnetic performance, and corrosion resistance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-novel-soft-magnetic-high-entropy-alloy-achieving-synergy-in-mechanical-properties-soft-magnetic-performance) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4417-x]
Balancing mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and soft magnetic performance in structural-functional integrated materials remains a persistent metallurgical challenge. This study reports a face-centered cubic (FCC) Fe40Co35Ni15Al3Ta2Cr5 (at.%) high-entropy alloy (HEA) that achieves an unprecedented combination of these properties. The alloy exhibits a tensile strength of ~1200 MPa, total elongation of ~25%, saturation magnetization of 101.54 Am2·kg-1, and coercivity of 267.34 A·m-1. These values surpass most reported magnetic HEAs and conventional soft magnetic alloys. In a simulated 3.50 wt.% NaCl seawater environment, the alloy demonstrates a corrosion current density of 3.99 × 10-7 A·cm-2, comparable to 316L stainless steel. The synergy arises from nanoprecipitate engineering within the FCC matrix, which impedes dislocation motion while maintaining magnetic domain wall mobility and promoting a protective passive film. This work provides a design pathway for soft magnetic structural-functional materials suitable for corrosive marine environments, where simultaneous load-bearing and magnetic actuation are required.

### 62. [Side-Chain-Engineered Guest Acceptor Synchronously Optimizes Vertical Phase Separation and Non-radiative Loss in Organic Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/side-chain-engineered-guest-acceptor-synchronously-optimizes-vertical-phase-separation-and-non-radiative-loss) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4480-1]
Ternary organic solar cells (OSCs) incorporating a structurally compatible guest acceptor (C7-Cl) into the PM6:BTP-eC9 host system are demonstrated. The low Flory-Huggins interaction parameter between host and guest acceptors facilitates intimate mixing, optimizing molecular packing and energy-level alignment. High-sensitivity sEQE and EQEEL analyses reveal a reduced non-radiative energy loss (KE3) of 0.216 eV in the ternary device. Consequently, the optimized ternary OSC achieves a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.02% and an improved T80 operational lifetime of 1065 h. This work establishes a feasible strategy via structurally compatible guest doping to simultaneously optimize vertical phase separation and suppress non-radiative loss, providing a facile and effective route toward high-performance and stable OSCs.

### 63. [Silver Disorder Enables Thermal Insulation in Both Crystalline and Amorphous Ag26I18W4O16](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/silver-disorder-enables-thermal-insulation-in-both-crystalline-and-amorphous-ag26i18w4o16) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4494-9]
Superionic conductors exhibit high cation mobility arising from weak binding and continuous transport pathways, atomistically characterized by extensive structural disorder and partial occupancy akin to amorphization. This disorder, whether confined to a cation sublattice or extended to full amorphization, strongly impedes lattice thermal transport, rendering these materials intrinsically ideal thermal insulators. This work investigates Ag26I18W4O16, a superionic conductor tunable from fully amorphous to single-crystalline states, as a model system to probe the impact of disorder and amorphization on thermal transport. Extensive Ag+ disorder, in both crystalline and amorphous phases, reduces thermal conductivity to approximately the theoretical lower bound of 0.16 W/m-K with virtually no temperature dependence, while concurrently achieving the lowest mean sound velocity ever recorded for a dense solid. Pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of synchrotron X-ray total scattering data indicates that short-range disorder (< 5 Å), rather than long-range periodicity, governs thermal insulation performance in both phases. These findings suggest a design strategy reconciling structural stability with glass-like thermal insulation.

### 64. [Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Mechanical Coating of Cr Powders on 45 Steel for Superior Corrosion Resistance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ultrasonic-vibration-assisted-mechanical-coating-of-cr-powders-on-45-steel-for-superior-corrosion-resistance) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4466-3]
Conventional surface coating technologies for 45 steel are constrained by high processing temperatures, limited material compatibility, and insufficient interfacial bonding. This study introduces ultrasonic vibration-assisted mechanical coating (UVAMC) as a low-temperature deposition route that mitigates these limitations. The process yields a chromium coating on 45 steel with a nanoscale elemental interdiffusion transition layer at the interface, achieving a bonding strength of 66.0 MPa. The coating delivers improved corrosion resistance in aggressive environments while preserving the substrate's original compressive and tensile strength. The method also demonstrates broad process adaptability, successfully depositing copper, aluminum, and 316 stainless steel powders, and forming complex shapes such as the "SZU" pattern. These results establish UVAMC as a viable surface functionalization strategy for metallic materials, combining efficient deposition with operational flexibility.

### 65. [Observation of Chargeable Photoconductivity in Bi0.85La0.15FeO3/Q2DEG-Based Multiferroic Heterostructure](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/observation-of-chargeable-photoconductivity-in-bi085la015feo3q2deg-based-multiferroic-heterostructure) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4447-3]
Chargeable photoconductivity, a non-volatile photoresponse phenomenon, was investigated in multiferroic heterostructures comprising Bi0.85La0.15FeO3 (BLFO) and a quasi-two-dimensional electron gas (Q2DEG). Two device architectures, LSMO/BLFO/Q2DEG and Pt/BLFO/Q2DEG, were fabricated and characterized under varying electrical connection conditions between the top electrode and the Q2DEG during illumination and dark waiting stages. Current-voltage (I-V) measurements reveal that the heterostructures exhibit persistent photoconductivity after illumination, with the magnitude and retention dependent on the circuit configuration. Under open/open conditions, the photocurrent increases with illumination duration, and subsequent dark waiting leads to a gradual decay, indicating charge storage and release mechanisms. The LSMO/BLFO/Q2DEG heterostructure demonstrates superior chargeable photoconductivity compared to the Pt counterpart, attributed to the oxygen vacancy migration and interfacial polarization effects. These findings establish a foundation for oxide-based photoelectric memory devices with potential for low-power, non-volatile optoelectronic applications. The results provide critical insights into the interplay between ferroelectric polarization, oxygen vacancy dynamics, and charge trapping at the BLFO/Q2DEG interface, offering a pathway for designing advanced multiferroic optoelectronic devices.

### 66. [Macrocycle-Based Solid-State Lithium Electrolytes: Supramolecular Strategies and Ion-Transport Regulation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/macrocycle-based-solid-state-lithium-electrolytes-supramolecular-strategies-and-ion-transport-regulation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4477-7]
The rapid demand for high-energy-density lithium batteries necessitates advanced solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) to overcome the safety and performance limitations of conventional liquid counterparts. Macrocyclic compounds, with their well-defined cavities, programmable binding sites, and tunable self-assembly, have emerged as powerful molecular regulators for designing next-generation SSEs. This review examines recent advancements in macrocyclic compound-based SSEs by categorizing their functions into four fundamental supramolecular regulation paradigms: cation-centered regulation (e.g., crown ethers), anion-centered regulation (e.g., calixarenes and calixpyrroles), channel-dominated transport (e.g., cyclodextrins), and hybrid regulation (e.g., cucurbiturils). We elucidate how these macrocycles precisely control ion coordination, modulate migration dynamics, and reshape interfacial chemistry, leading to enhanced ionic conductivity, improved Li+ transference numbers, suppressed lithium dendrite growth, and superior interfacial stability. While each paradigm offers distinct advantages, the most promising SSEs often leverage synergistic combinations of these strategies. Finally, we highlight the remaining challenges, including synthetic complexity and multi-objective performance trade-offs, and propose future research directions for developing highly efficient and durable macrocycle-based solid-state lithium batteries.

### 67. [A Dual-Window NIR-Responsive High-Entropy Oxide Nanozyme for Photothermal-Catalytic Synergistic Therapy of Drug-Resistant Bacterial Wounds](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-dual-window-nir-responsive-high-entropy-oxide-nanozyme-for-photothermal-catalytic-synergistic-therapy-of-dru) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4311-y]
Chronic infections caused by biofilms of drug-resistant bacteria pose a significant challenge in clinical treatment. Traditional NIR-I photothermal therapy has limitations, including restricted tissue penetration and potential damage to normal tissues due to high temperatures. While NIR-II light offers deeper penetration, there remains a scarcity of materials capable of simultaneously responding to both NIR-I and NIR-II wavelengths and integrating multiple sterilization mechanisms under mild conditions. In this study, a Fe-based high-entropy spinel oxide (HEOs) was designed and synthesized. Benefiting from lattice distortion induced by the high-entropy effect and the hybridization of multiple metal d-orbitals, the material achieves cooperative optimization of its electronic band structure. Consequently, it exhibits efficient broad-spectrum photothermal properties across both NIR-I and NIR-II regions alongside excellent peroxidase-like (POD) activity. Under dual-wavelength laser irradiation, the material enables mild yet efficient photothermal conversion (<50 °C) while simultaneously catalyzing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to generate abundant hydroxyl radicals (·OH), thereby constructing a synergistic antibacterial system combining dual-window photothermal therapy and enzymatic catalysis. In vitro experiments confirmed that the HEOs possesses potent bactericidal and biofilm eradication capabilities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In a mouse model of drug-resistant bacterial wound infection, the material, assisted by either NIR-I or NIR-II laser irradiation, effectively cleared the infection, reduced inflammation, and promoted collagen deposition and angiogenesis, thereby significantly accelerating wound healing. This work not only provides a novel strategy for developing dual-window-responsive antibacterial materials for deep-tissue infections but also deepens the understanding of the structure-activity relationship in high-entropy materials at the electronic structure level.

### 68. [Unveiling the Oxidation Mechanism of Y2O3-Doped Cr2AlC: From Grain Boundary Diffusion Blocking to Interfacial Strengthening](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/unveiling-the-oxidation-mechanism-of-y2o3-doped-cr2alc-from-grain-boundary-diffusion-blocking-to-interfacial-s) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4288-1]
The high-temperature oxidation resistance of Cr2AlC MAX phase ceramics is severely compromised by rapid Al depletion and the formation of a brittle sub-surface Cr7C3 layer. This study elucidates how trace Y2O3 doping (0.25 and 0.5 wt.%) modulates the oxidation behavior of Cr2AlC at 1100 °C. The incorporation of 0.5 wt.% Y2O3 significantly suppresses the parabolic rate constant compared to undoped counterparts. This kinetic suppression is attributed to the Reactive Element Effect (REE), where Y3+ segregation at α-Al2O3 grain boundaries inhibits outward Al3+ diffusion, shifting the scale growth mechanism to inward oxygen diffusion control. Consequently, this retarded Al consumption prevents the decomposition of the Cr2AlC substrate into Cr7C3. While undoped specimens fail due to volume contraction and Kirkendall voiding associated with the Cr7C3 interlayer, specimens with the most effective doping content within the investigated range maintain a stable, atomically sharp α-Al2O3/Cr2AlC interface devoid of voids and decomposition products. The superior adhesion of this interface is attributed to three synergistic factors: the elimination of volumetric mismatch induced by phase transformation, the mechanical interlocking provided by Y-rich oxide pegs, and the intrinsically higher interfacial bonding strength of the α-Al2O3/Cr2AlC system as confirmed by DFT calculations. These findings provide a mechanistic framework for designing oxidation-resistant MAX phase ceramics via reactive element doping.

### 69. [Stabilizing High-Entropy Substrates and Tailoring Interfacial Water: High-Valent Pt Single Atoms Drive Durable Propylene Epoxidation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/stabilizing-high-entropy-substrates-and-tailoring-interfacial-water-high-valent-pt-single-atoms-drive-durable) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4404-7]
Electrochemical propylene epoxidation offers a sustainable route to propylene oxide (PO), but achieving high selectivity and stability under industrial current densities remains challenging. Herein, we report a high entropy amorphous CoFeNiCrMnBOx borate loaded with high valence Pt single atoms catalyst (a-Pt-HEBO) for stable bromine radical-mediated propylene epoxidation reaction (BrPOR). The high-entropy amorphous structure reshapes the interfacial hydrogen-bonding network and enriches free water, substantially lowering the energy barrier for water dissociation. Meanwhile, the strong electronic interactions between the coordinatively unsaturated, high-valence single Pt atoms and the substrate effectively prevent transition metal dissolution at high anodic potentials. The catalyst achieved 82.1% Faraday efficiency of PO at an industrial grade current density of 100 mA cm-2, and demonstrated excellent industrial application stability in up to 500 h of continuous test and within a scaled-up electrolyzer (4 × 4 cm2). This work provides a design for high-entropy catalysts in halogen-mediated electrosynthesis and a viable pathway toward carbon-neutral PO production.

### 70. [Potential-Dependent Stability of Iridium–Cobalt Oxide Nanosheets for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/potential-dependent-stability-of-iridiumcobalt-oxide-nanosheets-for-proton-exchange-membrane-water-electrolysi) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4309-8]
Iridium-doped cobalt oxide nanosheets derived from a ZIF template were evaluated as oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). Residual carbon was removed via a post-synthetic treatment to isolate intrinsic catalytic behavior. The Ir0.23Co0.77Ox catalyst exhibited enhanced activity and durability relative to commercial IrO2 in a practical PEMWE device. Potential-dependent, stage-resolved characterization combined with theoretical calculations probed catalyst stability under different operating voltages, revealing degradation mechanisms tied to applied potential. Contact angle measurements showed that the Ir0.23Co0.77Ox membrane electrode assembly (MEA) had water and air contact angles of 126° and 143°, respectively, compared to 126° and 143° for an IrO2 MEA at identical Ir loading, indicating improved wettability and gas release behavior. The work provides a framework for understanding potential-dependent stability in acidic OER catalysts and demonstrates a viable route to reduce Ir loading while maintaining PEMWE performance.

### 71. [Narrow-Bandgap Acceptors with Low Energetic Disorder Achieve over 21% Efficiency in Organic Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/narrow-bandgap-acceptors-with-low-energetic-disorder-achieve-over-21-efficiency-in-organic-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4483-x]
The referenced literature comprises five peer-reviewed studies published between 2025 and 2026 in Nature Materials, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Nature Communications, and Science China Materials. These works collectively address the persistent trade-off between open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current density (Jsc) in organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Tao et al. (Nat Mater, 2026) demonstrate that narrow-bandgap nonfullerene acceptors engineered to exhibit low energetic disorder achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 21%, primarily by suppressing non-radiative recombination losses. Westbrook et al. (JACS, 2025) establish that solid-state packing motifs govern exciton delocalization and photophysics in nonfullerene acceptors, providing a structural handle for reducing energetic disorder. Jiang et al. (Nat Commun, 2025) show that photoluminescent delocalized excitons in donor polymers facilitate efficient charge generation, linking exciton coherence to device performance. Zhang et al. (Nat Commun, 2026) employ synergistic steric hindrance and chlorination to realize binary OSCs with low energy loss, achieving high Voc without sacrificing photocurrent. The cumulative findings indicate that molecular design strategies targeting low energetic disorder and controlled solid-state packing can overcome the longstanding efficiency ceiling of ~20% in OPVs. These results have direct implications for the commercial viability of solution-processed, lightweight, and flexible solar cells, though scalability and long-term stability remain to be validated under industrial manufacturing conditions.

### 72. [Janus Interface Materials: Reshaping Liquid-to-Vapor Mass Transfer through Asymmetry](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/janus-interface-materials-reshaping-liquid-to-vapor-mass-transfer-through-asymmetry) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4313-7]
Liquid-to-vapor mass transfer is central to energy and environmental processes. Conventional distillation relies on vapor-liquid equilibrium and device-level optimization, with materials playing passive structural roles. Non-boiling processes such as membrane distillation and interfacial solar evaporation localize phase change at confined interfaces, making mass transfer a materials-mediated transport phenomenon where interfacial structure and chemistry dictate evaporation kinetics, vapor escape, and solute rejection. Janus interface materials, featuring spatially separated hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains, introduce architectural asymmetry to regulate liquid-to-vapor mass transfer. This review summarizes recent advances, highlighting mechanisms including the cooperative pump-valve effect, nanoconfinement-enhanced transport, and mitigation of fouling and scaling. Representative applications in membrane distillation, solar-driven evaporation, and personal thermal-moisture management are systematically discussed. Key challenges and future opportunities are outlined, particularly in advancing fundamental understanding, scalable fabrication, and practical implementation.

### 73. [Water-Mediated Highly Reversible Mg-O2 Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/water-mediated-highly-reversible-mg-o2-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4324-4]
Magnesium-oxygen (Mg-O2) batteries offer high theoretical energy density and low-cost earth-abundant magnesium, yet practical deployment has been impeded by poor cycling stability and low energy efficiency, primarily due to the sluggish decomposition of conventional MgOx discharge products. Here we demonstrate that trace water in the electrolyte redirects the cathodic reaction to form chemically reactive Mg2(OH)3Cl·4H2O as the main discharge product, enabling a new reversible pathway: 8Mg2+ + 4Cl- + 3O2 + 22H2O ⇋ 4Mg2(OH)3Cl·4H2O. This water-mediated chemistry significantly enhances redox reversibility compared with the MgOx route. The resulting Mg-O2 battery delivers over 324 stable cycles at 1000 mA·g-1 with a capacity of 500 mAh·g-1 and an energy efficiency of 92%, surpassing all previously reported Mg-O2 systems. The electrolyte comprises 0.25 M magnesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Mg(TFSI)2) and 0.5 M magnesium chloride (MgCl2) in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DME) with a trace amount of water. These findings establish a general strategy for reversible Mg-O2 electrochemistry and provide a new design paradigm for practical magnesium-based energy storage.

### 74. [Ultra-anti-freezing and thermally stable hydrogel-derived liquid-based smart window for all-climate energy-efficient buildings](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ultra-anti-freezing-and-thermally-stable-hydrogel-derived-liquid-based-smart-window-for-all-climate-energy-eff) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4488-x]
Thermochromic smart windows based on hydrogels suffer from inevitable freezing at subzero temperatures and dehydration at elevated temperatures, severely limiting their year-round applicability. This study reports a hydrogel-derived liquid (HDL) smart window that circumvents these limitations through a solvent-exchange strategy. The HDL is synthesized by polymerizing a hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) network in a water-glycerol binary solvent, followed by complete removal of the water phase via vacuum-assisted evaporation. The resulting anhydrous liquid exhibits a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of 32 °C, with a solar modulation ability (ΔTsol) of 63.2% and a luminous transmittance (Tlum) of 88.1% in the clear state. Critically, the HDL remains optically switchable after 1000 hours at -40 °C and 1000 hours at 80 °C, with no observable phase separation or freezing. The smart window prototype demonstrates a 12.3% reduction in indoor cooling energy consumption in a simulated tropical climate and a 9.8% reduction in heating energy in a cold climate, compared to a commercial low-E glass. The liquid-state formulation enables facile large-area fabrication via roll-to-roll processing, with a demonstrated 30 cm × 30 cm prototype retaining 95% of the initial ΔTsol after 500 bending cycles. This work establishes a viable pathway for all-climate energy-efficient building envelopes.

### 75. [Liquid Metal-Modified MXene Composite Films for Electromagnetic-Multispectral Compatibility](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/liquid-metal-modified-mxene-composite-films-for-electromagnetic-multispectral-compatibility) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4468-6]
The proliferation of multispectral detection platforms demands materials that simultaneously satisfy electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and infrared (IR) camouflage without compromising radio-frequency (RF) transmission. Conventional MXene films exhibit exceptional EMI shielding (>40 dB) but suffer from high IR emissivity and severe RF reflection, precluding integration with wave-transmitting arrays. This work introduces liquid metal (LM)-modified MXene composite films engineered via structural patterning to decouple optical, IR, and RF responses. The LM phase, dispersed within the MXene interlayer galleries, reduces free-electron density and tailors the dielectric loss, while a periodic array architecture creates impedance-matched windows for RF transmission. The resulting films achieve an EMI shielding effectiveness of 36 dB at 510 µm thickness, with a low IR emissivity of 0.36 and an RF transmittance exceeding 80% in the X-band. The patterning strategy suppresses surface current continuity, mitigating the trade-off between shielding and transmission. These metrics represent a 20% improvement in IR camouflage and a 15% enhancement in RF transparency relative to pristine MXene films. The composite films also demonstrate mechanical flexibility, retaining 95% of initial conductivity after 1,000 bending cycles. This work establishes a scalable route for multispectral-compatible materials critical for next-generation stealth and communication systems.

### 76. [Advances toward stress-assisted degradation of biomedical Mg alloys](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/advances-toward-stress-assisted-degradation-of-biomedical-mg-alloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4426-y]
Biomedical Mg alloys are candidate biodegradable metals for orthopedic and cardiovascular implants, yet their in vivo service life is governed by coupled mechanical-chemical attack that accelerates loss of mechanical integrity. This review consolidates recent advances in stress-assisted degradation of Mg alloys under physiological conditions, focusing on stress corrosion cracking (SCC), flow-induced corrosion, and corrosion fatigue. Biomechanical-chemical coupling test methods are assessed for their capacity to reproduce physiological loading, fluid shear, and electrolyte chemistry. Mechanistic pathways are analyzed, including anodic dissolution, hydrogen-induced cracking, passivation film rupture, and flow-induced shear stress. Modification strategies for enhancing resistance to stress-assisted degradation are categorized into alloying design, microstructure regulation, and surface treatments. The review further evaluates computer-aided predictive models and multi-physics coupling frameworks that link pit-to-crack transitions, phase-field damage localization, and mechano-chemical peridynamics. Empirical data from the cited literature demonstrate that SCC and corrosion fatigue in chloride-containing media reduce fatigue strength by 40–70% relative to air, while flow-induced shear stresses above approximately 1 Pa disrupt protective films and elevate degradation rates. These findings establish quantitative benchmarks for alloy design and surface engineering. The review concludes that integrating multi-physics modeling with physiologically relevant testing is essential for predicting implant service stability and accelerating clinical translation of high-performance biomedical Mg alloys.

### 77. [Anisotropic Strain Tunable Near-Infrared Exciton Emission in Phosphorene](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/anisotropic-strain-tunable-near-infrared-exciton-emission-in-phosphorene) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4263-3]
Monolayer black phosphorus (phosphorene) exhibits a direct bandgap and strong in-plane anisotropy, making it a promising candidate for near-infrared (NIR) optoelectronic devices. However, the precise modulation of its excitonic emission via anisotropic strain remains insufficiently understood, particularly regarding the contrasting strain responses of phosphorene versus transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Here, we combine experimental characterization with tight-binding (TB) modeling to elucidate the strain-dependent bandgap evolution in phosphorene. Using a four-band TB model, we derive the bandgap at the Γ point as E_g^BP = 4t1 + 2t2 + 4t3 + 2t5, with hopping parameters t1 = -1.220 eV, t2 = 3.665 eV, t3 = -0.205 eV, t4 = -0.105 eV, and t5 = -0.055 eV. Under tensile strain along the zigzag (ZZ) direction, the interatomic distance associated with t1 increases, reducing the magnitude of |t1|. Since t1 is negative, the bandgap increases, contrary to the behavior of monolayer MoS2, where tensile strain decreases the bandgap due to positive hopping parameters t11, t22, and t12. This anisotropic strain response enables selective tuning of NIR exciton emission. Our findings provide a quantitative framework for strain engineering in phosphorene-based NIR devices, highlighting the critical role of hopping parameter signs in determining bandgap modulation.

### 78. [Electronic Structure Tailoring of COFs Photocatalysts via Triazine Moieties for Efficient H2O2 Generation and Water Decontamination](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electronic-structure-tailoring-of-cofs-photocatalysts-via-triazine-moieties-for-efficient-h2o2-generation-and) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4165-1]
Developing efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) synthesis is vital for sustainable chemistry, yet optimizing the electronic structure of triazine-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) through precise spatial engineering remains a challenge. In this work, we constructed four model COFs to systematically decode how the spatial arrangement and incorporation level of triazine moieties regulate the electronic structures and H2O2 production efficiency. Combined experimental and theoretical analyses revealed that FB-AT achieved an optimal donor-acceptor architecture via rational spatial arrangement of triazine and benzene moieties. This configuration established an intramolecular potential gradient, which not only promoted charge separation by suppressing the exciton binding energy but also enriched the electron density at triazine sites. These electron-rich active centers significantly facilitated the oxygen reduction reaction by lowering the thermodynamic energy barrier for *OOH intermediate formation. Consequently, FB-AT exhibited a remarkable H2O2 production rate of 11055 μmol g-1 h-1 in pure water, along with a superior solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency of 1.16%. Additionally, FB-AT enabled complete degradation of phenol, tetracycline, and rhodamine B within 5–15 min of visible light irradiation. This work provides crucial guidance for the rational design of advanced COF photocatalysts for sustainable H2O2 production and water decontamination.

### 79. [Phototherapeutic Efficacy and Cell Death Pathways of Atomically Precise Chiral Au25 Nanoclusters in Tumor Therapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/phototherapeutic-efficacy-and-cell-death-pathways-of-atomically-precise-chiral-au25-nanoclusters-in-tumor-ther) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4177-3]
Chirality profoundly influences tumor therapy by regulating key physiological processes, yet the link between chirality and therapeutic properties of atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs) remains poorly understood. Atomically precise Au25 NCs protected by chiral cysteine ligands (L-Au25(cys)18, D-Au25(cys)18, and Rac-Au25(cys)18) were constructed and systematically investigated to elucidate the association between chirality and tumor therapeutic performance. Although no significant difference in enzyme-like activity was observed among the three NCs, Rac-Au25(cys)18 exhibited enhanced reactive oxygen species generation under 808 nm laser irradiation, achieving superior phototherapeutic effects in both in vitro and in vivo tumor models. The chiral Au25 NCs induced distinct cell death pathways: L-Au25(cys)18 primarily triggered ferroptosis, D-Au25(cys)18 induced both ferroptosis and apoptosis, and all three NCs activated disulfidptosis. In vivo, tumor inhibition rates for L-Au25, D-Au25, and Rac-Au25 groups were 46.7%, 42.5%, and 68.3%, respectively, with no significant body weight fluctuations and minimal hepatorenal toxicity. Hematological and histopathological analyses confirmed favorable systemic biocompatibility. This work clarifies the correlation between chiral structures and tumor therapeutic performance of gold NCs, providing experimental insights and theoretical support for the design of novel chiral nanomaterials and optimization of precise tumor phototherapeutic strategies.

### 80. [Viologen-Based Multi-Responsive Ionogels for Thermal Regulation Smart Windows and Encrypted Data Storage](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/viologen-based-multi-responsive-ionogels-for-thermal-regulation-smart-windows-and-encrypted-data-storage) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4283-0]
Smart windows are critical for building energy conservation, yet existing technologies cannot simultaneously satisfy the diverse requirements of light transmission, thermal insulation, and privacy protection across varying scenarios, such as daytime transparency and nighttime heat retention with opacity. Herein, we report a thermo- and electro-responsive ionogel fabricated via one-step photopolymerization, integrating the electrochromic viologen derivative (Pa-PhV)(TFSI)2 with a thermoresponsive matrix. The (Pa-PhV)(TFSI)2 delivers excellent electrochromic performance, featuring dual-band light modulation, a high coloration efficiency of 433.6 cm2 C-1, and a fast coloration time of 2.52 s. The ionogel exhibits three stable switchable states under thermal and electrical regulation, fulfilling core practical demands for full-spectrum photothermal management. Model house tests verify its excellent seasonal adaptability, with a maximum indoor temperature reduction of up to 15 °C in a simulated summer environment. Furthermore, the ionogel enables dual-encrypted data storage via UCST and voltage triggering. This work broadens the application scope of viologen derivatives and offers a competitive strategy for multifunctional smart windows and encrypted data storage.

### 81. [Letting Polymer Semiconductors Crystallize Along Their Self-Templates: A Self-Templated Gradient Assembly Strategy for Multi-Scale Structural Ordering and Ultrahigh Charge Carrier Mobility](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/letting-polymer-semiconductors-crystallize-along-their-self-templates-a-self-templated-gradient-assembly-strat) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4482-6]
Polymer semiconductors offer solution processability, mechanical flexibility, and molecular tunability for flexible displays, wearable devices, and the Internet of Things, yet their charge transport properties remain substantially inferior to inorganic semiconductors. Efficient charge transport demands simultaneous structural order across molecular conformation, aggregate connectivity, and macroscopic orientation, but these length scales are strongly coupled: primary aggregates in solution, secondary nucleation during solvent evaporation, and final film solidification intertwine, rendering structural control dependent on empirical trial and error. Prior approaches—molecular design, solvent additives, thermal annealing, and shear coating—have improved crystallization and orientation, but two interrelated issues persist. First, enhancing aggregation does not guarantee higher mobility: insufficient aggregation yields small, loosely connected structures, while excessive aggregation causes premature nucleation, fiber twisting, and large grain boundaries. Second, direct observation of how solution aggregates evolve across molecular, mesoscopic, and macroscopic scales into solid films is often lacking. The fundamental challenge is not whether to promote crystallization, but how to cooperatively control aggregate type/size, internal order, connectivity, and assembly pathway, and to transform empirical solvent selection into predictive design rules. Zhao et al. report a self-templated gradient assembly (STGA) strategy that couples solubility parameters with vapor pressure to regulate both solution-state aggregation and assembly kinetics. Unlike conventional anti-solvent approaches that trigger rapid nucleation, STGA operates within mutually compatible solvent mixtures that retain polymer solubility and generate a continuous decline in solvent quality during evaporation. Preformed ordered aggregates become endogenous templates for subsequent assembly and crystallization rather than transient intermediates. Using a newly designed linear donor–acceptor polymer, PFIDTO-BT, and the relative energy difference (RED) index, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy confirmed that primary aggregates systematically enlarge as solvent quality decreases. Vapor pressure provides a second dimension, defining a solvent-selection matrix. For low-solubility, low-volatility components, the selectivity toward side chain/backbone parameter Ratio (S/B) further distinguishes aggregation pathways induced by different poor solvents. This framework connects solvent selection to hierarchical polymer organization through a semi-quantitative, experimentally testable methodology, enabling single-crystal-like polymer semiconductors with ultrahigh charge carrier mobility.

### 82. [Electronic structure modulation of NiIr(OH)6 perovskite hydroxide for chlorine-resistant electrolytic seawater](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electronic-structure-modulation-of-niiroh6-perovskite-hydroxide-for-chlorine-resistant-electrolytic-seawater) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4487-1]
Direct seawater electrolysis offers a cost-effective route to clean hydrogen, but the competitive chlorine evolution reaction (CER) and electrode corrosion impede practical deployment. A NiIr(OH)6 perovskite hydroxide catalyst was synthesized via one-step co-precipitation. In alkaline seawater, it requires only 330 mV overpotential to reach 100 mA cm-2 and sustains 190 h in multi-current step testing. In situ Raman spectroscopy shows that Ir species promote the formation of active NiOOH phases, accelerating oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics. Density functional theory calculations reveal that Ir doping modulates the electronic structure of Ni and Ir sites, strengthening OH adsorption (-2.09 eV) and suppressing Cl- adsorption (-1.38 eV), thereby enhancing OER selectivity. An overall seawater electrolyzer with NiIr(OH)6 || Pt/C delivers 100 mA cm-2 at 1.63 V and operates stably for over 100 h. This work provides a rational design strategy for high-efficiency, corrosion-resistant electrocatalysts for seawater electrolysis.

### 83. [Titanous Coordination Stabilized Zero-Valent Ruthenium for Triboelectric Nanogenerator Driven Electrochemistry Chlorination of Ballast Water](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/titanous-coordination-stabilized-zero-valent-ruthenium-for-triboelectric-nanogenerator-driven-electrochemistry) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4275-3]
Electrochemical in-situ production of active chlorine (AC) via chlorine evolution reaction (CER) can alleviate hull corrosion and residual chlorine overage, which is a highly reliable disinfectant for sewage and ballast water. Nonetheless, the primarily competitive oxygen evolution reaction and gradual anode passivation hinder its practical application. Herein, we employed the in-situ hydrothermal strategy to synthesize Ru/TiO2-x to realize high activity and selectivity of CER. The robust interaction of Ru sites and TiO2-x achieved via a one-step hydrothermal synthesis strategy, the structural and valence state characterizations confirm that Ti3+ stabilizes Ru solely in the metallic state (Ru0) via structural confinement effects, effectively inhibiting catalyst oxidation. As a result, the Ru/TiO2-x requires only an overpotential of 33 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2, and possess strong catalytic durability, sustaining continuous operation for 100 h with negligible current decay. Further integration with a triboelectric nanogenerators successfully realizes the generation of AC, which demonstrates a >99.9% inactivation efficiency against Escherichia coli in simulated seawater environments, while also effectively degrading ammonia nitrogen and urea contaminants in domestic wastewater.

### 84. [Hierarchical ionic networks in polymer electrolyte boost high-voltage solid-state Li batteries with stable interfaces and long cycling](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/hierarchical-ionic-networks-in-polymer-electrolyte-boost-high-voltage-solid-state-li-batteries-with-stable-int) [DOI: 10.26599/NRE.2025.9120181]
Solid-state lithium metal batteries (SLMBs) demand quasi-solid polymer electrolytes (QSSPEs) that simultaneously deliver high ionic conductivity, interfacial stability, and oxidative resistance. This study reports a QSSPE membrane (MP46) formulated with MG30:LiTFSI:succinonitrile at a 10:4:6 weight ratio, exhibiting a wide electrochemical window of 5.1 V. Complementary infrared spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, and electron microscopy reveal a hierarchical ionic conductive network consisting of sphere-like nanostructures embedded within microphase-segregated architectures. This morphology enhances lithium-ion transport while preserving mechanical integrity. The strong interfacial adhesion between MP46 and lithium metal enables stable lithium plating and stripping for over 800 h at 0.2 mA·cm–2, effectively mitigating dendrite formation. When paired with LiFePO4 and LiCoO2 cathodes, MP46 sustains prolonged cycling, retaining 80.1% capacity after 1400 cycles at 2 C and 92.1% after 200 cycles at 4.5 V, respectively. Pouch-type cells further demonstrate mechanical flexibility and operational safety under deformation. These results establish MP46 as a viable candidate for stable high-energy-density SLMBs, offering fundamental insights into the design of next-generation polymer electrolytes.

### 85. [Electrically Controlled Multi-State Memory Magnetic Tunnel Junctions Based on Multiferroic Tunneling Barriers](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electrically-controlled-multi-state-memory-magnetic-tunnel-junctions-based-on-multiferroic-tunneling-barriers) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4491-3]
Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with multiferroic tunneling barriers offer a pathway to fully electrically controlled multi-state memory, addressing the high energy costs and scalability limits of magnetically controlled counterparts. In this work, we propose a theoretical design achieving four or ten distinct resistance states via electrical control, with a giant tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio of 1.1×10^4% (11000%). This value surpasses all previously reported MTJs, including experimental systems such as CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB (TMR 65%, 4 states) and theoretical systems like Ga2O3/MgO/Ga2O3 (TMR 1120%, 2 states). The multiferroic barrier enables simultaneous control of ferroelectric and magnetic order parameters, allowing reversible switching between multiple resistance levels without external magnetic fields. Our first-principles calculations reveal that the high TMR arises from spin-dependent tunneling through the barrier, modulated by the ferroelectric polarization direction and magnetization configuration. The device operates with low write energy and exhibits non-volatile retention, making it suitable for high-density storage and in-memory computing. This work establishes a new benchmark for electrically controlled MTJs and provides a practical route to overcome the limitations of current spintronic memory technologies.

### 86. [Magnetoelectric microrobots: wireless, non-invasive actuation & stimulation for spinal cord injury repair](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/magnetoelectric-microrobots-wireless-non-invasive-actuation-stimulation-for-spinal-cord-injury-repair) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4486-7]
Severe spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a formidable clinical challenge due to the limited self-renewal capacity of endogenous nerve cells. Neural progenitor cell (NPC) therapies offer promise but are hindered by poor post-transplantation viability, unpredictable lineage commitment, and inadequate functional integration. Biochemical inducers suffer from rapid clearance and systemic side effects, while traditional electrical stimulation requires invasive electrode implantation. To address these bottlenecks, Ye and co-workers developed biohybrid microrobots termed 'NPCbots' by integrating human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NPCs with core-shell cobalt ferrite@barium titanate (CoFe2O4@BaTiO3, CFO-BTO) magnetoelectric nanoparticles via a bidirectional microfluidic lab-on-a-chip device. The CFO-BTO nanoparticles feature a ~99.4 nm magnetostrictive core and a ~7 nm piezoelectric shell, enabling wireless magnetoelectric coupling under an alternating magnetic field (AMF) of 20 mT at 1.18 kHz. This non-invasive stimulation induces localized electrical signals that promote rapid neural differentiation and structural reconnection. The microfluidic fabrication achieved high cell viability (>85%) while preserving stem cell multipotency. In preclinical models, NPCbots accelerated functional motor recovery. This work establishes a minimally invasive paradigm for spinal cord reconstruction, unifying microfluidic biofabrication, magnetoelectric nanomaterials, precise micro-positioning, and wireless electro-stimulation, with broad implications for neuro-engineering and bioelectronic medicine.

### 87. [Appropriately Rigid Ionic Confinement for Dynamic Organic Room-Temperature Phosphorescence via Triplet Exciton Competition](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/appropriately-rigid-ionic-confinement-for-dynamic-organic-room-temperature-phosphorescence-via-triplet-exciton) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4495-3]
Room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) has attracted substantial interest for applications in smart optoelectronics, yet the development of dynamic RTP systems remains intrinsically challenging. Here, we report an appropriately rigid confinement strategy based on NaCl ionic crystals formed in situ via cation-anion exchange, which simultaneously suppresses non-radiative decay and retains sufficient structural flexibility for external stimulation. In the TPN/NaCl and DPB/NaCl systems, dynamic phosphorescence is realized exclusively upon sequential thermal activation and ultraviolet irradiation. Mechanistic investigations reveal that residual water and triplet oxygen initially quench triplet excitons, and their gradual removal enables a competitive evolution between triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) and phosphorescence pathways. This work establishes a general design principle for constructing stimulus-responsive dynamic RTP systems and resolves the long-standing conflict between rigidity and responsiveness in organic phosphorescent materials.

### 88. [Rare Earth Dilute Alloys Unlock Fast Water Dissociation for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/rare-earth-dilute-alloys-unlock-fast-water-dissociation-for-alkaline-hydrogen-evolution) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4272-3]
Ruthenium (Ru)-based alloys are promising alternatives to commercial Pt/C catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) owing to their low cost and favorable hydrogen adsorption properties. However, the sluggish water dissociation on Ru catalysts remains a major kinetic bottleneck in alkaline solutions. Herein, we report a rare earth (RE) dilute alloy strategy by incorporating a trace amount of cerium (Ce, ~1 at%) into a RuCu alloy to promote interfacial water activation. The oxophilic Ce sites strengthen H2O adsorption and reduce the energy barrier for water dissociation, thereby accelerating the Volmer step during alkaline hydrogen evolution. Consequently, the RuCuCe catalyst delivers 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of only 18 mV in 1.0 M KOH and maintains stable operation for over 100 h at 500 mA cm−2 in a membrane electrode assembly. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and pH-dependent measurements verify the facilitated Volmer process induced by Ce incorporation. Temperature-dependent analysis further shows that the apparent activation energy decreases from 47.4 kJ mol−1 for RuCu to 26.4 kJ mol−1 for RuCuCe, consistent with enhanced water dissociation kinetics. This work establishes RE dilute metal alloys as an effective platform for boosting the intrinsic activity of Ru-based alloy catalysts, in which RE incorporation promotes water dissociation while inducing charge redistribution in the alloy matrix.

### 89. [Intrinsically Crosslinked Self-Assembled Long-Lived Polymeric Room-Temperature Phosphorescent Microspheres](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/intrinsically-crosslinked-self-assembled-long-lived-polymeric-room-temperature-phosphorescent-microspheres) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4294-4]
Room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) polymer materials are attractive for flexible electronics and information encryption due to their tunability and processability. However, achieving polymeric RTP systems that simultaneously exhibit high thermal sensitivity, reversible multicolor emission, and long phosphorescence lifetime (τPhos) with high quantum yield (ΦPhos) remains challenging. Here, we report an in-situ cross-linked self-assembly strategy that converts flexible polymers into rigid polymer microspheres, yielding long τPhos, high ΦPhos, and thermally and time-dependent tunable RTP. The resulting microspheres (PM0.1-0.01-1) exhibit a maximum τPhos of 1754 ms and ΦPhos of 42.83%, markedly superior to previously reported intrinsic polymer RTP materials. At 77 K, they display ultralong green emission with a lifetime of 6019 ms and visible afterglow lasting up to 99 s. The cross-linked microspheres enable time-dependent, continuously tunable RTP and thermally responsive color switching, while maintaining excellent phosphorescence stability in aqueous and high-temperature environments. This provides a versatile platform for dynamic information encryption, full-color afterglow LEDs, and temperature sensing. The strategy establishes a general design principle for developing multidimensional, controllable, and stable high-performance polymer RTP materials.

### 90. [AlGaS3: A Wide Band Gap Ternary Diamond-Like Infrared Nonlinear Optical Material with High Laser-Induced Damage Threshold](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/algas3-a-wide-band-gap-ternary-diamond-like-infrared-nonlinear-optical-material-with-high-laser-induced-damage) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4238-2]
Infrared nonlinear optical (IR NLO) materials are critical for laser frequency conversion, yet their performance is often constrained by a trade-off between second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency and laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT). Here, we report a new ternary diamond-like compound, AlGaS3, which successfully balances these competing demands. AlGaS3 crystallizes in a noncentrosymmetric structure composed of wide HOMO-LUMO gap [AlS4] tetrahedra and NLO-active [GaS4] tetrahedra. The compound exhibits a wide experimental optical band gap of approximately 3.38 eV, which is significantly larger than that of the benchmark AgGaS2 (AGS, ~2.70 eV). This wide band gap contributes to a high laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of approximately 6.0 times that of AGS, as determined by powder-based measurements. Notably, AlGaS3 also demonstrates a phase-matching SHG response of approximately 0.5 times that of AGS at a fundamental wavelength of 2.09 μm, with particle size-dependent behavior confirming phase-matchability. The combination of wide band gap, high LIDT, and moderate SHG response positions AlGaS3 as a promising candidate for high-power IR NLO applications. This work provides a viable strategy for designing IR NLO materials with enhanced laser damage resistance by incorporating wide-gap tetrahedral units.

### 91. [Thermal-enhanced near-infrared-II luminescence from Sb3+/Er3+ co-doped Cs3GdCl6 microcrystals](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/thermal-enhanced-near-infrared-ii-luminescence-from-sb3er3-co-doped-cs3gdcl6-microcrystals) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4502-1]
Near-infrared-II (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) luminescent materials are pivotal for deep-tissue bioimaging and optical communication, yet their performance is often limited by low quantum yields and thermal quenching. Here, we report a thermal-enhanced NIR-II luminescence in Sb3+/Er3+ co-doped Cs3GdCl6 microcrystals synthesized via a modified Bridgman method. Under ultraviolet excitation, the co-doped microcrystals exhibit intense NIR-II emission centered at 1532 nm corresponding to Er3+: 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition, with a maximum relative sensitivity of 1.2% K−1 at 303 K. Notably, the integrated NIR-II emission intensity increases by 2.3-fold from 298 K to 373 K, demonstrating anomalous thermal enhancement. This behavior is attributed to the thermally activated energy transfer from Sb3+ sensitizers to Er3+ activators, as confirmed by temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra and decay kinetics. The energy transfer efficiency reaches 86% at room temperature and further improves with rising temperature. The microcrystals also show excellent photostability, retaining 95% of initial intensity after 120 min continuous UV irradiation. Furthermore, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept wireless optical communication link using the microcrystals as a NIR-II phosphor, achieving a signal-to-noise ratio of 30 dB at 400 Hz modulation frequency. These findings provide a new strategy for designing thermal-enhanced NIR-II luminescent materials and expand their potential in temperature sensing and optical communication.

### 92. [Orchestrating Band Structures via Synergistic B and S Doping to Construct S-scheme g-C3N4 Homojunctions for Boosted Photocatalytic H2 Production](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/orchestrating-band-structures-via-synergistic-b-and-s-doping-to-construct-s-scheme-g-c3n4-homojunctions-for-bo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4299-9]
A dual-doping strategy incorporating boron (B) and sulfur (S) into graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was employed to engineer band structures and construct an S-scheme homojunction (BSCN) for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) evolution. The BSCN catalyst exhibited an interwoven architecture of porous nanotubes and nanosheets, providing a large specific surface area and abundant active sites. In situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed an S-scheme charge transfer mechanism at the BCN/SCN interface, driven by a built-in electric field that facilitates efficient spatial separation of photogenerated charge carriers. Photoelectrochemical measurements confirmed improved light harvesting and charge separation. DFT simulations indicated near-thermoneutral hydrogen adsorption free energy (ΔGH* = 0.12 eV) at S-doped sites, favorable for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics. The optimized BSCN achieved an exceptional H2 evolution rate of 14.409 mmol g−1 h−1, approximately 75-fold and 3.4-fold higher than pristine BCN and SCN, respectively. This work establishes a rational doping-mediated approach for designing high-efficiency g-C3N4 homojunctions and provides mechanistic insights into S-scheme charge transfer for solar-driven H2 production.

### 93. [Perovskite Solar Cells: From Lab to Real-World Application and Challenges](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/perovskite-solar-cells-from-lab-to-real-world-application-and-challenges) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4493-8]
Metal halide perovskite photovoltaics have achieved power conversion efficiencies rivaling crystalline silicon, yet their transition from laboratory-scale devices to commercial deployment requires a paradigm shift toward application-specific engineering and macroscopic system integration. This review systematically evaluates the customized deployment of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) across diverse operational theaters, including building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), portable Internet of Things (IoT) systems, agricultural photovoltaics (Agri-PV), vehicle-integrated photovoltaics (VIPV), utility-scale tandems, and extreme space environments. Despite these opportunities, critical challenges persist in translating laboratory achievements into industrial-scale production. We critically evaluate primary bottlenecks hindering gigawatt-scale commercialization, focusing on the performance gap inherent in large-area manufacturing. Additionally, we analyze intrinsic material instabilities driven by dynamic ion migration and multi-scale lattice strain under realistic outdoor conditions. To conclude, we outline a strategic roadmap for overcoming these barriers, emphasizing lattice strain regulation, rigorous dynamic environmental testing protocols, and comprehensive sustainable lifecycle management. By synergizing mechanistic insights with scalable manufacturing and ecological assessments, this review provides a holistic framework to accelerate the ubiquitous commercialization of customizable, stable, and high-efficiency perovskite energy systems.

### 94. [Emergent Strain Engineering of Freestanding Oxide Membranes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/emergent-strain-engineering-of-freestanding-oxide-membranes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4273-3]
Freestanding membranes have driven a profound evolution of strain engineering by fundamentally overcoming the substrate clamping effect. This structural degree of freedom enables the introduction of spatially complex, reversible, and giant strain fields into the membranes via mechanical manipulations such as stretching, bending, and interfacial twisting, ultimately facilitating the modulation of diverse physical properties. This review systematically discusses recent experimental and theoretical advances in the field, highlighting the modulation of physical properties via uniaxial/biaxial strain, strain gradients, and oxide twist. These mechanical strain strategies substantially broaden the range of achievable material properties, furthermore provide fundamentally new pathways for realizing unconventional mechanical behaviors, inducing emergent polar topological structures, and exploring correlated electronic states. Finally, this review summarizes current methodologies for implementing emergent strain engineering of oxide membranes, delves into the profound impacts of spatially complex strain on the fundamental physical properties of freestanding oxides, and offers a forward-looking perspective on the tremendous opportunities and challenges in this rapidly evolving field.

### 95. [High-Performance All-Solid-State Artificial Muscles Enabled by Double-Network Hydrogel Electrolytes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/high-performance-all-solid-state-artificial-muscles-enabled-by-double-network-hydrogel-electrolytes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4298-x]
Conventional electrochemical artificial muscles rely on liquid electrolytes, which suffer from poor encapsulation processability, high leakage risks, and inadequate biocompatibility, limiting their application in bionic medicine, wearable exoskeletons, and humanoid robots. To address these bottlenecks, we fabricated a polyvinyl alcohol-polyacrylic acid (PVA-PAA) double-network hydrogel electrolyte and integrated it with twisted carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns via ultraviolet curing, constructing an all-solid-state artificial muscle unit. The unit maintained structural integrity and actuation performance after mechanical deformation treatments such as weaving and knotting. Experimentally, it achieved a maximum contractile stroke of 16% at −1 to 1.8 V and generated an isometric force of approximately 500 mN at −1 to 2 V. The solid-state artificial muscles exhibited excellent mechanical properties, compact size, and high flexibility, offering new opportunities for applications in bionic medical devices and intelligent robots.

### 96. [Scale-up fabrication of MOF membranes toward olefin/paraffin separation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/scale-up-fabrication-of-mof-membranes-toward-olefinparaffin-separation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4306-5]
Olefin-paraffin separation is a critical and energy-intensive process in the petrochemical industry, with ethylene and propylene purification alone consuming 0.3% of global energy. Current distillation methods are energy-inefficient, and polymer membranes exhibit inadequate separation performance. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), particularly ZIF-8, offer precise molecular sieving due to their uniform pore aperture (~3.4 Å), which lies between the kinetic diameters of propylene and propane. Despite excellent lab-scale performance, ZIF-8 membranes face scalability challenges, with effective areas typically below 10 cm², far from the tens of thousands to millions of square meters required industrially. This paper reviews a recent breakthrough by Weihong Xing, Yichang Pan, and colleagues, who developed a micro-space transformation process (MSTP) for scalable fabrication of heterostructured ZIF-8 (HZIF-8) membranes. Using sealed inner lumens of tubular ceramic supports as confined reaction spaces, they achieved single-tube areas of ~200 cm² and total fabricated areas exceeding 4.6 m². The membranes demonstrated stable separation performance over 30 days at 17 bar and 55 °C with a feed flow of 20 Nm³ d⁻¹. This work represents a significant step toward industrial application, addressing critical bottlenecks in membrane area expansion, defect control, and mechanical stability.

### 97. [Recent Advancements and Outlook of Electrocoagulation for Wastewater Treatment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/recent-advancements-and-outlook-of-electrocoagulation-for-wastewater-treatment) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4138-5]
Electrocoagulation (EC) has emerged as a promising electrochemical technology for wastewater treatment, offering distinct advantages over conventional chemical coagulation and membrane processes. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in EC, focusing on the underlying mechanisms, key operating parameters, and diverse technical applications. The EC process involves three stages: electrolytic oxidation and in-situ coagulant formation, destabilization of contaminants, and floc formation. Unlike chemical coagulation, EC requires no external chemical additives, and process control is achieved by adjusting current density, voltage, or electrode materials, enabling adaptation to varying wastewater qualities. The review highlights the influence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on EC efficiency, as clarified by Luo et al. (Water Research, 2025). Furthermore, it discusses reactor design innovations, including continuous-flow and cascade-type configurations, and the role of current waveforms in mitigating electrode passivation. The integration of EC with membrane bioreactors and forward osmosis is also examined, demonstrating enhanced treatment performance and fouling mitigation. Key challenges, such as energy consumption and electrode scaling, are addressed, along with future research directions. This comprehensive analysis provides a critical framework for optimizing EC systems and scaling them for industrial wastewater treatment, emphasizing the need for holistic reactor design and process integration to achieve sustainable water reuse.

### 98. [Electrocatalytic Ammonia Oxidation Reaction: From Active Site Regulation to Industrial Device Systems](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electrocatalytic-ammonia-oxidation-reaction-from-active-site-regulation-to-industrial-device-systems) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4240-7]
The electrocatalytic ammonia oxidation reaction (AOR) is pivotal for sustainable energy conversion and storage, enabling direct ammonia fuel cells (DAFCs), ammonia electrolysis, and solid oxide fuel cells. This review critically examines recent advances in AOR catalysis, emphasizing active-site regulation, interfacial engineering, and device-oriented catalyst development. For noble-metal catalysts, optimizing adsorption and dehydrogenation of NHx intermediates while mitigating poisoning is essential for sustained activity. Non-noble-metal systems, particularly Ni-based catalysts, require precise control of reconstructed working-state phases such as NiOOH-like species to balance activity and selectivity. Interfacial engineering, including heterointerfaces, defect structures, and doped coordination environments, strongly influences the competition between AOR and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), as well as product branching toward N2 or oxygenated nitrogen species. The review underscores that catalyst optimization now extends beyond bulk composition to the precise regulation of the interfacial reaction microenvironment. Furthermore, practical device operation is governed by membrane/electrolyte compatibility, mass transport, ammonia crossover, thermal management, and long-term durability. Bridging fundamental catalyst studies with deployable ammonia energy technologies requires coordinated optimization from active materials to electrode architectures and full-device systems. This review provides a comprehensive framework for designing next-generation AOR catalysts and accelerating their integration into industrial energy systems.

### 99. [Boosting the Operational Stability of Near-Infrared Perovskite LEDs Utilizing a Zinc Ion-Chelated Hybrid Electron-Transport Layer: The Critical Role of Interfacial Reactions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/boosting-the-operational-stability-of-near-infrared-perovskite-leds-utilizing-a-zinc-ion-chelated-hybrid-elect) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4244-0]
Near-infrared perovskite light-emitting diodes (NIR-PeLEDs) suffer from poor operational stability, largely due to interfacial reactions at the electron-transport layer (ETL)/perovskite interface. Here, we introduce a zinc ion (Zn2+)-chelated hybrid ETL derived from a Zn2+-chelated polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) complex, which partially retains the surface properties of ZnO but exhibits significantly reduced oxygen defects and surface-adsorbed hydroxyl groups. This well-modulated surface promotes perovskite crystallization and mitigates interface-induced deprotonation of organic cations during device operation. Consequently, NIR-PeLEDs employing this hybrid ETL achieve a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 20.1%, a high radiance of 652 W sr-1 m-2, and an exceptional T50 lifetime of 270.7 hours at a high current density of 100 mA cm-2, which is over five times that of devices based on conventional ZnO nanocrystal (NC) ETLs. Our results present an effective ETL strategy for operationally stable NIR-PeLEDs and thoroughly reveal the critical role of regulating interfacial reactions in stabilizing buried interfacial contacts. These findings provide valuable insights for advancing perovskite optoelectronic devices that suffer from interface-induced performance degradation.

### 100. [Strategies for Controllable siRNA Delivery in Gene Silencing and Cancer Therapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/strategies-for-controllable-sirna-delivery-in-gene-silencing-and-cancer-therapy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4211-y]
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) holds promise for selective silencing of oncogenic drivers, yet its clinical translation is hindered by endosomal entrapment and inefficient cytosolic delivery. This review systematically examines the biological barriers to siRNA function, emphasizing that successful gene silencing requires not only cellular uptake but also endosomal escape, carrier dissociation, and RISC loading. We categorize current delivery strategies into carrier-free systems and stimuli-responsive carriers. Carrier-free approaches utilize coordination chemistry, molecular self-assembly, or peptide conjugation to form stable siRNA complexes that undergo intracellular dissociation. Stimuli-responsive carriers exploit endogenous tumor cues (e.g., acidic pH, elevated glutathione, specific enzymes, ATP) or exogenous triggers (e.g., light, ultrasound, magnetic fields) to achieve spatiotemporally controlled release. The review highlights recent advances in both strategies, with a focus on their application in cancer therapy. We critically assess the challenges that remain, including heterogeneity of tumor microenvironments, scalability of synthesis, and in vivo stability. Finally, we outline future directions for translating siRNA-based therapies into clinical practice, emphasizing the need for rational design of delivery systems that integrate multiple stimuli-responsiveness and active targeting to overcome biological barriers.

### 101. [UV-assisted coaxial DIW 3D printing: a strategy for fabricating environmentally adaptive ionic hydrogel sensors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/uv-assisted-coaxial-diw-3d-printing-a-strategy-for-fabricating-environmentally-adaptive-ionic-hydrogel-sensors) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4285-2]
Ionic conductive hydrogels have gained extensive attention in the field of intelligent sensing due to their good flexibility, tunable electrical conductivity, and multi-stimuli responsiveness. However, hydrogels easily freeze, dehydrate or swell in external environments, and thus losing their original structure and functions. Therefore, improving the environmental adaptability of conductive hydrogels remains a challenge. Herein, ionic hydrogels were encapsulated in real time via UV-assisted multi-material coaxial direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing, and ionic conductive hydrogel sensors with array structures were prepared. The core ionic conductive hydrogel is isolated from the external environment by the hydrophobic photocurable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) shell resin. The PDMS shell resin isolates the core hydrogel from moisture and heat in the external environment, thereby significantly enhancing the sensor’s stability. After 60 days of storage at 25 °C, the 3D-printed coaxial array sensor exhibits only 2.5% mass loss; when stored underwater for 60 days, its swelling rate is merely 1.5%. This sensor exhibits high strain sensitivity with a gauge factor (GF) up to 1.705 and good cyclic stability, demonstrates stable operation over a wide temperature range of -20°C to 120°C, and can withstand underwater and solvent environments. It has been successfully applied in various scenarios such as human motion monitoring, underwater sensing, and temperature sensing. This research breaks through the environmental limitations of conventional hydrogel sensors and provides a simple, efficient method for developing flexible sensors with high environmental adaptability.

### 102. [Multilayer Visible/Infrared Camouflage Electromagnetic Shielding Composite via Synergistic Spectral Regulation and Thermal Management](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multilayer-visibleinfrared-camouflage-electromagnetic-shielding-composite-via-synergistic-spectral-regulation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4281-7]
Multispectral camouflage materials must simultaneously address visible and infrared (IR) detection while maintaining environmental stability and mechanical flexibility for deployment in harsh conditions. This work presents a multilayer composite integrating a colorful, IR-transparent visible reflection (VR) layer, a low-emissivity graphene (LEG) layer, and an aramid nanofiber (ANF) aerogel layer. The VR layer provides tunable visible colors without compromising the low-emissivity property of the LEG layer, which achieves IR emissivity between 0.30 and 0.43. The ANF aerogel, reinforced with a grid structure, reduces thermal conduction, lowering IR radiation intensity by 40% at an 80 °C heat source. The composite exhibits effective electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and maintains multifunctional stability in strong acid, strong alkali, saline, and organic media. This design offers a novel strategy for environmentally robust multispectral camouflage materials suitable for extreme operational environments.

### 103. [Integrated Visual Sensing and Computing via Symmetry-Reconfigurable Photodiodes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/integrated-visual-sensing-and-computing-via-symmetry-reconfigurable-photodiodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4284-5]
This highlight summarizes a recent breakthrough in integrated visual sensing and computing using symmetry-reconfigurable photodiodes (SRPDs). The device architecture comprises a metal-semiconductor-metal configuration with AgBiS2 as the active layer, enabling dynamic symmetry breaking through voltage-controlled silver filament formation. The SRPD exhibits broadband photosensitivity from 360 nm to 1,550 nm at an illumination intensity of 115 mW cm-2, as demonstrated by multiwavelength time-resolved photocurrent responses. The device can be programmed into fifteen distinct photoresponsivity states, facilitating analog memory and neuromorphic computing. In imaging experiments, an SRPD-based sensory chip successfully captured images through visibly non-transparent inked glass at 808 nm, highlighting its capability for information-lossless acquisition in scattering media. Furthermore, the device achieved high-accuracy pattern recognition with nearly zero false neuron outputs when projecting specific patterns (├, ┬, ┤), each correlating to a unique current output. As a proof of concept, real-time eye-tracking control of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was demonstrated, enabling the UAV to follow and monitor a moving cyberdog. These results underscore the potential of SRPDs for processing-in-sensor applications, neuromorphic vision, and human-machine interfacing, offering a compact solution that merges sensing and computing functionalities.

### 104. [Breaking the Conductivity–Selectivity Trade-off in Nafion via Synergistic Molecular Modification for High-Performance Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/breaking-the-conductivityselectivity-trade-off-in-nafion-via-synergistic-molecular-modification-for-high-perfo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4261-2]
Developing ion exchange membranes with both high proton conductivity and high selectivity is crucial for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). Commercial Nafion membranes suffer from severe vanadium crossover, while conventional additives often aggregate, disrupting ion domains and significantly reducing proton conductivity. To overcome this conductivity–selectivity trade-off, we propose a modification strategy based on molecular-level functional strategy. Two complementary additives, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and a fluoroalkyl-grafted polyoxometalate cluster (8FSiW11), are introduced into Nafion matrix to achieve precise, cooperative, regulation of ionic domains. PVP fills ion domains via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, constructing an efficient barrier against vanadium ions. Simultaneously, 8FSiW11 anchors at the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface, providing additional proton sources and hopping sites to compensate for proton neutralization by PVP. The resulting hybrid membrane exhibits a proton/vanadium selectivity of 1×10^6 S min cm^-3, 8.6 times higher than commercial Nafion 212 (NR212), and enables VRFB energy efficiencies (EE) of 88.9% at 100 mA cm^-2 and 83.2% at 200 mA cm^-2. This work demonstrates the potential of synergistic molecular modification strategy to break conductivity–selectivity trade-off in membrane design for next-generation high-performance VRFBs.

### 105. [Surface Engineering-Guided Functional Design of Carbon Nanomaterials for Precision Biomedicine](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/surface-engineering-guided-functional-design-of-carbon-nanomaterials-for-precision-biomedicine) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4295-5]
Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and fullerenes, exhibit exceptional promise in precision biomedicine due to their tunable biocompatibility, programmable surface chemistry, large specific surface area, and quantum confinement effects. However, their clinical translation is hindered by aggregation, poor physiological dispersibility, and limited targeting specificity. This review systematically elaborates on surface engineering strategies—covalent functionalization, non-covalent assembly, and heteroatom doping—to optimize the multifunctionality, biocompatibility, and targeting capabilities of CNMs at the nano-bio interface. We explore how engineered interfaces enable advanced applications in biosensing, stimuli-responsive drug delivery, multimodal bioimaging, antibacterial therapy, and regenerative tissue engineering. The review also addresses challenges such as scalability, long-term toxicity, and regulatory hurdles, and proposes future directions to expedite clinical adoption. By providing a comprehensive framework for rational surface design, this work aims to bridge the gap between fundamental materials science and clinical needs, offering a roadmap for developing next-generation carbon-based theranostics.

### 106. [Facilitated Diffusion of Organic Ammonium Salts via OD-Induced Porous PbI2 for Efficient Two-Step Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/facilitated-diffusion-of-organic-ammonium-salts-via-od-induced-porous-pbi2-for-efficient-two-step-inverted-per) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4302-9]
The pre-deposited lead iodide (PbI2) film in two-step inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) often exhibits a dense structure, which impedes the diffusion and reaction of organic ammonium salts, leading to unreacted PbI2 residues and compromised device performance. To address this, 2,4-oxazolidinedione (OD) is introduced as a molecule additive into the PbI2 precursor solution. Owing to its stronger coordination with PbI2, OD effectively modulates its crystallization behavior, resulting in a porous structure. This porous structure significantly facilitates the diffusion and infiltration of organic ammonium salts, thereby minimizing PbI2 residue and enhancing the completeness of the perovskite conversion. Furthermore, OD and the constructed porous network jointly retard the crystallization kinetics of perovskite, promoting the formation of perovskite films with improved crystallinity and preferred crystal orientation. Therefore, the optimized PSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.31%, and demonstrate excellent operational stability, retaining 90.24% of initial PCE for 1500 h at 25°C and 90.47% after 1000 h at 65°C. The champion device exhibits a VOC of 1.197 V, a JSC of 26.28 mA cm-2, and an FF of 83.58%, with negligible hysteresis. This study presents a straightforward yet effective approach to advancing the performance and stability of inverted PSCs fabricated via the two-step method.

### 107. [Photocatalytic Functional Coatings at a Turning Point: From High-Activity Materials to Service-Ready Surfaces](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/photocatalytic-functional-coatings-at-a-turning-point-from-high-activity-materials-to-service-ready-surfaces) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4271-5]
Photocatalytic functional coatings are at a pivotal juncture where the primary research focus must transition from intrinsic material activity to a unified framework centered on surface serviceability. Surface serviceability encompasses the ability of a coating to maintain catalytic activity, interfacial integrity, multifunctional performance, safety, and manufacturability under specific service environments over its operational lifetime. Over the past three decades, photocatalytic surfaces have demonstrated potential for degrading organic pollutants, maintaining surface cleanliness, and enabling air purification, with applications in buildings, glass, highways, and infrastructure. However, high intrinsic activity alone does not guarantee stable long-term performance when the photocatalyst is immobilized as a substrate-integrated film. Performance is governed by coupled factors including interfacial adhesion, film structure, environmental aging, and functional durability. Current challenges extend beyond catalytic activity to include long-term deactivation, coating-substrate interfacial stability, trade-offs among multiple functions, adequacy of evaluation methods, and scalability of fabrication. These issues form a progressive service chain: design determines catalyst exposure and adhesion; environmental stresses induce functional or structural failure; multifunctional integration may compromise one function for another. Therefore, application-oriented evaluation is essential. This perspective advocates for a paradigm shift toward service-oriented design, requiring establishment of service-relevant evaluation protocols and development of scalable, repairable fabrication routes. Such efforts will enable photocatalytic coatings to evolve from high-activity laboratory materials into engineering surfaces that are verifiable, comparable, manufacturable, and durable in real-world applications.

### 108. [Co-doping enables band convergence, dopability preservation and dislocation engineering in PbTe thermoelectrics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/co-doping-enables-band-convergence-dopability-preservation-and-dislocation-engineering-in-pbte-thermoelectrics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4290-9]
Thermoelectric materials enable direct and reversible conversion between heat and electricity, offering unique advantages for waste heat recovery, solid-state refrigeration, and deep-space power systems. The performance is evaluated by the dimensionless figure of merit, zT = S²σT/κ, where S is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, T is the absolute temperature, and κ is the total thermal conductivity. Achieving high zT requires simultaneous realization of a large power factor (S²σ) and low thermal conductivity. However, these parameters are intrinsically coupled, posing a fundamental challenge. PbTe is a representative thermoelectric material operating in the intermediate temperature range, with outstanding performance originating from its unique electronic band structure featuring multiple nearly degenerate valence band maxima near the L points. Band convergence via alloying with mono-tellurides such as MgTe, MnTe, CdTe, YbTe, SrTe, and EuTe effectively modifies the valence band structure, increasing band degeneracy and density-of-states effective mass, thereby enhancing electrical conductivity without decreasing the Seebeck coefficient. However, increasing the content of these mono-tellurides limits acceptor dopability, making conventional dopants like Na difficult to incorporate. This study demonstrates that co-doping strategies can preserve dopability while achieving band convergence and dislocation engineering, leading to significantly reduced lattice thermal conductivity and extraordinary peak zT values. The decoupling of electronic and thermal transport through this approach offers a promising route for high-performance thermoelectrics.

### 109. [Nanoparticle-Reinforced Self-Assembled Molecular Interfaces Enable Mechanically Robust Flexible Organic Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nanoparticle-reinforced-self-assembled-molecular-interfaces-enable-mechanically-robust-flexible-organic-solar) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4269-4]
Self-assembled molecular interlayers (SAMs) are promising hole-selective contacts for high-efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs) due to their well-defined energy alignment and minimal parasitic absorption. However, their intrinsically limited mechanical robustness often leads to structural degradation and performance loss under mechanical deformation, restricting their application in flexible devices. Here, we report a nanoparticle-reinforced self-assembled composite interface that simultaneously enhances mechanical reliability and optoelectronic performance. Uniformly dispersed SiO2 nanoparticles are introduced as high-modulus reinforcing building blocks without disturbing molecular self-assembly. In contrast to NiOx nanoparticles, which suffer from aggregation and parasitic absorption, SiO2 nanoparticles exhibit excellent dispersion and optical transparency, enabling formation of a structurally compatible hybrid interface. Mechanistic studies reveal that SiO2 nanoparticles redistribute interfacial stress and form dynamic hydrogen-bond networks with phosphonic acid groups of 2PACz, providing efficient energy dissipation during cyclic deformation. Meanwhile, modulation of interfacial polarity extends the crystallization time window of the active layer, resulting in enhanced molecular ordering and improved charge transport. As a result, devices based on the SiO2/2PACz composite interface achieve a power conversion efficiency of 20.14% for rigid devices and 19.30% for flexible devices, placing the flexible devices among the highest-performing flexible OSCs reported to date, while retaining over 90% of their initial efficiency after repeated bending cycles. This work establishes a general strategy for overcoming the trade-off between electronic selectivity and mechanical robustness in ultrathin self-assembled molecular interfaces, providing design insights for high-performance flexible organic optoelectronics.

### 110. [Multi-Interface Engineering Modulated Bidirectional Polysulfide Conversion for Advanced Lithium-Sulfur Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multi-interface-engineering-modulated-bidirectional-polysulfide-conversion-for-advanced-lithium-sulfur-batteri) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4260-5]
Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are recognized as a leading candidate for next-generation energy storage due to their high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mAh g⁻¹). However, the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) severely limits cycle life and energy efficiency. Here, we report a multi-interface engineering strategy employing a MnO₂-TiO₂@Ti₃C₂ MXene (MT@MX) heterojunction, synthesized via a facile redox reaction between MXene and KMnO₄, to modulate bidirectional polysulfide conversion. The 2D structure with high conductivity and abundant heterogeneous interfaces facilitates fast ion/electron transfer, reduces reaction energy barriers, and enhances adsorption via d-band center effects. The stepped built-in electric field (BIEF) in MT@MX lowers the migration energy barrier of LiPSs from catalytic MXene to TiO₂ and then to adsorptive MnO₂, enabling reversible migration across multi-interfaces. Optimized heterointerfaces synergistically integrate adsorption, diffusion, and catalytic conversion, yielding excellent cycling stability even at a high sulfur loading of 6.4 mg cm⁻². This work demonstrates that constructing heterojunctions with stepped BIEF offers a feasible approach to modulate interfacial diffusion and provides a new design strategy for high-performance LSB electrocatalysts.

### 111. [Molecular Weight Engineering of D18 Polymer Enables 20.55% Efficiency in Non-Halogenated Solvent-Processed Organic Solar Cells via Controlled Film Formation Kinetics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/molecular-weight-engineering-of-d18-polymer-enables-2055-efficiency-in-non-halogenated-solvent-processed-organ) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4300-3]
The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) has surpassed 21% with the donor polymer D18, yet its processing from non-halogenated solvents like ortho-xylene (o-XY) remains inefficient due to uncontrolled film formation kinetics. Here, we systematically synthesize D18 polymers with molecular weights ranging from 41.6 kDa to 70.9 kDa to modulate crystallization kinetics. In-situ film drying studies reveal that lower molecular weights accelerate solidification, leading to excessive aggregation, while higher molecular weights slow it, causing insufficient phase separation. A medium molecular weight (D18-M) achieves a balanced crystallization rate, promoting favorable morphology and yielding a PCE of 20.55% with L8-BO as acceptor—one of the highest reported for non-halogenated solvent-processed OSCs. Energy loss analysis indicates that although low-molecular-weight polymers exhibit higher intrinsic luminescence, the blend film's emission is governed by exciton environment, which is dictated by morphology. This work underscores the critical role of molecular weight in controlling film formation and morphology, offering a simple yet effective strategy for high-efficiency, environmentally friendly OSCs.

### 112. [Aza-Pyran Molecular Design for Low-Energy-Loss Organic Solar Cells: Achieving 19.86% Efficiency via Energetic Disorder Regulation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/aza-pyran-molecular-design-for-low-energy-loss-organic-solar-cells-achieving-1986-efficiency-via-energetic-dis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4210-6]
Achieving low-energy-loss organic solar cells requires precise regulation of energetic disorder and intermolecular packing, which remains challenging at the molecular design level. Here, we report an aza-pyran-type molecular design strategy that integrates a sp3-hybridized nitrogen-centered core with a pyran structural motif to regulate aggregation behavior and energetic disorder in non-fullerene acceptors. Two representative acceptors, D10 and D11, are developed, both exhibiting broadened absorption and high open-circuit voltages, while D10 shows more balanced aggregation and improved long-range molecular ordering. When incorporated as guest acceptors into the PM6:L8-BO system, the optimized ternary device achieves a power conversion efficiency of 19.86% with a high VOC of 0.89 V. Detailed optoelectronic analyses reveal reduced non-radiative energy loss (ΔE3 ≈ 0.23 eV), enhanced electroluminescence quantum efficiency (~1.17 × 10-4), and lowered energetic disorder (EU = 25 meV) in the ternary blends. GIWAXS and charge-transport studies further demonstrate that the introduction of D10 promotes enlarged crystalline domains and more ordered π-π stacking, facilitating balanced carrier transport and suppressed recombination. This work establishes an effective molecular design paradigm that links aza-pyran molecular engineering with energy-loss management, providing new insights into the development of high-efficiency, low-energy-loss organic solar cells.

### 113. [Failure Mechanism of NNFMO//HC Sodium-Ion Pouch Cells under Mechanical-Electrochemical Service Conditions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/failure-mechanism-of-nnfmohc-sodium-ion-pouch-cells-under-mechanical-electrochemical-service-conditions) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4303-7]
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are promising for grid-scale storage and low-speed electric vehicles, yet their electrochemical behavior is governed by intricate mechanical-electrochemical coupling effects, rendering failure mechanisms not fully understood. Here, we develop an in-situ pressure-electrochemical monitoring system and reveal the failure mechanism of commercial Ah-level NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2//hard carbon (NNFMO//HC) sodium-ion pouch cells. Under an initial external pressure of 500 kPa, the full cell retains 90.07% of its capacity after 500 cycles at 0.5 C. Operating at the optimal pressure of 500 kPa effectively avoids heterogeneous sodium deposition in HC anodes, suppresses gas evolution from electrolyte decomposition, and prevents irreversible phase transitions in NNFMO cathodes during long-term cycling, thereby mitigating capacity degradation. Deviation from this optimal pressure leads to spatially non-uniform sodium deposition, accelerated electrolyte decomposition, and irreversible cathode phase transitions, collectively accelerating capacity fade. This work establishes a quantitative relationship between external pressure and pouch cell degradation, advancing SIBs development and application.

### 114. [Erratum: Correction of Funding Number in 'Investigation on Graphene Growth by Roll-to-Roll Chemical Vapor Deposition'](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/erratum-correction-of-funding-number-in-investigation-on-graphene-growth-by-roll-to-roll-chemical-vapor-deposi) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4319-x]
This erratum corrects an error in the Acknowledgments section of the original article 'Investigation on graphene growth by roll-to-roll chemical vapor deposition' published in Science China Materials, Vol. 65, Issue 4, page 1042, 2022. The authors regret that the funding number (No. (2021)105) for the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program was incorrectly used. The correct funding number is No. KQTD20200820113010022. The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused. This correction does not affect the scientific content, results, or conclusions of the original paper. The original research focused on the kinetics of graphene growth via roll-to-roll chemical vapor deposition (CVD), a scalable method for producing high-quality graphene films. The study addressed challenges in continuous manufacturing, such as uniformity, growth rate, and defect control, and provided insights into optimizing process parameters for industrial-scale production. The erratum ensures accurate attribution of funding sources, maintaining the integrity of the research record.

### 115. [Amino Acid Intercalated Iron-Rich NiFe-LDHs with Low-Spin Fe3+ for Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/amino-acid-intercalated-iron-rich-nife-ldhs-with-low-spin-fe3-for-oxygen-evolution-reaction-electrocatalysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4239-2]
The sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a bottleneck for efficient water splitting. NiFe-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are promising OER catalysts, but their performance is often limited by the high-spin state of Fe3+ and poor structural stability. Here, we report a series of amino acid-intercalated iron-rich NiFe-LDHs (AA-NiFe-LDHs) synthesized via a facile one-step coprecipitation method. Intercalation of glycine, alanine, and valine into the interlayer galleries expands the interlayer spacing and induces a partial transition of Fe3+ from high-spin to low-spin state, as confirmed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The low-spin Fe3+ enhances the intrinsic catalytic activity by optimizing the adsorption energy of oxygen intermediates. Among the series, the glycine-intercalated sample (Gly-NiFe-LDH) exhibits the best OER performance in 1.0 M KOH, with an overpotential of 240 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 38 mV dec−1, significantly outperforming the pristine NiFe-LDH (280 mV, 52 mV dec−1). Moreover, Gly-NiFe-LDH shows excellent long-term stability, retaining 95% of its initial activity after 24 h of chronopotentiometry at 10 mA cm−2. The intercalation also increases the electrochemically active surface area by 2.3-fold and reduces the charge transfer resistance from 12.5 Ω to 4.8 Ω. This work demonstrates that amino acid intercalation is an effective strategy to modulate the spin state of Fe3+ and enhance the OER performance of NiFe-LDHs, providing a new avenue for designing high-efficiency, low-cost electrocatalysts.

### 116. [Electron Spin as a Descriptor for Sulfur Electrochemistry: Principles, Characterization, and Regulation Strategies in Sulfur-Based Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electron-spin-as-a-descriptor-for-sulfur-electrochemistry-principles-characterization-and-regulation-strategie) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4323-8]
Sulfur-based batteries are promising for next-generation energy storage due to high theoretical capacity, natural abundance, and low cost of sulfur cathodes. However, practical implementation is impeded by sluggish sulfur redox kinetics, dissolution and migration of intermediate polysulfides, and formation of insulating discharge products. Conventional catalyst design focuses on charge distribution, adsorption energetics, and structural confinement, yet these approaches incompletely describe the complex electronic processes governing sulfur conversion. Electron spin, an intrinsic quantum degree of freedom, offers an additional dimension for modulating catalytic behavior via its influence on electronic structure and orbital interactions at catalytic interfaces. In spin-polarized systems, changes in occupation and splitting of transition-metal d orbitals can regulate d-p hybridization with sulfur species, affecting interfacial charge transfer and energetics of sulfur redox reactions. This review summarizes recent progress in elucidating and manipulating electron spin in sulfur-based battery systems. Fundamental principles connecting spin states with electronic structure and catalytic behavior are outlined, followed by experimental approaches for probing spin-related electronic properties using spectroscopic and magnetic characterization techniques. Emerging strategies for spin regulation are highlighted, including heteroatom doping, defect engineering, coordination environment modulation, chirality-induced spin selectivity, and external magnetic-field control. Remaining challenges in identifying spin effects under realistic electrochemical conditions are addressed, along with opportunities for integrating spin-related descriptors into catalyst design. Establishing quantitative relationships between spin polarization, orbital hybridization, and sulfur reaction pathways may provide new perspectives for high-performance sulfur-based batteries.

### 117. [Efficient green-solvent, additive-free and post-treatment-free organic solar cells enabled by dithiazolobenzotriazole-based polymer donors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/efficient-green-solvent-additive-free-and-post-treatment-free-organic-solar-cells-enabled-by-dithiazolobenzotr) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4246-5]
Developing organic solar cells (OSCs) processable from green solvents without additives or post-treatments is essential for sustainable manufacturing, yet high power conversion efficiency (PCE) remains difficult due to limited morphology control. Herein, we develop a new electron-deficient building block, dithiazolo[4',5':3,4;5'',4'':5,6]benzo[1,2-d][1,2,3]triazole (DTzBT), which fuses benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole (BTA) with thiazole to leverage S/N-mediated non-covalent interactions, enhance planarity and lower the HOMO. To isolate side-chain effects, two DTzBT-based donors, namely PTzMe-F (N-methyl) and PTzEH-F (N-2-ethylhexyl), have been designed and synthesized. PTzMe-F exhibits poor solubility and miscibility with L8-BO, yielding 2.64% PCE (chloroform). PTzEH-F exhibits excellent processability and favorable morphology, delivering 17.61% PCE (chloroform) and 19.17% as-cast from toluene without any additive or post-treatments. In addition, the ternary LbL device based on PTzEH-F/L8-BO:PC71BM achieved an impressive efficiency of 20.27%. Comprehensive characterization indicates that 2-ethylhexyl side chains afford optimal solubility while preserving strong intermolecular interactions and favorable phase separation. DTzBT mitigates BTA’s HOMO-raising tendency via electron-withdrawing thiazole fusion, reconciling aggregation tunability with energy-level control. These results show that precise backbone and side-chain co-design enables green-solvent, additive-free processing for high-performance OSCs, advancing sustainable photovoltaic manufacturing.

### 118. [Heterodimensional Superlattices: Preparation, Properties, and Applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/heterodimensional-superlattices-preparation-properties-and-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4204-4]
Heterodimensional superlattices, integrating materials of different dimensionalities (e.g., 0D, 1D, 2D) within a periodic structure, have attracted significant attention due to their unique electronic structures and emergent properties arising from inter-dimensional coupling. This review comprehensively summarizes the state-of-the-art preparation strategies, distinctive physical properties, and diverse applications of these emerging systems. Beyond conventional epitaxial growth and chemical intercalation methods, recent advances include van der Waals assembly and phase engineering, enabling precise control over layer stacking and interfacial interactions. Key properties discussed include tunable electronic band structures, enhanced spin-orbit coupling, and emergent phenomena such as the in-plane Hall effect, which are promising for spintronic devices. The review also highlights applications in energy storage and conversion, where heterodimensional superlattices exhibit improved ion transport and catalytic activity. Challenges remain in scalable fabrication and structural stability, but the field holds potential for next-generation electronics and energy technologies.

### 119. [Optoelectronic Memristors Based on ZnS-Passivated CdZnSe Quantum Dots for Neuromorphic Synaptic Emulation Enabling Information Encryption](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/optoelectronic-memristors-based-on-zns-passivated-cdznse-quantum-dots-for-neuromorphic-synaptic-emulation-enab) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4339-7]
Neuromorphic computing demands energy-efficient synaptic devices that emulate biological plasticity. Optoelectronic memristors based on colloidal quantum dots (QDs) offer tunable bandgaps and solution processability, yet suffer from defect-mediated nonradiative recombination and instability. Here, we report ZnS-passivated CdZnSe core/shell QDs as the active layer in memristive devices, achieving enhanced synaptic emulation and information encryption. Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) decay curves were fitted with a tri-exponential function, revealing that ZnS passivation suppresses defect-related trap states, prolonging the average carrier lifetime from 12.3 ns (CdZnSe) to 28.7 ns (CdZnSe/ZnS). The intensity proportion of the fast decay component (τ1 ≈ 1.2 ns) decreased from 45% to 18%, indicating reduced surface trapping. Devices incorporating CdZnSe/ZnS QDs exhibit stable bipolar resistive switching with an ON/OFF ratio exceeding 10^3, endurance of >10^3 cycles, and retention of >10^4 s. Under 365 nm UV illumination, the devices show light-tunable synaptic plasticity, including paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) with a facilitation index of 180% at a 50 ms interval, and transition from short-term to long-term memory. The memristors successfully emulate essential synaptic functions and are employed in a simple encryption scheme, demonstrating the potential of defect-passivated QDs for secure neuromorphic hardware.

### 120. [Mismatching in Meso-/Microscopic Orientation Drives Optical Anisotropy to Unlock Multicolor Nonreciprocal Circularly Polarized Luminescence in Chiral Polymer Elastomeric Films](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mismatching-in-meso-microscopic-orientation-drives-optical-anisotropy-to-unlock-multicolor-nonreciprocal-circu) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4340-0]
Thin films with nonreciprocal circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) emit circularly polarized light with opposite handedness from its two opposite sides, holding great promise for advancing optical multiplexing technologies. Herein, we introduce component orientation mismatch into chiral composite films via stretching, which leads to macroscopic optical anisotropy and accordingly drives the films to show nonreciprocal CPL activity. Stretching triggers linear dichroism-linear birefringence (LD-LB) coupling to realize nonreciprocal circular dichroism (CD) in elastomer films consisting of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and chiral polyacetylene (R/S-PSA). Moreover, fluorescence anisotropy-linear birefringence (f-LB) coupling occurs after introducing fluorescent groups into the films to achieve multi-color nonreciprocal CPL. The unstretched films exhibit reciprocal CPL with a luminescence dissymmetry factor (|glum|) of 10⁻¹, with handedness determined by PSA’s intrinsic helical chirality. In the stretched films, the oriented fluorescent groups undergo f-LB coupling with matrix crystallization, resulting in nonreciprocal CPL (|glum|=10⁻²). Based on this distinctive chiroptical feature, we have developed chiral logic gates, multidimensional optical encryption systems, and enantioselective photopolymerization platforms to demonstrate the potential uses of the as-obtained CPL films. This work provides both fundamental insights into and a versatile material platform for developing smart nonreciprocal photonic systems with advanced chiroptical functionality.

### 121. [Heating-mode-defined energy pathways govern non-contact release in shape memory polymer transfer printing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/heating-mode-defined-energy-pathways-govern-non-contact-release-in-shape-memory-polymer-transfer-printing) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4250-0]
Shape memory polymer (SMP)-based transfer printing offers a promising route for heterogeneous integration of flexible electronics, yet non-contact release reliability remains a critical bottleneck. This study systematically investigates the influence of pickup heating modes—localized versus global—on the release yield and energy-delivery mechanisms through combined experiments and finite element simulations. The localized heating mode concentrates strain energy at the interface, enabling controlled chip ejection with high yield, whereas global heating dissipates energy, leading to release failure. Quantitative analysis reveals that localized heating achieves a release yield of 100% under optimized conditions, compared to near-zero for global heating. The ejection velocity under localized heating is higher, which may induce chip bouncing on the receiver substrate, affecting transfer accuracy; however, this can be mitigated by adjusting release gap and laser parameters. The findings establish a theoretical framework for energy pathway design, providing guidelines for achieving high-yield, accurate non-contact release in laser-induced transfer printing. This work advances the practical application of SMP-based transfer printing for micro-LED displays and flexible electronics, addressing a key manufacturing bottleneck.

### 122. [Stable Sodium Metal Batteries Enabled by Encapsulation and Alloying-Induced Amorphization](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/stable-sodium-metal-batteries-enabled-by-encapsulation-and-alloying-induced-amorphization) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4349-9]
Sodium metal batteries are promising for large-scale energy storage due to sodium's abundance and low cost, but their commercialization is hindered by dendrite growth and low utilization of sodium metal anodes. Here, we report a yolk-shell structure with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) confined in hollow carbon nanospheres (Au@HCN) as a robust seeding/hosting interphase. The encapsulation isolates Au NPs from direct electrolyte contact, mitigating parasitic reactions, while the void space accommodates volume changes during alloying. Notably, electrochemical testing reveals that Au NPs undergo alloying-induced amorphization upon sodiation, forming a Na-Au amorphous alloy that enhances sodiophilicity and ensures uniform Na nucleation. This amorphous phase, confirmed by ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, reduces nucleation overpotential and promotes dendrite-free deposition. The Au@HCN electrode achieves a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.8% over 500 cycles at 1 mA cm−2 and a long cycle life of over 2000 hours at 0.5 mA cm−2 in symmetric cells. Full cells paired with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathodes deliver a specific capacity of 105 mAh g−1 with 92% retention after 500 cycles. This work provides a rational design for stable sodium metal anodes through encapsulation and alloying-induced amorphization, offering a pathway for practical sodium metal batteries.

### 123. [Deep Learning-Enabled Auxetic Textile Sensors for Physiological Monitoring and Soft Robotics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/deep-learning-enabled-auxetic-textile-sensors-for-physiological-monitoring-and-soft-robotics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4350-4]
Flexible wearable sensors have transformed motion tracking, soft robotics, and human-machine interfaces by enabling precise movement detection and adaptability to curved surfaces. However, conventional composite sensors often face challenges such as limited sensitivity, detection range, linearity, and durability. In this study, we propose a stretchable auxetic sensing textile with a negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) structure, incorporating reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) by micro-crack engineering to enhance its mechanical durability and sensing performance. Integrating macro-scale NPR with micro-scale wrinkles, this innovative design achieves a high sensitivity of 11.2 within a wide detection range (0-100%), a more linear sensing range with an R2 value of 0.998, an ultra-low detection limit of 0.5%, and exceptional durability, outperforming conventional wearable sensors. Additionally, the textile sensor boasts excellent moisture permeability (32.7 g m⁻² h⁻¹) and a remarkable NPR value of -0.25, ensuring comfort and adaptability for various wearable applications. Integrated with deep learning algorithms, the auxetic sensing textile demonstrates 98% accuracy in recognizing soft robotic movements at various bending angles. It is capable of capturing both small-scale physiological signals, such as electrocardiograms, and large-scale movements, offering significant freedom of movement and adaptability to complex surfaces.

### 124. [Germanium-Based Key Materials for Potassium-Ion Batteries: Storage Mechanisms, Performance Enhancement, and Advanced Design Strategies](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/germanium-based-key-materials-for-potassium-ion-batteries-storage-mechanisms-performance-enhancement-and-advan) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4344-5]
Germanium-based materials (Ge-based) have been explored as anodes for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity (369 mAh g-1) and moderate potassium insertion potentials. However, their application is hindered by volume expansion and unstable solid electrolyte interphase films. This review systematically synthesizes recent advances in Ge-based materials (encompassing metallic Ge, oxides, chalcogenides, and alloys), with an emphasis on structure-performance relationships to elaborate synergistic optimization strategies. Key optimization strategies such as nanostructuring, composite design with conductive supports, interfacial engineering, doping, and electrolyte modification are elaborated. The potassium storage mechanisms of different materials are compared, and the effectiveness of various modification strategies is evaluated under different operating conditions. High-throughput computations are integrated with experimental validation to guide material and electrolyte design. A life cycle assessment perspective is also introduced to evaluate the sustainability and practical viability of Ge-based materials. Given the high cost and low abundance of Ge, these materials are more suitable for niche applications where high energy density is critical, rather than large-scale grid storage. The review underscores the necessity of balancing electrochemical performance with economic and environmental considerations, proposing a roadmap for future research that prioritizes cost-effective synthesis and scalable manufacturing.

### 125. [A Microenvironment-Adaptive Hydrogel Enabled by an MXene-Based Coordination Nanoreactor Drives Immune-Osteogenic Cascade for Infected Bone Defects Regeneration](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-microenvironment-adaptive-hydrogel-enabled-by-an-mxene-based-coordination-nanoreactor-drives-immune-osteogen) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4242-1]
Infected bone defects remain a formidable clinical challenge due to the coupled pathologies of bacterial infection and impaired osteogenesis. Conventional treatments often fail to address the dynamic microenvironment, leading to persistent infection and inadequate bone repair. Here, we report a microenvironment-adaptive hydrogel incorporating a Ti3C2Tx MXene-based coordination nanoreactor that orchestrates an immune-osteogenic cascade. The nanoreactor, constructed by coordinating Fe3+ ions onto MXene nanosheets, exhibits pH- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive release of Fe3+ and MXene, enabling sequential antibacterial and pro-osteogenic activities. In vitro studies demonstrated that the hydrogel eradicated Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (>99.9% killing) within 6 h via synergistic photothermal and chemodynamic effects, while simultaneously scavenging excess ROS to mitigate oxidative stress. Notably, the released Fe3+ ions promoted M2 macrophage polarization, as evidenced by a 2.5-fold increase in CD206 expression, and subsequently enhanced osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), with alkaline phosphatase activity elevated by 1.8-fold and alizarin red staining intensity increased by 2.2-fold. In a rat model of infected calvarial defects, the hydrogel significantly accelerated bone regeneration, achieving a bone volume fraction of 78.4% at 8 weeks post-implantation, compared to 35.2% in the untreated control. Micro-CT and histological analyses confirmed robust new bone formation and complete infection clearance. This study presents a paradigm for designing adaptive biomaterials that integrate infection control and bone regeneration, offering a promising strategy for treating infected bone defects.

### 126. [Self-Photooxidation-Restructuring Enables NIR-II Absorption of Carbon Dots for Cancer Phototherapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/self-photooxidation-restructuring-enables-nir-ii-absorption-of-carbon-dots-for-cancer-phototherapy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4202-3]
Carbon dots (CDs) with absorption in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 900-1700 nm) hold promise for tumor theranostics, yet existing synthesis methods often involve complex procedures, harsh conditions, or lack precise control. Here we report a 'self-photooxidation-restructuring' strategy that enables structural reorganization of the carbon core in CDs, achieving a significant redshift of absorption into the NIR-II region. Under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, the precursor (B-CDs, absorption in UV region) generates singlet oxygen, which self-oxidizes aldehyde groups and the carbon skeleton of B-CDs to stronger electron-withdrawing carboxyl groups and carbon radicals, respectively. These processes facilitate the formation of new C=C bonds between isolated aromatic domains, thereby transforming B-CDs into novel CDs (N-CDs) characterized by enhanced donor-acceptor interactions and a redshift in absorption toward the NIR-II window. Various experimental data, including high-resolution XPS, FTIR, NMR, EPR, have proved the proposed formation mechanism. The novel N-CDs afforded a high photothermal conversion efficiency of up to 71.33%, which enabled 1064 nm laser-activated photoacoustic imaging (PAI)-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) in tumors. This work opens a new avenue for the synthesis and modulation of CDs in the NIR-II region.

### 127. [Hybrid graphene and carbon fiber reinforced composites: Synthesis-structure-property relationships](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/hybrid-graphene-and-carbon-fiber-reinforced-composites-synthesis-structure-property-relationships) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4354-9]
This review systematically examines the synthesis-structure-property relationships of hybrid graphene and carbon fiber reinforced composites, encompassing polymer, metal, and ceramic matrix systems. The hybridization of graphene with carbon fibers addresses the intrinsic limitations of conventional composites, such as weak interfacial bonding and insufficient multifunctionality. The review consolidates recent advances in fabrication strategies, including electrophoretic deposition, layer-by-layer assembly, and precursor impregnation, which enable controlled graphene distribution and orientation. Critical analyses of mechanical, tribological, electrochemical, and anti-ablation properties reveal that graphene addition significantly enhances interfacial shear strength, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity. For instance, in copper matrix composites, the incorporation of reduced graphene oxide with short carbon fibers improves tribological performance, reducing wear rates under specific load conditions. In ceramic matrix composites, graphene-modified C/C-SiC composites exhibit superior anti-ablation resistance, with mass loss rates reduced by up to 30% at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, graphene-coated carbon fiber electrodes demonstrate high specific capacitance and cycling stability in energy storage applications. The review also addresses challenges such as dispersion uniformity, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, proposing future directions for industrial adoption. By providing a comprehensive framework, this work guides the design of next-generation hybrid composites tailored for aerospace, automotive, and energy storage sectors.

### 128. [Nanoscale Electronic-Structural Synergy Induced by Sr Doping Enables Record-Low Room-Temperature Infrared Emissivity in SmCoO3-Based Perovskites](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nanoscale-electronic-structural-synergy-induced-by-sr-doping-enables-record-low-room-temperature-infrared-emis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4373-2]
Infrared stealth technology demands materials with simultaneously low infrared emissivity and robust environmental stability. Traditional coatings suffer from high emissivity or poor thermal stability. Here, we report Sr-doped SmCoO3 perovskite ceramics achieving a record-low room-temperature infrared emissivity of 0.12 in the 8–14 μm atmospheric window. Systematic doping (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) via solid-phase synthesis reveals that Sr substitution induces a Co3+/Co4+ mixed valence state, increases oxygen vacancy concentration, and distorts the lattice. First-principles calculations (CASTEP) confirm that doping narrows the bandgap from 1.8 eV to 0.9 eV and enhances the double-exchange interaction, boosting carrier concentration and mobility. The optimized composition (x = 0.3) exhibits an electrical conductivity of 1.2×10^3 S/cm and a carrier density of 3.5×10^21 cm^-3, leading to strong infrared reflection. The material maintains emissivity below 0.15 after 100 hours of thermal cycling at 300°C and 500 hours of humidity exposure (85°C/85% RH), demonstrating exceptional environmental durability. This work establishes a new paradigm for designing high-performance inorganic infrared stealth materials via electronic-structural synergy.

### 129. [Intrinsic Planarity in Partially Fused Electron Acceptors Enabled by Furan Thiophene Linkage Design](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/intrinsic-planarity-in-partially-fused-electron-acceptors-enabled-by-furan-thiophene-linkage-design) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4342-3]
Electron acceptors containing single-bond-linked building blocks offer attractive advantages for organic solar cells owing to their synthetic simplicity and structural modularity. However, achieving backbone planarity without compromising electronic compatibility remains a persistent challenge. Conventional conformational locking strategies based on alkoxy substitution can effectively suppress torsional freedom but often elevate the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level, limiting compatibility with widely used donor polymers. Here, we report a partially fused electron acceptor design that achieves intrinsic backbone planarity through heterocycle selection rather than side-chain-assisted conformational locking. By incorporating a benzodifuran core and furan-thiophene linkages, the resulting acceptors exhibit a near-coplanar backbone geometry as revealed by density functional theory calculations, without the need for electronically perturbing alkoxy groups. Devices based on the optimized acceptor (BDF-1) deliver a binary power conversion efficiency of 12.2%, and further improvement to 19.5% is achieved in a ternary blend with PM6 and BTP-eC9. The enhanced performance is accompanied by favorable morphology, balanced charge transport, and suppressed recombination losses. This work provides molecular-level insight into partially fused acceptor design and demonstrates that heteroatom-guided conformational locking offers a viable strategy for expanding the design space of acceptors with single-bond-linked building blocks while maintaining compatibility with mainstream donor systems.

### 130. [Thickness-Insensitive A-D-A-A' Polymeric Cathode Interlayer for High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/thickness-insensitive-a-d-a-a-polymeric-cathode-interlayer-for-high-efficiency-organic-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4359-0]
Organic solar cells (OSCs) require cathode interlayers (CILs) that combine high charge transport, defect passivation, and thickness insensitivity for scalable manufacturing. Here, we report the synthesis of a novel A-D-A-A'-type polymer, PDPP2F-NDI-N, via the green and efficient direct arylation polymerization (DArP) method. The multiple electron-deficient units in the backbone confer strong electron-withdrawing character, effective work function modulation, enhanced built-in potential, high crystallinity, and ordered molecular packing. PDPP2F-NDI-N exhibits a high electron mobility of 1.01 × 10⁻³ cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ and electrical conductivity of 3.13 × 10⁻³ S m⁻¹, facilitating efficient charge extraction and transport. Its interfacial modification capability suppresses interfacial defects and reduces non-radiative recombination losses. In ternary OSCs, PDPP2F-NDI-N achieves a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.44%, with outstanding thickness insensitivity retaining 92.8% of peak PCE at a 30 nm CIL thickness, and a T80 lifetime exceeding 1700 hours under photo-thermal aging. This work demonstrates that poly(A-D-A-alt-A') backbone design combined with DArP synthesis provides an effective strategy for developing high-performance, thickness-insensitive, and stable polymeric CILs, advancing efficient, stable, and scalable OSC applications.

### 131. [Gate-Tunable PdSe2/WSe2 van der Waals Heterostructures for Ultrahigh Light On–Off Ratio Polarization-Sensitive Photodetection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/gate-tunable-pdse2wse2-van-der-waals-heterostructures-for-ultrahigh-light-onoff-ratio-polarization-sensitive-p) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4360-7]
Polarization-sensitive photodetection is critical for advanced optical communication and imaging systems, yet conventional photodetectors suffer from low on-off ratios and limited polarization discrimination. Here, we report gate-tunable PdSe2/WSe2 van der Waals heterostructures that achieve ultrahigh light on-off ratio and polarization-sensitive photodetection. The heterostructure forms a type-II band alignment, enabling efficient charge separation and self-powered operation. By applying a gate voltage, the photoresponse can be modulated, achieving an on-off ratio exceeding 10^6 under illumination. The device exhibits a high responsivity of 1.2 A/W and a specific detectivity of 10^12 Jones at room temperature. Polarization-sensitive measurements reveal a linear dichroism ratio of 2.1 at 532 nm, attributed to the anisotropic crystal structure of PdSe2. The photodetector operates over a broad spectral range from visible to near-infrared (400-1000 nm) with fast response times (rise/fall < 100 μs). The gate-tunable capability allows dynamic control of the photocurrent, enabling adaptive sensing applications. These results demonstrate that PdSe2/WSe2 heterostructures are promising candidates for high-performance, polarization-sensitive photodetectors, offering a pathway for next-generation optoelectronic devices.

### 132. [Self-Assembly Growth of Single-Crystal Spiral Graphene on Liquid Heterogeneous Substrates](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/self-assembly-growth-of-single-crystal-spiral-graphene-on-liquid-heterogeneous-substrates) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4394-x]
Spiral graphene, characterized by Bernal-stacked layers and unique electronic properties, holds promise for advanced quantum and optoelectronic devices. However, its controlled synthesis remains challenging. Here, we report the self-assembly growth of single-crystal spiral graphene on a liquid heterogeneous substrate via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). A 50-μm-thick Cu foil was placed on a Ni support and heated to 1083 °C, the melting point of pure Cu, ensuring a fully molten Cu layer on solid Ni. Growth proceeded for 30 minutes under optimized conditions. The resulting spiral graphene exhibits a uniform Bernal stacking configuration, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) depth profiling and isotope-labeling experiments reveal that carbon incorporation occurs predominantly at the spiral step edges, following a self-assembly mechanism driven by the liquid substrate's dynamic surface. Control experiments on solid Cu-Ni alloys yield no spiral morphology, underscoring the critical role of the liquid phase. The liquid heterogeneous substrate facilitates rapid carbon diffusion and step-edge attachment, enabling the growth of high-quality single-crystal spirals with controlled layer number. This work provides a scalable route to synthesize spiral graphene with tailored stacking, advancing its application in twistronics and high-performance electronics.

### 133. [Highly Enhanced Average ZT in Bismuth Telluride Alloys via Pseudo Grain Boundary Engineering](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/highly-enhanced-average-zt-in-bismuth-telluride-alloys-via-pseudo-grain-boundary-engineering) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4381-5]
Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3)-based alloys remain the benchmark for low-temperature thermoelectric applications, yet their conversion efficiency is limited by the trade-off between electrical and thermal transport. This study introduces a pseudo grain boundary engineering strategy to simultaneously enhance the average figure of merit (ZT) in p-type (Bi,Sb)2Te3 (BST) materials. By incorporating Ag-based compounds, the carrier concentration is optimized via substitution of Ag+ ions, while the introduction of secondary phases at grain boundaries effectively suppresses lattice thermal conductivity. The approach yields a peak ZT of 1.35 at 393 K and an average ZT of 1.25 across 303–483 K, representing a significant improvement over pristine BST. Compared to prior reports, this work achieves superior average ZT while maintaining high electrical conductivity, addressing the longstanding bottleneck of thermal conductivity reduction without compromising carrier mobility. The findings underscore the efficacy of pseudo grain boundary engineering in advancing Bi2Te3-based thermoelectrics for solid-state cooling and power generation.

### 134. [Enhanced γ-Ray Detection Performance of Cs3Cu2I5 Single Crystals via Suppression of Second-Phase Formation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/enhanced-ray-detection-performance-of-cs3cu2i5-single-crystals-via-suppression-of-second-phase-formation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4367-4]
Single-crystalline Cs3Cu2I5 has attracted considerable interest owing to its excellent scintillation performance and favorable stability. Nevertheless, second phases induced by peritectic reactions during melt growth give rise to deteriorated scintillation properties and promote crystal cracking. In this work, the effects of non-stoichiometric ratios of raw material (n(CsI)=0.57, 0.62, and 0.63) on the crystallization behavior and scintillation properties were systematically investigated. The results show that the crystal quality is optimal at n(CsI)=0.62, featuring high transparency, absence of macroscopic inclusions, and cracking free, with a PLQY of 79.3%. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence verifies the self-trapped exciton emission mechanism with strong exciton-phonon coupling, giving an exciton binding energy of 473.9 meV and a Huang-Rhys factor S of 79.8. The as-grown crystal exhibits an optimized light yield of 24,380 photons/MeV, an energy resolution of 3.8% for 137Cs (662 keV) γ-rays, a dominant decay time of 957 ns, and excellent linear response in the medium-to-high energy region. Precise regulation of the raw material stoichiometry can effectively suppress the formation of second phases, yielding high-quality Cs3Cu2I5 single crystals whose comprehensive performance demonstrates promising application potential in γ-ray detection.

### 135. [Photoblinking upconversion nanoparticles for super-resolution imaging](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/photoblinking-upconversion-nanoparticles-for-super-resolution-imaging) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4376-3]
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) surpasses the diffraction limit to achieve molecular-scale resolution, but conventional probes suffer from photobleaching, limiting imaging duration. In a recent Nature Photonics article, Ren and co-workers introduced spontaneous photoblinking upconversion microscopy (SPUM) using Yb3+/Ho3+ co-doped core–shell–shell upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs, NaYF4@NaYb/HoF4@NaLuF4). These UCNPs exhibit exceptional photostability and persistent, reversible blinking under 976 nm continuous-wave excitation, with negligible photodegradation. The blinking mechanism involves a Yb3+ multiphoton process coupled with defect-mediated energy trapping, switching the UCNPs between emissive (on) and non-emissive (off) states. Kinetic analysis revealed single-exponential bright-state dwell times and biexponential dark-state dwell times, indicating one decay pathway into a non-emissive state and two recovery pathways. In live-cell imaging, synchronized transport of UCNPs maintained constant interparticle distance and near-unity positional correlation. In fixed cells, Fourier ring correlation (FRC) resolution reached 30 nm, confirming sub-50 nm performance in biological specimens. This work provides an unprecedented combination of low duty cycle and photostability, establishing a foundation for non-photobleaching luminescent nanomaterials in long-term super-resolution imaging and nanoscale tracking.

### 136. [Liquid Metal Interconnects Overcome the Fill-factor Limitations of Stretchable Pixelated Electronic Devices](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/liquid-metal-interconnects-overcome-the-fill-factor-limitations-of-stretchable-pixelated-electronic-devices) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4368-y]
Stretchable pixelated electronic devices face a fundamental design conflict: accommodating mechanical deformation while preserving a high fill factor of active photosensitive elements. Conventional strain-relief strategies, such as pop-up, serpentine, and kirigami structures, rely on geometric unfolding that inevitably consumes inactive area, reducing pixel density and compromising photoresponse intensity, spatial resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio. In a recent breakthrough published in Nature Materials, Park et al. demonstrated a high-fill-factor silicon–liquid metal pixelated platform for multiscale visual acquisition and depth perception. The device integrates ~700-nm-thick ultrathin single-crystalline silicon photodiodes, finely patterned liquid metal interconnects, and a styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) elastomer substrate. The silicon pixels provide high-performance photoelectric conversion, while the liquid metal interconnects accommodate deformation, achieving a functional separation that mitigates the trade-off between pixel density and mechanical compliance. The device maintains stable photodiode characteristics and repeatable photoresponses under high-curvature hemispherical stretching and large biaxial tensile strain. Two applications were demonstrated: a human-eye-inspired robotic vision system with a curved photosensitive surface for wide-field imaging, and an epidermal, lensless, near-contact imaging device for close-range image acquisition. These systems enable multiscale visual acquisition and depth perception, offering a scalable route for future stretchable visual electronics.

### 137. [Coherent Heterointerface Engineering for Synchronized Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/coherent-heterointerface-engineering-for-synchronized-proton-coupled-electron-transfer-in-photocatalytic-hydro) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4396-0]
Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution fundamentally requires synchronized proton-coupled electron transfer. However, traditional multiphase architectures predominantly optimize spatial charge separation while systematically neglecting localized proton delivery, creating a severe kinetic bottleneck. Here, we engineer a highly coherent ZnCdS/ZnCo2S4 (ZnCdS/ZnCoS) heterojunction with an ultralow lattice mismatch of 2.5% to construct an efficient bioinspired catalytic cascade. This precise atomic registry establishes a three-fold synergistic effect: rapid hole extraction on ZnCdS drives highly selective (94.8%) benzyl alcohol (BA) oxidation, circumventing overoxidation; a robust internal electric field accelerates photogenerated electrons toward metallic ZnCoS domains; and a distinct thermodynamic gradient establishes a highly conductive solid-state conduit, propelling surface protons to migrate strictly along the coherent interface. Rigorous multidimensional validations, including kinetic isotope effect measurements and in situ infrared spectroscopy, demonstrate directed proton spillover culminating at cobalt coordination sites. Consequently, this spatiotemporal colocalization addresses the kinetic mismatch, achieving unprecedented hydrogen and benzaldehyde (BAD) evolution rates of 84.3 and 75.1 mmol g-1 h-1, respectively. This work establishes coherent interface engineering as a universal paradigm for synchronizing electron routing and proton spillover in advanced energy catalysis.

### 138. [Polysaccharide-Based Networks-engineered Orthopedic Implant for Synergistic Antimicrobial Defense and Osteogenic Regeneration to Potentiate PI3K-AKT/HIF-1-Mediated Open Fractures Treatment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/polysaccharide-based-networks-engineered-orthopedic-implant-for-synergistic-antimicrobial-defense-and-osteogen) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4201-0]
Open fracture fixation faces dual critical challenges: bacterial infection and impaired bone healing. This study presents a rationally designed biomacromolecular network coating (Ti-GOED) on titanium alloy bone plates to simultaneously address these issues. The coating integrates antimicrobial and osteogenic components, achieving an optimal balance between antibacterial efficacy and biocompatibility. In vitro assays demonstrated that Ti-GOED eliminates over 99% of common pathogenic bacteria by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis, disrupting bacterial cell wall formation, compromising membrane integrity, and leading to intracellular DNA leakage and bacterial death. Concurrently, Ti-GOED enhances the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) via activation of the PI3K-Akt and HIF-1 signaling pathways. In vivo animal experiments confirmed strong antibacterial and osteogenic properties. This work provides a strategy for developing antibacterial coatings on medical devices, with significant potential for preventing and treating infections post-fracture fixation.

### 139. [From combinatorial explosion to targeted optimization: a hybrid strategy for high-entropy catalyst discovery](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/from-combinatorial-explosion-to-targeted-optimization-a-hybrid-strategy-for-high-entropy-catalyst-discovery) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4292-4]
The vast compositional space of high-entropy materials presents a fundamental challenge for catalyst discovery. Considering 21 candidate elements at a 1% atomic resolution, this combinatorial explosion exceeds 10 billion (>10^10) possibilities, rendering direct experimental exploration impractical. Furthermore, purely data-driven approaches often struggle to comprehend the intrinsic chemical roles of discrete elemental identities, yet they excel at mapping continuous concentration gradients. Recognizing this distinction, we transform this combinatorial explosion into a targeted optimization problem by decoupling elemental selection from compositional ratio refinement. Ultrafast carbon thermal shock (CTS) is first employed to screen viable elemental combinations and establish an optimal quinary framework. Machine learning (ML) is subsequently applied to optimize compositional ratios within this reduced space, where statistical modeling efficiently navigates the remaining high-dimensional landscape. Targeting the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) as a proof-of-concept, our hybrid framework pruned the search space from over 10^10 possible compositions down into 13 systems, ultimately identifying high-entropy oxide (HEO)-Fe17.57Co28.45Ni31.27Mo10.57Zr12.14 as the optimal catalyst. The optimized high-entropy oxide exhibits an overpotential of 240 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and sustains stable operation at 1 A cm−2 for over 600 h in 1 M KOH. Mechanistic analysis reveals that Mo electronically tunes oxygen-intermediate adsorption, while Zr enhances structural robustness, collectively enabling high activity and durability. This work demonstrates that bridging discrete physical screening with continuous data-driven optimization provides an efficient and generalizable pathway for navigating high-dimensional material frontiers.

### 140. [Activating Inert Atomic Sites in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Multi-Scale Design Strategies](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/activating-inert-atomic-sites-in-heterogeneous-catalysis-multi-scale-design-strategies) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4108-1]
Heterogeneous catalysis underpins modern energy conversion, chemical manufacturing, and environmental remediation, yet its advancement is constrained by the scarcity and cost of noble metals. A sustainable alternative lies in activating intrinsically inert sites in earth-abundant materials such as transition metal oxides and carbon-based materials. This review systematically outlines recent advances in activating inert sites within low-cost catalytic materials. We begin by dissecting the physicochemical origins of catalytic inertness, including local atomic symmetry, electronic spin states, and coordination environments. Subsequently, we elucidate mechanisms by which multi-scale strategies—structural engineering, quantum state engineering, and microenvironment engineering—break symmetry, modulate spin states, and construct unique reaction microenvironments, transforming spectator atoms into highly efficient active centers. The review highlights performance breakthroughs in key reactions such as oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and alkane dehydrogenation, where catalytic metrics now rival or surpass noble metal benchmarks. For instance, triangular-ordered Co atoms achieve ampere-level hydrogen production, and tensile strain engineering activates inert non-defect Bi sites for CO2 electroreduction. We critically assess challenges—stability, scalable synthesis, and cost-effectiveness—that hinder industrial translation. Future directions emphasize multi-strategy synergy and artificial intelligence-assisted rational design. This review provides theoretical guidance and technological pathways for subverting noble-metal-dependent paradigms and developing next-generation efficient, low-cost catalytic systems.

### 141. [Homogeneous Dip-Coating of Ion-Modulated Self-Assembled Monolayers for Large-Area Perovskite Photovoltaics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/homogeneous-dip-coating-of-ion-modulated-self-assembled-monolayers-for-large-area-perovskite-photovoltaics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4385-1]
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are effective hole-selective contacts for inverted perovskite solar cells, but scalable deposition on rough substrates is hindered by molecular aggregation, disordered packing, and incomplete adsorption. We propose a hybrid strategy incorporating 4-(Piperidin-4-yl)butanoic acid hydrochloride (PBACl) into the 4PABCz solution during dip-coating. PBACl suppresses aggregation via hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions, yielding homogeneous coverage and improved wettability. The piperidine and carboxyl groups passivate buried interfacial defects through hydrogen bonding and coordination with perovskites. Small-area cells achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.09%, while a 5 cm × 5 cm mini-module (aperture area 14.4 cm²) delivers 23.29% PCE. Encapsulated devices retain 80% of initial PCE after 1350 h maximum power point tracking under continuous illumination. This ion modulation strategy bridges molecular-level interface control with scalable processing, offering a pathway to industrially relevant perovskite photovoltaics.

### 142. [Gold Clusterzyme-Engineered Bioelectronic Dressing for Precisely Guiding Scarless Tissue Regeneration](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/gold-clusterzyme-engineered-bioelectronic-dressing-for-precisely-guiding-scarless-tissue-regeneration) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4378-6]
Electrical stimulation (ES) is a powerful strategy to mimic endogenous bioelectricity and accelerate complex tissue regeneration, such as chronic wound healing. However, aligning external stimulation with native bioelectrical and biochemical signals for rapid and scarless tissue regeneration remains challenging. Here, we report a wireless bioelectronic dressing (E-dressing) that establishes stable bioelectronic interfaces and precisely modulates cellular physiological activities. Bioactive allylamine-functionalized gold clusterzymes (AM-AuNCs) with intrinsic superoxide dismutase-like activity were designed as functional modifiers to co-polymerize with acrylic acid (AA), forming conductive p(AA-AuNCs) hydrogels. AM-AuNCs impart the hydrogel with superior antioxidant activity, robust interfacial adhesion, and high conductivity, enabling rapid hemostasis, efficient electrical stimulation transmission, and precise fibroblast regulation. Combined with 1.00 V of electrical stimulation, the p(AA-AuNCs) hydrogel significantly promotes fibroblast proliferation, migration, and alignment by upregulating TGF-β, FGF-2, and EGF. Integrated with a biocompatible, flexible zinc-ion battery delivering sustained and tunable electrical signals for over 7 days, the E-dressing precisely guides collagen remodeling, inhibits myofibroblast activation, and maintains Col I/Col III balance, leading to a 5-fold acceleration of wound closure and a 65.5% reduction in scar formation. This multifunctional E-dressing represents a promising bioelectronic device for precise cellular regulation and multimodal regenerative therapy.

### 143. [Dual-Modulation of Carbon Coating and High-Valence Nb5+ Doping Toward High-Performance Na3V2(PO4)2O2F Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dual-modulation-of-carbon-coating-and-high-valence-nb5-doping-toward-high-performance-na3v2po42o2f-cathode-for) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4369-1]
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage due to sodium's abundance and low cost. Among cathode materials, polyanionic compounds like Na3V2(PO4)2O2F (NVPOF) offer high energy density and dual voltage plateaus at ~3.6 and 4.0 V, but suffer from low electronic conductivity and sluggish Na+ diffusion. Here, we report a dual-modulation strategy combining high-valence Nb5+ doping and polydopamine-derived carbon coating to synthesize Na3V1.94Nb0.06(PO4)2O2F-C (NVPOF-Nb-C) via a hydrothermal route. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement confirm that Nb5+ doping induces slight lattice expansion without altering the tetragonal I4/mmm framework. Density functional theory calculations reveal that Nb5+ doping optimizes the crystal structure and reduces the Na+ diffusion barrier, while the uniform carbon coating enhances electron transport. Consequently, NVPOF-Nb-C exhibits remarkably improved electrochemical performance, including high reversible capacity, excellent rate capability, and ultralong cycling stability. In a full cell with hard carbon anode, it delivers a high energy density of 487.2 Wh kg−1 at 1C and retains 91.51% capacity after 3000 cycles at 20C. This work provides a synergistic strategy to overcome the intrinsic limitations of polyanionic cathodes for practical SIB applications.

### 144. [Lattice Distortion Effect in High Entropy Thermoelectric Materials: Mechanisms and Optimization Strategies](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/lattice-distortion-effect-in-high-entropy-thermoelectric-materials-mechanisms-and-optimization-strategies) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4205-8]
The global energy crisis and environmental pollution necessitate efficient recovery and utilization of thermal energy resources such as industrial waste heat. Thermoelectric materials, enabling direct conversion between thermal and electrical energy, offer broad application prospects in waste heat power generation and chip cooling. The energy conversion efficiency is determined by the dimensionless figure of merit, ZT = (S^2σ/κ)T, where S is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, κ is the thermal conductivity, and T is the absolute temperature. Ideal thermoelectric materials require both a high power factor (PF = S^2σ) and low thermal conductivity. However, the strong coupling between electrical and thermal transport parameters makes synergistic optimization challenging. Over the past two decades, strategies such as band engineering, nanostructuring, liquid-like ions, interstitial atoms, phonon softening, and defect engineering have been explored. Among these, entropy engineering has emerged as a novel strategy that achieves synergistic optimization by introducing multiple components to increase configurational entropy. High entropy materials, originating from alloys, are defined as multi-principal element systems with five or more elements in near-equiatomic ratios forming single-phase solid solutions. The molar configurational entropy ΔS_conf = R∑x_i ln x_i, with materials classified as high entropy (ΔS_conf > 1.5R), medium entropy (1R < ΔS_conf < 1.5R), or low entropy (ΔS_conf < 1R). Four core effects are summarized: high entropy effect, lattice distortion effect, sluggish diffusion effect, and cocktail effect. Research has expanded from alloys to oxides, chalcogenides, and half-Heusler compounds. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms by which lattice distortion in high entropy materials affects electrical and thermal transport, and discusses optimization strategies for thermoelectric performance.

### 145. [Single-gate reconfigurable multifunctional devices based on anti-ambipolar van der Waals heterojunctions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/single-gate-reconfigurable-multifunctional-devices-based-on-anti-ambipolar-van-der-waals-heterojunctions) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4262-7]
The escalating demands of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and neural computing necessitate multifunctional optoelectronic devices capable of integrating sensing, memory, and processing. Two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) offer unique advantages, yet their practical deployment is hindered by complex architectures and inefficient mode-switching. Here, we demonstrate a MoTe2/SnS2 anti-ambipolar heterojunction device enabling single-gate reconfiguration among frequency doubling, broadband photodetection, and neuromorphic computing. The device exhibits a peak-to-valley ratio (PVR) of 465, ensuring efficient frequency doubling. As a photodetector, it operates across an exceptionally broad spectral range of 520–2200 nm, with outstanding responsivity and detectivity. Furthermore, the device emulates complete synaptic behaviors, including short-term plasticity (STP), long-term plasticity (LTP), and paired-pulse facilitation (PPF). Integrated into a reservoir computing (RC) system trained on a vehicle motion dataset, it achieves a directional recognition accuracy of 98.7%. This work establishes a paradigm for multifunctional integration and low-power neuromorphic computing, advancing next-generation intelligent optoelectronic systems.

### 146. [Dual-Function Ladder Polysilsesquioxanes for Precise Patterning and 3D Integration of High-Performance Flexible Organic Logic Circuits](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dual-function-ladder-polysilsesquioxanes-for-precise-patterning-and-3d-integration-of-high-performance-flexibl) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4206-6]
Precise patterning of highly ordered organic semiconductor (OSC) thin-film arrays is critical for next-generation electronics. We report a ladder-like polysilsesquioxane (LPSQ) strategy to synthesize two functional analogs with tunable surface energies and robust dielectric properties. These LPSQ dielectrics, functionalized with alkyl or fluoroalkyl side chains, serve dual roles as gate insulators and patterning layers to guide blade-coating of 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT). This approach yields highly aligned arrays suitable for three-dimensional integration in flexible electronics. Synergistic combination of dense LPSQ dielectric packing and aligned semiconductor domains leads to excellent organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) performance, achieving approximately four-fold improvement in field-effect mobility compared to conventional silicon oxide dielectrics. Patterned LPSQ dielectrics enable high-resolution C8-BTBT patterning on plastic substrates, supporting 4-inch-scale 3D integration of flexible logic circuits, including inverters (voltage gain >100), NOR gates, and NAND gates. This work provides a scalable route to high-performance, large-area flexible organic circuits.

### 147. [Ultra-high-crystallinity transparent glass-ceramic scintillators for high-temperature X-ray imaging](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ultra-high-crystallinity-transparent-glass-ceramic-scintillators-for-high-temperature-x-ray-imaging) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4315-2]
High-temperature X-ray imaging demands scintillators with high crystallinity, efficient scintillation, and robust thermal stability, yet suitable materials remain scarce. Here, we report an ultra-high-crystallinity transparent glass-ceramic (GC) scintillator strategically designed via controllable heat-treatment-induced crystallization. A sequential precipitation method is employed, where cubic CaF2 nanocrystals initially form, subsequently promoting heterogeneous nucleation and growth of hexagonal BaAl2Si2O8. Intrinsic nanoscale phase separation into F-rich and O-rich domains significantly reduces atomic diffusion distances, yielding an unprecedented crystallinity of up to 97.6%. Notably, defect traps (oxygen vacancy defects, likely located within the lattice or at crystalline/amorphous interfaces) enable efficient carrier capture and thermally stimulated release, contributing to remarkable resistance to thermal quenching. Consequently, the GC scintillator maintains 90.6% of its integrated X-ray excited luminescence (XEL) intensity at 300 °C, with the integrated XEL intensity reaching 94.2% of commercial Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) at room temperature. This enables stable high-temperature X-ray imaging with a spatial resolution of ~10.4 lp mm−1 up to 225 °C. This work provides a versatile pathway for developing high-sensitivity scintillators for extreme-environment X-ray imaging.

### 148. [Activated water molecular dissociation enhances nitrate electrochemical reduction activity by rational design of binary CoCu-Pi catalyst](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/activated-water-molecular-dissociation-enhances-nitrate-electrochemical-reduction-activity-by-rational-design) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4236-8]
Electrochemical nitrate reduction (NO3RR) to ammonia offers a sustainable route for nitrogen recovery from wastewater, yet its efficiency is constrained by complex multi-step proton-electron transfers and competitive hydrogen evolution. Here, we report a series of binary cobalt-copper phosphates with precisely tuned Co/Cu ratios, revealing a volcano-type relationship between composition and catalytic activity. The optimized Co0.5Cu1.5(OH)PO4 catalyst, supported on a Ni3Co1OxHy/Ni foam substrate, achieves a Faradaic efficiency of 99.0% for ammonia at a high current density of 200 mA cm−2 in 1 M nitrate electrolyte, with a production rate of 9.18 mg h−1 cm−2 and sustained stability over 200 hours. In-situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations elucidate a tandem mechanism: Co sites promote water dissociation to generate active hydrogen (H*), while adjacent Cu sites facilitate nitrate adsorption and subsequent hydrogenation steps. This synergistic division of labor lowers the energy barrier for the rate-determining step, effectively suppressing HER and enhancing intrinsic kinetics. The work demonstrates that precise atomic-ratio engineering in dual-site transition metal phosphates provides a viable strategy to overcome activity-selectivity trade-offs in electrocatalytic nitrate-to-ammonia conversion.

### 149. [Inhalable ROS-Responsive Liposomes for Orchestrating Microenvironment Remodeling and Epithelial Regeneration in Pulmonary Fibrosis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/inhalable-ros-responsive-liposomes-for-orchestrating-microenvironment-remodeling-and-epithelial-regeneration-i) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4212-x]
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal interstitial lung disease with limited therapeutic options. Current treatments, such as nintedanib and pirfenidone, target downstream fibrosis but fail to address the upstream drivers, including persistent alveolar epithelial injury and abnormal repair. This study presents an inhalable, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive liposomal system (SAB/GC-1@Lip-cRGD) that co-delivers the antioxidant salvianolic acid B (SAB) and the thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) agonist Sobetirome (GC-1). The liposomes are surface-modified with cRGD peptides for targeted delivery to fibrotic lesions and possess a negative surface charge to enhance mucus penetration. In the high-ROS fibrotic microenvironment, the liposomes destabilize, releasing SAB and GC-1. SAB scavenges ROS to remodel the fibrotic niche, while GC-1 reactivates TRβ signaling, driving the differentiation of stalled Krt8+ transitional epithelial cells into functional alveolar type I (AT1) cells. In a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, SAB/GC-1@Lip-cRGD significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and TGF-β1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung homogenates. The proportion of CD206+ M2 macrophages decreased from 27.4% in the model group to 6.2% after treatment, indicating potent anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. This synergistic strategy of microenvironment remodeling and epithelial regeneration achieved robust collagen depletion, restoration of alveolar integrity, and recovery of pulmonary function, outperforming single-drug or non-targeted formulations. The work provides a generalized paradigm for integrating microenvironment regulation with regenerative repair in pulmonary diseases.

### 150. [Suppressing Electrode Diffusion via Interfacial Engineering for High-Temperature Memristors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/suppressing-electrode-diffusion-via-interfacial-engineering-for-high-temperature-memristors) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4220-x]
High-temperature electronics demand non-volatile memories (NVMs) capable of stable operation above 500 °C for applications in space exploration, nuclear energy, and autonomous driving. Conventional silicon-based devices fail above ~250 °C, and silicon carbide (SiC) cannot process data above 300 °C. Memristors offer a promising solution due to their simple structure, low power consumption, and scalability. A recent breakthrough by Yang et al. (Science) demonstrated a graphene (Gra)/HfOx/W memristor achieving data retention at 700 °C, with retention time of 50 h, endurance of 10^9 cycles, ON/OFF ratio exceeding three orders of magnitude, and operation voltage ~1.5 V. The key innovation is replacing the Pt bottom electrode with in-situ grown graphene, which suppresses high-temperature diffusion of the W top electrode through the HfOx layer. In contrast, Pt/HfOx/W devices fail after annealing at 800 °C for 10^4 s due to W migration, forming conductive filaments that lock the device in the ON state. High-resolution TEM and EDS reveal tungsten oxide (WOx) formation at the W/HfOx interface in Pt-based devices, while Gra-based devices show no such degradation. STEM-EELS confirms W migration across the HfOx layer in Pt devices, but graphene acts as a diffusion barrier, preserving stable switching behavior. This interfacial engineering approach provides a viable pathway for high-temperature NVM, addressing the critical bottleneck of electrode diffusion.

### 151. [High Resistive Switching On/Off Ratio in Lu-Doped Hf0.4Zr0.6O2 Thin Films via Band Structure and Oxygen Vacancy Co-Strategy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/high-resistive-switching-onoff-ratio-in-lu-doped-hf04zr06o2-thin-films-via-band-structure-and-oxygen-vacancy-c) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4235-6]
Fluorite-structured oxides (HfO2, ZrO2) are promising for resistive random-access memory (RRAM) due to their scalability and tunable properties. However, achieving high resistive switching on/off ratios remains challenging. Here, we report a collaborative strategy combining Hf/Zr ratio optimization and Lu3+ doping to regulate band structure and oxygen vacancy concentration in Hf0.4Zr0.6O2 (LHZO) thin films. The resulting LHZO devices exhibit a resistive switching ratio of 8.4 × 10^4, two orders of magnitude higher than that of ZrO2 (1.2 × 10^3). Electrical characterization and synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy reveal that Lu doping widens the bandgap to 4.95 eV, downshifts the valence band, and introduces defect states, collectively suppressing p-type conductivity and reducing off-state leakage current. Simultaneously, Lu3+ doping enriches oxygen vacancies, stabilizing ohmic conductive filaments in the on-state. This co-optimization of band structure and oxygen vacancies effectively enhances insulating properties in the high-resistance state and ohmic conductivity in the low-resistance state, leading to superior resistive switching performance with robust retention (>10^4 s). Our findings establish a fundamental strategy for tailoring electronic properties of doped HfZrO2 thin films toward high-performance RRAM applications.

### 152. [An AIE-active centrosymmetric small molecule for ultra-deep three-photon brain angiography in the NIR-III window](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/an-aie-active-centrosymmetric-small-molecule-for-ultra-deep-three-photon-brain-angiography-in-the-nir-iii-wind) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4176-y]
Three-photon microscopy (3PM) in the near-infrared-III (NIR-III) window (1600–1840 nm) enables high-resolution visualization of cerebral vasculature in vivo, but its imaging depth and quality are limited by the performance of fluorescent probes. Here, we report a probe optimization strategy transitioning from mirror symmetry to centrosymmetry, yielding a highly symmetric aggregation-induced emission (AIE) molecule, T4PQ. The centrosymmetric structure aligns donor-acceptor units, promoting uniform electron cloud delocalization and directional charge transfer, which enhances exciton formation and suppresses non-radiative decay, thereby increasing fluorescence quantum yield. This symmetry also boosts the three-photon absorption cross-section by enhancing electron delocalization and transition dipole moment, enabling stronger nonlinear optical responses under long-wavelength excitation. T4PQ nanoparticles (T4PQ NPs) exhibit an enhanced three-photon absorption cross-section, high fluorescence quantum yield, and excellent photostability. In murine models, T4PQ NPs achieved three-dimensional cerebrovascular imaging at a depth of 1785 μm and real-time hemodynamic observation in microvessels at 1006 μm depth, with good biocompatibility. These results validate the advantage of centrosymmetric molecular design for deep-brain imaging probes, offering a high-performance tool for neurovascular research.

### 153. [Defect Engineering Activated Lattice Oxygen Mechanism in High-Entropy LDHs for Highly Active and Durable Oxygen Evolution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/defect-engineering-activated-lattice-oxygen-mechanism-in-high-entropy-ldhs-for-highly-active-and-durable-oxyge) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4180-9]
Developing highly active and stable electrocatalysts based on the lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM) for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) represents a significant challenge in water splitting. Herein, we successfully introduce oxygen vacancies (Ov) into high-entropy MnFeCoNiCu layered double hydroxides (HE-LDHs) via a solution chemical reduction method utilizing a defect engineering strategy. By precisely tuning the concentration of oxygen vacancies, we effectively activate the lattice oxygen within the HE-LDHs. The optimized Ov-rich high-entropy LDHs (Ov-HE-LDHs) exhibit excellent OER catalytic performance, achieving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with a remarkably low overpotential of only 210 mV in 1.0 M KOH electrolyte, which is substantially superior to pristine HE-LDHs (315 mV) and commercial IrO2 (330 mV). Furthermore, the catalyst demonstrates outstanding long-term stability, capable of stable operation for 500 h at a high current density of approximately 200 mA cm−2. Advanced X-ray absorption fine structure analysis elucidates the lower metal valence states, indicating the existence of oxygen vacancies, while isotope labeling experiments and in-situ electrochemical Raman spectroscopy strongly confirm the successful activation of the LOM pathway. Density functional theory calculations further validate that the shift in the OER mechanism towards LOM and the resulting reduction in the reaction energy barrier are the fundamental reasons for the catalyst’s enhanced intrinsic activity. This work proposes a novel strategy for activating lattice oxygen in high-entropy LDHs through defect engineering, offering new insights and experimental guidance for the design and development of highly efficient and stable high-entropy OER electrocatalysts.

### 154. [Biomimetic design of Turing-type grain boundary defects in copper catalysts for boosting CO2 electroreduction to multi-carbon products](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/biomimetic-design-of-turing-type-grain-boundary-defects-in-copper-catalysts-for-boosting-co2-electroreduction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4113-3]
Constructing abundant grain boundary defects is a promising strategy for developing high-efficiency catalysts. However, achieving dense grain boundary defects in CuO and Cu at the nanoscale remains challenging. Inspired by Turing patterns in nature, a Turing-type CuO catalyst (TGB-CuO) with abundant grain boundaries at ~10 nm nanoscale was prepared by annealing a dodecyl sulfate-intercalated basic copper carbonate. The balanced diffusion-reaction dynamics during pyrolysis drove the spontaneous formation of Turing-type grain boundary architectures in TGB-CuO. The resulting TGB-CuO electrode exhibited outstanding performance in electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECO2RR), delivering a Faradaic efficiency of 80.15% toward multi-carbon (C2+) products and maintaining over 50% ethylene selectivity at 300 mA cm−2 for 30 h of continuous operation. Activity investigations indicated that the metallic Cu retaining Turing-type grain boundary features (TGB-Cu) formed during electroreduction was responsible for the enhanced ECO2RR performance. The Cu(100)/(100), Cu(100)/(111), and Cu(111)/(111) grain boundaries promoted CO2 activation and *CO adsorption, while lowering the free energy barriers for the rate-determining *CO2− → *COOH step and C–C coupling step. This bioinspired reaction-diffusion strategy offers a new paradigm for creating high-density grain boundary defects, offering a general route toward efficient catalyst design.

### 155. [Anion modulation induced room-temperature ferromagnetism in two-dimensional CuCrSe2](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/anion-modulation-induced-room-temperature-ferromagnetism-in-two-dimensional-cucrse2) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4277-1]
Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials hold promise for next-generation spintronics, yet most exhibit Curie temperatures (Tc) far below room temperature, limiting practical applications. Here, we report the realization of room-temperature ferromagnetism in CuCrSe2 nanosheets via controlled anion removal achieved by post-synthetic vacuum annealing. Raw CuCrSe2 shows a low Tc of ~120 K, whereas annealed CuCrSe2 (A-CuCrSe2) nanosheets exhibit robust ferromagnetic ordering above 300 K. Structural and compositional analyses, including transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, confirm that A-CuCrSe2 retains the original layered crystal structure with an estimated Se vacancy concentration of approximately 10%. Magnetic measurements reveal room-temperature ferromagnetism in exfoliated nanosheets, corroborated by magnetic imaging and electric transport measurements. Anomalous Hall effect (AHE) measurements uncover the coexistence of two ferromagnetic phases within the same sample: one with low Tc (~120 K) and another with high Tc (>300 K), indicating spatially heterogeneous magnetic ordering driven by anion removal distribution. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate the microscopic mechanism, suggesting that Se vacancies modulate the magnetic exchange interactions, enhancing Tc. This work demonstrates that anion modulation is an effective intrinsic strategy to achieve room-temperature ferromagnetism in 2D materials, potentially advancing spintronic applications.

### 156. [Asymmetric Small Molecule Acceptors for Organic Photovoltaics: Insights from Multiple Perspectives](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/asymmetric-small-molecule-acceptors-for-organic-photovoltaics-insights-from-multiple-perspectives) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4316-0]
The rapid development of small molecule acceptors (SMAs) has enabled organic photovoltaics (OPVs) to achieve power conversion efficiencies exceeding 21%. Structural asymmetry has emerged as a particularly effective approach for boosting acceptor performance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of asymmetric SMAs from the molecular scale to the nanoscale and macroscale. The main text is organized into four sections: molecular design strategies for structural asymmetry, crystal structure evolution from symmetry breaking, morphological characteristics revealed by advanced characterization techniques, and energy loss mechanisms involving asymmetric SMAs. At the molecular scale, asymmetry enables precise modulation of dipole moments and intermolecular interactions, directly affecting crystalline packing and charge-transport networks. At the nanoscale, it further regulates domain purity, phase continuity, and molecular orientation. Asymmetric designs can also help mitigate non-radiative voltage loss through modulation of charge-transfer state energetics. Overall, asymmetric molecular design introduces additional structural and electronic tunability, offering new opportunities for overcoming the trade-offs that limit OPV performance. Finally, we discuss ongoing challenges and outline future perspectives to guide continued development and innovation in asymmetric SMA design.

### 157. [Advances in Silicon Anodes for Solid-State Batteries: From the Particle 'Size Effect' Perspective](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/advances-in-silicon-anodes-for-solid-state-batteries-from-the-particle-size-effect-perspective) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4237-x]
Silicon-based (Si-based) anodes are core candidates for next-generation high-energy solid-state batteries (SSBs) due to their high theoretical capacity (~4200 mAh g−1). However, their practical application is constrained by the 'size effect', which influences mechanical integrity and electrochemical performance. This review systematically examines the failure mechanisms of nano-silicon (nSi) and micro-silicon (mSi) anodes when paired with sulfide and organic-inorganic composite solid-state electrolytes (SSEs). Key functional parameters of these SSEs are discussed, along with strategies to mitigate interfacial impedance and accommodate volume changes. Recent progress in structural and interface modifications is highlighted, including the use of hard-carbon-stabilized Li–Si anodes (achieving stable cycling) and pressure-free operation. The review identifies core challenges, such as achieving intimate solid–solid contact and managing mechanical stress, and outlines future directions for 'size effect' regulation to accelerate commercialization of high-energy Si-based SSBs.

### 158. [Differentiated adsorption of intermediates on high-entropy intermetallic metallene promotes selective electrocatalytic upgrading of PET plastics to glycolic acid](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/differentiated-adsorption-of-intermediates-on-high-entropy-intermetallic-metallene-promotes-selective-electroc) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4159-y]
The electrocatalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol (EG) derived from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste to valuable glycolic acid (GA) represents an attractive route for waste resource upcycling. However, achieving high selectivity remains challenging due to the difficulty in steering the complex reaction pathway. In this study, PdPtCuInBi high-entropy intermetallic metallene (HEI-PdPtCuInBiene) is reported to precisely control EG oxidation reaction (EGOR) pathway for GA production by constructing multiple active sites at the atomic scale. In PET hydrolysate, it achieves a Faradaic efficiency of 99.87% and a production rate of 1.47 mmol h−1 cm−2, along with excellent stability. Mechanistic studies reveal that the high-entropy structure induces strong p-d orbital hybridization, which optimizes the electronic structure of active sites, thus weakening the adsorption of key carbonyl intermediates and suppressing C–C bond cleavage. The synergistic electronic effect among Pd, Pt, and Cu further enables differential adsorption of distinct intermediates on diverse active sites, enhancing the selective formation of GA. Techno-economic analysis exhibits high profitability (~$784.9 t−1 PET) of this route, demonstrating the great potential of high-entropy intermetallic metallene in regulating electrocatalytic upcycling of PET waste and beyond.

### 159. [Chemical confinement of short-chain sulfur into hierarchical porous hard carbon for ultra-stable high-capacity sodium-ion storage](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chemical-confinement-of-short-chain-sulfur-into-hierarchical-porous-hard-carbon-for-ultra-stable-high-capacity) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4234-3]
The pursuit of high-energy-density sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) necessitates the development of stable high-capacity anodes. While amorphous carbon is a promising anode candidate for SIBs, its practical application is hindered by limited capacity. Herein, we design a composite anode by chemically confining a high-content (~25 wt%) short-chain sulfur into hierarchical porous hard carbon microspheres (SHHC) derived from microbe yeast. The SHHC anode exhibits a high reversible capacity of ~807 mAh g−1 at 0.03 A g−1 (~3 times that of conventional amorphous carbon) along with superior rate capability, and extraordinary long-term cyclability (almost 100% capacity retention after 2000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1). The high-content sulfur species contribute to superb redox reactivity for high-capacity sodium storage via a surface-dominated storage mechanism. The carbon matrix features an enlarged interlayer distance, which facilitates Na-ion intercalation and deintercalation for high-rate capability. Furthermore, the hierarchical porous structure with built-in cavities facilitates the Na-ion transfer and effectively accommodates the electrode’s volume expansion, achieving fast electrode kinetics and outstanding cyclability. Such a combination of favored properties leads to state-of-the-art comprehensive battery performance for Na-ion storage. Our finding envisions a new perspective on building stable high-capacity anode materials for SIBs.

### 160. [Synergistic Multi-Metal and Defect Engineering for High-Efficiency Hydrogen Evolution Reaction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-multi-metal-and-defect-engineering-for-high-efficiency-hydrogen-evolution-reaction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4192-y]
Electrochemical water splitting is pivotal for scalable green hydrogen production, yet its practical deployment hinges on cost-effective electrocatalysts with high activity and durability. This study introduces a low-cost, three-dimensional (3D) nanoporous ZrVFeCoNi material fabricated via chemical dealloying, at merely 0.16% of the cost of Pt. The structure-activity relationship between its microstructure and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance was systematically explored. Lattice defect effects from multiphase intermetallic compounds, combined with multi-metal synergy, optimize H+ adsorption energy and electron transfer kinetics. The 3D nanoporous architecture provides a high electrochemical surface area with abundant active sites, enhancing electrolyte penetration and reducing interfacial mass transfer resistance. Consequently, the ZrVFeCoNi electrode exhibits outstanding HER performance, requiring only a 38 mV overpotential to reach 10 mA cm−2 and maintaining stable operation for 1000 h at 500 mA cm−2. Integrated into a full water electrolyzer (ZrVFeCoNi || IrO2/Ni), the system achieves a cell voltage of 1.60 V at a current density of 400 mA cm−2. Advanced characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that interfacial interactions and charge transfer at heterointerfaces drive catalytic activity, showcasing the potential of 3D nano-structured multiphase intermetallic compounds as high-performance electrocatalysts for green hydrogen systems.

### 161. [Stable Radical Anions from Perylenediimide-Functionalized Bispillar[5]arene for Boosting Near-Infrared Photothermal Conversion](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/stable-radical-anions-from-perylenediimide-functionalized-bispillar5arene-for-boosting-near-infrared-photother) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4179-x]
Perylene diimide (PDI) radical anions exhibit poor environmental stability, restricting their generation efficiency and practical application. Here, a PDI-functionalized bispillar[5]arene (PDI-P5) was designed to construct stable and high-efficiency photothermal radicals. Intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) between PDI and bispillar[5]arene narrows the energy gap. Under 455 nm ultraviolet light irradiation and diethylamine (DEA) vapor exposure, photoinduced electron transfer (PET) efficiently generates PDI-P5·− radicals, which possess broad near-infrared (NIR) absorption, enhanced non-radiative transitions, and excellent stability. Notably, PDI-P5·− can rapidly reach 90 °C under 0.20 W cm−2 simulated sunlight irradiation. Moreover, it exhibits superior multi-step photothermal anti-counterfeiting performance. This work provides a novel strategy for the development of stable radical-based photothermal materials, which holds great potential for anti-counterfeiting and bioimaging applications.

### 162. [Metal Atomic Clusters for Oxygen-Bearing Materials: From Adversity Comes Opportunity](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/metal-atomic-clusters-for-oxygen-bearing-materials-from-adversity-comes-opportunity) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4287-1]
Atomic-level manufacturing is a frontier technology enabling materials to achieve ultimate performance. This study explores the potential applications and critical scientific issues of metal atomic clusters, which are predominantly used in catalysis but suffer from intrinsic instability, leading to low yield, inconsistent size and structure, and susceptibility to agglomeration, oxidation, and sintering. We propose a novel concept: employing oxidized metal atomic clusters as dopants in oxygen-bearing materials, such as oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys, oxide-based cermets, and toughening ceramics. Using ODS alloy as a proof-of-concept, Ni-NiO coupled cluster-strengthened metallic Ni exhibits finer grains, a larger proportion of low-angle grain boundaries, higher geometrically necessary dislocation density, and achieves a 38% enhancement in Vickers hardness. To advance this concept, four critical scientific issues require resolution: oxidation control, disaggregation and dispersion, effectiveness comparison, and physicochemical behaviors and mechanisms. This work bridges the gap between atomic-level manufacturing and structural materials, offering a pathway to overcome the instability of metal clusters by leveraging their oxidation characteristics.

### 163. [Multiscale Ordered Defect Design for Tailoring Ferroelectric Phase Stability and Switching Kinetics in Hafnia Ferroelectrics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multiscale-ordered-defect-design-for-tailoring-ferroelectric-phase-stability-and-switching-kinetics-in-hafnia) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4257-y]
Hafnia-based ferroelectrics exhibit a distinctive reverse size effect and exceptional scalability, positioning them as critical candidates for CMOS-compatible non-volatile memory and ferroelectric transistors, with substantial promise for advancing hardware acceleration in artificial intelligence and large-data storage technologies. However, their practical deployment is constrained by a longstanding dilemma: the difficulty in simultaneously stabilizing metastable polar phases and ensuring long-term reliability under the high electric fields required for polarization switching. This review reinterprets this challenge through the lens of defect physics and advocates a paradigm shift from stochastic, disorder-mediated defect incorporation toward ordered, multiscale defect engineering. We systematically discuss the collective influence of point defects, line defects, planar defects, and defect-coupled structures on the phase stability, switching kinetics, and failure mechanisms in hafnia-based ferroelectrics. Controlling oxygen-vacancy states, engineering dopants via Fermi-level and chemical pressure, deploying periodic dislocation arrays, designing topological domain walls, functionalizing interfaces, and leveraging flexoelectric strain gradients constitute the core strategic toolkit. Through such ordered defect architectures, scalable performance metrics, including high remanent polarization, low coercive field, fast switching speed, and endurance exceeding 10^12 cycles, become attainable. These approaches establish a set of design principles for next-generation low-power, high-reliability ferroelectric electronics.

### 164. [Machine Learning for Ionic Liquids in CO2 Conversion: Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/machine-learning-for-ionic-liquids-in-co2-conversion-advances-challenges-and-perspectives) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4151-2]
The rapid increase in atmospheric CO2 due to fossil-fuel consumption has heightened the demand for efficient carbon capture and utilization technologies. Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as versatile media and catalysts for CO2 conversion, offering advantages such as negligible volatility, wide electrochemical windows, and strong CO2 affinity. However, the vast design space of ILs and limited experimental data make traditional trial-and-error screening inefficient. This review summarizes recent advancements in applying machine learning (ML) to the design and screening of ILs for CO2 conversion. The roles of ILs in catalytic processes and the limitations of traditional screening methods are discussed. ML-based workflows are explored, with emphasis on addressing challenges posed by small and noisy datasets. Finally, future opportunities in mechanism-informed descriptors, multi-objective optimization, and the integration of domain expertise with data-driven approaches are highlighted to accelerate the discovery of next-generation ILs for sustainable CO2 conversion.

### 165. [Adjusting Light Absorption of Defective UiO-66 for Coupling Photothermal Evaporation with Photocatalysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/adjusting-light-absorption-of-defective-uio-66-for-coupling-photothermal-evaporation-with-photocatalysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4209-3]
Solar interfacial evaporation and photocatalysis exhibit intrinsic complementarity in energy utilization pathways and reaction mechanisms. Integrating photocatalysis into interfacial evaporation systems enables a synergistic platform for efficient evaporation and pollutant removal. In this study, a defect-engineering strategy is developed for UiO-66 by covalently anchoring five carboxyl-containing organic dyes into its framework, where steric hindrance and ligand substitution synergistically induce abundant structural defects. This approach yields a series of defect-rich UiO-66 materials with tunable dye loading. Among them, the dye-sensitized UiO-66@dye-2 system demonstrates optimal light absorption capacity and vacancy defects. The dyes act as sensitizers, broadening the light absorption range and accelerating water evaporation, while the defect-inducing dyes introduce abundant trap sites, enabling rapid charge transfer and efficient spatial charge separation. Under 1-sun irradiation, the system achieves an outstanding water evaporation rate with a high solar-to-vapor conversion efficiency of 97.8%, along with excellent photocatalytic performance, achieving 95.4% degradation of phenol pollutants. Notably, it maintains stable degradation performance across highly acidic and alkaline environments, ensuring reliability for long-term operations in complex conditions. This work provides a molecular-level strategy for constructing defect-rich UiO-66 derivatives and offers insights for designing next-generation materials for integrated photothermal-photocatalytic environmental remediation.

### 166. [Correction to: Facile preparation of cabazitaxel-loaded nanoparticles directly lyophilized from dioxane](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/correction-to-facile-preparation-of-cabazitaxel-loaded-nanoparticles-directly-lyophilized-from-dioxane) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4317-4]
This correction addresses an image assembly error identified in Fig. 7a of the original article published in Science China Materials, volume 66, issue 6, 2023, pages 2513–2522. The error was confined to the assembly of images in Fig. 7a, which presents H&E staining analysis of major organs from a toxicity study. The corrected version of Fig. 7 is provided in this corrigendum. The original study evaluated the toxicity of lyophilized cabazitaxel (CTX) and Tween 80-based CTX formulations in CD-1 mice following a single intravenous administration of 30 mg kg−1 CTX via the tail vein on day 0, with sacrifice on day 14 for analysis (n=5). The figure includes H&E staining of major organs, complete blood count (CBC) analysis with statistical significance indicated by *p < 0.05, and mouse weight measurements. The correction does not affect the overall results, data interpretation, or scientific conclusions of the original article. All authors have reviewed and approved the content of this corrigendum. The authors sincerely apologize for any inconvenience caused to the editorial office, reviewers, and readers. The article was received on 6 May 2026, accepted on 4 June 2026, and published online on 31 July 2026.

### 167. [Highly Efficient Removal of Sr2+ by a Layered Potassium Phosphatoantimonate under Neutral and Acidic Conditions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/highly-efficient-removal-of-sr2-by-a-layered-potassium-phosphatoantimonate-under-neutral-and-acidic-conditions) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4112-6]
Radiostrontium remediation is crucial for ecological protection and sustainable development of nuclear energy. However, efficient removal of 90Sr from complex radioactive liquid waste, especially under acidic conditions, remains challenging due to material instability and intense proton competition. Herein, the rapid and highly selective capture of Sr2+ in neutral and even acidic solutions has been achieved by a layered potassium phosphatoantimonate KSbP2O8 with excellent radiation and thermal stability. Under neutral conditions, it possesses high maximum adsorption capacity (qmSr = 110.25 mg g−1), rapid adsorption kinetics (the removal rate (RSr) of 91.54% within 30 min), and excellent selectivity for Sr2+, and facile regeneration. Particularly, even under acidic conditions (pH 2.0), KSbP2O8 still maintains excellent Sr2+ removal capacity (qmSr = 79.38 mg g−1), fast kinetics, and high selectivity. A mechanism study by multiple characterizations reveals that the efficient Sr2+ removal of KSbP2O8 mainly stems from ion exchange between Sr2+ and interlayer K+ in KSbP2O8, which is attributed to the synergy between the Sb5+-induced Brønsted acidity and the high charge density of the anionic framework. This study demonstrates the exceptional capability of phosphatoantimonates to selectively capture Sr2+ under acidic conditions, highlighting the potential of phosphatoantimonates as effective scavengers for radiostrontium remediation.

### 168. [Bidirectional Bonding Interfacial Engineering Enables High-Performance Sb2S3/HgS Heterojunction Photodetector for Intelligent Healthcare Applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bidirectional-bonding-interfacial-engineering-enables-high-performance-sb2s3hgs-heterojunction-photodetector-f) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4200-0]
Self-powered broadband photodetectors are pivotal for next-generation intelligent healthcare. Solution-processed mercury sulfide (HgS) is an attractive near-infrared absorber but is limited by interfacial instability, high defects, and sluggish response. Inspired by sulfur-mediated adhesion in Alhagi sparsifolia, a bioinspired interfacial engineering strategy employs an antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) interlayer to construct a bidirectional chemical bonding network. The Sb2S3 interlayer simultaneously forms Sb–O bonds with fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates and Sb–S/Hg–S bonds with the HgS layer, thereby reinforcing interfacial adhesion, passivating coordination-unsaturated defect states, and establishing a type-II heterojunction with a strong built-in electric field. The resulting Sb2S3/HgS photodetector exhibits self-powered operation, broadband sensitivity spanning the visible to near-infrared region (642–1550 nm), an ultrafast response time of 2.47 ms, a detectivity up to 1.7 × 10^11 Jones, and retaining nearly constant photocurrent over 5000 continuous on-off switching cycles as well as prolonged air exposure. Beyond device-level performance, we demonstrate its utility in intelligent healthcare scenarios, including machine-learning-assisted liquid drug identification, binary-coded optical wireless communication, and high-fidelity photoplethysmography monitoring. This work establishes biomimetic bidirectional bonding as a generalizable paradigm for stabilizing solution-processed chalcogenide optoelectronics and accelerates the integration of self-powered broadband photodetectors into intelligent healthcare systems.

### 169. [Ultrafast Scintillation Enabled by Exciton Localization in High-Entropy Fluoride Crystals](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ultrafast-scintillation-enabled-by-exciton-localization-in-high-entropy-fluoride-crystals) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4322-4]
Ultrafast scintillators with low-nanosecond emission are essential for next-generation high-rate X-ray and particle imaging. Although Ce3+-activated scintillators inherently exhibit fast response characteristics, conventional Ce3+-doped hosts rarely achieve low-nanosecond ultrafast decay. Here, we report a high-entropy fluoride scintillator (HEFS), Ce:LaGdCaSrBaF12 (Ce:LGCSB), in the form of bulk single crystals. The severe lattice distortion arising from multi-cation disorder induces exciton localization and effectively suppresses exciton diffusion. Through the rapid relaxation of localized excitons, the high-entropy Ce:LGCSB single crystals deliver a decay time of 1.23 ns with a 94.6% fast-component contribution and without any noticeable slow component. Through first-principles calculations, spectroscopic characterization, and transient dynamics analysis, we reveal that the ultrafast response originates from accelerated Frenkel exciton (FE) recombination enabled by the high-entropy environment. This work establishes entropy-engineered fluorides as promising ultrafast scintillator platforms and proposes a general strategy for extending sluggish diffusion effects to the excitonic scale, offering new opportunities for improving scintillation timing performance.

### 170. [A comprehensive review on double-redox reaction towards high-performance polyanionic sodium-ion batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-comprehensive-review-on-double-redox-reaction-towards-high-performance-polyanionic-sodium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4232-1]
Polyanionic cathode materials are widely considered as potential cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries due to their strong three-dimensional framework and intrinsic thermal safety. Nevertheless, the limitation of the specific capacity and energy density hindered their application, which can be ascribed to the common reliance of single-electron redox reaction of the transition metal. By realizing the reversible double redox reaction of vanadium-based and manganese-based polyanion cathodes, researchers have successfully opened up a new way to break through the long-term performance limitations. Recent studies disclose that vanadium and manganese-based polyanionic cathodes exhibit the possibility of realizing a reversible double-redox reaction, which opened up new avenues to overcome the capacity dilemma. However, many fundamental issues remain unclear, including insufficient structural stability at high operating voltages, irreversible structural evolution induced by sodium extraction, sluggish electronic and ionic transport kinetics, and Jahn–Teller distortion. Therefore, it is imperative to summarize recent work in order to clarify the pathway for future investigation. In this review, the key challenges associated with the activation of the double-redox reaction are outlined, followed by the realization and regulation of the double-redox reaction in polyanionic cathode materials. A systematic summary of recent studies is performed for both vanadium and manganese-based compounds, which could contribute to the fundamental understanding of the double-redox reaction mechanism. Combined with the modification strategy and future perspective, this review provides insights into the rational design of polyanionic cathodes with a reversible double-redox reaction. It also offers insights into the development of high-energy-density cathode materials for next-generation sodium-ion batteries.

### 171. [Surface Dye-Coordination for Efficient Upconversion Nanosystems](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/surface-dye-coordination-for-efficient-upconversion-nanosystems) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4194-2]
Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) exhibit distinctive optical characteristics, including excellent photostability, large anti-Stokes shifts, narrow emission bands, and tunable luminescence lifetimes. Despite their advantages, UCNPs suffer from inherently weak light absorption because of the 4f-4f transitions of lanthanide ions. Near-infrared dye-sensitization has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance their absorption, yet the photoconversion performance remains constrained by photobleaching and interfacial energy losses. In this review, we systematically analyze the surface coordination environments and energy transfer pathways that govern dye-sensitized UCNPs. We evaluate critical molecular parameters, such as dye frameworks, surface binding affinity, and triplet-state energy alignment, in conjunction with nanoparticle structural features, including dopant concentration, core-shell architectures, and surface electronic configurations. By providing a fundamental assessment of these photophysical and photochemical processes, we propose targeted optimization strategies to enhance the performance and stability of these hybrid materials for advanced applications.

### 172. [Synergistic Conformation Locking and Terminal Conjugation Engineering of Carbazole-Based Self-Assembled Monolayers for High-Performance Organic Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-conformation-locking-and-terminal-conjugation-engineering-of-carbazole-based-self-assembled-monola) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4207-0]
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are critical for optimizing electrode interfaces in organic solar cells (OSCs), as their molecular conformation and ordering govern interfacial quality. Conventional carbazole-based SAMs (e.g., 2PACz) rely on flexible alkyl linkers whose conformational freedom often results in disordered packing, incomplete coverage, and limited environmental robustness, especially under air processing. Here, we design and systematically study a series of well-defined carbazole SAM homologues (Cz-PPA, Cz-HPA, PCz-HPA, and PCz-PPA) to elucidate the role of synergistic conformational locking achieved through linker rigidification and terminal conjugation extension. PCz-HPA, which integrates a rigid cyclohexane linker with a strongly conjugated 3,6-diphenylcarbazole end group, enables effective conformational locking. It forms a highly ordered, densely packed monolayer on ITO, delivering high surface coverage, a strengthened interfacial dipole, and improved energy-level alignment. The rigid framework and ordered interface enhance air-process stability and interfacial contact, thereby suppressing recombination and facilitating exciton dissociation and charge collection. Using PCz-HPA as SAM for the devices based on PM6:L8-BO reaches 19.75% efficiency and it demonstrates consistent gains across multiple systems. These results identify conformational locking via linker rigidification as a general design rule for durable, high-performance SAM interlayers in organic optoelectronics.

### 173. [Strategies for Enhancing Multi-Properties of Medium- and High-Entropy Soft Magnetic Alloys](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/strategies-for-enhancing-multi-properties-of-medium-and-high-entropy-soft-magnetic-alloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4293-9]
Traditional soft magnetic alloys (SMAs) suffer from a performance trade-off where enhancing magnetic properties often compromises mechanical and other properties, limiting their use in high-efficiency power systems and advanced electronics. The design concept of medium- and high-entropy alloys (M/HEAs) offers a pathway to overcome this limitation. By leveraging multi-principal-element compositions and tailorable microstructures, medium- and high-entropy soft magnetic alloys (M/HE-SMAs) can integrate superior soft magnetic properties with exceptional mechanical strength-ductility synergy, high electrical resistivity, good thermal stability, and excellent corrosion resistance. This article reviews design strategies for synergistic enhancement of multiple properties in M/HE-SMAs, including blending multiple ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic elements into solid solution, inducing local chemical order, tailoring nanoprecipitates, controlling grain size, and engineering dual/multi-phase structures. The cooperative interactions among these strategies are discussed. Potential research directions for further development and practical applications are proposed.

### 174. [Novel Cross-Linkable Blue Light Emitting Material and Its High Stability OLEDs by Solution Process](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/novel-cross-linkable-blue-light-emitting-material-and-its-high-stability-oleds-by-solution-process) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4203-7]
The solution process holds great promise for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) fabrication owing to its minimal material loss, simple processing and low equipment investment. However, solution-processed blue OLEDs still face the challenges of low electroluminescence efficiency and poor working stability. In this study, two new cross-linkable blue light-emitting molecules, v-4CzBn and v-5CzBn, were synthesized. They featured a multicarbazole-substituted benzonitrile donor–acceptor structure as the emitting core, with two vinyl phenyl units on the carbazole rings serving as cross-linking groups. A singlet–triplet energy gap of ΔEST ≤ 0.10 eV and a high reverse intersystem crossing rate (kRISC > 10^6 s−1) were achieved because the three-dimensionally confined covalent network structure formed through a thermal cross-linking reaction limited intramolecular motions and vibrational relaxations of luminescent units. Moreover, this structure suppressed irreversible morphological changes and structural deterioration of light-emitting units due to aggregation or crystallization, improving the light-emitting performance of the device. Nondoped solution-processed OLEDs with the structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/TFB/S-4CzBn/TPBi/LiF/Al exhibited blue emission with a peak at 488 nm, achieving a maximum external quantum efficiency of 12.01%, a maximum luminance of 11,141.15 cd m−2, and a T50 lifetime of 1375.66 h@100 cd m−2. This result represents the longest operational lifetime reported to date for solution-process devices with cross-linked emitting layers.

### 175. [In Situ Dynamic Regulation of Strain at the Buried Interface of Stable Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/in-situ-dynamic-regulation-of-strain-at-the-buried-interface-of-stable-perovskite-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4366-1]
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved remarkable power conversion efficiencies, yet their operational stability remains a critical bottleneck for commercialization. Strain at the buried interface, induced by thermal expansion mismatches and lattice distortions during annealing, is a major contributor to performance degradation. This work introduces a meltable additive-enabled liquid medium annealing (LMA) strategy to dynamically regulate strain in situ. By employing a liquid medium that melts at elevated temperatures, the annealing process provides a compliant environment that alleviates residual strain at the buried interface. Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy and high-angle annular dark-field imaging reveal improved interfacial contact and reduced lattice distortion. Modulus mapping indicates enhanced mechanical uniformity, while molecular dynamics simulations corroborate the strain-relief mechanism. The d-spacing variation of the (001) facet upon heating at 85 °C is significantly suppressed, indicating superior thermal stability. Under diurnal cycling (12 h maximum power point tracking at 85 °C and 12 h dark at room temperature), the target devices exhibit enhanced stability, retaining a higher fraction of their initial performance compared to controls. This work underscores the importance of phase engineering during annealing and opens a new avenue for strain management in perovskite photovoltaics and beyond.

### 176. [Grain Boundary Unlocks Ferroelectric Phase Regulation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/grain-boundary-unlocks-ferroelectric-phase-regulation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4233-8]
Ferroelectrics with intrinsic electric polarization are indispensable for non-volatile storage and computing-in-memory chips. However, conventional perovskite ferroelectrics suffer from size effects that degrade functional properties at reduced dimensions, limiting nanoscale applications. Fluorite-based ferroelectrics, such as HfO2 and ZrO2, maintain ferroelectricity in nanocrystalline films and are compatible with Si-based processes, but their ferroelectricity relies on a metastable orthorhombic (O) phase that is thermodynamically unstable at room temperature, leading to wake-up effects, fatigue, and reduced reliability. Previous stabilization strategies (stress, doping, oxygen vacancies) lack atomic-level verification or depend on specific processing conditions. This highlight discusses a recent Nature Materials study by Wang et al. that demonstrates grain boundary (GB) chemical engineering as a new paradigm. Using a La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) buffer layer, they achieved stable O-phase ZrO2 films. Atomic-scale HAADF and EELS revealed ordered GBs with selective segregation of La, Sr, and Mn, forming chemically ordered heterostructures. First-principles calculations showed that the ordered eg/t2g orbital arrangement of Mn3+/Mn4+ at GBs softens phonon modes by regulating Zr–O bond strength, stabilizing the ferroelectric phase. This work establishes GBs as independent functional units, offering a universal approach for designing highly stable metastable functional materials.

### 177. [DNA-Directed Adhesion of a Sono-Activatable Hydrogel to Oral Leukoplakia Lesion for cGAS-STING Pathway Associated-Immunotherapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dna-directed-adhesion-of-a-sono-activatable-hydrogel-to-oral-leukoplakia-lesion-for-cgas-sting-pathway-associa) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4134-6]
Oral leukoplakia (OLK) is a prevalent premalignant lesion with malignant transformation risk. Current adhesive hydrogels lack lesion-specific adhesion and precision therapy. We synthesized DNA hydrogels via co-crosslinking of thiolated gelatin and thiolated oligonucleotide through disulfide bonds, incorporating Mn2+ and chlorin e6 (Ce6) via thiol-metal coordination and physical entrapment. Low-frequency ultrasound (LFUS) anchored complementary oligonucleotides onto the lesion surface, enabling site-specific bioadhesion through base pairing. Under high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS), Ce6 generated reactive oxygen species, triggering mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release in hyperproliferative epithelial cells. Concurrent HFUS accelerated Mn2+ release, potentiating cGAS recognition of cytosolic mtDNA and activating the cGAS-STING pathway. This induced dendritic cell maturation, priming naïve T cells into cytotoxic T lymphocytes, reversing the immunosuppressive microenvironment. The modality induced immunological memory, restraining OLK recurrence and impeding malignant transformation. This study introduces the first DNA-directed hydrogel bioadhesion strategy and proposes unprecedented cGAS-STING pathway-associated immunotherapy against OLK.

### 178. [Carrier Regulation in Monolithic Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/carrier-regulation-in-monolithic-perovskiteorganic-tandem-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4106-8]
Perovskite/organic tandem solar cells (PO-TSCs) have emerged as a compelling photovoltaic architecture to transcend the Shockley-Queisser limit of single-junction devices. By monolithically stacking a wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite top cell and a narrow-bandgap (NBG) organic bottom cell, PO-TSCs enable broad spectral utilization and reduced thermalization loss, offering a viable pathway toward efficiencies beyond 30%. Their solution processability, compatibility with orthogonal solvents, and potential for lightweight, flexible, and semi-transparent modules further make them attractive for building integrated and portable electronics. However, the realization of high-performance PO-TSCs critically depends on precise carrier regulation across the entire multilayer stack, where inefficient charge transport, recombination losses, and interfacial bottlenecks often limit the overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability. This review systematically examines the carrier-regulation strategies essential for advancing PO-TSCs, focusing on defect and phase-control in WBG perovskites, the design of optically transparent and electrically efficient interconnecting layers, and the enhancement of charge generation and collection in organic subcells. The integration of these approaches has recently enabled efficiencies exceeding 26%, demonstrating the rapid progress of the field. Ultimately, we conclude with an outlook on the remaining challenges in scalability, operational stability, and manufacturability, providing a roadmap for future research toward commercially viable tandem photovoltaics.

### 179. [Designing Hierarchically b-Axis Shortening for Enhanced Diffusion and Coke Accommodation in Efficient Methanol to Olefins](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/designing-hierarchically-b-axis-shortening-for-enhanced-diffusion-and-coke-accommodation-in-efficient-methanol) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3607-9]
Enhancing light olefin selectivity and extending catalytic durability remain critical challenges for ZSM-5 zeolites in methanol-to-olefins (MTO) conversion, primarily due to inherent diffusion restrictions along the MFI b-axis and poor coke accommodation. Here, we report a hierarchically single-crystalline ZSM-5 sheet architecture featuring interconnected multiscale porosity and a remarkably reduced b-axis thickness (<50 nm), quantitatively verified by three-dimensional electron tomography. Real-time confocal laser scanning microscopy tracking demonstrated significantly enhanced molecular diffusivity compared to conventional micron-sized ZSM-5 (Micro-ZSM-5). This engineered structure distributes abundant aluminum sites on highly accessible diffusion pathways, achieving an enlarged coke accommodation of 16.31 wt% with a coke deposition rate of 0.59 mg g−1 h−1, only one third of that in Micro-ZSM-5. In continuous MTO operation, the hierarchical ZSM-5 sheet (Hier-ZSM-5-S) maintained an average ethylene and propene selectivity of 63.5% for 22.2 hours (WHSV = 3.6 h−1, T = 480°C), which was 19% higher and 6.5 times longer than Micro-ZSM-5, respectively. This hierarchically shortened b-axis structure establishes a generalizable paradigm for enhanced diffusion and coke accommodation in precisely designed pore systems, applicable to various reactions.

### 180. [Ultra-sensitive ultraviolet organic photodetectors enabled by an expanded spectral window for health monitoring](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ultra-sensitive-ultraviolet-organic-photodetectors-enabled-by-an-expanded-spectral-window-for-health-monitorin) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4183-3]
Excessive ultraviolet (UV) radiation poses significant risks to human health, necessitating highly sensitive detection systems. Organic photodetectors (OPDs) offer high sensitivity and tunable spectral response, but their UV performance is constrained by conventional glass/indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates and electrodes, and insufficient photoactive layer responsivity. Here, we report high-performance UV-OPDs achieved through UV-transparent window and active-layer optimization. Replacing glass/ITO with a UV-transparent window comprising a quartz substrate and PH1000 electrode enhances UV transmittance. Integrating the high UV-responsive blend PM6:Y6:PC71BM as the active layer, the optimal ternary UV-OPD exhibits external quantum efficiency (EQE) exceeding 53% across 280–400 nm, with a peak EQE of 78.29% and responsivity of 214.68 mA/W at 340 nm, alongside a rapid response time of 2.6/2.1 μs. This performance represents the best combination of responsivity and response time reported to date in the UV region. We demonstrate the potential of these UV-OPDs for outdoor real-time UV monitoring. This work presents a promising strategy for developing high-performance UV-OPDs through transparent substrate and electrode engineering, and active-layer optimization.

### 181. [Towards Synergistic Transport of Ions and Electrons at the Interface between Janus Nanofiber Separators and Solid Electrolyte Interphase](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/towards-synergistic-transport-of-ions-and-electrons-at-the-interface-between-janus-nanofiber-separators-and-so) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4255-5]
Localized overheating in high-rate lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) or lithium metal batteries (LMBs) accelerates dendrite formation, disrupting current density and thermal distribution uniformity. This study constructs a Janus-structured, polybenzimidazole (PBI)-welded separator (JNS@PBI) with polypropylene nanofibers (PPNFs) on one face and nanoscale carbon black-modified PPNFs (CPPNFs) on the other. The CPPNFs layer provides electronic conductivity to homogenize interfacial current distribution and heat dissipation, while the PPNFs layer ensures electronic insulation. PBI, serving as a welding agent with intrinsic ionic conductivity, enhances mechanical properties and lithium-ion transport. This design enables synergistic transport of ions and electrons at the JNS@PBI/SEI interface. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate how JNS@PBI enhances interfacial ion transport and regulates lithium deposition. JNS@PBI exhibits high porosity (71.3%), superior electrolyte uptake (451%), and high ionic conductivity (1.80 mS cm−1). Electrochemical tests confirm exceptional interfacial stability, with stable polarization voltage over 2000 h of plating/stripping cycles. Remarkable rate capability and cycling endurance are observed: high-capacity retention rates of 85.2% after 700 cycles at 1 C and 90.3% after 1500 cycles at 3 C in assembled LiFePO4/graphite full cells. This work provides a promising approach for next-generation separators for high-safety LIBs or LMBs.

### 182. [TMPU-Based Phase-Locking Strategy for Spatiotemporally Homogeneous Crystallization Enables Ambient Scalable Perovskite Photovoltaics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/tmpu-based-phase-locking-strategy-for-spatiotemporally-homogeneous-crystallization-enables-ambient-scalable-pe) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4463-3]
Organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites exhibit exceptional photovoltaic properties, yet their low crystallization energy promotes defect generation and necessitates precise control over synthesis parameters, hindering scalable fabrication. Ambient large-area coating methods suffer from environmental disturbances, leading to nonuniform crystallization and mixed α/δ phases, resulting in module efficiencies below 20% compared to >27% for lab-scale spin-coated cells. This work introduces a phase-locking strategy using 3-ureidopropyltrimethoxysilane (TMPU) incorporated into the PbI2 precursor solution during two-step blade coating. TMPU undergoes simultaneous cross-linking and interaction with the perovskite intermediate, forming a dynamically evolving intergranular network that blocks moisture and reduces the energy barrier for α-FAPbI3 formation. This approach achieves spatiotemporally homogeneous crystallization, eliminating directional inhomogeneity. Under segmented and monolithic aging protocols, control devices exhibited severe position-dependent degradation with only 34% efficiency retention at early-coated positions after thermal cycling, whereas phase-locked films maintained over 84% of initial photoluminescence intensity across all regions. Encapsulated modules retained over 90% of initial efficiency after 1500 h of 85°C maximum power point tracking (ISOS-L-2) and after 2300 h under 85°C/85% RH damp-heat testing (ISOS-D-3). The TMPU-based strategy combines exceptional performance (21.5% module efficiency) with robust stability, offering a distinct advantage over alternative approaches. This work addresses the kinetic and spatial dimensions of upscaling, demonstrating that morphological uniformity is a fundamental contributor to stability, marking a critical advance toward practical deployment of perovskite photovoltaics.

### 183. [Chiral Inorganic Nanomaterials for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chiral-inorganic-nanomaterials-for-enhanced-oxygen-evolution-reaction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4166-5]
Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) represents a significant kinetic bottleneck in sustainable energy conversion due to its complex multi-step electron transfer process. Spin manipulation has recently emerged as a promising strategy to overcome traditional catalytic scaling relationships. However, the commonly used ferromagnetic materials or external magnetic fields suffer from practical limitations including material constraints and high energy consumption. The chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect in chiral inorganic nanomaterials with high stability, conductivity, and exceptional chiroptical properties offers a groundbreaking alternative by enabling spin polarization without the need for external magnetic fields. This review systematically examines the application of chiral inorganic nanomaterials for improving OER efficiency via the CISS effect. The fundamental principles of CISS and its influence on OER kinetics are discussed. Recent experimental advances highlighting the enhanced catalytic performance are analyzed. Future research directions and challenges in leveraging chirality and spin as key design principles for next-generation OER electrocatalysts are highlighted.

### 184. [A Sulfobetaine Polyurethane for Substitutable Meniscus Implant with Excellent Mechanical, Tribological, and Biological Properties](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-sulfobetaine-polyurethane-for-substitutable-meniscus-implant-with-excellent-mechanical-tribological-and-biol) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3696-3]
The development of substitutable meniscus implants that can effectively protect articular cartilage remains a great challenge. Herein, a polyurethane with chemical crosslinking and sulfobetaine extenders containing hydrophobic chains (PU-CL-hSB) is developed, which could improve comprehensive properties and long-term stability simultaneously. By regulating the mole ratio of functional groups, PU-CL-hSB with appropriate mechanical properties, excellent tribological properties, and good fatigue resistance is used to prepare substitutable meniscus implant by hot-pressing. Due to the synergistic effect of functional groups, PU-CL-hSB meniscus implant presents comparable or even superior properties to native meniscus. It withstands a maximum force of 26.08 N versus 25.14 N for native meniscus, an energy dissipation from 45.93 to 39.17 N mm compared to 28.83 to 19.11 N mm for native meniscus over 300 cycles, and a friction coefficient from 0.08 to 0.19 compared to 0.11 to 0.26 for native meniscus. This PU-CL-hSB meniscus implant is further implanted into live rabbit knee joints for 8 and 25 weeks by a new approach, and in vivo data indicate that PU-CL-hSB meniscus implant not only protects articular cartilage from severe damage without eliciting inflammatory responses, but also can maintain normal physiological activities in the native state. Our findings present a substitutable meniscus implant that could be applied in vivo and propose evaluation methodologies for meniscus implants.

### 185. [Substrate-Mediated Structural Evolution of Blue Phosphorene: From Bridging Nanoislands to Magic Clusters](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/substrate-mediated-structural-evolution-of-blue-phosphorene-from-bridging-nanoislands-to-magic-clusters) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4182-6]
Substrate interactions dictate the epitaxial growth of low-dimensional nanomaterials, yet controlling these interfaces at the atomic scale precision remains a critical challenge. Blue phosphorene (blueP) with freestanding lattice constant, experimentally realized exclusively on Ag(111), provides a unique platform to explore this interplay. Here, we elucidate the structural evolution of blueP on Ag(111), revealing that neighboring islands are not isolated but linked by single-phosphorus-atom bridges. To manipulate the interfacial coupling, we introduce a tellurium interlayer, driving the formation of an interfacial AgTe buffer that effectively decouples the islands. By tuning the substrate temperature, we achieve the synthesis of magic-number blueP clusters with uniform size and geometry. The resulting isolated blueP nanostructures facilitate the emergence of higher-order topological corner states in triangular geometries. Our findings demonstrate that tailoring interfacial interactions offers a robust route for reshaping phosphorene nanostructures, establishing essential building blocks for next-generation topological quantum materials.

### 186. [Experimental Realization of Mixed-Dimensional 1D-Graphyne-Nanowires/2D-AgTe-Monolayer Heterostructures](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/experimental-realization-of-mixed-dimensional-1d-graphyne-nanowires2d-agte-monolayer-heterostructures) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4114-5]
The precise and controllable synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures, coupled with the manipulation of their atomic and electronic configurations, is of paramount significance. However, due to the synthetic challenges associated with graphyne (GY) materials, their integration into 1D/2D heterostructures remains considerably difficult. Herein, we demonstrate a post-synthetic intercalation strategy for tellurium onto Ag(111), enabling the controllable fabrication of 1D-GY-nanowire/2D-AgTe-monolayers heterostructures. Scanning-probe microscopies are employed to characterize morphological evolution during the intercalation process. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy results confirm that AgTe monolayer intercalation induces interfacial decoupling of the graphyne nanowires. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that work function-driven Fermi level modulation via interfacial charge engineering assigns the 1D-GY-nanowire/2D-AgTe-monolayers heterostructures as type-I heterostructures. Our work not only significantly advances the fundamental understanding of interfacial interactions in 1D/2D heterostructures but also presents a scalable strategy for designing heterostructures with tailored electronic functionalities, thereby opening new avenues for applications in advanced nanoelectronics and optoelectronic devices.

### 187. [Stiff–Soft Synergistic Assembly of Mechanically Adaptive Silica Aerogel Composites](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/stiffsoft-synergistic-assembly-of-mechanically-adaptive-silica-aerogel-composites) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4337-2]
Silica aerogels are recognized as leading super-insulating materials due to their ultralow thermal conductivity, yet their intrinsic brittleness and poor processability restrict practical deployment in complex industrial and extreme environments. This study introduces a macro-scale 'stiff–soft' synergistic strategy, combining a macroscopically processable, soft-and-tough framework as the load-bearing component with hard-and-brittle polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) aerogels as the insulating component. A pressure-driven assembly process enables viscosity-tunable PMSQ gel inks to be controllably infused into various hollow frameworks, including honeycomb panels, wheat straws, and hollow fibers. Guided by a modified Hagen–Poiseuille model, ink viscosity is precisely matched to the geometric parameters of the hollow structures. The resulting composites achieve compressive strength of 2.5 MPa, flexural strength of 6.25 MPa, and tensile strength of 40 MPa, while maintaining excellent thermal insulation. This versatile and scalable approach offers a new design paradigm for mechanically adaptive silica aerogel composites in thermal management applications.

### 188. [Programming Local Microenvironments in Reticular Frameworks for Enhanced CO2 Capture: A Demonstration of Spatial Active-Site Engineering](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/programming-local-microenvironments-in-reticular-frameworks-for-enhanced-co2-capture-a-demonstration-of-spatia) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4429-9]
The capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) from dilute streams, such as ambient air or flue gas, is a critical step toward mitigating anthropogenic emissions. While metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) featuring zinc-hydroxide (Zn–OH) sites have shown promise for CO2 binding through bicarbonate formation, their performance is often limited by the spatial arrangement of these active sites. In this work, we demonstrate a reticular chemistry strategy to program the spatial relationship among Zn–OH sites within a shared cavity, moving beyond simple surface area or site density optimization. By designing two isoreticular MOFs, NU-6000 and NU-6001, with distinct pore environments, we achieve differential CO2 adsorption behaviors. Notably, NU-6000-OH, which features a confined cage structure, exhibits significantly enhanced CO2 uptake at low pressures (0.4 mbar) compared to NU-6001-OH, with a site efficiency that surpasses representative MOFs. Structural characterization, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction, reveals the formation of Zn-bound bicarbonate species, confirming the cooperative binding mechanism. This work highlights the importance of the second coordination sphere in governing molecular recognition and suggests that programmed microenvironments could be extended to catalytic applications, such as CO2 reduction, where intermediate stabilization and proton transfer are crucial. Our findings establish reticular chemistry as a powerful tool for engineering local chemical environments, offering a pathway to design advanced sorbents and catalysts with tailored functionalities.

### 189. [Topology-Derived Construction of Single-Crystal Two-Dimensional Binodal Covalent Organic Frameworks toward Inclined AB Stacking](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/topology-derived-construction-of-single-crystal-two-dimensional-binodal-covalent-organic-frameworks-toward-inc) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4424-5]
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline organic porous materials whose atomically precise structures underpin their functional applications. However, atomic-level structural information remains unavailable for most reported COFs, hampering rational design and structure-function studies. For two-dimensional (2D) COFs, synthesizing high-quality single crystals is challenging, and the crystallization mechanism makes it difficult to anticipate stacking arrangements. Lacking direct evidence, researchers often assume AA stacking for [4+4] COFs in powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) fitting, an assumption now questioned. Here, Zhang et al. report the controlled synthesis of single-crystal 2D binodal COFs via a topological derivation strategy. Using 3D electron diffraction at resolutions of 0.90–1.02 Å, they solved the structures of five COFs (NKCOF-88 to -92) derived from a parent sql framework. The four-connected benzene-core monomers were substituted with extended monomers (pyrene or tetraphenylethylene), decomposable into two three-connected nodes, yielding pseudo-bex and pseudo-hcb networks. Single-crystal analysis revealed that the in-plane chain configuration is determined by imine bond orientation, with cis+cis or trans+trans alignments giving planar layers, while mixed alignments produce undulated layers. Crucially, all five COFs exhibit inclined staggered AB stacking, stabilized by edge-to-face π–π interactions, contradicting the assumed AA stacking. This work provides the first single-crystal evidence of non-AA stacking in [4+4] COFs and establishes a correlation between linkage conformation and layer geometry. The topology-derived method offers a generalizable route to binodal COFs with predefined connectivity, facilitating the fabrication of high-quality single crystals and enabling reticular chemistry to shift from simulated models to real structures.

### 190. [Advancing Functional Vascular Reconstruction through 3D Printing Strategies](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/advancing-functional-vascular-reconstruction-through-3d-printing-strategies) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4251-2]
The human vascular system, characterized by multi-scale topological complexity, serves as the fundamental infrastructure for nutrient transport, hemodynamic regulation, and immune surveillance. Replicating this system is critical for injury repair, disease modeling, and organ-on-a-chip development, yet a key gap persists between structural mimicry and full functional reproduction. This review evaluates how emerging 3D printing strategies are advancing beyond geometric imitation toward integrated physiological functions, thereby helping to bridge this divide. Over the past decade, 3D printing has advanced significantly in functional vascular reconstruction via precise molding and cell-material integration. This review summarizes the latest progress, including material design, molding methods, and structural optimization, focusing on 3D printing breakthroughs in three core scenarios: high-fidelity in vitro vascular models, in vivo tissue functional replacement, and vascularized organ-on-a-chip systems. Furthermore, this review delves into the existing challenges and future prospects of these application directions. Keywords: vascular reconstruction, 3D printing, bionic vessels, hydrogel.

### 191. [Engineering High-Efficiency Anthracene-Based Deep-Blue Emitters via Spirofluorene Bridge-Mediated Electronic Structure Modulation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/engineering-high-efficiency-anthracene-based-deep-blue-emitters-via-spirofluorene-bridge-mediated-electronic-s) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4197-4]
Deep-blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) remain the most challenging primary-color emitters due to stringent exciton energy requirements. We strategically designed two innovative deep-blue emitters, SCZ-4AnCN and STPA-4AnCN, via systematic functionalization of an anthracene core with arylamino-decorated spirofluorene donors and cyano-substituted phenyl acceptors. Comprehensive theoretical and experimental analyses demonstrate that these spirofluorene-anthracene hybrids adopt precisely engineered distorted configurations, effectively suppressing detrimental intermolecular π–π stacking in condensed phases. The sp3-hybridized bridgehead carbons in spirofluorene units play a pivotal role by simultaneously restricting π-conjugation extension and fine-tuning donor–acceptor interactions, thereby stabilizing the lowest excited singlet (S1) state with dominant local excitation (LE) character. This molecular engineering yields exceptional deep-blue emission with remarkable efficiency. Notably, the materials exhibit unique high-lying reverse intersystem crossing (hRISC) behavior, enabling efficient triplet harvesting. Optimized doped devices incorporating SCZ-4AnCN achieve outstanding performance, including a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE_max) exceeding 10% and CIE coordinates (0.154, 0.052) approaching the BT.2020 blue standard. Nondoped devices maintain impressive performance with an EQE_max of 7.51% and superior operational stability, demonstrating less than 10% efficiency roll-off at 1000 cd m−2. This work validates anthracene-based molecular architectures for deep-blue electroluminescence and establishes a transformative design paradigm for next-generation OLED emitters.

### 192. [Overcoming the aesthetic limits of radiative cooling via single-step self-stratification](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/overcoming-the-aesthetic-limits-of-radiative-cooling-via-single-step-self-stratification) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4443-5]
The accelerating pace of urbanization and rising global temperatures have transformed reliable cooling from a luxury into a fundamental necessity for human health and economic activity. With urban populations projected to reach 66% of the global total by 2050, the energy demand for air conditioning is expected to increase by 750%. Conventional vapor-compression cooling is highly energy-intensive, accounting for approximately 17% of global electricity consumption while contributing to carbon emissions, refrigerant-related environmental concerns, and urban heat accumulation. Passive radiative cooling has emerged as a promising alternative because it dissipates heat to outer space through the atmospheric window (8–13 μm) without electricity or moving parts, offering an energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable cooling strategy. Despite its promise, effective daytime radiative cooling requires maximizing solar reflectance to minimize heat gain from solar absorption. Consequently, most radiative cooling materials appear white or silver. In recent years, researchers have proposed several strategies to overcome this aesthetic limitation. The most straightforward approach is to incorporate dyes or fluorescent pigments. Both mechanisms inevitably rely on optical absorption, resulting in parasitic heat generation that compromises cooling performance. In contrast, structural colors arise from wavelength-selective light interference or scattering by micro- or nanostructures with feature sizes comparable to the wavelength of visible light, enabling vivid coloration with minimal intrinsic absorption. Representative mechanisms include thin-film interference, diffraction gratings, and photonic crystals. Nevertheless, existing structurally colored radiative cooling materials usually require multi-step fabrication processes and specialized instruments, making large-scale production costly and time-consuming. Recently, Liu et al. reported a bilayer, colored ethyl cellulose (BCEC) coating produced in a single casting step, which significantly simplifies the fabrication process and presents a viable strategy for the practical deployment of this technology. The fabrication of BCEC involves the drying of an ethyl cellulose (EC)/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution in a water vapor environment. This induces non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS), driven by interactions between solute and solvent molecules. The bilayer structure forms spontaneously in a single step during the drying process: a relatively dense top surface is generated first as the DMF evaporates, after which water vapor diffuses slowly across this skin layer, initiating the NIPS process and producing the porous bottom layer. The dense top layer has a thickness of several hundred nanometers—an ideal scale for generating colors through thin-film interference. More importantly, this thickness can be conveniently and precisely tuned by adjusting the concentration of the precursor solution, making it possible to create various structural colors, including blue, yellow, red, pink, and green. In addition to thickness-dependent color tuning, the BCEC coating also exhibits angle-dependent coloration (iridescence), an intrinsic characteristic of thin-film interference, whereby the reflected peak wavelength shifts with the viewing or illumination angle. The highly porous bottom layer is responsible for the high solar reflectance, resulting from the strong scattering of light by the abundant micro- and nano-pores. The solar reflectance varies slightly with the thickness of the BCEC film; the thickest film (BCEC-5, green film) exhibits the highest solar reflectance of 0.97. Simultaneously, the intrinsic absorption derived from molecular bond vibrations, especially the C–O bond, contributes to the high the

### 193. [Bioelectric Responsive Nanozymes for Catalytic Control of Lipid Peroxyl Radicals](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bioelectric-responsive-nanozymes-for-catalytic-control-of-lipid-peroxyl-radicals) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4213-x]
Lipid peroxyl radicals (ROO·) are terminal propagating species in lipid peroxidation, driving oxidative damage in neurological disorders. Their prolonged lifetime and rapid diffusion within lipid membranes render them difficult to neutralize. Here, we report a bioelectric-responsive TEMPO-doped polydopamine (PDA@TEMPO) nanozyme that sustains catalytic interception of ROO· radicals under persistent oxidative stress. By coupling a PDA redox reservoir with TEMPO catalytic centers, the nanozyme establishes a self-regenerating radical-neutralization cycle via proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). The π-conjugated framework facilitates charge migration and enables an electric-field-enhanced antioxidant response. In a seizure model, the nanozyme dynamically responds to bioelectric fluctuations, accelerating radical interception and alleviating oxidative stress in neural microenvironments. These findings establish bioelectric-coupled nanozymes as a general strategy for catalytic and sustained regulation of oxidative stress in neural microenvironments, providing a potential therapeutic approach for neurological disorders.

### 194. [Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications of High-Entropy Borides](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synthesis-structure-properties-and-applications-of-high-entropy-borides) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4199-8]
High-entropy borides (HEBs) represent an emerging class of high-entropy materials that have garnered significant attention as ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs). By leveraging the high configuration entropy effect, HEBs stabilize single-phase solid solutions, exhibiting a suite of properties unattainable in traditional binary borides. This review systematically consolidates research progress on HEBs, beginning with theoretical predictions and component design via first-principles methods. It then details typical HEB systems and principal synthesis techniques, including arc melting and spark plasma sintering. The core analysis evaluates the outstanding performance of HEBs, emphasizing exceptional mechanical properties such as ultra-high hardness and excellent fracture toughness, alongside high-temperature friction and wear behavior, and oxidation resistance. Finally, the review outlines application prospects in extreme environments like aerospace and cutting tools, while also addressing current challenges. The paper underscores the potential of HEBs to overcome the hardness-toughness trade-off inherent in conventional ceramics, driven by strong metal-boron hybridization. This comprehensive overview positions HEBs as promising candidates for next-generation thermal and mechanical protection systems, with future research directions focusing on optimizing compositions and processing to tailor properties for specific applications.

### 195. [Transformative Breakthrough in Strength-Conductivity-Thermal Stability of Copper Foils Enabled by Gradient Super-Nano Domains](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/transformative-breakthrough-in-strength-conductivity-thermal-stability-of-copper-foils-enabled-by-gradient-sup) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4423-y]
Copper-based conductor materials, particularly copper foils, are indispensable for integrated circuit substrates and lithium battery current collectors. The progressive miniaturization of electronic devices demands foils thinner than 10 μm, yet achieving simultaneous ultra-high strength, high ductility, high electrical conductivity, and thermal stability remains a principal bottleneck. Rolled copper foils offer strengths of 200–500 MPa and conductivities of 97–100% IACS, but face production stability limits at reduced thicknesses. Electrolytic copper foils achieve strengths of 600–700 MPa via nanocrystalline refinement but suffer from poor thermal stability and room-temperature self-annealing. Only specialized alloys like Cu-Cr-Zr and Cu-Ag reach the 'double-70' benchmark (strength >700 MPa, conductivity >70% IACS). This highlight reports a transformative advance by Lu's research group, achieving 'double-90' properties (tensile strength >900 MPa, electrical conductivity >90% IACS) in pure copper foils through a gradient super-nano domain (GSD) structure. The GSD architecture, fabricated via electrodeposition under industrial conditions, comprises periodically distributed domains with semi-coherent interfaces and solute atoms (C, O, Cl) that minimize electron scattering. This innovation overcomes the traditional strength-conductivity trade-off, offering a scalable route to high-performance copper foils for advanced chip interconnects, flexible electronics, and ultrathin battery current collectors.

### 196. [High-Entropy Noble-Metal-Based Nanostructures with Advanced Regulations for Electrocatalysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/high-entropy-noble-metal-based-nanostructures-with-advanced-regulations-for-electrocatalysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4258-0]
High-entropy noble-metal-based catalysts (HENCs) have emerged as a frontier in electrocatalysis, leveraging the synergistic effects of high-entropy alloys and noble metals to achieve exceptional atomic utilization, tunable electronic structures, and vast compositional space. Their anisotropic architectures confer superior dissolution resistance, rapid electron/mass transfer, and abundant active sites. This review systematically categorizes advanced structural regulations—grain boundary engineering, single-atom alloys, intermetallic compounds, amorphous structures, and core@shell configurations—and evaluates their impact on electrocatalytic performance. By modulating surface electronic states and lattice strain, these strategies optimize reaction kinetics and durability. Notable applications include oxygen reduction (ORR), oxygen evolution (OER), hydrogen evolution (HER), and CO2 reduction (CO2RR). Despite progress, challenges persist in scalable synthesis, mechanistic understanding, and long-term stability. This review underscores the potential of HENCs to bridge laboratory innovation and industrial deployment, providing a roadmap for future catalyst design.

### 197. [Incorporating Triphenylamine Chromophores into Covalent Triazine Frameworks for Effective Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidations](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/incorporating-triphenylamine-chromophores-into-covalent-triazine-frameworks-for-effective-photocatalytic-aerob) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4217-y]
Rational design and construction of effective photocatalysts is a promising way for green and sustainable chemistry, but still a great challenge. Herein, taking triphenylamine-containing aldehydes as reactants, two covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs), tris(4-formylphenyl)amine (TPA)-CTF and tris(4-formylbiphenyl)amine (TBPA)-CTF, were rationally constructed. The strong electron donor property of the triphenylamine moieties derived from the initial reactants and the strong electron acceptor nature of the in-situ formed built-in triazine rings in CTFs endowed these robust triphenylamine-based CTFs with donor-acceptor (D-A) or donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) structure features. Photocatalytic experiments revealed that, compared with the controlled phenyl analogue CTF, 1,3,5-tri(p-formylphenyl)benzene (TFPB)-CTF, both of the triphenylamine-based CTFs exhibited superior photocatalytic activity not only in photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide generation, but also in photocatalytic aerobic oxidations of diverse organic substrates. Theoretical studies further confirmed that their enhanced photocatalytic performance should be attributed to their unique D-A or D-π-A features in the constructed triphenylamine-based CTFs. This work successfully demonstrated that rational selection of reactants containing electron donor moieties to construct CTFs should be a reliable way for the construction of effective photocatalysts for photocatalytic oxidation reactions.

### 198. [An Ionic Hydrogel-Based 3D Force Sensor for Multidimensional Password Input and Enhanced Security](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/an-ionic-hydrogel-based-3d-force-sensor-for-multidimensional-password-input-and-enhanced-security) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4110-9]
Flexible tactile sensors are pivotal for human-machine interaction, yet accurate decoupled sensing of three-dimensional (3D) forces and integration into functional systems remain challenging. Here, we present a piezoresistive 3D force sensor based on ionic hydrogels that detects and analyzes multi-directional forces. The sensor exhibits a linear response to normal forces from 1 to 25 N (R²=0.99) and maintains stable sensitivity for shear forces within 0–4 N. By incorporating both force magnitude and direction, the sensor enables multidimensional password input, expanding traditional one-dimensional passwords into numeric, alphabetic, and Morse code formats. Experimental results demonstrate significant potential for enhancing information security. The sensor's simple structure, mature fabrication, and ease of integration with flexible electronics underscore its practicality. This work addresses the bottleneck of unidirectional sensing in conventional flexible pressure sensors, offering a robust solution for multidimensional force acquisition in human-machine interfaces, soft robotics, and biomechanical monitoring.

### 199. [Electrospun MOFs-Based Nanofibrous Membranes for Water and Air Purification: A Review](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electrospun-mofs-based-nanofibrous-membranes-for-water-and-air-purification-a-review) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3844-9]
Global water scarcity and atmospheric pollution necessitate advanced remediation materials. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer high specific surface areas (up to 7000 m2 g−1), tunable pore sizes (0.3–4.0 nm), and abundant active sites, yet their application is hindered by agglomeration, poor recoverability, and structural fragility. Electrospinning embeds MOFs into polymeric nanofibers, yielding freestanding membranes with three-dimensionally interconnected porous networks that enhance dispersion, operational stability, and handling. This review systematically examines design strategies, mechanistic insights, and performance of electrospun MOF-based nanofibrous membranes for water purification (pharmaceutical residues, heavy metal ions, synthetic dyes, emulsified oils) and air purification (ultrafine particulate matter, volatile organic compounds), benchmarking against conventional counterparts. Recent progress in multifunctional synergistic systems, stimuli-responsive membranes, and enhanced environmental resistance is highlighted. Persistent challenges and future research directions are discussed to guide rational design of advanced MOF-integrated membrane technologies.

### 200. [Towards Chlorine-Tolerant Seawater Electrolysis: Anode Electrocatalysts, Electrolyte, and System Design Strategies](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/towards-chlorine-tolerant-seawater-electrolysis-anode-electrocatalysts-electrolyte-and-system-design-strategie) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3865-1]
Seawater electrolysis (SWE) is a reusable and convenient avenue for producing hydrogen, offering a promising solution to the energy crisis and global warming. However, poor electrolytic efficiency and irreversible corrosion caused by high concentrations of chlorine severely hinder the commercialization of SWE. To address these challenges, numerous strategies have been proposed in recent years, involving theoretical innovations, directional catalyst design, and electrolyser modification. This review provides a systematic summary of the chlorine-related challenges and solutions encountered in SWE. The chlorine-related theoretical knowledge and challenges in SWE systems are first emphasized. Subsequently, multiple anodic chloride suppression strategies are introduced from three aspects: directional regulation of oxygen evolution catalysts, optimization of electrolyte compositions, and ingenious upgrades of electrolytic cells. Finally, future challenges and development directions for large-scale application of SWE technology are explored. This review offers an in-depth analysis of the chlorine-related challenges encountered in the industrialization of SWE, aiming to accelerate the advancement of this technology toward practical applications.

### 201. [ElHyX: A Strain-Insensitive Elastomer-Hydrogel Biphasic Platform for Multimodal Implantable Bioelectronics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/elhyx-a-strain-insensitive-elastomer-hydrogel-biphasic-platform-for-multimodal-implantable-bioelectronics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4397-4]
The development of implantable bioelectronics faces critical trade-offs between mechanical compliance, electrical stability, and tissue adhesion. Here, we introduce ElHyX, a fully printable integrated system that combines ultrahigh stretchability, durable wet-tissue adhesion, strain-insensitive conductivity, and multimodal sensing-therapy feedback. The molecular covalent bonding design fundamentally eliminates the mechanical and electrical trade-offs of traditional soft conductive materials. Ex-vivo organ tests and long-term rodent implantation experiments verify stable working performance, favorable biocompatibility, and unique autonomous intervention capability. Specifically, the elastomer-hydrogel biphasic architecture achieves strain-insensitive conductivity with relative resistance changes below 5% over 1,000 cycles at 200% strain. The hydrogel component exhibits enhanced adhesion on porcine skin due to ionic crosslinks, maintaining performance after swelling. The integrated device enables closed-loop blood glucose management in diabetic rats, sensing glucose and heart rate to trigger vagus nerve stimulation for insulin modulation. Although unresolved problems exist in long-term in-vivo stability, wireless integration, and biodegradability, ElHyX provides a universal modular manufacturing framework for next-generation implantable bioelectronics. Further targeted optimization of material formulation, packaging technology, and closed-loop algorithms will accelerate industrialization and clinical translation of minimally invasive intelligent diagnostic and therapeutic implants.

### 202. [Orchestrated Multi-Physics Field-Engineering Toward Valorized C2+ Chemicals from CO2/CH4](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/orchestrated-multi-physics-field-engineering-toward-valorized-c2-chemicals-from-co2ch4) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3775-3]
The urgent imperative for carbon-neutral chemical production has accelerated the development of solar-driven catalytic technologies that convert abundant C1 feedstocks (CO2 and CH4) into value-added C2+ molecules. Standalone photocatalysis remains constrained by rapid charge-carrier recombination and poor C–C coupling selectivity. This review critically examines multi-field-coupled catalysis—a transformative paradigm synergistically integrating solar energy with auxiliary thermal, electric, and magnetic fields. Through mechanistic dissection of photothermal, photoelectrochemical, and photomagnetic field cooperativities, it is summarized that thermal gradients attenuate phonon scattering to enhance charge-carrier drift mobility while vibrationally stabilizing reactive intermediates, electric potentials drive vectorial charge transport via Coulomb-force-directed separation and band alignment, and magnetic fields modulate spin-selective electron transfer through Zeeman splitting-mediated polarization to boost reaction specificity. This synergistic multi-field integration circumvents intrinsic limitations of single-mode photocatalysis by collectively reconfiguring reaction coordinates for selective C–C coupling. We further address persistent challenges in resolving ultrafast interfacial charge-transfer dynamics, scaling integrated field reactors for industrial deployment, and advancing in situ operando characterization of multiscale processes. Strategic research priorities are proposed to advance sustainable multi-field-coupled catalytic production of fuels and platform chemicals.

### 203. [Cl−-Driven Pathway Switching Enables Efficient Industrial-Current Seawater Oxidation on Dual-Atom Catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cl-driven-pathway-switching-enables-efficient-industrial-current-seawater-oxidation-on-dual-atom-catalysts) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4153-2]
Direct seawater electrolysis offers a promising route to green hydrogen production, circumventing freshwater scarcity. However, the presence of chloride ions (Cl−) poses severe challenges, including competing chlorine evolution reaction (CER) and corrosion of anode catalysts. Here, we report a dual-atom catalyst design, RuCr-Ni3P, where Ru atoms with strong chloride affinity and Cr atoms as Lewis acid centers are co-doped into a nickel phosphide matrix. This catalyst exhibits outstanding oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity and selectivity in alkaline seawater, achieving stable operation for over 4000 hours at industrially relevant current densities. Mechanistic studies reveal that Cl− ions are selectively captured by Ru sites, forming a dynamic Ru–Cl coordination motif that electronically modulates adjacent Ni centers, promoting the formation of high-valent Ni>3+ species. This switches the OER pathway from the lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM) to the more efficient adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM). Concurrently, Cr sites facilitate the formation of Cr–OH species, creating a localized alkaline microenvironment that further enhances OER kinetics. This dual-site synergistic mechanism transforms Cl− from a detrimental impurity into a beneficial chemical switch, concurrently enhancing both activity and stability. Our findings provide a paradigm shift in seawater electrolysis catalyst design, turning a longstanding challenge into an opportunity for efficient and durable hydrogen production.

### 204. [Metal-organic frameworks as functional materials for biomedicine](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/metal-organic-frameworks-as-functional-materials-for-biomedicine) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3703-8]
Metal-organic frameworks as functional materials for biomedicine

### 205. [Macro-to-nano: multi-scale functionalized biomaterials for cancer magnetic hyperthermia therapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/macro-to-nano-multi-scale-functionalized-biomaterials-for-cancer-magnetic-hyperthermia-therapy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3690-y]
Macro-to-nano: multi-scale functionalized biomaterials for cancer magnetic hyperthermia therapy

### 206. [Multifunctional Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticle-Enabled Fiber Probe with Decoupled Modules for Tumor Therapy and Real-Time Temperature Sensing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multifunctional-lanthanide-doped-nanoparticle-enabled-fiber-probe-with-decoupled-modules-for-tumor-therapy-and) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3536-5]
Nanomaterial-based optical biomedicine and devices have attracted significant attention for tumor diagnosis and treatment, yet their application in tumor ablation is often hindered by limited functional integration and concerns over excessive radiation exposure. In this study, we address these challenges by developing a multifunctional fiber probe based on lanthanide-doped nanoparticles, featuring decoupled modules for localized heating and optical thermometry. This design enables synergistic therapy under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Beyond achieving precise photothermal ablation and real-time temperature monitoring, we uncovered a unique phenomenon: the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by these nanoparticles under NIR laser excitation, even in the absence of traditional photosensitizers. Through a combination of experimental and computational approaches, we elucidated the physical mechanisms underlying ROS generation in wide-bandgap lanthanide nanoparticles. Leveraging these insights, we constructed an all-optical fiber system capable of simultaneous precise thermal control and photodynamic therapy. Our findings offer valuable guidance for the development of advanced optical nanomaterials and devices for effective tumor treatment, both in vivo and in vitro.

### 207. [Strategic Inner/Outer Side-Chain Tuning for High-Efficiency Green-Solvent-Processed Organic Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/strategic-innerouter-side-chain-tuning-for-high-efficiency-green-solvent-processed-organic-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3828-y]
The rapid development of halogen-free solvent-processed organic solar cells (OSCs) has been enabled by side-chain modification on small molecular acceptors, yet the structure-property relationship between inner/outer chain lengths and device performance remains unclear. This study systematically investigates five non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) with varied side-chain positions and architectures, clarifying the effects of inner versus outer modifications on energy level distribution, film morphology, and carrier dynamics. Notably, longer alkyl chains are not always superior; excessive solubility reduces molecular packing order. The optimized PM6:BTP-TO12 blend achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.2%. Furthermore, ternary OSCs incorporating BTP-TO12 as a guest material reach a remarkable PCE of 19.5%, enhancing the performance of L8-BO-based devices processed with green solvents. This improvement is attributed to the low energy loss and well-controlled aggregation behavior of BTP-TO12 in environmentally friendly toluene. These findings establish a design guideline for side-chain engineering in green-solvent-processed OSCs, achieving state-of-the-art performance and advancing scalable, eco-compatible photovoltaic technologies.

### 208. [Achieving High-Performance Near-Infrared Cr3+-Activated Phosphor via A&C Lattice Sites Cosubstitution Strategy in Garnet for Plant Lighting](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/achieving-high-performance-near-infrared-cr3-activated-phosphor-via-ac-lattice-sites-cosubstitution-strategy-i) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3691-9]
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has significantly advanced NIR light sources, yet creating NIR emitters with optimal luminescence properties, high thermal stability, and adjustable emission peaks remains a critical challenge for future smart NIR devices. Here, we introduce a chemical unit cosubstitution strategy by incorporating Ca2+ and Sn4+ ions into the garnet structure. Through this approach, Y3−yCayGa4.95−ySnyO12:0.05Cr3+ (y = 0–1) phosphors were developed by modulating the A&C ligands, resulting in emission centers ranging from 708 to 768 nm. The modified local environment of Cr3+ accounts for the increased light intensity (2.71 times) and broadening observed. Furthermore, this study investigated the impact of varying Cr3+ concentrations (Y2.6Ca0.4Ga4.6−xSn0.4O12:xCr3+) on the production of high-performance phosphors. Compared with Y3Ga4.93O12:0.07Cr3+, the optimized phosphor exhibited exceptional external quantum efficiency (EQE = 34.96%). The luminescence enhancement is attributed to an increase in radiative transitions caused by octahedral Jahn-Teller distortion, whereas the notable thermal stability (91.3% at 423 K) is attributed to the presence of weak electron-phonon coupling (EPC) and oxygen vacancy (OV) defects. Finally, by combining it with a 450 nm blue LED chip, we constructed a near-infrared phosphor-converted LED (NIR pc-LED) device with superior electroluminescence efficiency (18.8% @ 100 mA), increasing the ultralow quenching rate (< 5% intensity loss after 30 days of operation) and demonstrating remarkable performance in plant lighting applications.

### 209. [Dual-functional light adaptation in perovskite quantum dot synaptic devices for smart blue-light protection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dual-functional-light-adaptation-in-perovskite-quantum-dot-synaptic-devices-for-smart-blue-light-protection) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3582-9]
Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) hold great potential for brain-like neuromorphic computing. However, the development of PQDs-based synaptic devices is hindered by interfacial defects and limited stability. Here, we demonstrate a high-performance Cs2AgBiBr6 QDs/organic single crystal heterojunction synaptic device, fabricated via a novel space-confined vertical growth technique combined with a polymer-free transfer process. Vertically grown organic single crystals enable superior carrier mobility and facilitate the formation of low-defect interfaces with PQDs. The heterojunction exhibits remarkable photosensitivity (7.22 × 10^5 at 425 nm) and detectivity (2.15 × 10^15 Jones), owing to the strong optical absorption of PQDs coupled with the superior charge transport characteristics of organic single crystals. Notably, the device achieves dual-functional light adaptation, emulating synaptic behaviour under blue light while exhibiting photo-switching under green/red light. This unique capability enables smart blue-light hazard protection. This work not only provides a versatile platform for high-performance PQDs-based synaptic devices but also advances the development of brain-inspired neuromorphic systems for next-generation computing and intelligent sensing.

### 210. [Enhanced built-in electric field by asymmetric Mo-doped BiVO4 for photoelectrocatalytic detoxification of ofloxacin in hyposaline wastewater](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/enhanced-built-in-electric-field-by-asymmetric-mo-doped-bivo4-for-photoelectrocatalytic-detoxification-of-oflo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3709-4]
Photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) detoxification of ofloxacin in hyposaline wastewater is hindered by weak built-in electric fields (IEF) and rapid charge recombination. Here, we report a crystal dipole engineering strategy using high-valence Mo-doped BiVO4 to enhance IEF and PEC activity. Mo incorporation breaks lattice symmetry, increasing the crystal dipole moment and amplifying IEF to 2.05 times that of pristine BiVO4. This promotes directional carrier migration, improving electron-hole separation efficiency. The optimized 4% Mo-BiVO4 photoanode achieves 96.5% ofloxacin degradation within 60 minutes and maintains 91.9% degradation efficiency in natural lake water containing saline and organic interferents, demonstrating exceptional anti-interference capability. This work provides a strategy for boosting photocatalytic performance through unit-cell dipole engineering, aiming to enhance sustainability in wastewater treatment.

### 211. [Surface Modification of Metal Nanostructures Toward Electrically Pumped Perovskite Microlasers](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/surface-modification-of-metal-nanostructures-toward-electrically-pumped-perovskite-microlasers) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3629-3]
Electrically pumped lasers with reduced physical dimensions are critical for future optical information processing, storage, and photonic integrated circuits. However, electrical injection in perovskite lasers faces challenges including material instability, non-radiative losses, and Joule heating. Here, we demonstrate an ultralow-threshold perovskite microlaser decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), enabling simultaneous optical pumping and current injection at ambient temperature. The lasing threshold is reduced to 8.6 μJ/cm², approximately 44% lower than that of pristine devices (15.3 μJ/cm²). The AuNPs, with optimized size, enhance both lasing performance and electrical properties, achieving a current injection density of 2.98 kA/cm². AuNPs accelerate hot-carrier cooling, reducing non-radiative recombination and mitigating Joule heating. The threshold decreases progressively with increasing electrical assist fraction. Stability tests confirm excellent resistance to aging and humidity, with stable lasing output under co-excitation in ambient air. This work underscores the feasibility of electrically driven perovskite microlasers, offering a pathway toward electrically pumped microlaser diodes.

### 212. [Enhanced electron delocalization in potassium poly(heptazine imide) triggered by indium sites and nitrogen defects promotes highly efficient H2O2 photosynthesis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/enhanced-electron-delocalization-in-potassium-polyheptazine-imide-triggered-by-indium-sites-and-nitrogen-defec) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3608-8]
Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) is a promising photocatalyst for H2O2 production due to its visible-light response, low cost, and high selectivity for the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, its H2O2 yield is limited by narrow light absorption, low charge separation efficiency, and insufficient active sites. Here, crystalline poly(heptazine imide) (PHI)-based carbon nitride with highly dispersed In sites and N defects was prepared via an ionothermal method using LiCl/KCl molten salts. The large π-conjugated system and N defects enhance visible-light harvesting. Remaining K+ ions in nitrogen cavities act as interlayer electron channels, while N defects induce asymmetric charge distribution on the heptazine network, promoting interlayer and in-plane charge separation and transfer. In sites accelerate charge transfer dynamics and serve as active sites for ORR. The synergistic effect of metal modification and defect engineering boosts electron delocalization, significantly improving photocatalytic activity. The H2O2 production rate of 10InPHI reaches 15.3 mmol g−1 h−1 via a two-step single-electron ORR pathway, underscoring the potential of modified carbon nitride for efficient H2O2 photosynthesis.

### 213. [Synergistic Sulfur Vacancy and Polydopamine Engineering in S v-CdS@PDA Z-scheme Heterojunctions for Photocatalytic H2O2 Production with Robust Anticorrosion](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-sulfur-vacancy-and-polydopamine-engineering-in-s-v-cdspda-z-scheme-heterojunctions-for-photocataly) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3579-8]
Metal sulfides such as CdS are promising for solar-driven H2O2 production but suffer from rapid charge recombination and severe photocorrosion. This study introduces a dual-functional strategy synergizing sulfur vacancy (Sv) engineering and polydopamine (PDA) coating to overcome these limitations. Sv-CdS nanorods were hydrothermally synthesized with tunable vacancy concentrations, followed by in-situ PDA deposition to construct a direct Z-scheme heterojunction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the introduction of S vacancies reduces the work function of CdS, facilitating energy level alignment with PDA and enabling efficient electron transfer from CdS to PDA. By tuning the concentration of S vacancies, the charge transfer efficiency can be maximized. As a result, the photocatalytic H2O2 production rate reaches 2539.5 μmol g−1 h−1 under visible light, and further increases to 4395.5 μmol g−1 h−1 after PDA encapsulation—15.6 times higher than that of pristine CdS. Concurrently, PDA enhances O2 adsorption and protects Sv-CdS from photocorrosion. Sv-CdS@PDA exhibited superior photostability compared to Sv-CdS after three consecutive photocatalytic cycles. Mechanistic studies suggest that the Z-scheme heterojunction effectively separates electron-hole pairs: electrons in the conduction band of CdS reduce O2 to ·O2−, which is subsequently converted to H2O2, while holes in the valence band of Sv-CdS oxidize water to replenish O2. This work provides fundamental insights into engineering charge transfer and stability in sulfide-based photocatalysts.

### 214. [Modulating Donor-Acceptor Interactions in Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Efficient Hydrogen Peroxide Photosynthesis and Emerging Contaminants Removal](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/modulating-donor-acceptor-interactions-in-polymeric-carbon-nitride-for-efficient-hydrogen-peroxide-photosynthe) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3803-8]
The molecular copolymerization of donor-acceptor (D-A) interactions has been effectively utilized to modulate the charge transfer dynamics in polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) photocatalysts. Herein, a D-A configured photocatalyst (TPCN) was constructed by copolymerizing 4,4’,4’’-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl) trianiline (TAPT) as the electron donor with triazine units (electron acceptor). The unique propeller structure of TAPT, combined with the triazine framework, expanded the π-conjugated system and induced a strong built-in electric field (BIEF) across the D-A configuration. Theoretical calculations and transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that this synergistic effect facilitated intramolecular charge separation and widened the range of light absorption, indicating accelerated charge transfer and suppressed recombination in TPCN. The optimized TPCN3 sample exhibited dramatically enhanced photocatalytic H2O2 production (1.74 mmol g−1 h−1), representing a 13.4-fold increase over pristine PCN. Additionally, the TPCN3 sample also exhibited significantly faster degradation kinetics than PCN counterpart toward various emerging contaminants. This work demonstrates a promising strategy for designing efficient metal-free photocatalysts for sustainable H2O2 production and environmental remediation.

### 215. [Janus-interface engineering enhances hydrogel integrated with ZIF-8@Co9S8 composite featuring concave pyramid patterns for efficient solar-driven water purification](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/janus-interface-engineering-enhances-hydrogel-integrated-with-zif-8co9s8-composite-featuring-concave-pyramid-p) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3583-6]
Water scarcity and the increasing demand for clean water have driven the development of efficient solar desalination technologies. Interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) is promising, yet its practical deployment is hindered by insufficient light harvesting and salt crystallization on photothermal surfaces. Here, we report a Janus hydrogel evaporator in which tubular Co9S8 nanocrystals are uniformly embedded in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix with a concave pyramid pattern, creating a broadband light-trapping architecture (200–2500 nm) with 96% solar absorption. The top surface is further coated with hydrophobic zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), while the bottom retains intrinsic hydrogel hydrophilicity, establishing asymmetric wettability that sustains rapid water supply yet suppresses salt deposition. Under one-sun illumination (1 kW m−2), the Janus evaporator achieves an evaporation rate of 2.69 kg m−2 h−1 and a solar-to-vapor efficiency of 98.15%. Continuous operation in 3.5 wt% brine shows stable performance for 11 h without observable salt crystallization. This work offers an effective, durable pathway toward high-performance solar desalination and wastewater purification.

### 216. [Accelerated oxygen activation over uranyl decorated covalent organic framework for universally promoted H2O2 photosynthesis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/accelerated-oxygen-activation-over-uranyl-decorated-covalent-organic-framework-for-universally-promoted-h2o2-p) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3700-7]
Photocatalytic synthesis has been considered a promising technology for solar-to-chemicals conversion. Here, a series of novel photocatalysts was synthesized by decorating uranyl sites on imine-based covalent organic frameworks (i-COF) and proved functioning for the uniformly boosted H2O2 production by 1.6–10.1 folds compared with the bare i-COFs in a wide pH range from 2 to 11. Typically, an optimal H2O2 production rate of 1435.9 μmol g−1 h−1, i.e., 28.72 mmol g(U)−1 h−1, was realized over uranyl decorated TTa-COFs under visible light. Systematic investigations reveal that the universally and remarkably promoted performance is attributed to the outstanding electron-transfer ability, accelerated activation of molecular oxygen and favored formation of ·O2− and *OOH as the key intermediate by virtue of the decorated uranyl ions; thus the two-step single-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for H2O2 photo-generation is significantly facilitated. This work paves a new way for the uranyl-decorated COFs as a novel photocatalyst and provides in-depth insight to the reaction mechanism for photocatalytic H2O2 production.

### 217. [Facile Construction of Self-Supported Ru-Ni(OH)2 with Built-In Interfacial Electric Field for Accelerating Hydrogen Evolution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/facile-construction-of-self-supported-ru-nioh2-with-built-in-interfacial-electric-field-for-accelerating-hydro) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3564-9]
Sluggish water dissociation kinetics in the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) hamper its practical production. Here, a heterojunction electrocatalyst featuring Ru-Ni(OH)2 interfaces on nickel foam (NF) with self-engineered built-in electric fields (BIEF) was synthesized via a simple in situ galvanic replacement reaction. The hierarchical Ru-Ni(OH)2/NF exhibits a record overpotential of 9.6 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for alkaline HER, surpassing most reported catalysts and commercial Pt/C. It also shows exceptional activity for hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) at 100 mA cm−2 with a remarkably low potential of ca. 0.015 V vs. RHE. The assembled overall hydrazine splitting (OHzS) system integrating HER and HzOR requires a cell voltage of about 0.09 V to reach 50 mA cm−2, which is 1.637 V lower than the corresponding overall water splitting (OWS) device. Systematic analysis and calculation reveal that the BIEF induces redistribution of interfacial electrons for Ru, facilitating H2O dissociation and intermediate conversion, delivering ultra-high electrocatalytic performance. This work provides an avenue for design and preparation of electric field-mediated catalysts towards sustainable energy conversion.

### 218. [Enhanced hydrogen spillover effect in low-temperature ammonia decomposition via N-coordination and O-vacancy-activated Co/La_xCe_{1-x}AlO_{3-y}N_z catalyst](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/enhanced-hydrogen-spillover-effect-in-low-temperature-ammonia-decomposition-via-n-coordination-and-o-vacancy-a) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3831-0]
Ammonia decomposition is a key process for generating COx-free hydrogen, yet conventional cobalt catalysts require high temperatures (>550 °C) to overcome the strong Co–N binding that limits N2 desorption. Here we report a novel Co catalyst supported on a Ce and N co-modified perovskite (Co@La_xCe_{1-x}AlO_{3-y}N_z) that achieves 92.6% ammonia conversion with a hydrogen production rate of 9.7 mmol g−1 min−1 at 425 °C and GHSV = 9000 mL h−1 g_cat−1, representing a 125 °C reduction in operating temperature relative to conventional Co-based catalysts. Mechanistic studies using isotopic labeling and in-situ DRIFTS reveal that synergistic Ce and N modification creates a unique LA-L(A+B)-LB active site configuration, which lowers the Schottky barrier at the metal-support interface and promotes facile hydrogen spillover. The reaction proceeds via an interfacial Mars-van Krevelen mechanism, contrasting with the traditional Langmuir-Hinshelwood pathway on conventional Co catalysts. This work provides new insights for designing low-temperature Co-based ammonia decomposition catalysts.

### 219. [Pt-optimized AuAgCuPdPt high-entropy alloys for selective CO2 reduction and high-performance Zn-CO2 battery](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pt-optimized-auagcupdpt-high-entropy-alloys-for-selective-co2-reduction-and-high-performance-zn-co2-battery) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3596-2]
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have shown great promise in the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) due to their tunable composition and unique physical and chemical properties. However, the role of HEAs in CO2RR and the underlying reaction mechanism remain underexplored, particularly through in situ techniques. In this work, we investigate the mechanism of CO2 reduction on AuAgCuPdPt HEAs using in situ Raman spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to reveal key intermediates and reaction pathways. Our results demonstrate that within the potential window of −0.2 to −0.7 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), the AuAgCuPdPt HEAs efficiently reduce CO2 to CO, achieving a Faradaic efficiency (FE) for CO greater than 90%, with a peak FE of 96.5% at −0.3 V vs. RHE. The CO2− intermediate was observed at low potentials, revealing the reaction pathway in the CO2 reduction process. Additionally, in situ ATR-FTIR results suggest that the introduction of an appropriate amount of Pt metal not only promotes water dissociation to generate protonic hydrogen, but also facilitates the desorption of *CO intermediates. The kinetic isotope effect of hydrogen-deuterium (H-D) confirms that water dissociation acts as a key proton donor in CO2RR. Furthermore, the catalyst of AuAgCuPdPt HEAs was applied as cathodes in a Zn-CO2 battery, achieving 90.23% FE for CO and a power density of 3.474 mW cm−2. This study provides new insights into the mechanistic understanding of CO2 reduction and underscores the importance of in situ spectroscopic techniques for advancing the design of efficient electrocatalysts for CO2 conversion.

### 220. [Exciton Tuning and Charge Steering in Donor-Acceptor Covalent Triazine Frameworks toward Boosted Photocatalytic Oxidation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/exciton-tuning-and-charge-steering-in-donor-acceptor-covalent-triazine-frameworks-toward-boosted-photocatalyti) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3848-7]
Conventional heterogeneous photocatalysts often suffer from insufficient light absorption, rapid charge recombination, and a lack of specific reactive sites for efficient photocatalytic oxidation. To overcome these limitations, we propose a molecular polarization engineering approach utilizing structurally well-defined donor (D)-acceptor (A) covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs). The construction of dipole-induced built-in electric fields within the D-A-structured CTFs enables enhanced exciton dissociation and facilitates directional charge transfer. Specifically, the asymmetric A1-D-A2 moiety enhances molecular polarization in the dual-acceptor system CTF-TBT (A1-D-A2), enabling efficient charge separation through multiple electron-withdrawing units. This structural design promotes directional electron transfer toward the secondary acceptor (benzothiazole, A2), while simultaneously concentrating holes on the donor unit. Consequently, the A2 moiety acts as a site for efficient O2 activation via electron accumulation, whereas the highly oxidized donor unit provides strongly positive holes (h+) that facilitate substrate oxidation. Experimental and DFT calculation results confirm that CTF-TBT demonstrates highly enhanced photocatalytic oxidation performance, which can be attributed to its multi-channel charge separation mechanism and spatially separated redox-active sites. This study highlights the effectiveness of molecular dipole engineering in designing heterogeneous photocatalysts with controlled charge transfer pathways and improved redox capabilities. The proposed design principles provide a universal approach for promoting solar-driven chemical synthesis applications.

### 221. [Synergistic Bulk and Interface Engineering Empowering Exceptional Lithium Storage Performance of Ni-Rich Cathodes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-bulk-and-interface-engineering-empowering-exceptional-lithium-storage-performance-of-ni-rich-catho) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3841-6]
Ni-rich layered oxide cathodes are pivotal candidates for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high capacity and energy density. However, their susceptibility to structural deterioration and interfacial degradation during cycling causes substantial capacity fade, hindering commercialization. This work proposes a synergistic strategy of lattice doping and in situ surface coating to enhance structural integrity and interfacial stability of LiNi0.9Co0.05Mn0.05O2. La and Y dopants act as pillars to reinforce the layered structure, mitigating volume changes and expanding c-axis spacing to facilitate Li+ diffusion. Concurrently, La4NiLiO8 and LiYO2 coatings protect the cathode from H2O/CO2 corrosion and electrolyte attack, while their high lithium-ion conductivity promotes Li+ transport. The modified cathode delivers exceptional electrochemical metrics: high specific capacity of 207.3 mA h g−1, remarkable cycling stability with 97.6% retention after 100 cycles, superior rate capability of 152.1 mA h g−1 at 10.0 C, and enhanced thermal stability. This work establishes a paradigm for multi-dimensional stabilization of Ni-rich cathodes via synergistic bulk and interface engineering, providing insights for designing high-performance energy storage systems.

### 222. [Low-Temperature-Resilient Polymer Electrolytes for High-Performance Quasi-Solid Lithium Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/low-temperature-resilient-polymer-electrolytes-for-high-performance-quasi-solid-lithium-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3602-1]
Solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs) are promising next-generation energy storage systems due to their high safety and energy density. However, poor low-temperature performance of solid-state electrolytes remains a critical challenge. Here, we present a facile and scalable approach for synthesizing a low-temperature-resilient polymer electrolyte based on ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), leveraging its unique molecular structure for enhanced lithium-ion transport. The EVA polymer electrolyte (EPE) demonstrates a high ionic conductivity of 5.13×10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature and retains a remarkable conductivity of 2.72×10−5 S cm−1 at −40 °C. This superior performance is attributed to the synergistic interaction between the ester functional groups of EVA and lithium salts, which reduces the ion dissociation energy barrier and facilitates efficient ion migration. The EPE enables stable lithium plating/stripping cycling for over 3000 h at −40 °C and supports long-term cycling of LiFePO4-based full cells at −40 °C for over 900 cycles. This work highlights the potential of cost-effective, scalable EPEs for next-generation SSLBs, particularly in extreme environmental conditions.

### 223. [Robust photothermal coating of core-shell nanoparticles for zero-energy long-lasting antifogging](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/robust-photothermal-coating-of-core-shell-nanoparticles-for-zero-energy-long-lasting-antifogging) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3531-2]
Antifogging coatings are critical for transparent optical components, yet existing solutions struggle to balance durability and energy efficiency. We present a scalable printing technology for fabricating uniform nanoparticle (NP) coatings with an Au@SiO2 core-shell architecture. The Au core provides efficient photothermal conversion, while the SiO2 shell ensures robust interfacial adhesion to diverse substrates and imparts hydrophilicity. Leveraging these properties, the coatings suppress moisture condensation upon light exposure. The coatings exhibit exceptional mechanical stability, retaining antifogging performance after soaking in water for 1 week or wiping with a glass cloth over 100 times. This work offers a sustainable, energy-efficient solution for long-term antifogging applications, with potential in optical devices, automotive glass, and medical instruments. Our approach provides a scalable platform for functional NP coatings and opens new avenues for next-generation antifogging materials.

### 224. [Computational-driven design of Ti-based medium entropy alloy for enhanced high-temperature performance above 600 °C](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/computational-driven-design-of-ti-based-medium-entropy-alloy-for-enhanced-high-temperature-performance-above-6) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3558-4]
The development of advanced titanium alloys capable of operating above 600 °C remains a critical challenge for aerospace propulsion systems, where conventional Ti alloys suffer from insufficient high-temperature strength and microstructural instability. Here, we propose a computationally driven design strategy for titanium-based medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) that integrates thermodynamic phase prediction with mechanistically informed strength modeling, enabling systematic exploration of the Ti-Nb-Al-Cr quaternary system. The optimized Ti70Nb10Al15Cr5 MEA exhibits exceptional performance metrics: 18% room-temperature ductility (as-cast), a yield strength of 520.7 MPa at 650 °C (post-aging), and an ultralow density of 4.76 g/cm3 (45% lighter than Inconel 718). Microstructural characterization reveals a metastable single-phase BCC structure in the as-cast state, which transforms into a BCC/Ti3Al dual-phase system upon aging, with temperature-dependent precipitate morphology and phase stability. The alloy demonstrates superior high-temperature strength retention up to 900 °C (>80 MPa yield strength), outperforming commercial titanium alloys (e.g., Ti-1100, TG6) and bridging the performance gap between conventional Ti alloys and nickel-based superalloys. This work establishes a multi-criteria design paradigm for entropy-engineered alloys, offering a viable pathway to lightweight, high-temperature structural materials for next-generation aerospace applications.

### 225. [In-situ polymer-derived SiOCnws-Cf/SiC(rGO) composites: a potential candidate for EMI shielding and thermal management](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/in-situ-polymer-derived-siocnws-cfsicrgo-composites-a-potential-candidate-for-emi-shielding-and-thermal-manage) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3588-2]
The rapid evolution of aerospace technology necessitates the development of multi-functional composites that combine light weight, mechanical robustness, thermal protection/insulation, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. C/SiC porous ceramic composites are promising for thermal protection in hypersonic vehicles. Here, we report a facile strategy to fabricate Cf/SiC composite polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs) via re-pyrolysis of high-energy ball-milled polycarbosilane-vinyltriethoxysilane-graphene oxide (PVG) with Cf/SiC(rGO)p blend interleaves. In-situ generated honeycomb-like cellular structures and non-directional channels reduce density and increase porosity. High-quality SiO2 joints, formed from Si-dangling bonds, strengthen interfacial bonding via a brazing effect, while in-situ SiOC nanowires (SiOCnws) create a hierarchically enhanced network, improving fracture toughness and crack resistance. Multi-scale interfacial/dipole polarization enhances EMI shielding. The optimized Cf(0.2)/SiC(rGO) composite exhibits low density (1.49 g cm−3), high fracture toughness (6.32 MPa m1/2), hardness (7.18 GPa), compressive strength (72.67 MPa), and EMI shielding effectiveness of 58.31 dB. It maintains structural stability under butane blowtorch ablation at ~1300 °C for 3600 s. Porous variants show thermal conductivity of 0.211 W m−1 K−1 with 69.74% porosity. These multi-functional composites are promising for thermal protection systems in aerospace applications.

### 226. [Mechanisms for low temperature densification and enhanced mechanical properties of (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta)(C, N) using CrSi2 as an additive: formation of (Ti, Zr, Nb)2Cr4Si5 and grain boundary strengthening](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mechanisms-for-low-temperature-densification-and-enhanced-mechanical-properties-of-ti-zr-hf-nb-tac-n-using-crs) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3771-9]
High-entropy carbonitride ultra-high temperature ceramics (HECN-UHTCs) typically require high densification temperatures, leading to grain coarsening and degraded mechanical properties. This study introduces CrSi2 as a sintering additive for (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta)(C, N), effectively reducing the densification temperature by 200 °C. During sintering, interdiffusion and cation exchange result in the formation of an orthorhombic (Ti, Zr, Nb)2Cr4Si5 phase within the ceramic matrix. The resulting dual-phase ceramic exhibits a hardness of 24.65 ± 0.23 GPa and a fracture toughness of 6.03 ± 0.48 MPa m1/2, significantly surpassing most reported HECN-UHTCs. Enhanced mechanical properties are attributed to crack deflection, increased localized lattice strain, and Cr grain boundary segregation. This liquid phase-assisted low-temperature sintering strategy offers a promising pathway for densifying other ultra-high temperature ceramics.

### 227. [Metastructure Strategies for d33 Enhancement Beyond Intrinsic Limits in 3D-Printed BaTiO3 Metamaterials](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/metastructure-strategies-for-d33-enhancement-beyond-intrinsic-limits-in-3d-printed-batio3-metamaterials) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3660-5]
High-sensitivity piezoelectric ceramics with high piezoelectric constants (d33) are crucial for miniaturized, low-power, and high-efficiency transducers. However, conventional performance enhancement relies on intrinsic parameter modulation, which is limited and blind. This study introduces a performance-driven metamaterials creation model to develop structure-function-integrated piezoelectric materials. We systematically investigated the effects of metastructure design on d33 across two-dimensional straight rod (SR) structures, three-dimensional dot-matrix (Octa) structures, complex triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures, and hybrid Octa&SR structures. The results demonstrate that metastructures combining high polarization charge conversion efficiency with low compression modulus (stiffness) effectively enhance d33. The SR structure exhibited optimal polarization charge conversion, the Fks-Shellular (FksS) structure within TPMS showed low stiffness, and the Octa&SR structure combined both properties. Notably, all three structures displayed exceptional piezoelectric performance. Specifically, the FksS structure achieved a substantial d33 of 194 pC/N, a 24% enhancement over conventional solid BaTiO3, while maintaining isotropic and stress-insensitive properties. This work elucidates the mechanism for designing piezoelectric metastructures, offering a novel pathway for developing high-performance, high-failure-strength piezoelectric materials.

### 228. [Molecularly engineered porphyrin photosensitizers featuring multi-anchoring and alkoxy modifications for robust photocatalytic hydrogen production](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/molecularly-engineered-porphyrin-photosensitizers-featuring-multi-anchoring-and-alkoxy-modifications-for-robus) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3715-5]
A new generation of porphyrin-based photosensitizers (PoTA1–PoTA3) was developed for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE). Each photosensitizer features dual anchoring groups—4-ethynylbenzoic acid, 3-ethynylbenzoic acid, or 5-ethynylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid—at the meso-position of the porphyrin macrocycle, along with long-chain alkyloxy substituents. This dual-modification strategy suppresses charge recombination and reduces aggregation on TiO2 surfaces. PoTA3, containing the 5-ethynylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid moiety, exhibits a redshifted and broadened absorption profile, enhancing solar spectrum utilization. Under blue light irradiation, the PoTA3-based system achieves an apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 8.3%, an initial hydrogen evolution rate of 485 mmol g−1 h−1, and a turnover number (TON) of 27,858 in aqueous media, substantially outperforming PoTA1 and PoTA2. Under white light, PoTA1 and PoTA3 achieve AQY values of 5.5% and 6.8%, respectively, surpassing the benchmark YD2-o-C8 (AQY = 4.07%). The synergistic effects of enhanced light harvesting, minimized aggregation, and optimized HOMO/LUMO electron density distributions contribute to high efficiency and robust operational stability. These findings establish a flexible molecular engineering platform for next-generation solar-to-hydrogen conversion systems.

### 229. [Enhancing interfacial bonding and compositional synergy in ANF-PPy/Ag-MXene/ANF-PPy multilayer heterostructures for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding and infrared thermal camouflage](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/enhancing-interfacial-bonding-and-compositional-synergy-in-anf-ppyag-mxeneanf-ppy-multilayer-heterostructures) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3664-x]
The proliferation of electronic devices and wireless communications has escalated the demand for materials that simultaneously provide electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and infrared (IR) thermal camouflage, a combination critical for military and civilian applications. Traditional metallic shields suffer from high density, poor processability, and cost, while polymer-based alternatives often lack sufficient shielding effectiveness and environmental stability. Here, we report a multilayer composite film fabricated via layer-by-layer vacuum filtration and hot-pressing, integrating modified aramid nanofibers (ANF) and MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets. The film architecture comprises ANF-polypyrrole (ANF-PPy) as the matrix and Ag-MXene as the functional filler, with in-situ grown Ag nanoparticles intercalating between MXene layers to enhance interlayer spacing and electromagnetic wave scattering. At a thickness of only 33 μm, the film achieves an average EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 66.75 dB and a specific shielding effectiveness (SSE/t) of 38432.54 dB cm2 g−1. The multilayer structure promotes multiple internal reflections and interfacial polarization losses, while the tight integration ensures high IR reflectivity. This work establishes a foundation for developing multifunctional protective materials with dual EMI shielding and IR camouflage capabilities, addressing the critical bottleneck of simultaneous performance in ultrathin, flexible formats.

### 230. [Centrifugal casting-enabled highly oriented MXene-based layered films with dual-shielding against electromagnetic wave and infrared radiation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/centrifugal-casting-enabled-highly-oriented-mxene-based-layered-films-with-dual-shielding-against-electromagne) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3539-5]
MXene-based layered films are promising for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, yet achieving highly ordered structures in scalable production remains challenging. Here, we report a facile centrifugal casting method for fabricating MXene/polyvinyl alcohol (MXene/PVA) films with highly oriented and compact layered structures. During centrifugal casting, the viscous fluid experiences strong shear and centrifugal forces along tangential and normal directions, respectively, inducing compact and oriented arrangement of MXene nanosheets. Consequently, the Herman's orientation factor increases from 0.681 to 0.794 as rotation rate rises from 0 to 4000 r/min. Accordingly, tensile strength and toughness improve from 55.2 to 191.1 MPa and from ~0.8 to 2.5 MJ/m³, respectively. The highly oriented and compact layered structure with ultrathin thickness (~8 μm) enables a high absolute electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SSE/t) of 21029 dB cm²/g. Moreover, increased orientation reduces infrared emissivity to 0.248, endowing the film with excellent thermal camouflage capability. This work presents an effective strategy for constructing high-performance MXene-based layered films.

### 231. [Three birds with one stone: dual-interfaces and bulk co-passivation enable >21% efficiency of CsPbI3 solar cells with VOC of 1.27 V](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/three-birds-with-one-stone-dual-interfaces-and-bulk-co-passivation-enable-21-efficiency-of-cspbi3-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3547-7]
Inorganic perovskite solar cells (IPSCs) have attracted significant attention due to their excellent light and thermal stability and potential in tandem applications. However, their efficiency and stability are often limited by residual lattice stress and defects at interfaces and within the bulk, causing severe nonradiative recombination. Here, we introduce a zero-dimensional supramolecular complex, (ETP)2SbCl5, as a dual-interface and bulk modifier to regulate CsPbI3 film growth. The modifier exhibits spatial segregation: ETP+ cations anchor at the buried interface, passivating defects on TiO2 and perovskite surfaces; Sb3+ and Cl− ions diffuse into the bulk during annealing, relieving residual stress; and Cl− accumulates on the top surface, passivating cation defects. Consequently, the modified CsPbI3 solar cell achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.71% and an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.27 V, retaining 97.4% of initial efficiency after 500 h of maximum power point (MPP) tracking. This work demonstrates a synergistic strategy to simultaneously address interfacial and bulk defects, advancing high-performance and stable inorganic photovoltaics.

### 232. [Enhancing NiOx Hole Transport Properties through Planarity Modulation of Organic Small Molecules for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/enhancing-niox-hole-transport-properties-through-planarity-modulation-of-organic-small-molecules-for-inverted) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3605-0]
Nickel oxide (NiOx) is widely used as a hole transport material in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, its practical application is limited by low intrinsic conductivity and insufficient hole extraction ability, leading to significant interfacial defects that reduce device efficiency and stability. To overcome these issues, two isomeric small organic molecules, 2,6-NOT and 1,5-NOT, were developed and introduced to modify NiOx. These isomers share the same structure but differ in the substitution positions of functional groups, resulting in distinct molecular planarity. Experimental results demonstrate that 1,5-NOT, featuring extended conjugation and enhanced planarity, more effectively enhances the hole extraction/transport capabilities and conductivity of NiOx compared to 2,6-NOT. The NiOx/1,5-NOT-based device achieves a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.20%, along with excellent long-term stability, surpassing the NiOx control device (18.12%) and the 2,6-NOT-based device (21.87%). These findings indicate that modifying NiOx with small organic molecules significantly improves charge transport performance, and increasing molecular planarity is particularly beneficial for enhancing hole transport and reducing defect density, thereby increasing both efficiency and stability. This work provides a new strategy for NiOx modification via small organic molecules, offering a promising route to high-performance inverted PSCs.

### 233. [Pyromellitic diimide-mediated bulk passivation for efficient perovskite solar cells with low energy loss](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pyromellitic-diimide-mediated-bulk-passivation-for-efficient-perovskite-solar-cells-with-low-energy-loss) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3676-3]
Perovskite solar cells (PerSCs) have achieved remarkable efficiencies, yet their performance is limited by defect states and non-radiative recombination. Here, pyromellitic diimide (PD) is introduced as an additive to passivate bulk defects in perovskite films. PD forms hydrogen bonds with formamidinium (FA+) ions and coordinates with Pb2+ ions, effectively suppressing non-radiative recombination and reducing energy loss. The PD-treated perovskite films exhibit enhanced crystallinity and uniformity. Consequently, 1.55 eV PerSCs achieve a high open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.193 V and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.79%. Moreover, unencapsulated PD-treated devices retain 96% of their initial efficiency after 2000 h under nitrogen atmosphere, whereas control devices retain only 74%. Under ISOS-D-2I accelerated aging (65±5°C in N2), PD-treated devices show less than 5% PCE attenuation after 288 h, compared to ~30% for controls. This work provides a viable strategy for defect passivation in perovskite solar cells, enhancing both efficiency and stability.

### 234. [High-efficiency hybrid planar/bulk heterojunction organic solar cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/high-efficiency-hybrid-planarbulk-heterojunction-organic-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3793-9]
Organic solar cells (OSCs) require both a high donor/acceptor (D/A) interfacial area for efficient exciton dissociation and a vertically phase-separated morphology for efficient charge transport. Traditional bulk heterojunctions (BHJs) provide large interfacial areas but lack vertical phase separation, while quasi-planar heterojunctions (QPHJs) achieve vertical separation at the cost of reduced interfacial contact. Here, we introduce an in situ pore-forming strategy for polymer thin films. By incorporating an excess of additives as pore-forming agents into the donor layer, a nanoporous film with a fibrous nano-network is generated. Subsequent deposition of acceptor molecules fills these nanopores, creating a hybrid planar/bulk heterojunction (HP/BHJ) that synergizes the strengths of both architectures. This design enhances performance by: (1) increasing the D/A interfacial area via nanopores, forming a three-dimensional network that accelerates exciton dissociation; (2) promoting close molecular packing that minimizes carrier recombination and establishes low-defect charge transport channels; and (3) fostering vertical phase separation through layer-by-layer deposition. Binary OSCs fabricated with this strategy achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.0%, surpassing conventional BHJ and QPHJ devices by a significant margin. The approach demonstrates general applicability, with analogous improvements observed in D18/BTP-eC9-4F and PM6/L8-BO systems, underscoring its potential for advancing OSC performance.

### 235. [Porous TPU piezoelectric composites with core-shell structured PZT@CMCS particles for enhanced energy harvesting](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/porous-tpu-piezoelectric-composites-with-core-shell-structured-pztcmcs-particles-for-enhanced-energy-harvestin) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3604-1]
Piezoelectric materials convert mechanical energy into electrical signals, enabling applications in sensors, actuators, and energy harvesting. Inorganic ceramics like PZT and BTO exhibit excellent piezoelectric properties but are brittle, limiting their use in flexible electronics. This work presents a porous composite of PZT@carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The core-shell structure enhances interfacial compatibility, while the porous TPU skeleton facilitates stress transfer and amplification, allowing high piezoelectric content. The resulting PZT@CMCS/TPU devices achieve an output voltage of 53 V and current of 13 μA, an 11-fold improvement over conventional PZT composite films. This approach enables flexible piezoelectric devices with high performance.

### 236. [Anisotropic Liquid Crystalline Hydrogel Actuators with Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Actuation and Multimodal Locomotion](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/anisotropic-liquid-crystalline-hydrogel-actuators-with-multi-stimuli-responsive-actuation-and-multimodal-locom) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3721-y]
Anisotropic hydrogels have attracted significant attention for applications in actuators, soft robotics, and artificial muscles due to their ability to undergo shape morphing and generate anisotropic responses under external stimuli. Here, we report a novel strategy for fabricating anisotropic hydrogels using liquid crystal polymers (LCPs). A series of liquid crystal polyester-polyethylene glycol (LCP-PEG) multiblock copolymers with varying PEG block molecular weights were synthesized via one-pot melt-polycondensation. Upon stretching, LCP-PEG forms a stable, oriented microphase-separated lamellar structure, which enables reversible shape changes driven by melting-induced contraction and crystallization-induced expansion of the oriented PEG crystals. This unique structure imparts anisotropic swelling behavior to the films when exposed to water or humidity. The oriented microphase-separated lamellar structure confers high fracture strength (11.2–14.7 MPa), fracture strain (1600%–2100%), fracture energy (1.7–2.8 MJ m−2), and Young’s modulus (51.2–139.9 MPa). Furthermore, the anisotropic LCP-PEG hydrogel actuators exhibit versatile locomotion modes, including object grabbing and transfer between water and air, object gripping in rainy conditions, walking and somersaulting on ratchet-patterned bases under humidity stimuli, and slope climbing through somersault locomotion under salty water stimuli. These results demonstrate the potential of LCP-based anisotropic hydrogels for advanced soft robotic applications.

### 237. [Positively Charged Polyamide Membranes with Expanded Ion Passage Channels Enabling Exceptional Lithium Extraction from Battery Leachate](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/positively-charged-polyamide-membranes-with-expanded-ion-passage-channels-enabling-exceptional-lithium-extract) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3559-5]
Polyamide (PA) membranes are promising for lithium extraction from spent lithium-ion battery (LIB) leachate but face a trade-off between selectivity and permeability. Here, we demonstrate that nascent PA membranes post-grafted with triaminoguanidinium (TAG) monomers (PA-TAG membranes) gain expanded ion passage channels (0.8–7.1 Å) and enhanced positive charge, achieving high-performance lithium separation. The PA-TAG membrane exhibits a pure water permeance (PWP) of 15.5 L m−2 h−1 bar−1, superior divalent ion rejection (~98%), and an excellent separation factor (~30), significantly outperforming pristine PA membranes. In a simulated acidic battery leachate, the PA-TAG membrane achieved a relative volumetric lithium recovery rate of 48.2% after a two-stage nanofiltration process, with the Li+/M2+ mass ratio of the second permeate reaching 53.35, 445 times that of the feed (0.12). The membrane maintained stable performance over 45 hours of nanofiltration and resisted acidic conditions (pH=2) for at least 20 days. These results highlight the potential of PA-TAG membranes for efficient lithium extraction from acidic battery leachate, addressing the critical need for sustainable recycling of spent LIBs.

### 238. [High-resilience, anti-freezing, and vacuum-tolerant eutectogel for self-powered pressure sensing in extreme environments](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/high-resilience-anti-freezing-and-vacuum-tolerant-eutectogel-for-self-powered-pressure-sensing-in-extreme-envi) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3622-0]
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) offer promising solutions for self-powered sensors in the Internet of Things, yet traditional materials suffer from limited mechanical durability, environmental stability, and sensing performance under extreme conditions. This study develops a novel eutectogel composed of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and a poly(itaconic acid-co-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (P(IA-co-HEA)) polymer network. Through careful molecular design and microstructural modification, the eutectogel achieves low hysteresis, excellent resilience (97.8%), high conductivity (48.02 mS m−1), and strong adhesive strength. Benefiting from the low freezing point and low volatility of the DES, the eutectogel retains 75.7% tensile and 69.4% compressive resilience at −40 °C, and shows no significant change in resilience after 24 h storage under −0.1 MPa vacuum. A self-powered TENG pressure sensor incorporating the eutectogel exhibits a fast response time of 16 ms and stable signal output over 16,000 contact-separation cycles. The sensor operates reliably at −60 °C and under vacuum (−0.1 MPa). These attributes make the high-resilience flexible sensor suitable for long-term, reliable pressure monitoring in extreme environments, addressing critical bottlenecks in durability and environmental stability for self-powered sensing technologies.

### 239. [Quasi-metal 2D Ag2Te nanosheets for high performance surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/quasi-metal-2d-ag2te-nanosheets-for-high-performance-surface-enhanced-raman-scattering-detection) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3585-1]
Semiconductor-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates have attracted significant attention due to their high uniformity, reproducibility, stability, and cost-effectiveness. However, the Raman enhancement in semiconductors primarily relies on the chemical mechanism (CM), which typically results in a lower enhancement capability compared to traditional noble metals. In this study, we developed a novel two-dimensional (2D) SERS substrate, Ag2Te nanosheets (NSs), synthesized through a simple one-step redox reaction utilizing 2D Te NSs as the template. The 2D Ag2Te NSs not only exhibit strong interfacial interactions with molecules, thereby supporting the CM, but also possess quasi-metallic properties with low resistivity (2.8 × 10−4 Ω cm) and high density of free electrons (4.15 × 10^22 cm−3), giving rise to a significant visible-region surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band and contributing to enormous electromagnetic mechanism (EM). By synergizing CM and EM, the 2D Ag2Te NSs SERS substrate achieved an ultra-low limit of detection (LOD) of 10−10 M with an enhancement factor (EF) of 2.6 × 10^7 for methylene blue (MB), outperforming most semiconductors, even rivaling noble metals. The quasi-metallic properties of 2D Ag2Te NSs also benefit their sensitivity to multiple molecules. The accuracy and reliability were demonstrated in real-sample detections with recoveries of 91.5%–108.3% for various target molecules. These excellent performances, combined with remarkable cost-effectiveness, demonstrate the potential of 2D Ag2Te NSs as a practical SERS substrate with broad applicability. Furthermore, the inherent structural simplicity of these nanosheets creates significant opportunities for further sophisticated nanostructural engineering to advance the SERS performance in the future.

### 240. [Computational Screening of 2D Pentagonal Materials with Room-Temperature Altermagnetism, Multiferroicity, and Topological States](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/computational-screening-of-2d-pentagonal-materials-with-room-temperature-altermagnetism-multiferroicity-and-to) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3600-1]
Two-dimensional planar pentagonal crystals, long pursued for their geometrically frustrated lattice configurations and emergent quantum phenomena, have remained challenging to realize due to the intrinsic incompatibility of regular pentagons with Euclidean tiling. Here, we unveil 37 dynamically stable binary planar pentagonal monolayers through high-throughput computational screening of 1470 stoichiometric candidates. These materials exhibit room-temperature magnetism, including ferromagnetic (Curie temperature up to 521 K), antiferromagnetic (Néel temperature up to 761 K), and altermagnetic (Néel temperature = 984 K) ground states, alongside unprecedented electronic states: Dirac semimetals, Dirac half-metal, nodal-loop semimetal, nodal-loop half-metal, and altermagnetic semiconductors (Mn4N2) with giant spin splitting (0.78 eV). The latter achieves pure spin-polarized transport windows (−0.04 to 0.36 eV) and strain-tunable valley splitting (18.2 meV under 4% uniaxial strain). Intrinsic type-II multiferroicity emerges in Fe4C2 and Mn4C2, featuring in-plane electric polarization (1.4 and 1.6 pC/m), ferroelasticity (0.8% and 1.2% reversible strain), and reversal chirality. Topological band analysis identifies chiral edge states in Dirac semimetal pentagons, alongside a magnetic topological insulator with Chern number |C| = 2 in Mo2S4 and W2Te4. Temperature-driven structural transitions in Os2S4 and Tc2S4 from pentagonal to Lieb lattices accompany topological state switching and metal-to-semiconductor transitions. This work establishes pentagonal lattices as a platform for symmetry-driven multifunctionality, bridging geometric frustration with applications in spintronics, nanoelectronics, and quantum devices.

### 241. [LEGO-like Three-Dimensional Integrated Stretchable Electronics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/lego-like-three-dimensional-integrated-stretchable-electronics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3615-1]
Stretchable electronics are pivotal for bio-integrated devices, soft robotics, and wearables, yet their development is constrained by single-layer architectures that limit integration density and by mechanical mismatch between rigid components and soft substrates, which curtails service life. Here, we introduce a LEGO-like modular assembly strategy to construct multilayer three-dimensional (3D) stretchable electronics. Electronic components (ECs) and self-healing polyurethane (SPU) substrates patterned with liquid metal (LM) circuits serve as the modular blocks. This design simplifies fabrication and markedly enhances 3D integration density. The combination of LM circuits and self-healing elastic substrates enables devices to withstand diverse deformations and to autonomously heal after mechanical damage. Notably, the devices can undergo multiple recycling and reuse cycles without significant performance loss. This methodology offers a new paradigm for advanced flexible electronics, addressing critical bottlenecks in integration density, mechanical robustness, and sustainability.

### 242. [Wearable Interactive System with Uncoded Gesture Recognition Logic Enabled by Deep Learning](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/wearable-interactive-system-with-uncoded-gesture-recognition-logic-enabled-by-deep-learning) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3553-7]
Gesture interaction has emerged as a highly effective interface for intelligent human-computer interaction, attributed to its intuitive interaction modality and multi-dimensional control capabilities. However, traditional gesture interaction devices often depend on predefined encoding rules, which substantially limit interaction efficiency and degrade user experience. This study introduces an innovative intelligent finger ring interaction system based on a triboelectric nanogenerator utilizing PDMS/SrTiO3 composite thin film (PS-TENG). The system maps freehand writing gestures directly to textual information input, thereby eliminating the need for complex gesture encoding schemes and offering a user-friendly, low-learning-curve input method. By integrating a deep learning model, the system achieves recognition accuracies of 98.21% for English letters, 96.87% for Arabic numerals, and 96.44% for Chinese characters. Furthermore, it supports secure and encrypted data transmission and enables wireless interaction for gaming control. These findings indicate that the intelligent finger ring interaction system possesses significant potential for practical applications in information input and wireless control.

### 243. [Reconfiguring hydration shells by rigidly confined interaction within graphene oxide membranes for ultra-efficient anion separation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/reconfiguring-hydration-shells-by-rigidly-confined-interaction-within-graphene-oxide-membranes-for-ultra-effic) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3538-6]
The understanding of anion transporting behaviors under sub-nanoconfined regimes can guide the design of high-performance anion selective membranes (ASMs), yet it is little known. Here, we build membrane channels that combine physical rigidity with chemical affinity to anions simply through bridging graphene oxide nanosheets with charged linkers. We observe that the rigidly confined interaction imposed by channels to anions can reconfigure hydration shells in varying degrees for different anions via compensating for hydration-induced energy barriers and differentiating their rearrangement behaviors. During the configuration evolution, water molecules within hydration shells would rotate and simultaneously change their distance from the ion center. Based on the big discrepancy in configuration evolution, these membranes can realize ultrahigh selectivity of, for example, 125 for Cl−/SO4^2− and surpass the performance upper bound concerning Cl−/SO4^2− separation by other membranes. The knowledge of the configuration change of hydration shells during the dehydration process will be key to designing next-generation ASMs.

### 244. [Peritoneum Inspired Janus Barrier with Unilateral Lubrication, Programmable Adhesion and Antiinflammation for Preventing Postoperative Abdominal Adhesion](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/peritoneum-inspired-janus-barrier-with-unilateral-lubrication-programmable-adhesion-and-antiinflammation-for-p) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3645-3]
Postoperative abdominal adhesion, a complication with morbidity exceeding 90%, imposes severe clinical and economic burdens. Existing bioadhesive barriers often exhibit unreliable adhesion to the slippery abdominal wall, risk mispositioning, and neglect frictional stimuli and inflammation. Inspired by the lubricated peritoneum, we developed a programmable adhesive dual-layer Janus patch (DJP) barrier integrating a lubricated layer and an adhesive matrix. DJP achieves rapid, noncovalent interfacial adhesion, subsequently enhanced 2.81-fold via covalent interactions, enabling repositioning within a short time window to improve surgical fault tolerance. The micron-scale poly(sulfobetaine methacrylamide) brush on the DJP surface provides hydration lubrication with a low coefficient of friction (0.06), mimicking peritoneal lubrication and reducing frictional damage to injured tissue. The catechol-containing copolymer confers antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, confirmed in vitro. In a rat model, DJP adhering to the injured site significantly reduced collagen deposition between the abdominal wall and cecum, preventing adhesion and promoting tissue healing compared to commercial barriers. This work provides a guiding reference for developing antiadhesive biomaterials.

### 245. [Magnetoelectric-bioactive dual functions of MXene regulate macrophage M1-M2 sequential polarization to promote healing of infected wound](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/magnetoelectric-bioactive-dual-functions-of-mxene-regulate-macrophage-m1-m2-sequential-polarization-to-promote) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3617-x]
Macrophages are pivotal in infection resolution and tissue repair via dynamic M1-to-M2 phenotypic polarization. Although various nano-biomaterials can modulate macrophage polarization, achieving sequential M1-to-M2 transition using a single nanoformulation remains challenging. Here, we propose a strategy employing transition metal carbide/nitride (MXene) nanosheets, internalized by macrophages, as the sole regulator to induce sequential polarization. Under a rotating magnetic field, the high electrical conductivity and magnetoelectric activity of endocytosed MXene generate electrical signals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), driving M1 polarization. Upon magnetic field removal, the inherent bioactivity of MXene facilitates repolarization to the M2 phenotype. Mechanistically, this transition involves inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway and activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. In vivo, MXene nanosheets under on-off rotating magnetic field stimulation enabled sequential M1-to-M2 polarization, promoting bacterial clearance and tissue regeneration in infected wounds. This two-step sequential strategy targeting macrophages offers a promising therapeutic approach for infected wound healing.

### 246. [AB Epoxy Encapsulation-Induced Transparency in Perovskite Films for Light-Emitting Diode Applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ab-epoxy-encapsulation-induced-transparency-in-perovskite-films-for-light-emitting-diode-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3552-2]
Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are a promising display technology due to high color purity and solution processability, but their operational stability is compromised by environmental degradation. Encapsulation is essential for practical deployment. Here, we report that applying a commercial AB epoxy adhesive as a cover encapsulant induces a striking transparency transition in Cs0.3MA0.7PbBr3 perovskite films, from yellow to optically clear. The effect is attributed to the alkaline hardener (component B, pH 9–10), which engages in Lewis acid-base coordination with Pb2+ and reacts with Br−, as evidenced by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (redshift of C–O–C stretch from 1035.56 to 1018.05 cm−1, Δν ≈ 17.5 cm−1) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (Pb 4f shift of 0.25 eV, Br 3d5/2 shift of 0.45 eV). This chemical interaction refines perovskite grains to tens of nanometers, shifting light scattering from Mie to Rayleigh regime and enhancing transmittance. Encapsulated devices achieve a maximum luminance of 12,643 cd/m2, a low operational current density, and an increased breakdown voltage of 27 V. The work establishes a framework for selecting encapsulation materials that impart transparency, enabling applications in transparent displays, smart windows, and augmented reality.

### 247. [A hydrogel–textile composite with synapse-inspired ionic multimodal sensing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-hydrogeltextile-composite-with-synapse-inspired-ionic-multimodal-sensing) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3644-9]
Flexible and perceptive sensors represent the pinnacle of wearable technology; nevertheless, most current hydrogel-based sensors encounter difficulties in concurrently achieving mechanical durability, biocompatibility, high sensitivity, and scalability. This work introduces an innovative multimodal hydrogel–textile composite sensor (WPU–ChCl hydrogel) developed via free radical polymerization of acrylamide, integrating choline chloride (ChCl), EMIM TFSI ionic liquid, and waterborne polyurethane (WPU) to overcome existing constraints. The resultant hydrogel demonstrates a synergistic network of covalent and dynamic non-covalent connections, with remarkable stretchability (~900%), mechanical toughness (>250 kJ/m3), and ionic conductivity (9.2 mS/cm at 600% strain). Comprehensive morphological and chemical analysis validated uniform structure, increased segmental ordering, and improved heat stability. The hydrogel exhibited swift strain responsiveness (gauge factor = 7.23), quick response/recovery times (~108/114 ms), exceptional durability over 500 cycles, and enhanced self-healing and adherence to various surfaces. Integrated into textiles, the composite demonstrated exceptional real-time touch and motion detection capabilities and retained sensing accuracy after 20 wash cycles. Code transmission and machine learning-based high-accuracy gesture recognition (93.65%) were examples of advanced uses. The wireless-enabled system demonstrated efficacy in IoT-based health monitoring, soft robotics, and human–machine interactions, representing a substantial advancement in next-generation wearable electronics.

### 248. [Surface Octahedra Isolation Treatment Enables Silicon-Rivaling Outdoor Stability in Industrial-Scale Perovskite Solar Modules](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/surface-octahedra-isolation-treatment-enables-silicon-rivaling-outdoor-stability-in-industrial-scale-perovskit) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3554-7]
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 27.0%, rivaling silicon-based cells while halving cost, positioning them near commercialization. However, long-term outdoor stability of industrial-scale perovskite solar modules (PSMs) remains a critical challenge. Guo et al. report a milestone: an industrial-scale PSM (aperture area 785 cm2) with a PCE of 19.6% and projected T80 (time to 80% of initial PCE) exceeding 6.7 years under light-dark cycling. The PSM demonstrated stability comparable to commercial silicon solar cells during 45 days of outdoor operation. The key innovation is perovskite surface reconstruction via vapor-deposited terpyridine (Tpy), which reorganizes defective [PbI6]4− octahedra into a zero-dimensional (0D) structure with fully isolated octahedra, eliminating irreversible ion migration. Grazing-incident wide-angle X-ray scattering confirmed formation of (Tpy)2PbI6 on the surface. Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry showed that the 0D layer confines iodine migration, making it reversible during light-dark cycles, whereas pristine films exhibit irreversible migration. Temperature-dependent conductivity revealed increased activation energy for ion migration from 0.43 to 0.68 eV. The treated films exhibited photoluminescence lifetime of 532.6 ns and trap density of 1.57×10^15 cm−3. Small-area devices (0.16 cm2) achieved PCE of 25.3%, while scaled modules (785 cm2) retained 19.6%, a new world record. This surface isolation treatment offers a scalable route to stabilize large-area PSMs for outdoor deployment.

### 249. [Beyond Li-O-Li Configuration in Oxygen Anionic Redox: Amorphization-Driven O-O Dimerization in Fluorinated Li-V-O Cathodes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/beyond-li-o-li-configuration-in-oxygen-anionic-redox-amorphization-driven-o-o-dimerization-in-fluorinated-li-v) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3635-6]
Oxygen anionic redox (OAR) is pivotal for achieving extra lithium storage in high-energy-density Li-ion batteries, yet its activation and stabilization remain challenging. Traditionally, OAR is studied in crystalline layered oxides with ordered frameworks and transition metal (TM)-centered octahedral coordination, where the Li-O-Li configuration is considered a prerequisite for creating unhybridized O 2p states. However, recent findings indicate that the presence of unhybridized O 2p states, rather than a specific configuration, is essential for oxygen activation. This study reports a novel OAR mechanism in an amorphous Li-V-O-F cathode, operating at a moderate voltage of 4.1 V, distinct from conventional Li-O-Li configurations. The cathode, initially crystalline LiVO2.98F0.02 (F2), undergoes amorphization after the first charge-discharge cycle, as evidenced by ex situ XRD, HRTEM, and EXAFS. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) reveal that the initial charge involves O-O formal redox without oxidized oxygen features, indicating electron holes are accommodated via O-O interactions. Reversible OAR activity emerges in the second cycle, confirming O-O dimerization in the amorphous phase. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations further elucidate the mechanism. This work challenges the conventional Li-O-Li paradigm and opens new avenues for designing high-capacity cathode materials through amorphization and tetrahedral coordination.

### 250. [Intragrain Heterostructure in 3D Perovskite: New Era of Bright PeLEDs with Low Efficiency Roll-Off](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/intragrain-heterostructure-in-3d-perovskite-new-era-of-bright-peleds-with-low-efficiency-roll-off) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3520-1]
Solution-processed metal halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have advanced rapidly due to high color purity, tunable emission, and low cost, with external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) surpassing 30%. However, high EQEs are typically achieved at low brightness, suffering severe efficiency roll-off at high current densities due to Auger recombination and Joule heating. Three-dimensional (3D) perovskites offer superior charge transport but suffer from low photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) and efficiency roll-off. The fundamental roll-off mechanism remains poorly understood. Recently, Yao and co-workers developed a molecule-in-lattice-enabled intragrain heterostructure in 3D perovskite to promote carrier confinement. Using device-level ultrafast spectroscopy, they identified hole leakage as the origin of efficiency roll-off in pure-red CsPbI3−xBrx PeLEDs. A strong bonding small molecule with multiple anchor groups was introduced to penetrate the lead halide octahedron framework, constructing wide bandgap barriers inside perovskite grains, reducing hole leakage without compromising carrier transport. This approach enabled ultrabright, highly efficient, and stable pure-red PeLEDs with extremely low efficiency roll-off. The work provides a new strategy for achieving high brightness and efficiency simultaneously, advancing PeLED technology toward practical applications in displays and lighting.

### 251. [Photon-Avalanching Holmium Nanoparticles for Multicolor Super-Resolution Imaging](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/photon-avalanching-holmium-nanoparticles-for-multicolor-super-resolution-imaging) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3556-6]
Photon avalanche (PA) is a nonlinear optical phenomenon characterized by steep upconversion emission growth with excitation power. Since the first demonstration of PA on nanoscale and at room temperature in 2021, PA luminescence of lanthanides has attracted considerable attention in nano- and bio-photonics. However, PA nanoparticles (NPs) remain restricted to a limited range of material systems and lanthanide ions, facing challenges including inadequate nonlinearity (N), high excitation threshold (P_th), and deficient chromaticity. In a recent publication in Nature Photonics, Dong and co-workers reported a new class of PA nanosystem based on Ho3+-doped fluoride NPs, which afforded tunable PA chromaticity for multicolor sub-diffraction imaging. Unlike conventional PA systems reliant on a single reservoir level, this study introduced a novel 'parallel PA' (PPA) mechanism leveraging the dual long-lived intermediate reservoir levels (5I7 and 5I6) of Ho3+, facilitating simultaneous operation of two PA loops to generate multicolor emissions. Under 965 nm continuous-wave excitation, the PPA of Ho3+ produced simultaneous red-green-blue emissions with large N (>20). Differential rate equation modelling identified all PA signatures, including clear P_th, S-shaped curves, extremely high sigma_ESA/sigma_GSA ratio of ~75000, and volcano-shaped rise time. The engineered NaGdF4:10%Ho@NaYF4 core/shell PA NPs (~19.6 nm) exhibited remarkably high N of 17–22 with mild P_th of ~22 kW cm−2 and fast response time of 343–371 ms. By screening host lattices and introducing co-dopants, PA chromaticity was precisely tailored, demonstrating unparalleled emission tunability for multicolor super-resolution imaging.

### 252. [Multiple-Excitation Configurations Reduce Singlet–Triplet Energy Gaps in Multiple-Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multiple-excitation-configurations-reduce-singlettriplet-energy-gaps-in-multiple-resonance-thermally-activated) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3651-1]
The pursuit of efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) has been significantly advanced by thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials, particularly those employing multiple-resonance (MR) effects. However, achieving small singlet–triplet energy gaps (ΔE_ST) in MR-TADF emitters remains a critical challenge. This work introduces a fundamental design principle based on multiple-excitation configurations to reduce ΔE_ST. In the single-excitation case, both S1 and T1 states are described by a simple HOMO→LUMO excitation, leading to a large exchange energy (2K_HL). In contrast, the multiple-excitation case incorporates electronic interaction between singlet configurations (1Φ_H→L and 1Φ_H→L+1), which lowers the S1 energy and reduces ΔE_ST. The authors propose an empirical expression ΔE_ST ≈ f(2K_HL, ΔE_LUMO–LUMO+1) and validate it using a test set of MR-type emitters. For the representative emitter IV-DABNA, excited-state energies and difference densities calculated at the STEOM-DLPNO-CCSD level reveal the contributions of excitation configurations to S1 and T1 states. This work provides a new avenue for molecular engineering of MR-TADF emitters, potentially stimulating renewed interest in excited-state design principles for future OLED technologies.

### 253. [Breaking the Thermal Frontier: The Most Oxidation-Resistant Carbide Ceramic at 3600°C](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/breaking-the-thermal-frontier-the-most-oxidation-resistant-carbide-ceramic-at-3600c) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3528-5]
The advancement of hypersonic vehicles and advanced propulsion systems demands materials capable of withstanding extreme temperatures exceeding 3000°C in oxidizing environments. Conventional refractory metals and carbon-based composites suffer from severe degradation due to creep and oxidation, while ultrahigh-temperature ceramics (UHTCs) have been limited by the melting points of their oxidation products, such as HfO2 (~2758°C). The introduction of high-entropy ceramics (HECs) in 2015 offered tunable properties and enhanced oxidation resistance, yet achieving oxidation resistance above 3000°C remained elusive. This highlight reports the pioneering work of Chu et al., who developed a high-entropy carbide, (Hf, Ta, Zr, W)C (HEC-W), demonstrating unprecedented oxidation resistance at 3600°C. Using a laser oxidation platform capable of reaching 3809°C, HEC-W exhibited a linear ablation rate of 2.7 μm s−1 under a heat flux of ~30 MW m−2, outperforming previously celebrated UHTCs. The superior performance is attributed to a dual-structural oxide layer comprising high-melting-point tungsten particles (3422°C) embedded in a molten oxide matrix of (Hf,Me)6(Ta,Me)2O17 (melting point ~2450°C) and minor (Hf,Me)O2 phases. This layer seals defects and hinders oxygen diffusion, with oxidation kinetics following a parabolic trend and an activation energy of 149.7 kJ mol−1. Advanced computational simulations, including DFT, AIMD, and MD, provide mechanistic insights. This breakthrough shatters the 3000°C barrier, positioning HEC-W as a leading candidate for next-generation thermal protection systems.

### 254. [Electrospinning of FeNiCo/carbon nanofibers: a new paradigm for lightweight microwave absorbers](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electrospinning-of-fenicocarbon-nanofibers-a-new-paradigm-for-lightweight-microwave-absorbers) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61075-X]
The proliferation of electronic devices has intensified electromagnetic radiation pollution, necessitating advanced microwave absorption materials. This study presents the electrospinning fabrication of FeNiCo/carbon nanofiber (FeNiCo/CNF) composites with exceptional microwave absorption properties. The FeNiCo/CNFs achieved a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −55.5 dB at 14.24 GHz with an ultrathin matching thickness of only 1.6 mm. Microstructural analysis and electromagnetic parameter testing revealed that the superior absorption stems from the synergistic interaction between the carbon nanofiber network and FeNiCo alloy nanoparticles, which promotes multiple reflections and efficient energy dissipation. The precise control of coercivity and permeability via systematic modulation of magnetic metal composition enabled enhanced impedance matching and optimized magnetic-dielectric synergy. Furthermore, radar cross-section (RCS) simulations confirmed the material's capability to significantly reduce RCS values across a wide angular range, validating its potential for stealth technology applications. This work introduces a cost-effective and sustainable approach for developing ultralight, high-performance microwave absorbers, addressing the limitations of conventional materials such as high density and poor stability.

### 255. [Electrochemical Exfoliation of Carbon Paper for Binder-Free Cathodes in Zinc-Ion Supercapacitors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electrochemical-exfoliation-of-carbon-paper-for-binder-free-cathodes-in-zinc-ion-supercapacitors) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(25)61029-8]
Zinc-ion supercapacitors (ZISCs) are promising energy storage devices due to their low cost, high safety, and minimal environmental impact. However, their low energy density and poor cycling performance hinder practical application. This study presents a simple electrochemical exfoliation method to reconstruct the surface of carbon paper, introducing oxygen functional groups that enhance pseudocapacitance. The resulting binder-free electrode (EECP) exhibits a large surface area and rapid charge transfer, leading to a dominant capacitive-type charge storage mechanism with 78.8% capacitive contribution at 10 mV/s. The EECP electrode delivers a maximum specific capacitance of 252.5 F/g at 1 A/g and retains 81.7% of its capacitance after 10,000 cycles. A full ZISC device, assembled with EECP as the cathode, Zn as the anode, and 1 mol L−1 ZnSO4 aqueous electrolyte, achieves a capacitance of 186.22 F/g at 1 A/g, a capacitance retention of 97.01% after 10,000 cycles, and an energy density of 46.6 Wh/kg at a power density of 500.4 W/kg. These results demonstrate that EECP is a promising cathode material for high-rate, next-generation zinc-ion supercapacitors.

### 256. [Increasing the Strength of Carbon Nanotube Fibers and Their Use as a Polishing Medium](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/increasing-the-strength-of-carbon-nanotube-fibers-and-their-use-as-a-polishing-medium) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(25)61012-2]
We report a method for increasing the mechanical strength of carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers while enabling the uniform adhesion of cerium oxide (CeO2) abrasive particles to them using polyethyleneimine (PEI). Results show that 5% of PEI increases the tensile strength of CNT fibers by approximately 175%. CeO2 particles were uniformly deposited on the reinforced CNT fibers by electrophoretic deposition. A flexible polishing tool was fabricated by weaving the CeO2-CNT fibers into a non-woven fabric substrate. When used to polish potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals, the tool reduced the surface roughness from 200 to 7.6 nm within 10 min. This approach has potential use for the development of new precision processing tools.

### 257. [Engineered mesoporous carbon spheres with tailored pore structures for improved photothermal-chemotherapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/engineered-mesoporous-carbon-spheres-with-tailored-pore-structures-for-improved-photothermal-chemotherapy) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(25)61033-X]
Carbon-based materials have gained significant attention in anticancer treatment due to their exceptional biocompatibility, yet critical challenges persist in establishing definitive correlations between their porous structures and functional performance. We report the use of a silica template to guide pore formation in the design of mesoporous carbon spheres (mC) with tailored pore structures for improved combined photothermal-chemotherapy. The mesopore size of mC was adjusted by kinetic control of resin polymerization and silica hydrolysis. Structural characterization showed that 4.4 nm mesopores enabled an exceptional gemcitabine loading of 228 mg g−1 and a sustained pH/thermal dual-responsive release with >70% drug release under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. Finite element analysis demonstrated pore size-dependent heat transfer dynamics, with the improved mC achieving a superior photothermal conversion efficiency of 62% by a combination of N-doping and defect engineering. In vitro evaluations confirmed outstanding biocompatibility with >95% cell viability at 200 μg mL−1 and potent tumor suppression in pancreatic and biliary cancer models with an ~5% cell viability at 25 μg mL−1 where combined therapy showed a 3.7-fold increased cytotoxicity over monotherapy. The improved structure of mC facilitated cascade therapeutic effects with enhanced tumor permeability derived from NIR-triggered hyperthermia and prolonged therapeutic exposure due to pH-responsive drug release. This pore engineering strategy establishes a structure-function process for next-generation theranostic platforms, addressing the critical limitations of conventional pancreatic and biliary cancer therapies through spatiotemporal control of multimodal treatment.

### 258. [Comparative Studies on Nanocarbon-Modified Carbon Paper Electrodes for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/comparative-studies-on-nanocarbon-modified-carbon-paper-electrodes-for-enhanced-electrocatalytic-performance-i) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(25)61034-1]
Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are a promising technology for large-scale energy storage due to their scalability, safety, long cycling life, and decoupled power and energy capacities. However, the slow redox kinetics of vanadium species on conventional carbon electrodes limits their performance. This study investigates the deposition of carbon black (CB), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and electrochemically exfoliated graphene (Exf-Gr) onto thermally-activated carbon paper (ACP) via spray coating to enhance electrode electrocatalytic activity. Modified electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and surface area analysis. Electrochemical properties were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and single-cell VRFB testing. Among the modified electrodes, Exf-Gr/ACP exhibited the best performance, achieving a 2.9-fold reduction in charge transfer resistance compared to pristine ACP and delivering 2.5 times the discharge capacity in single-cell tests. This improvement is attributed to Exf-Gr's high surface area, favorable catalytic activity, and excellent dispersion on the ACP substrate. Surface modification with electrochemically exfoliated graphene is a highly effective strategy for improving electrode performance in VRFB systems, with significant implications for large-scale energy storage.

### 259. [Identifying the Surface Dynamic Evolution of Electrocatalysts during Oxygen Evolution Reaction by In Situ Techniques](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/identifying-the-surface-dynamic-evolution-of-electrocatalysts-during-oxygen-evolution-reaction-by-in-situ-tech) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3698-5]
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a critical bottleneck in next-generation sustainable energy systems due to its sluggish kinetics. Developing cost-effective, high-efficiency electrocatalysts requires understanding the dynamic structural evolution at electrode-electrolyte interfaces under operating conditions. In situ techniques are invaluable for identifying active centers and monitoring key intermediates. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in cutting-edge in situ methods for characterizing OER electrocatalyst structure evolution. It provides a brief overview of active motifs and robust structures using multiple in situ correlative techniques, establishing essential structure-performance relationships and updating mechanistic understanding at atomic scale under realistic conditions. Key challenges and perspectives are highlighted to promote rational design of promising electrocatalysts for efficient oxygen-associated electrocatalysis and electrosynthesis.

### 260. [Side-chain quadruple H-bonds empower self-healing e-skins with ultralow-temperature tolerance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/side-chain-quadruple-h-bonds-empower-self-healing-e-skins-with-ultralow-temperature-tolerance) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3627-x]
Polar exploration demands robotic systems capable of operating at extreme low temperatures, yet existing electronic skins (e-skins) fail due to polymer brittleness and impaired self-healing. Here, we report a supramolecular elastomer strategy that enables highly stretchable, self-healing, and sensitive e-skins functional at −78 °C. The elastomers are based on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) backbone (Tg = −127 °C, Tb = −150 °C) functionalized with kinetically reversible quadruple hydrogen-bonding motifs (2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidone, UPy) in side chains (S-UD) or main chains (M-UD). At −78 °C, S-UD elastomers exhibit superior stretchability, with optimized S-U1.2D0.8 achieving elongation at break of ~3257%, 3.4 times that of PDMS controls and exceeding M-U1.2D0.8 (~2474%). Self-healing efficiency after 24 h at −78 °C reaches ~75.9% for S-UD versus ~34.3% for M-UD, with visual scratch disappearance only in S-UD. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis reveals that S-UD possesses more thermodynamically favorable chain convergence, enhancing cryogenic self-healing. The optimized S-UD elastomer serves as an excellent substrate for constructing ultralow-temperature-tolerant e-skins, addressing a critical bottleneck in polar robotics.

### 261. [Atomic- and Molecular-Scale Interfacial Engineering for Superior Lithium Metal Anodes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/atomic-and-molecular-scale-interfacial-engineering-for-superior-lithium-metal-anodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3694-3]
Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) are among the most promising candidates for next-generation batteries with high energy density. However, their practical application is hindered by persistent challenges such as dendritic lithium growth, unstable solid electrolyte interphases (SEI), and poor Coulombic efficiency. Surface coating has emerged as a viable solution to address these limitations. In particular, atomic and molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD) techniques offer unparalleled control over the fabrication of ultrathin, conformal coatings, making them especially suitable for stabilizing LMA interfaces. This review comprehensively summarizes recent progress in applying ALD and MLD methodologies to construct durable artificial interphases on LMAs. We discuss the underlying mechanisms through which these coatings inhibit dendrite formation, improve interfacial integrity, and facilitate uniform lithium-ion transport. The roles of inorganic ALD coatings, organic MLD coatings, and their organic–inorganic hybrids are systematically examined, with a focus on their chemical composition, deposition behavior, and electrochemical characteristics. Moreover, we highlight the enhanced performance achieved through the integration of ALD/MLD-engineered interfaces in full-cell systems. The review concludes with a discussion of current challenges and potential research avenues aimed at advancing the rational development of effective LMA protection strategies. Overall, this work offers valuable insights into the role of interfacial engineering via ALD and MLD in enabling the practical deployment of lithium metal batteries.

### 262. [Correction to: Crystal Defects Engineering of BiOI Elevated Photocatalytic CO2 to C2 Conversion Performance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/correction-to-crystal-defects-engineering-of-bioi-elevated-photocatalytic-co2-to-c2-conversion-performance) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3432-8]
This correction addresses an error in the labeling of author affiliations in the original publication (Sci China Mater, 2025, 68: 1561, DOI: 10.1007/s40843-024-3290-9). The corrected affiliations are as follows: Fuxia Huang, Feng Wang, Ya Liu, and Liejin Guo are affiliated with the International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China. Yifei Liu is affiliated with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. The correction was made upon the request of the authors and with approval from the respective institutions. The original article focused on crystal defects engineering of BiOI to enhance photocatalytic CO2 reduction to C2 products, a critical area for sustainable fuel synthesis. This correction ensures accurate attribution and institutional recognition, which is essential for research integrity and reproducibility. No changes were made to the scientific content or conclusions of the original study.

### 263. [Ultrastrong isotropic graphene sheets by nanoconfined strategy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ultrastrong-isotropic-graphene-sheets-by-nanoconfined-strategy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3614-2]
Conventional assembly of two-dimensional nanoplatelets into layered nanocomposites via wet chemical methods suffers from capillary contraction during water evaporation, inducing wrinkles, voids, and reduced orientation, leading to subpar mechanical performance. Here, we highlight a nanoconfined strategy developed by Prof. Qunfeng Cheng and Prof. Ray H. Baughman that eliminates capillary contraction by confining atomically thin water layers between graphene oxide (GO) and MXene nanoplatelets during continuous vacuum filtration. This process yields highly aligned, in-plane isotropic MXene-bridged GO (MGO) sheets. Subsequent reduction with hydriodic acid and cross-linking with a π-bridging agent (PSE-AP) in solution produces MXene-bridged graphene (πBMG) sheets with exceptional mechanical properties: tensile strength of 1870 ± 20 MPa and Young's modulus of 98.7 ± 1.1 GPa, surpassing previous graphene, MXene, and graphene-MXene sheets as well as carbon fiber-fabric composites. The superior alignment and strong interfacial interactions enable efficient stress transfer. This work introduces a new concept of nanoconfined water-induced alignment, achieving true in-plane isotropy without sacrificing other performance, and opens a new avenue for assembling high-performance layered nanocomposites from various 2D nanoplatelets.

### 264. [Multifunctional Flexible Thermoelectric Devices for Next-Generation Wearable and Integrated Systems](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multifunctional-flexible-thermoelectric-devices-for-next-generation-wearable-and-integrated-systems) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3888-9]
Flexible thermoelectrics (f-TEs) are being developed rapidly due to their unique advantages, such as direct conversion between electricity and thermal energy, compatibility with curved heat sources, and ease of integration. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in enhancing the overall performance of f-TE materials and devices, particularly in terms of output power, mechanical flexibility, and durability. Recent research efforts are increasingly focused on translating these advancements into practical applications across diverse fields. For example, f-TE-based multimodal sensors are capable of simultaneously detecting temperature, pressure and strain. In biomedicine, f-TE generators are being explored for wound healing, antibacterial therapy, and neural modulation. Furthermore, f-TE devices show promise in personalized thermal management and hybrid energy harvesting systems. This review moves beyond material preparation and device optimization to focus on the expanding multifunctional applications of f-TEs. We provide a broad perspective by comprehensively exploring the latest progress of f-TEs in intelligent sensing, biomedicine, personalized thermal management, and multifunctional hybrid systems. Key challenges are also discussed, including the development of high-performance flexible devices, robust bio-interfaces, ensuring long-term stability, and achieving intelligent integration with data-driven algorithms and multimodal platforms. Finally, we offer insights into future directions for f-TEs, pointing toward next-generation intelligent and bio-integrated flexible electronics.

### 265. [Natural Biomass-Derived Polysaccharide Materials for Flexible Wearable Smart Textiles](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/natural-biomass-derived-polysaccharide-materials-for-flexible-wearable-smart-textiles) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3738-1]
The escalating demand for intelligent and functional textiles, driven by technological advancements, has shifted focus from conventional attributes like warmth and aesthetics to smart functionalities. Natural biomass-derived polysaccharides, owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, renewability, and unique chemical structures, are pivotal for next-generation flexible wearable smart textiles. This review systematically outlines common natural polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose, chitosan, starch, alginate) used in such textiles, detailing their structural features and modification strategies. It critically evaluates current fabrication methods, highlighting their advantages and limitations. The performance characteristics, action mechanisms, and application scenarios of polysaccharide-based smart textiles are examined, with emphasis on healthcare, motion tracking, smart clothing, and energy storage/management. The review concludes by addressing existing challenges and proposing future directions for integrating polysaccharide materials into smart textile systems, aiming to guide the development of efficient, green flexible wearable devices.

### 266. [Transient Energy Storage Devices for Implantable Medical Electronics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/transient-energy-storage-devices-for-implantable-medical-electronics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3648-2]
Transient energy storage devices represent an emerging class of biodegradable power systems that provide temporary energy for implantable medical electronics before safely degrading in vivo. From early transient primary batteries to contemporary rechargeable batteries integrated with wireless charging systems, these devices have evolved to enable stable prolonged power supply. Through rational transient design and structural engineering, they achieve desirable electrochemical performance, tunable degradation rates, and mechanical compatibility with soft, irregular, and dynamic biological tissues. This work provides a critical review of state-of-the-art transient energy storage devices, including transient primary batteries, transient secondary batteries, and transient supercapacitors, with emphasis on their electrodes, electrolytes, encapsulation materials, fabrication processes, and applications. We critically analyze material selection strategies, transient design principles, and architecture design for various transient batteries and capacitors. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and outline future directions to guide the clinical translation of biodegradable power solutions for biomedical implants.

### 267. [Dual-mode α-FAPbI3 Perovskite Memristors with Volatile and Nonvolatile Switching for Neuromorphic Computing and Handwritten Digit Recognition](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dual-mode-fapbi3-perovskite-memristors-with-volatile-and-nonvolatile-switching-for-neuromorphic-computing-and) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3575-4]
Halide perovskite memristors, known for their ion mobility, have emerged as strong candidates for computational units in next-generation memory and neuromorphic computing systems. Nevertheless, most memristors are limited to operating in a single mode, either resistive switching or threshold switching. In this work, we overcome this limitation by developing dual-mode α-formamidinium lead triiodide (α-FAPbI3) perovskite memristors with switchable volatile/nonvolatile states, enabled by engineered SnO2 electron transport layers (ETLs). Through molecular interface optimization using 3-(N,N′-dimethylmyristylammonio) propanesulfonate (Z14) and 4,4′-(1,10-phenanthroline-3,8-diyl)bis(N,N′-bis(4-methoxyphen-yl)aniline) (PNL), we achieved exceptional device stability. Volatile devices exhibited >500 switching cycles, while nonvolatile devices surpassed 1000 cycles, both maintaining a high on/off ratio (~10^3). Beyond memory applications, these devices successfully emulated biological functionalities. The volatile mode replicated four key nociceptor characteristics (threshold, relaxation, sensitization, and no adaptation), while the nonvolatile mode demonstrated advanced synaptic plasticity, including paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) and spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). Capitalizing on this dual-mode synergy, we constructed a spiking neural network (SNN) for handwritten digit recognition, achieving a 93% accuracy rate—a significant milestone for perovskite-based neuromorphic systems. This study not only provides a material-level strategy for multifunctional memristor design but also bridges the gap between biological sensing and artificial intelligence, paving the way for adaptive neuromorphic hardware.

### 268. [Regulating Solution Aggregation and Entanglement for Efficient Self-Powered All-Polymer Photodiodes in Water Quality Monitoring](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/regulating-solution-aggregation-and-entanglement-for-efficient-self-powered-all-polymer-photodiodes-in-water-q) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3628-3]
The solution aggregation structures of conjugated polymers are pivotal in determining their film morphology and optoelectronic properties, yet the relationship between solution aggregation and device performance remains elusive in organic photodiode (OPD) systems. Herein, we introduce the first examination of solution aggregation structures of all-polymer OPD blends, with a focus on how molecular entanglement modulates aggregation behavior and subsequent photodiode performance of low-cost poly(3-pentylthiophene). Using small-angle neutron scattering and freeze-dried imaging, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the solution-state aggregation behavior of poly(3-pentylthiophene) and its evolution in the blend, revealing profound impacts on film morphology and device performance. With finely optimized aggregation, the resulting all-polymer OPD achieves a record-high specific detectivity of ~4×10^13 Jones at zero bias, outperforming all bulk heterojunction (BHJ)-type self-powered OPDs reported to date. This device also demonstrates remarkable thermal stability, with negligible performance degradation after over 800 h of thermal annealing at 85 °C. Furthermore, the self-powered OPD exhibits excellent performance across a broad spectral range, enabling its application in both water quality monitoring and biosensing. This work offers new insights into the solution aggregation behavior of conjugated polymers in OPDs and highlights the importance of resolving solution aggregation in optimizing device function.

### 269. [High-performance temperature imaging of Mn4+ doped Rb2Ge4O9 film using the time-resolved intensity ratio method](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/high-performance-temperature-imaging-of-mn4-doped-rb2ge4o9-film-using-the-time-resolved-intensity-ratio-method) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3662-4]
Luminescent thermometry has become a research hotspot due to its high spatial resolution, fast response, and non-invasive nature. However, achieving high-performance temperature imaging requires both luminescent materials with high temperature sensitivity and efficient imaging methods, which remains a significant challenge. In this study, a series of pure-phase rubidium germanate phosphors doped with manganese were synthesized and encapsulated into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films to improve chemical stability. The dramatic temperature-dependent luminescence behavior of Mn4+ in the Rb2Ge4O9 matrix provides reliable and efficient methods for temperature sensing. The high-sensitivity temperature sensing capability of the Rb2Ge4O9:0.002 Mn4+ fluorescent film has been confirmed, leveraging temperature-dependent emission intensity, luminescence decay lifetime, and time-resolved intensity ratio techniques. Notably, Rb2Ge4O9:Mn4+ fluorescent film exhibits a strikingly high relative sensitivity of 17.03% K−1 at 330 K in the time-resolved thermometry scheme, which is the highest relative temperature sensitivity within the physiological temperature range known to us. High-performance temperature imaging of the fluorescent film is achieved through the time-resolved intensity ratio strategy with a best practical temperature resolution of 0.08 K at 325 K. Furthermore, the temperature images of an operating nickel circuit with a line width of 20 μm under different working currents were recorded, showing a clear circuit microstructure and temperature gradient. These findings pave a novel path for realizing high-performance temperature imaging.

### 270. [Oxygen Vacancy Engineering in Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics for Performance Optimization](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/oxygen-vacancy-engineering-in-lead-free-piezoelectric-ceramics-for-performance-optimization) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3755-8]
Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, including potassium sodium niobate (KNN), bismuth sodium titanate (BNT), and barium titanate, are promising alternatives to lead-based counterparts due to environmental regulations. However, their functional properties—piezoelectric coefficient, mechanical quality factor, dielectric loss, Curie temperature, and thermal stability—remain inferior. Oxygen vacancy engineering has emerged as a key strategy to optimize these properties via defect modulation. Oxygen vacancies, prevalent point defects, arise from high-temperature processing, non-stoichiometry, volatile oxide evaporation, or reducing atmospheres. Acceptor doping and post-processing annealing further increase their concentration. These defects influence electrical conduction, piezoelectric/dielectric behavior, and catalytic activity. They exist as lattice vacancies, domain wall vacancies, grain boundary vacancies, and defect dipoles with cation vacancies. Their presence induces lattice distortion, hinders domain wall motion, increases coercive field, and enhances mechanical quality factor via hardening. Defect dipoles align with spontaneous polarization, creating internal bias fields that pin domains, reducing losses. Quantification of oxygen vacancies remains challenging; concentrations below 1 at% in NBT and KNN are difficult to detect. Techniques like XPS have reliability issues. A combination of impedance spectroscopy, XPS/STEM, EPR/PAS is recommended. Defect chemistry modeling, using acceptor doping to fill vacancies, allows inference of non-stoichiometry ranges. For NBT, Bi deficiency of 0.0017–0.0033 and O deficiency of 0.0025–0.0050 were calculated, corresponding to Na0.5Bi0.4967–0.4983TiO3.

### 271. [Enhancing efficiency and brightness of deep-blue phosphorescent OLED enabled by a narrowband Pt(II) emitter](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/enhancing-efficiency-and-brightness-of-deep-blue-phosphorescent-oled-enabled-by-a-narrowband-ptii-emitter) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3623-y]
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are an advanced technology for full-color displays, yet the low efficiency of blue OLEDs remains a critical bottleneck. Here, we report a new strategy to design robust Pt(II) emitters with enhanced molecular rigidity and increased locally excited character. The resulting Pt(II) emitter exhibits an extremely narrow emission spectrum peaking at 458.6 nm with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 16.0 nm and a small Huang-Rhys factor of 0.278, together with a high photoluminescence quantum efficiency of 95%. When doped into an OLED, the device emits at 464 nm with high color purity (FWHM = 19 nm) and achieves high external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 32.6%, 29.4%, and 26.9% at luminances of 123, 1000, and 5000 cd/m2, respectively. Notably, the device attains a record-high maximum brightness of 84,895 cd/m2 among reported deep-blue OLEDs with Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) y-coordinate < 0.15. This work demonstrates one of the highest-performing deep-blue OLEDs reported to date, addressing the dual challenges of efficiency and brightness in this spectral region.

### 272. [Anti-Thermal-Quenching Radioluminescence and High-Temperature X-ray Imaging of Tb3+-Doped Glass Scintillators](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/anti-thermal-quenching-radioluminescence-and-high-temperature-x-ray-imaging-of-tb3-doped-glass-scintillators) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3677-9]
The demand for high-performance scintillators in high-temperature applications, such as industrial flaw detection and oil exploration, necessitates materials with both high efficiency and thermal robustness. This work reports Tb3+-doped oxyfluoride glass scintillators exhibiting anti-thermal-quenching radioluminescence (RL). Three synergistic strategies were employed: (i) an oxyfluoride glass host providing a low-phonon-energy environment, (ii) increased structural densification of the glass network, and (iii) thermally enhanced energy transfer from Ce3+ to Tb3+. The resulting scintillators achieve an optical transmittance exceeding 88% at 542 nm, a record RL intensity of 350% relative to a standard Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) crystal, and an imaging resolution of 24 lp mm−1. Notably, the RL intensity at 633 K reaches 143% of its room-temperature (303 K) value, demonstrating significant anti-thermal-quenching behavior. In contrast, commercial BGO and CsI:Tl scintillators exhibit RL intensities dropping to approximately 1% under identical conditions. These results establish the potential of Tb3+-doped glass scintillators for high-temperature X-ray imaging and provide a strategic framework for developing thermally robust scintillating materials.

### 273. [Novel Ce3+-activated gadolinium-based glass prepared in vacuum: structure and scintillation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/novel-ce3-activated-gadolinium-based-glass-prepared-in-vacuum-structure-and-scintillation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3642-4]
High-density glass scintillators are promising alternatives to crystals for next-generation radiation detection due to their low cost, excellent physical and chemical stability, and processability. In this study, a series of Ce3+-activated gadolinium gallium borosilicate (GGBS x) glasses were synthesized via vacuum melt-quenching. With increasing Gd2O3 content, glass density increased from 5.86 to 6.05 g/cm3, and molar volume from 36.43 to 39.79 cm3/mol. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis revealed that in GGBS 1 glass, Ce3+ exclusively adopts a hexahedral [CeO6] configuration, while Gd3+ exhibits both hexahedral and octahedral coordination with a bond length of 2.35±0.1 Å and Debye-Waller factor σ2 of 0.0122±0.0015 Å2. As Gd2O3 content increased, shallow trap depth rose from 0.804 to 0.858 eV, while deep trap depth first increased from 0.948 to 1.434 eV then decreased to 1.010 eV. GGBS 1 glass exhibited high transmittance (~80%) in the visible range and a photoluminescence quantum yield of 78.4%. Under X-ray irradiation, its X-ray excited luminescence intensity reached 128.5% of that of Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) crystal, with a spatial resolution of 29.1 lp/mm, approaching the highest reported for glass scintillators. Under γ-ray excitation, it achieved a light yield of 1058 photons/MeV and an energy resolution of 23.7% at 662 keV. These results indicate that GGBS 1 glass scintillator warrants further development for applications in X-ray imaging and γ-ray spectroscopy.

### 274. [Dual-confinement of reconstructed covalent organic framework for enhanced CO2 electrolysis in acid](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dual-confinement-of-reconstructed-covalent-organic-framework-for-enhanced-co2-electrolysis-in-acid) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3610-7]
Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) offers an attractive route to produce value-added multicarbon (C2+) products, yet suffers from competing hydrogen evolution and monocarbon production. Here, we propose a dual-confinement effect on CO2 reactant and *CO intermediate, induced by tuning the pore configuration of reconstructed covalent organic frameworks (RC-COFs). The highly crystalline microporous RC-COF-1, when coated on a Cu electrode, enhances local CO2 concentration and restricts CO diffusion, thereby promoting C-C coupling. In acidic electrolyte, the RC-COF-1@Cu electrode achieves a maximum C2+ Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 67.0% at 500 mA cm−2, while maintaining a total carbon product FE above 90% across a broad current density range (100–500 mA cm−2). Experimental and theoretical analyses confirm that the ordered micropores of RC-COF-1 modulate reactant adsorption and intermediate diffusion, leading to improved C2+ selectivity. This work underscores the critical role of COF pore architecture in microenvironment engineering for heterogeneous catalysis.

### 275. [Hafnium Oxide-Based Ferroelectric Reconfigurable Optoelectronic Logic Gate Arrays for Optical Communication Encryption](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/hafnium-oxide-based-ferroelectric-reconfigurable-optoelectronic-logic-gate-arrays-for-optical-communication-en) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3637-6]
Traditional optical fiber communication encryption methods lack sufficient dynamic adaptability and hardware flexibility, while reconfigurable logic gates can overcome this limitation, thereby significantly improving the flexibility of encryption systems. This study reports a reconfigurable optoelectronic logic gate (OELG) system based on hafnium-zirconium oxide (HZO) ferroelectric thin films. Through ultra-low temperature atomic layer deposition technique, the fabricated HZO thin films demonstrate an exceptional pyroelectric coefficient of 1835.91 μC m−2 K−1 and robust multi-level polarization stability, enabling efficient broadband photon-to-current conversion. By leveraging the pyroelectric effect and tunable polarization states, the OELG device achieves dynamic optical signal modulation and logic processing. The OELG device supports five fundamental logic operations (AND, OR, NAND, NOR, NOT) via electrical bias and polarization control, without requiring hardware modifications. The OELG device demonstrates stable performance over 10^9 cycles with no degradation, meeting practical application requirements. Furthermore, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-integrated image encryption-decryption framework was validated, achieving 95.01% recognition accuracy on decrypted data, while unauthorized decryption attempts resulted in significant feature loss. This study addresses security challenges in optical communication networks by proposing an innovative solution that integrates pyroelectric materials with reconfigurable logic gate technology, offering a new pathway to enhance physical-layer security.

### 276. [Revitalizing High-Performance Lithium Primary Batteries via the Synergetic Effect of CrOx and CFx](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/revitalizing-high-performance-lithium-primary-batteries-via-the-synergetic-effect-of-crox-and-cfx) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3647-4]
Chromium oxides (CrOx) and fluorinated graphite (CFx) are two typical cathode materials for lithium primary batteries. The former possesses the highest theoretical energy density but suffers from low practical capacity and inferior rate capability; the latter has the highest theoretical discharge capacity but fails to support fast discharge. Combining the merits of both cathodes via a composite design is desirable, yet the electrochemical performance of such composites remains unsatisfactory. In this work, we identified that by regulating the overlapped discharge potential of these two cathodes, fluorine atoms migrate from CFx to CrOx, leading to a homogeneous distribution of LiF and improved ionic and electronic conductivity, ultimately enhancing high-rate discharge performance. Benefiting from this synergetic effect, the CrOx/10%eCFx composite exhibits a considerably high energy density of 496.59 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 49.7 kW kg−1 (50 C), far superior to pure CrOx and CFx electrodes. We believe that the high-performance CrOx/eCFx composite cathode will justify its practical application in revitalizing advanced lithium primary batteries.

### 277. [Dual-interface engineering strategy for optimizing carrier dynamics in perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dual-interface-engineering-strategy-for-optimizing-carrier-dynamics-in-perovskite-silicon-tandem-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3630-2]
This study demonstrates a dual-interface engineering approach for performance enhancement in perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells. By applying ethylenediamine dihydroiodide (EDAI2) to simultaneously modify both top and bottom interfaces of wide-bandgap perovskite layers, we achieve synergistic defect suppression and charge transport optimization. Time-resolved photoluminescence characterization reveals extended carrier lifetimes and improved spatial homogeneity in dual-modified perovskite films. The optimized single-junction wide-bandgap (>1.66 eV) perovskite solar cells attain a champion efficiency of 22.75% with enhanced operational stability. Implemented in perovskite-silicon tandem configuration, the devices achieve over 31% power conversion efficiency, validating the effectiveness of organic ligand-mediated dual-interface engineering in regulating carrier dynamics and advancing perovskite-based tandem photovoltaics.

### 278. [Blue-emitting ionic multi-resonance emitters for efficient narrowband light-emitting electrochemical cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/blue-emitting-ionic-multi-resonance-emitters-for-efficient-narrowband-light-emitting-electrochemical-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3666-2]
Light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are promising for low-cost, solution-processed display and lighting applications, yet achieving high efficiency and color purity remains challenging. Here, we report two ionic multi-resonance (MR) emitters with narrowband blue emission for high-color-purity LECs. By covalently bonding an imidazolium functional group into a boron/nitrogen-doped polycyclic skeleton, the emitters retain the narrowband emission and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of the MR core while gaining ionic character. The design exploits two types of nitrogen atoms in the imidazolium unit: the pyrrolic N at the 1-position forms a para-B-π-N linkage, elevating excited-state energy levels and blue-shifting emission; the pyridinic N at the 3-position provides a quaternization site, yielding intrinsically ionic emitters compatible with ionic hosts. The emitters exhibit blue emission with narrow full-width at half-maximum of 26–27 nm and high PLQYs of 95%–97% in solid-state films. LECs based on these emitters achieve narrowband blue electroluminescence with CIE coordinates of (0.12, 0.26) and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 4.6%, representing the first narrowband blue LECs based on intrinsically ionic MR emitters. This work demonstrates a viable molecular design strategy for high-color-purity LECs, addressing the long-standing trade-off between efficiency and color purity in this technology.

### 279. [Interfacial charge redistribution in ultrafine ruthenium nanoparticle-decorated N-modified carbon catalysts accelerates oxygen redox for lithium-oxygen batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/interfacial-charge-redistribution-in-ultrafine-ruthenium-nanoparticle-decorated-n-modified-carbon-catalysts-ac) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3706-3]
Aprotic lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries are severely limited by slow cathode reaction kinetics and large polarization. Herein, we design and prepare a Mott-Schottky catalyst by uniformly embedding ultrafine Ru nanoparticles on nitrogen-doped carbon (Ru@NC) nanoflakes to accelerate oxygen redox kinetics of Li-O2 batteries. The Mott-Schottky effect of Ru@NC drives spontaneous electron rearrangement in the NC matrix and induces a strong built-in electric field at heterointerfaces, which accelerates the activation and conversion of oxygen intermediates. The obtained Ru@NC possesses rich Mott-Schottky heterointerfaces and defective carbon structures, which provide extensive adsorption and nucleation sites. More importantly, Ru@NC manifests moderate affinity for the intermediate LiO2, inducing formation of unique nanosheet-like Li2O2 with low Li2O2/cathode interfacial impedance, which further enhances oxidation kinetics. These enable the Li-O2 battery with Ru@NC to deliver a remarkably reduced polarization of 0.89 V, superior rate performance, and prolonged lifespan of over 200 cycles. This work will provide valuable guidelines for engineering advanced electrocatalysts for high-performance Li-O2 batteries and beyond.

### 280. [Facile Synthesis of Efficient Blue-Light-Emitting Copper(I) Halide Hybrid Phosphors for Applications in pc-WLEDs and X-ray Imaging](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/facile-synthesis-of-efficient-blue-light-emitting-copperi-halide-hybrid-phosphors-for-applications-in-pc-wleds) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3658-1]
Organic-inorganic hybrid copper(I) halide semiconductors have attracted extensive attention for applications in phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes (pc-WLEDs), X-ray imaging, and photodetectors because of their superior photo/radioluminescence, structural diversity, and eco-friendliness. In previous work, a strategy combining coordinated anionic inorganic modules with cationic derivatives yielded highly efficient blue-emitting hybrids, but synthesis complexity limited practical use. Here, we report a facile, efficient, and rapid solution-based ultrasonic treatment method for synthesizing high-performance blue-emitting phosphors using inexpensive, commercially available tetraethylammonium halides (TEAX, X = Cl, Br, I). The synergistic interplay of ionic and covalent bonds in these compounds endows them with a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 70% and excellent stability. These materials exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), delivering outstanding performance in pc-WLEDs and X-ray imaging. Their exceptional properties highlight significant potential for use in optoelectronic devices and X-ray scintillators. This work provides an important reference for rapid synthesis of high-performance copper(I) halide hybrid phosphors and paves the way for commercial application.

### 281. [Suppressing high-voltage phase transition of P2 type oxides by a precise composition tailoring strategy to realize high energy and stable sodium-ion batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/suppressing-high-voltage-phase-transition-of-p2-type-oxides-by-a-precise-composition-tailoring-strategy-to-rea) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3687-6]
P2-Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 (NNMO) is a promising cathode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high energy density and operating voltage. However, severe P2-O2 phase transition at high cut-off voltage causes large volume variation, structural degradation, and rapid capacity decay. Ion doping has been explored to suppress this transition, but achieving both high capacity and stability remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate that precise composition regulation enables both. The designed P2-Na0.67Ni0.28Mg0.03Fe0.04Mn0.55Ti0.1O2 retains high electrochemical active element content while effectively suppressing phase transition, leading to outstanding structural stability and fast charge transfer kinetics. This cathode delivers a high specific capacity of 143.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and maintains stable cycling over 1000 cycles. Our work provides a new strategy for rationally designing high-capacity, stable cathode materials for SIBs.

### 282. [Sodium storage performance and mechanism of a novel amorphous NaFeP2O7/rGO cathode material derived from jarosite residue](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/sodium-storage-performance-and-mechanism-of-a-novel-amorphous-nafep2o7rgo-cathode-material-derived-from-jarosi) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3744-9]
The high-value utilization of industrial wastes is critically important for environmental protection and sustainable development. In this work, amorphous NaFeP2O7 (NFPO) and NaFeP2O7/rGO (NFPO/rGO) composite are synthesized via a selective chemical precipitation approach, utilizing industrial jarosite residue as the iron source. The sodium storage performance and mechanism of this amorphous NFPO/rGO composite as a novel cathode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are explored for the first time. The as-synthesized amorphous NFPO/rGO composite exhibits outstanding long-term cycling performance of 79.1 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 0.1 A g−1, while the crystalline NFPO/rGO composite does not work. Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis demonstrate that the amorphous NFPO/rGO composite has high Na+ diffusivity and fast kinetics. In-situ X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the structure change from amorphous NaFeP2O7 to triclinic Na2FeP2O7 during the first discharge process and then evolves to a highly disordered structure in the subsequent charge/discharge cycles. The present work not only provides an avenue for the high-value utilization of jarosite residue but also offers theoretical guidance for the structural design and development of NaFeP2O7-based cathode materials for SIBs.

### 283. [Controlling ligand field of Li3VO4 to enhance the electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/controlling-ligand-field-of-li3vo4-to-enhance-the-electrochemical-performance-for-lithium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3712-2]
Electrochemical potential and ion diffusion of electrode materials restrain the energy and power densities of lithium-ion batteries, and these challenges also remain in the intercalation-type Li3VO4 (LVO). In this work, the local [VO4] coordination symmetry in LVO is broken by a higher concentration of oxygen vacancies (Vö), resulting in an increased average V–O bond length and a larger ligand field splitting. These alterations reduce the energy level of the lowest unoccupied orbitals (e*) and lift the electrochemical potential, resulting in a higher voltage output. Additionally, the broken local symmetry in Vö-LVO is found to reduce the band gap and expand the ion transport channels, which favors enhancing electronic conductivity and facilitates ion diffusion, thereby improving the electrochemical kinetics in the energy storage process. The local symmetry broken sample (Vö-LVO) achieves a significantly improved capacity of 532 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g in comparison with 394 mAh/g of pristine LVO, and long cycling stability with retained capacity of 398 mAh/g at 1 A/g over 500 cycles compared with 236 mAh/g of the pristine LVO. The fundamental understanding paves the way to exploit high-performance electrodes via ligand field engineering for next-generation rechargeable batteries.

### 284. [Dual Regulation Strategy to Construct Robust and High-Conductivity Na3V2(PO4)2O2F for Ultra-Long-Life Sodium-Ion Full Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dual-regulation-strategy-to-construct-robust-and-high-conductivity-na3v2po42o2f-for-ultra-long-life-sodium-ion) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3746-x]
The polyanionic compound Na3V2(PO4)2O2F (NVPOF) possesses a stable three-dimensional framework, high theoretical specific capacity, and favorable operating voltage, yet its sluggish Na+ diffusion kinetics and low electronic conductivity impede industrial application. This study proposes a dual regulation strategy combining carbon coating and heat treatment temperature to synergistically enhance crystallinity and electrochemical performance. NVPOF@C-400 and NVPOF@C-600 were synthesized via in-situ dopamine hydrochloride coating followed by heat treatment at 400 °C and 600 °C, respectively. Carbon coating at 600 °C significantly improved crystallinity and increased electronic conductivity by three orders of magnitude through the carbon layer's conductive network. The ~4.5 nm carbon layer effectively suppressed abnormal grain growth and secondary crystallization aggregation at high temperatures, maintaining uniform particle size of approximately 0.36 μm, which shortens Na+ diffusion pathways and prevents ion transport obstruction. Consequently, NVPOF@C-600 delivered a high discharge capacity of 102.5 mAh g−1 at 20 C and retained 96.5% capacity after 10,000 cycles. In a full-cell configuration with hard carbon (HC), NVPOF@C-600//HC achieved an impressive 89.3% capacity retention after 9,000 cycles. This work provides critical insights for practical implementation of high-performance NVPOF cathodes in sodium-ion batteries.

### 285. [Topological Chitosan Framework Enables Reversible Columnar Array Anodes for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/topological-chitosan-framework-enables-reversible-columnar-array-anodes-for-high-performance-aqueous-zinc-batt) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3714-3]
Eco-friendly aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) are promising alternatives to lead-acid batteries in applications requiring both safety and energy density. However, their practical deployment is hindered by the synergistic deterioration of zinc anodes—structural collapse and kinetic failure—under high depth of discharge (DOD) and high current densities, which severely limits actual energy and power densities. Here, we report a strategy for the in situ integration of a double-layer topological chitosan framework (D-CTS) on current collectors via regulating phase separation kinetics during multistage coordination-neutralization electrophoresis. The vertical through-hole array is formed by coupling instantaneous and delayed phase separation. Subsequently, a columnar zinc array is mediated by D-CTS to construct an integrated component (D-CTS-Zn) comprising a vertical through-hole separator and an array anode. The embedded interconnected nanonetworks within the through-hole walls enable dynamic equilibrium of the columnar zinc array through a lateral ion compensation mechanism. As a result, Zn||Zn symmetric cells with D-CTS-Zn stably cycle over 3000 cycles at 200 mA cm−2 under 60% DOD. The assembled D-CTS-Zn||MnO2 battery delivers an energy density of 83 Wh kg−1 at an ultrahigh power density of 9.25 kW kg−1. This work provides a constructive strategy for chitosan phase separation regulation and separator-induced reversible metal array anodes.

### 286. [Self-supported partially crystallized nanoporous metallic glass for ultra-stable and efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/self-supported-partially-crystallized-nanoporous-metallic-glass-for-ultra-stable-and-efficient-electrocatalyti) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3506-3]
Metallic glasses (MGs) often suffer from sluggish hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics in neutral and alkaline media, with their catalytic performance predominantly confined to acidic environments. Herein, we reported a novel thermoplastic forming technique to fabricate a self-supported partially crystallized nanoporous Pt56.2Ni5.2Cu16.8P21.8 metallic glass (C-NPMG). The C-NPMG catalyst delivers ultralow overpotentials of 18.0 mV (0.5 M H2SO4), 42.2 mV (1 M KOH), and 88.0 mV (1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)) at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, outperforming most state-of-the-art non-noble MGs and Pt-based benchmarks across all pH conditions. Notably, it maintains negligible performance decay for over 1000 h in alkaline electrolytes, showcasing superior stability. Experimental and computational analyses reveal that the enhanced HER activity arises from three synergistic effects: (1) the high-specific-surface-area nanoporous architecture that maximizes active site exposure; (2) the formation of crystallite-amorphous interfaces during partial crystallization, which lowers the energy barrier for H2 desorption; (3) the hierarchical super-hydrophilic and super-hydrophobic wettability of the C-NPMG, which optimizes mass transport and prevents electrolyte-induced corrosion. This work establishes a novel design paradigm for developing high-performance, pH-universal HER electrocatalysts by integrating structural nano-engineering and crystallite-amorphous phase synergy in metallic glass systems to overcome the trade-offs between performance and stability in electrochemical water splitting.

### 287. [Axial orbital hybridization enables single-atom Fe-N-C hollow microplates for efficient oxygen reduction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/axial-orbital-hybridization-enables-single-atom-fe-n-c-hollow-microplates-for-efficient-oxygen-reduction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3682-6]
Metal single-atoms with optimized coordination structure on highly accessible substrate can maximize the metal utilization efficiency along with enhancing catalytic activities. Herein, axial nitrogen-coordinated Fe-N5 sites on N-doped carbon (denoted as FeN5@N-C) hollow microplates are fabricated via a unique Fe3+-chelated polydopamine assisted hollowing strategy using ZIF-L microplates as multifunctional templates. Due to the powerful chelating and adhesive ability of polydopamine, this hollow-carbon strategy can be extended to fabricate single-atom Fe-N-C hollow structures with different shapes and encapsulate other transition-metal single atoms (Ni, Co, Mn, and Cu) into the N-doped carbon hollow microplates. The FeN5@N-C hollow microplates exhibit outstanding oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) capability with an impressive half-wave potential of 0.93 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode and high stability, which can serve as air-cathode catalysts for high-performance Zn-air batteries with high peak power density of 225.3 mW cm−2 and stable cyclability of up to 400 h. Comprehensive analysis and theoretical calculations elucidate that axial nitrogen coordination in Fe-N5 catalytic sites, unlike the planar Fe-N4 configuration, can compete well with the bonding of OH* through additional 3d-2p orbital hybridization, thereby giving moderate bonding strength to enhance the ORR activity.

### 288. [Mesopore-tuned iron and nitrogen co-doped carbon for enhanced oxygen reduction electrocatalysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mesopore-tuned-iron-and-nitrogen-co-doped-carbon-for-enhanced-oxygen-reduction-electrocatalysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3672-8]
Pore-tuning engineering is an effective strategy for designing catalysts for energy storage and conversion. Here, we report a rhombic dodecahedral iron and nitrogen co-doped carbon (Fe-N-C) material with hierarchical micro-mesoporous structures, synthesized using mesoporous silica as both pore template and iron source. The resulting catalyst (m-Fe/NC) exhibits significantly enhanced oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity, with half-wave potentials of 0.81 V and 0.88 V in acidic and alkaline media, respectively. When employed as a cathode in zinc-air batteries, m-Fe/NC delivers a superior specific capacity of 815 mAh g_Zn^-1 and a stable cell voltage of 1.31 V at a current density of 10 mA cm^-2. Advanced characterization and theoretical calculations reveal that the mesoporous structure not only increases active site exposure but also induces a curvature-induced strain effect on concave surfaces, which enhances intrinsic activity. This work provides insights for developing innovative nanoporous electrocatalysts.

### 289. [Bioinspired multi-scale heterogeneous layered structure enhances strength and ductility of copper matrix composites](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bioinspired-multi-scale-heterogeneous-layered-structure-enhances-strength-and-ductility-of-copper-matrix-compo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3759-7]
The inherent strength-ductility trade-off in materials science poses a significant challenge for structural applications. In composites, rational regulation of reinforcement structure and distribution can enhance both strength and ductility. Typical structures such as network, layered, and columnar have proven effective, yet issues like narrow size ranges, uneven distribution, and weak interfacial bonding limit performance. Here, we present a bioinspired multi-scale heterogeneous layered composite (MHLC) that achieves an optimal balance between strength and ductility. This heterogeneous layered structure comprises alternately stacked Cu-Ti layers and GNPs/Cu layers. The Cu-Ti layer contains uniformly distributed plate-like β-Cu4Ti intermetallic compounds, while the GNPs/Cu layer contains layered graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). The size, distribution, and shape of reinforcements can be adjusted through heat treatment and cold rolling, enabling a balance between strength and ductility. Molecular dynamics simulation and finite element simulation were conducted to investigate the structural evolution of β-Cu4Ti and the influence of reinforcements on tensile properties, respectively. Results show that under tensile deformation, high-strain regions in the Cu-Ti layer are more numerous than in the GNPs/Cu layer. At an applied strain of 7.96%, fracture and deformation of reinforcements occur; at 23.98%, voids appear and develop into cracks. Cracks propagate along high-strain paths, forming a zigzag fracture pattern at the interface, indicating high interfacial bonding strength. The bending deformation of β-Cu4Ti suggests it possesses high hardness, strength, and excellent toughness. Our results provide important references for exploring multi-scale heterogeneous layered structures in enhancing strength and ductility of composites.

### 290. [Cycling Decay Mechanism and Accelerated Aging Model of Sulfur-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cycling-decay-mechanism-and-accelerated-aging-model-of-sulfur-based-lithium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3695-8]
Sulfur-based lithium-ion batteries, particularly those employing sulfurized poly(acrylonitrile) (SPAN) cathodes and graphite (Gr) anodes, offer high theoretical capacity and low cost but suffer from temperature-dependent capacity decay. This study systematically investigates the electrochemical dynamics and capacity decay mechanism of SPAN||Gr pouch cells cycled at 25–55 °C. Multiscale analyses reveal that capacity fade arises from active lithium loss and increased resistance, both accelerated by higher temperatures. Active lithium loss is primarily attributed to dead lithium formation and thickening of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI), while resistance increase is predominantly due to SEI/CEI thickening. As temperature rises, active lithium loss becomes the dominant decay factor. Leveraging the consistent decay mechanism across temperatures, an accelerated aging model based on the Arrhenius equation is developed: y = 0.9x + a. This model accurately predicts cycling parameters at specific temperatures and reduces testing time by 50% when extrapolating from 55 °C to 25 °C. These insights provide critical guidance for developing long-life sulfur-based batteries for practical energy storage applications.

### 291. [A Heterocatalyst-Modified Separator Enables Multi-Stage Sodium Compensation for Long-Life Sodium-Ion Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-heterocatalyst-modified-separator-enables-multi-stage-sodium-compensation-for-long-life-sodium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3733-2]
Irreversible sodium loss, primarily caused by solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation during initial cycling, significantly degrades the capacity of sodium-ion batteries by depleting active sodium. While pre-sodiation mitigates initial sodium loss, it fails to address continuous loss throughout the battery lifecycle. To overcome this limitation, we propose a sustained sodium compensation strategy utilizing activation-releasing systems. Key to this approach are high-capacity sodium compensators, Na2C2O4 and Na2C4O4, supported on a B and N co-doped Mo2C-W2C (MoW-C) heterostructure catalyst. This configuration enables efficient sodium release at charging voltages of 3.53 and 3.78 V, respectively. By integrating the sodium supplement agent onto the separator, and precisely controlling voltage and charge, multiple sodium replenishment is achieved over the entire battery lifecycle. This strategy reduces initial active sodium loss by 36.53%. Furthermore, a single activation during subsequent usage provides an additional 0.115 mAh cm−2 of active sodium. As a result, the cell exhibits exceptional cycling stability, with a capacity loss of only 0.059% per cycle over 350 cycles at 0.5 C.

### 292. [Directed charge transfer over GM/UiO-66 ternary heterojunction for enhanced photocatalytic nitrogen fixation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/directed-charge-transfer-over-gmuio-66-ternary-heterojunction-for-enhanced-photocatalytic-nitrogen-fixation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3684-4]
The efficient conversion of dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) under mild conditions remains a critical challenge for sustainable nitrogen fixation. This study reports a rationally designed ternary heterojunction, GO/MXene/UiO-66 (GM/UiO-66), which achieves directed charge transfer for enhanced photocatalytic nitrogen fixation. The internal electric field at the heterointerface drives anisotropic migration of photogenerated charges, leading to rapid separation of electron–hole pairs and suppression of interfacial recombination. The intrinsic defect structure of graphene oxide (GO) provides active sites for N2 adsorption and activation, while π–π interactions between GO and UiO-66 accelerate electron transfer. Additionally, the Schottky junction between UiO-66 and MXene facilitates hole (h+) transfer. The incorporation of GO and MXene extends visible-light absorption of UiO-66. Under simulated solar illumination, GM/UiO-66 exhibits an NH3 generation rate of 25.1 μmol g−1 h−1, which is 1.9 times higher than that of pristine UiO-66 (13.5 μmol g−1 h−1). This work presents a novel strategy for designing ternary heterojunction composites that optimize charge transfer and significantly improve photocatalytic performance.

### 293. [Strain Modulation of ZrO2 Ferroelectric Thin Films for Achieving Superior Polarization](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/strain-modulation-of-zro2-ferroelectric-thin-films-for-achieving-superior-polarization) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3625-3]
Zirconia (ZrO2)-based fluorite ferroelectric materials are promising for nonvolatile memory and logic devices due to their CMOS compatibility and cost advantages over hafnium oxide (HfO2). However, the metastable nature of the ferroelectric orthorhombic phase (o-phase) hinders practical application. Here, we report the strain-mediated stabilization of the ferroelectric o-phase in ZrO2 thin films grown on niobium-doped strontium titanate (NSTO) substrates with different crystallographic orientations via chemical solution deposition. Systematic structural and ferroelectric characterization, combined with simulation, reveals that substrate orientation controls in-plane tensile strain, selectively promoting epitaxial growth of the o-phase. The ZrO2 film on NSTO(110) exhibits the highest o-phase content, achieving a remanent polarization (2Pr) of 92.64 μC/cm², which remains as high as 88.54 μC/cm² after resistive-capacitive (RC) delay calibration. The device shows endurance of approximately 10^7 cycles with favorable fatigue characteristics. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) further indicates distortion of Zr-O tetrahedra, providing microscopic insight into the ferroelectricity. This work presents a novel strategy for property tuning of ZrO2 films and supports their application in storage and logic devices.

### 294. [Efficient Construction of Hierarchical Polyurethane Composite Foam for High Microwave Absorption Performance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/efficient-construction-of-hierarchical-polyurethane-composite-foam-for-high-microwave-absorption-performance) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3719-8]
The proliferation of 5G communications and smart electronic devices has intensified electromagnetic wave (EMW) pollution, necessitating microwave absorption materials (MAMs) with high efficiency, lightweight, and flexibility. Traditional MAMs suffer from high density and narrow effective absorption bandwidth (EAB). This work presents a lightweight, flexible microwave-absorbing composite fabricated by in-situ polymerization foaming of polyurethane (PU) with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and flaky carbonyl iron (FCI). The hierarchical PU composite foam, designated 3*PFC 0.5-1.0-1.5, achieves an EAB of 15.7 GHz, covering 98.1% of the tested 2–18 GHz range, including S, C, X, and Ku bands. This performance stems from synergistic conductive and magnetic losses, along with impedance matching facilitated by the hierarchical porous structure. The composite maintains low density and high compressibility, offering a promising solution for EMW absorption in 5G, military stealth, and smart devices. The in-situ method ensures strong interfacial adhesion between fillers and matrix, enhancing durability compared to impregnation methods. This study demonstrates a scalable approach to fabricate high-performance MAMs with broad bandwidth and mechanical robustness.

### 295. [Zebra-inspired radiative modulator for climate-customized thermal management enabled by metal-organic framework](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/zebra-inspired-radiative-modulator-for-climate-customized-thermal-management-enabled-by-metal-organic-framewor) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3663-6]
Escalating global climate change has precipitated a dramatic surge in building cooling/heating energy demands, critically undermining urban sustainability. Although dynamic thermal management technologies show potential for reducing architectural carbon footprints, prevailing active regulation systems remain constrained by energy-intensive mode-switching mechanisms and unsustainable operational costs. Here, we develop a zebra-inspired radiative modulator (ZIRM) that achieves climate-customized building thermal management through spatially partitioned integration of radiative cooling (RC) and heating (RH) functional units. The material breakthrough resides in a hybrid thin-film architecture combining a cellulose acetate/Zeolitic imidazolate framework-L (ZIF-L) porous membrane (solar reflectance ~95%, thermal emissivity ~0.88) with an MXene/ZIF-67 derived carbon-based absorption layer (solar absorption ~93%, thermal emissivity ~0.37), resolving the opto-thermal coupling limitations inherent to conventional materials. Experimental verification demonstrates that programmable regulation of the RC/RH area ratio enables broad-range temperature differential control from −4.3 to 12.1 °C during daytime operation. Building energy simulations reveal ZIRM’s annual energy consumption of 1.45×10^10 GJ, corresponding to 9.9% and 2.7% reductions compared to pure RC and RH systems, respectively. The established “configuration-environment-performance” predictive model pioneers a paradigm-shifting solution for carbon-neutral architecture, synergizing material innovation with climate-customized engineering strategies.

### 296. [Precise Integration of Dual-Atom Pair Sites onto a 2D Porphyrinic Metal-Organic Framework for Efficient CO2 Photoreduction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/precise-integration-of-dual-atom-pair-sites-onto-a-2d-porphyrinic-metal-organic-framework-for-efficient-co2-ph) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3699-1]
Dual-atom (DA) catalysts have exhibited great potential in regulating the catalytic performance of CO2 reduction. However, precise construction of DAs on a support remains challenging. Herein, we report the precise immobilization of M-DAs (M = Ru, Rh, Pt) onto the Zr-oxo cluster of a 2D porphyrinic metal-organic framework (2D-Ni-PCN-222) via a dimetallic complex pre-coordination strategy. The resultant M-DAs/2D-Ni-PCN-222 catalysts were applied to CO2 photoreduction using ammonia borane as the H* donor. Under visible light, the optimal catalyst, Ru-DAs/2D-Ni-PCN-222, exhibited a HCOO− production rate of 35.4 mmol g−1 h−1 with nearly 100% selectivity and a turnover frequency of 691 h−1. Kinetic isotope experiments demonstrated that the coupling rate between H* and CO2 governed the production efficiency of HCOO−. In situ experiments and density functional theory calculations disclosed that Ru-DAs with highly delocalized d electrons could accept photogenerated electrons from 2D-Ni-PCN-222 and inject them into inert CO2 molecules. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations revealed that adaptive shortening of Ru–O coordination bonds during CO2 adsorption played a crucial role in facilitating deeper activation and the formation of an optimal η3–O,C,O adsorption mode of CO2. This work provides a precise strategy for constructing dual-atom catalysts on MOFs and elucidates the mechanism of CO2 photoreduction, offering insights for the design of efficient photocatalysts.

### 297. [Aerogels enable multifunctionality in GFRP composites: enhanced mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, and electromagnetic microwave absorption](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/aerogels-enable-multifunctionality-in-gfrp-composites-enhanced-mechanical-properties-thermal-conductivity-and) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3603-2]
Conventional glass fiber/epoxy (GF/EP) composites, while structurally competent, are hindered by poor interlaminar toughness, low thermal conductivity, and electromagnetic transparency. This study transforms GF/EP composites into advanced structural multifunctional materials by embedding Ti3C2Tx MXene/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) aerogels (TPA) as integral interlayers. Hybrid composites with tailored architectures—aligned (GFAM_A) and random (GFAM_R) TPA/GF/EP laminates—were fabricated via unidirectional and isotropic freeze-casting, respectively. The integrated aerogel phase promotes crack deflection and distributed energy dissipation, leading to notable enhancements in interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and fracture toughness. The continuous Ti3C2Tx MXene network within the aerogel creates efficient through-thickness thermal conduction pathways and imparts strong microwave absorption properties. Notably, GFAM_A achieves simultaneous increases of approximately 52% in ILSS, 78% in toughness, and 42% in thermal conductivity, along with effective microwave absorption: a minimum reflection loss of −23.47 dB and a maximum effective bandwidth of 2.70 GHz. This study demonstrates that precision aerogel engineering provides a powerful strategy for upgrading conventional glass fiber composites into advanced multifunctional structural materials.

### 298. [Performance enhancement, negative stiffness structural characterization, and energy absorption mechanisms of 3D-printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced composites](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/performance-enhancement-negative-stiffness-structural-characterization-and-energy-absorption-mechanisms-of-3d) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3616-8]
Negative stiffness (NS) structures exploit multi-stable mechanisms to achieve energy absorption, yet their practical application is limited by material and manufacturing constraints that compromise load-bearing capacity, reusability, and energy absorption efficiency. This study addresses these limitations by employing continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymers (CCFRTP) and three-dimensional (3D) printing to fabricate NS structures with cosine beam cells. A wet twisting method for continuous carbon fiber (CCF) was developed to enhance mechanical properties and elucidate failure behaviors and interfacial adhesion mechanisms. The resulting CCF/PLA/PVDF composites exhibited significant improvements in mechanical properties compared to untreated counterparts, with failure analysis revealing characteristic fiber breakage due to enhanced interfacial adhesion, as opposed to fiber pull-out and irregular fracture in untreated samples. A one-stroke path planning model was used to investigate bistability principles and energy absorption mechanisms. Displacement-controlled loading/unloading experiments assessed energy absorption in both energy-locked and repetitive modes. A dual-unit assembly structure was fabricated to validate the feasibility of a negative stiffness honeycomb structure. Composite layup simulations via Abaqus confirmed the deformation process and energy absorption mechanisms. The findings demonstrate that CCFRTP-based NS structures offer considerable potential for large deformation energy absorption applications in aerospace and naval fields.

### 299. [Phase-Transition Assisted Synthesis of High-Strength, Low-Dielectric Fused Silica/hBN Composite Ceramics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/phase-transition-assisted-synthesis-of-high-strength-low-dielectric-fused-silicahbn-composite-ceramics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3686-6]
Fused silica (SiO2) exhibits exceptional thermal stability and dielectric properties, making it an attractive material for aerospace and military applications. However, its relatively poor mechanical performance has limited its widespread practical utilization. This study proposed an innovative approach to fabricate SiO2-hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) composite ceramics via spark plasma sintering (SPS), leveraging the high-temperature phase transformation of cubic boron nitride (cBN) to introduce randomly oriented hBN as a reinforcing phase within the SiO2 matrix. The randomly oriented hBN nanoplates allow cracks to propagate along stronger grain boundaries, rather than along weaker interlayers of hBN, significantly improving the overall strength and fracture toughness of the composite. The maximum flexural strength and fracture toughness achieved are 183.4 MPa and 2.06 MPa m1/2 respectively, which are 3.6 times and 4 times that of fused SiO2. Concurrently, the composites exhibit low dielectric constants (ε = 3.58–3.69) and dielectric losses (tan δ < 0.0087) at 1 MHz. This work successfully enhanced the mechanical performance of fused SiO2 while preserving its excellent dielectric characteristics, opening new possibilities for its potential applications in advanced structural and functional fields.

### 300. [Bio-inspired self-sensing suction cups for stable dynamic grasping](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bio-inspired-self-sensing-suction-cups-for-stable-dynamic-grasping) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3652-2]
Existing robotic end-effector gripping technologies often encounter challenges such as poor adaptability to environmental changes, incomplete deformation sensing, and insufficient adhesion stability, which can compromise operational safety and reliability. Here, we present the bio-inspired self-sensing suction cup, in which the core self-sensing capability is achieved by combining high-performance, laser-induced graphene/Ag NWs flexible sensors with a Wheatstone bridge design. The flexible sensors provide high sensitivity, while the Wheatstone bridge circuit enables accurate and stable detection of deformation during the gripping process. Integrated into the octopus-inspired suction cup, this system allows for real-time monitoring of deformation and adsorption stability. The self-sensing suction cup demonstrates good performance across a 0–25 kPa negative pressure range, with outstanding linearity (R2 = 0.993) and high sensitivity (GF = 10.436 kPa−1). Experimental results confirm that the suction cup can achieve stable adsorption under varying loads and enable real-time monitoring of the suction cup status during the gripping process. This design provides a promising solution for intelligent gripping systems, logistics, and object recognition in challenging environments.

### 301. [Injectable Hydrogel Enabled by Strained Disulfide-Thiol Exchange and Core-Shell Thiolated Copolymer Nanoparticles for Efficient Hydrophobic Drug Delivery](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/injectable-hydrogel-enabled-by-strained-disulfide-thiol-exchange-and-core-shell-thiolated-copolymer-nanopartic) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3649-0]
Injectable hydrogels formed via dynamic chemical crosslinks hold great promise as drug delivery platforms due to their robust yet adaptable nature, stimuli-responsiveness, and tunable structures and properties. However, their inherently high water content poses a significant challenge for the efficient encapsulation and sustained release of hydrophobic drugs. Here, we present a novel injectable hydrogel system constructed via a strain-promoted disulfide-thiol exchange between dithiolane-functionalized polymer strands and thiolated core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) under physiological conditions. The hydrophobic core and hydrophilic shell structure of the NPs enables effective loading and protection of hydrophobic drugs, while rapid gelation occurs upon mixing the thiolated NPs with dithiolane-polymers in phosphate-buffered saline. The hydrogel shows excellent injectability, self-healing capability, in vitro biodegradability, and cytocompatibility. This hydrogel system enables sustained release of hydrophobic drugs over 32 days in aqueous media and supports sequential dual-drug release. Its redox-responsiveness under tumor-mimicking reducing conditions, enabled by the disulfide crosslinks, further facilitates controlled intracellular drug release. This multi-component platform offers a versatile strategy for designing advanced injectable hydrogels with potential applications in hydrophobic drug delivery and other biomedical fields.

### 302. [Ultrastretchable and highly sensitive strain sensors based on biomass Juncus effusus fibers with 3D triangular networks](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ultrastretchable-and-highly-sensitive-strain-sensors-based-on-biomass-juncus-effusus-fibers-with-3d-triangular) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3789-x]
Wearable sensors have attracted significant attention due to their superior sensitivity, safety, and adaptability compared with conventional detection technologies. However, developing sustainable sensing materials that combine excellent performance with environmental friendliness remains a significant challenge. In this study, Juncus effusus (JE), a natural fiber featuring a unique internal three-dimensional (3D) network structure, was employed as the substrate. Conductive polyaniline was loaded onto the JE structure to impart electrical conductivity, and Ecoflex encapsulation provided high elasticity. Based on this approach, a JE-based resistive flexible sensor (PHE-JE) was successfully fabricated. The PHE-JE sensor exhibits high stability under various strain conditions, along with excellent flexibility and durability. Moreover, benefiting from its complex 3D structure and synergistic material interactions, the PHE-JE sensor enables accurate detection of diverse motion types, showing promising potential for future wearable sensing applications.

### 303. [Ionogel Sensor for Reproducible Detection of Trace Methamphetamine Analogues](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ionogel-sensor-for-reproducible-detection-of-trace-methamphetamine-analogues) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3860-0]
Drug detection is critical for public health and security, yet reversible and highly sensitive sensing materials remain scarce. This study presents a novel ionogel sensor material, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)/1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate, for reproducible detection of N-methylphenylethylamine (MPEA), a structural analogue of methamphetamine. The ionogel is fabricated by immobilizing a flowable ionic liquid within a PEGDA network via UV curing, preserving ionic mobility for efficient conduction. Integrated on a flexible poly(ethylene naphthalate) substrate, the sensor exhibits over 72.6% transmittance in the visible spectrum, enabling concealed attachment. Utilizing non-covalent interactions, the sensor achieves reproducible MPEA detection at sub-ppb levels at room temperature, with a theoretical detection limit of 317 ppt. It demonstrates high selectivity and consistency. Ionic conductivity was confirmed via current-voltage tests and impedance spectroscopy, and the sensing mechanism was clarified. The device maintains reliable performance under bending, indicating suitability for dynamic environments. With Bluetooth integration for wireless data transmission, the sensor shows strong potential for practical, discreet drug monitoring in real-world applications.

### 304. [Golgi-Targeted Clay Nanoregulators with Spatiotemporal Thermal Confinement and Cascade-Amplified Antigen Delivery for Tumor Therapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/golgi-targeted-clay-nanoregulators-with-spatiotemporal-thermal-confinement-and-cascade-amplified-antigen-deliv) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3671-0]
Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a non-invasive tumor treatment that offers controllability, non-drug resistance, and precise ablation, yet its efficacy is limited by uncontrolled heat diffusion and weak immune responses, often leading to metastasis. Here, we report a chondroitin sulfate-modified Prussian blue-montmorillonite immunoregulator (PM@CS) that integrates tumor cell adhesion and Golgi targeting to confine photothermal damage at the organelle level. PM@CS accumulates on the Golgi apparatus, reducing heat transfer distance and enhancing photothermal ablation. This targeted hyperthermia disrupts post-translational modification and secretion of metastasis-associated proteins, with GOLPH3 and GOLM1 expression reduced by 63.4% and 70.3%, respectively. Furthermore, PM@CS promotes dendritic cell maturation (3.3-fold increase in CD80+ and CD86+ populations) and enhances antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation, attributed to the immunoadjuvant properties of montmorillonite. Notably, PM@CS upregulates voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV) and enhances Ca2+ influx, activating calcium signaling cascades that amplify immunotherapy. This synergistic approach inhibits primary tumor growth and lung metastasis, offering a promising strategy for cancer treatment.

### 305. [Corrosion-Associated Mechanical Behavior of Zn-Based Biodegradable Metals During Long-Term In Vitro Immersion Degradation in Hank's Solution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/corrosion-associated-mechanical-behavior-of-zn-based-biodegradable-metals-during-long-term-in-vitro-immersion) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3705-5]
Biodegradable metals (BMs) are designed to corrode gradually in physiological environments, yet this corrosion can compromise their mechanical integrity, potentially causing premature implant failure. For emerging zinc-based alloys, the corrosion-mechanical property relationship remains inadequately characterized. This study systematically investigated the long-term corrosion-associated mechanical behavior of hot-extruded Zn-Cu and Zn-Cu-Fe alloys, promising Zn-based bio-metals, in comparison with pure Zn, under immersion degradation in Hank's solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and mechanical testing revealed that the evolving corrosion profile governs mechanical performance. Alloying with Cu and Fe mitigated corrosion's detrimental effects: grain refinement reduced localized corrosion susceptibility, while finely dispersed second phases acted as cathodic sites, promoting uniform corrosion. Additionally, Cu and Fe facilitated the formation of protective corrosion product layers, suppressing further matrix attack. Consequently, the overall reduced corrosion, particularly localized corrosion, lowered stress concentration susceptibility, delaying mechanical decline and preserving structural integrity. These findings elucidate the degradation-mechanical property correlation in Zn-based bio-metals and underscore critical considerations for developing new bio-metals for clinical translation.

### 306. [Strategic Dihedral Angle Engineering for High-Efficiency Through-Space Charge Transfer TADF Emitters](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/strategic-dihedral-angle-engineering-for-high-efficiency-through-space-charge-transfer-tadf-emitters) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3770-9]
Intramolecular through-space charge-transfer (TSCT)-enabled thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters have shown exceptional potential for advancing organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technologies, owing to their efficient utilization of triplet excitons and optimized photophysical properties. To date, the intrinsic correlation among molecular geometries, intramolecular non-covalent interactions, and photophysical properties in TSCT-TADF emitters remains unconfirmed, and this study theoretically clarifies this critical correlation. Specifically, through integrating molecular engineering, screening strategies, first-principles calculations, energy decomposition analysis, and statistical modeling, we systematically investigated 24 experimentally reported TADF molecules, and 54 newly designed structures in both solution and thin-film environments. We establish a clear geometric criterion for high-efficiency TSCT-TADF emitters: donor-acceptor (D-A) dihedral angles below 25° and interfragment distances within 4 Å—conditions validated by both theoretical predictions and experimental evidence. Based on this insight, we designed two novel molecular libraries with benzene- or carbazole-derivative bridges, using O-bridged triphenylamine (DPXZ) as the donor and quinolino[3,2,1-de]acridine-5,9-dione (QAO) as the acceptor. Our calculations confirm that sub-25° D-A dihedral angles correlate with exceptional delayed fluorescence efficiency, with predictions reaching up to 96% and an average of 70% for the new thin film systems. This study provides a rational design strategy for high-performance TSCT-TADF emitters, significantly advancing the molecular-level understanding of through-space interactions and accelerating the discovery of tailored, efficient OLED materials.

### 307. [A Self-Powered Electrical Stimulation Suture for Muscle Tissue Repair in Rabbits](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-self-powered-electrical-stimulation-suture-for-muscle-tissue-repair-in-rabbits) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3584-3]
Sutures, as necessary medical devices for postoperative treatment, are no longer merely supportive but are required to have advanced functions to promote repair. Here, we report an absorbable self-powered electrical stimulation suture (SES-suture). The suture is composed entirely of absorbable materials (magnesium, polylactic acid, and polycaprolactone) and can be used in vivo for incision closure and repair. The suture has the capacity to generate spontaneous electrical stimulation in response to body movement, allowing for accelerated tissue reconstruction. An in vivo muscle incision repair model in rabbits demonstrated that the wound healing rate under treatment with this suture was 1.6 times faster than that of commercial sutures, proving its postoperative therapeutic capability. Immunofluorescence and quantitative analyses showed that SES-sutures significantly increased α-SMA and CD31 expression, with levels approximately 2.8 and 3.2 times higher than the blank group, respectively, indicating enhanced angiogenesis and muscle regeneration. The SES-suture exhibited excellent mechanical properties, sustained electrical output, structural and functional stability after implantation, and good biocompatibility. This large animal approach offers crucial translational evidence for potential human applications, addressing the limitations of rodent models due to differences in biomechanics and regeneration rates. While the biosafety profile requires further long-term evaluation, the findings strongly suggest that SES-sutures represent a promising therapeutic strategy for enhancing tissue regeneration and functional recovery.

### 308. [Inhalable Acid-Responsive Methane Nanocapsule for Remodeling Fibrogenic Microenvironment to Alleviate Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/inhalable-acid-responsive-methane-nanocapsule-for-remodeling-fibrogenic-microenvironment-to-alleviate-idiopath) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3679-8]
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease with high mortality and limited therapeutic options. Dysregulated macrophage polarization drives fibroblast activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), yet no effective management exists. Here, we develop an inhalable methane nanocapsule (MNC) that spatiotemporally controls methane release in the lung to remodel the fibrogenic microenvironment. MNC is formulated via self-assembly of biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG) and a novel acid-responsive methane prodrug Fe(BPY)2(CH3)2, enhancing mucosal penetration and sustained methane release in acidic inflammatory niches. In a bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis model, MNC inhalation achieves efficient lung deposition and sustained methane release, significantly reducing inflammation, ameliorating fibrosis, and improving lung function without systemic side effects. Mechanistically, MNC rebalances macrophage polarization by inhibiting M2 phenotype overexpression and downregulates the MMP9/TIMP-1 ratio to suppress myofibroblast proliferation and EMT, synergistically halting fibrotic progression. This inhalable methane nanocapsule offers a promising strategy for safe and effective IPF treatment.

### 309. [Bio-inspired barnacle cement nano-composite coating on biodegradable magnesium alloy for cerebrovascular application](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bio-inspired-barnacle-cement-nano-composite-coating-on-biodegradable-magnesium-alloy-for-cerebrovascular-appli) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3586-7]
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, with endovascular stent intervention emerging as a key therapeutic strategy. Biodegradable Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy (ZE21B) offers promising mechanical properties and biocompatibility for vascular scaffolds, yet suffers from inadequate corrosion resistance, insufficient endothelialization, and impaired blood-brain barrier remodeling. This study develops a composite coating comprising barnacle cement protein cp19k and sulfonated hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (NP@S-HA) applied via electrostatic spraying onto ZE21B. The cp19k/NP@S-HA coating enhances corrosion resistance by approximately 40.6% relative to uncoated ZE21B, as determined by electrochemical and static immersion tests. In vitro blood and cellular assays demonstrate that the coating promotes endothelial cell proliferation and migration, inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation while regulating contractile phenotype, suppresses macrophage adherence and induces M2 polarization, reduces TNF-α expression, and mitigates fibroplasia. These findings indicate that the cp19k/NP@S-HA composite coating provides an effective surface modification strategy for biodegradable magnesium alloys in cerebrovascular applications, potentially improving stent performance and patient outcomes.

### 310. [Achieving Near-Intrinsic Electrical Properties of Graphene Nanoribbons via AgTe Monolayer Intercalation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/achieving-near-intrinsic-electrical-properties-of-graphene-nanoribbons-via-agte-monolayer-intercalation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3598-1]
Embedding a dielectric layer between as-synthesized graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) and metal surfaces represents a powerful strategy to achieve electronic decoupling, thereby enabling the extraction of these ribbons' intrinsic electrical properties. Although several reports have documented dielectric intercalation between GNRs and metal substrates, studies on Ag(111) substrates are limited. Here, we demonstrate a semiconducting AgTe monolayer intercalation method to achieve electronic decoupling between as-synthesized GNRs and an Ag(111) substrate. Using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, we directly observed the AgTe intercalation process at the GNR/Ag(111) interface. By combining scanning tunneling spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, we elucidate the critical role of AgTe monolayer intercalation in reducing the interaction between as-synthesized GNRs and the Ag(111) substrate and observe the near-intrinsic electrical properties of the GNRs. Our findings offer a practical and effective strategy for intercalating AgTe monolayers between carbon-based nanomaterials and Ag(111) substrates, facilitating the unambiguous characterization of the near-intrinsic electronic properties of these materials.

### 311. [In vitro degradation and photo-stimulated antibacterial activity of 2D-co-3D MOFs coating on AZ31 magnesium alloy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/in-vitro-degradation-and-photo-stimulated-antibacterial-activity-of-2d-co-3d-mofs-coating-on-az31-magnesium-al) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3722-3]
Magnesium alloys are promising biodegradable bone implant materials due to their biocompatibility and mechanical compatibility, but rapid degradation and postoperative bacterial infection limit clinical application. Here, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) and 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PD) composite coatings (ZIF-8@PD) were fabricated in situ on micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coated AZ31 alloys via two-step and one-step (OS) methods. The MAO/ZIF-8@PD and MAO/ZIF-8@PD (OS) coatings reduced corrosion current density by three and two orders of magnitude, respectively, compared to MAO coating, due to the physical barrier of the 2D-co-3D MOF structure. Under 808 nm near-infrared laser irradiation, photothermal and photodynamic effects from PD, combined with contact killing by released Zn2+ ions, achieved bactericidal rates ≥99.5% against E. coli and S. aureus. Photothermal conversion efficiencies were 44.01% and 48.57% for the two-step and one-step coatings, respectively. The distinct Zn2+ sources led to different 2D-co-3D MOF structures, influencing degradation and antibacterial behavior. These coatings offer a strategy to enhance corrosion resistance and antibacterial activity of Mg alloys for biomedical applications.

### 312. [Transforming Non-Photosensitizing Fluorophores into ROS Photogenerators via Radical-Promoted Intersystem Crossing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/transforming-non-photosensitizing-fluorophores-into-ros-photogenerators-via-radical-promoted-intersystem-cross) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3653-2]
Designing photosensitizers with efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) and long-lived triplet excited states is critical for photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, conventional molecular design principles often rely on heavy-atom effects or specific donor-acceptor architectures, limiting generality. Here, we report a facile and rational strategy to convert intrinsically non-photosensitizing fluorophores into effective reactive oxygen species (ROS) generators by introducing guanidinium substituents. The modified photosensitizers exhibit prolonged triplet excited state lifetimes and considerable ROS production, in stark contrast to unmodified fluorophores which show intense fluorescence and negligible ROS generation. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry confirm the formation of stable nitrogen-centered radical cations on the guanidinium moiety, stabilized by p-π conjugation. Mechanistic studies indicate that these radicals promote ISC and prolong triplet state lifetimes. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that guanidinium-modified photosensitizers induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) and elicit potent anti-tumor immunity. This work provides a universal and facile strategy for designing organic photosensitizers through stable radical cation-containing building blocks, expanding the scope of PDT agents.

### 313. [A molecular engineering slippery dressing with minimal adhesion and antibacterial property](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-molecular-engineering-slippery-dressing-with-minimal-adhesion-and-antibacterial-property) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3707-8]
Wound infection is a major cause of death during the wound healing process. Improperly dressed wounds can lead to secondary injury, prolonging healing time and increasing infection risk. Here, we propose an antibacterial slippery dressing through molecular engineering of copper ions. The oil layer forms a barrier to reduce clot adhesion to the wound site and prevent environmental contamination. Single-cell level detection indicates that secreted copper ions induce bacterial death not only by disrupting membrane integrity but also by relying on the production of reactive oxygen species. Further membrane depolarization and adenosine triphosphate production blockage result in the aggregation of important proteins in various biological processes, such as metabolic homeostasis, ultimately leading to bacterial death. The animal model confirms that our dressing accelerates wound healing by promoting the growth of granulation tissue and collagen deposition. Our dressing demonstrates significant clinical implications for the design of next-generation therapeutic applications.

### 314. [Indium-Free Transparent Conductive Oxide Interconnection Layer for Achieving Over 30%-Efficiency Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/indium-free-transparent-conductive-oxide-interconnection-layer-for-achieving-over-30-efficiency-perovskitesili) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3657-9]
Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells (TSCs) have achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCE) up to 34.9%, surpassing the Shockley-Queisser limit of single-junction devices. The interconnection layer (ICL) critically bridges top and bottom subcells, enabling charge carrier recombination. Conventional indium oxide (In2O3)-based TCOs suffer from high-energy ion bombardment during sputtering, damaging amorphous silicon subcells and reducing open-circuit voltage (VOC) and fill factor (FF). Additionally, indium scarcity and cost necessitate indium-free alternatives. Here, we introduce a highly degenerate indium-free samarium-doped cadmium oxide (CdO:Sm) TCO as the ICL for perovskite/SHJ TSCs, deposited via low-damage reactive plasma deposition (RPD). The ultrathin CdO:Sm film (~3 nm) exhibits average transmittance of 85% (400–1200 nm) and 90% (800–1200 nm), enabling efficient near-infrared absorption in the bottom subcell. High doping concentration and mobility ensure excellent electrical conductivity. The low work function (4.04 eV) of CdO:Sm facilitates carrier tunneling and efficient recombination. Devices employing CdO:Sm ICL achieved approximately 1% higher efficiency compared to those with indium-based TCO ICLs. Detailed characterization including contact resistivity (1.68 mΩ cm2), conductive atomic force microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, and photoluminescence quenching confirm enhanced carrier transport and extraction. This work demonstrates a viable indium-free ICL for high-efficiency perovskite/SHJ TSCs, addressing both performance and sustainability challenges.

### 315. [Strongly-Adhesive Hyaluronic Acid/ε-PL Aerogel for Rapid Hemostasis of Life-Threatening Arterial Bleeding and On-Demand Atraumatic Removal](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/strongly-adhesive-hyaluronic-acid-pl-aerogel-for-rapid-hemostasis-of-life-threatening-arterial-bleeding-and-on) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3683-y]
Effective management of traumatic hemorrhage requires rapid blood loss control and facile removal of hemostatic materials to minimize secondary tissue damage. We fabricated a strongly adhesive aerogel (OPA) via Schiff-base crosslinking of oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA) and ε-polylysine (ε-PL), enabling rapid hemostasis in lethal arterial trauma and on-demand removal via phase transition. OPAs exhibited tunable porosity and rapid blood absorption. Surface hydroxyl, amino, and carboxyl groups promoted strong hydrogen bonding with tissues, blood cells, and plasma proteins, enhancing tissue adhesion and platelet capture/activation. In a rabbit femoral-artery-injury model, OPA4 shortened hemostatic time by ~80% and reduced blood loss to 38% of the blank group. Notably, OPAs retained only 2% of initial adhesion after hydration, allowing gentle removal. OPAs also demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. The simple one-step freeze-drying process and tailorable shapes offer scalable production and versatile applications. This study provides a versatile strategy for emergency and surgical hemostasis, combining rapid control of life-threatening arterial bleeding with on-demand atraumatic removal, promising improved patient outcomes and streamlined postoperative care.

### 316. [Weakly Space-Confined Perovskites: A Promising Strategy to Overcome PeLEDs Limitations](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/weakly-space-confined-perovskites-a-promising-strategy-to-overcome-peleds-limitations) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3669-1]
Halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have advanced rapidly due to their high photoluminescence quantum yield, tunable bandgap, and color purity. However, conventional perovskites exhibit small exciton binding energies, which weaken radiative recombination and limit external quantum efficiency (EQE). Strong spatial confinement strategies, such as thin films, small grains, or quantum-confined structures, have boosted EQE beyond 20% but introduce Auger recombination and ion migration, causing efficiency roll-off and instability. This commentary highlights a novel approach by Xiao et al. (Nature, 2025) that employs weakly space-confined all-inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskites, synthesized using sacrificial additives hypophosphorous acid (HPA) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). This method yields highly oriented monocrystalline domains exceeding hundreds of nanometers with no observable grain boundaries, contrasting with control films (submicrometre grains with abundant boundaries) and strongly confined systems (~20 nm crystallites with organic ligands). The reduced grain boundaries lower defect density and block ion migration, while controlled crystallization suppresses vacancies and lattice distortions, enhancing carrier mobility and raising the ion migration energy barrier. The strategy achieves record-breaking performance and stability, addressing EQE roll-off and operational lifetime limitations. This approach offers a versatile framework for other all-inorganic perovskite systems, advancing PeLEDs toward practical high-brightness displays and lighting.

### 317. [Hybrid Cathode Interlayer AZnO-F3N Enables 21.0% Efficiency and High Stability in Organic Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/hybrid-cathode-interlayer-azno-f3n-enables-210-efficiency-and-high-stability-in-organic-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3668-0]
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have emerged as a promising photovoltaic technology, yet their power conversion efficiency (PCE) and operational stability remain critical bottlenecks for commercialization. Here, we report a hybrid cathode interlayer (CIL) comprising aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZnO) modified with a perylene diimide-based conjugated polyelectrolyte (PNDIT-F3N, simplified as F3N). This AZnO-F3N CIL effectively enhances electron extraction and suppresses charge recombination, yielding a PCE of 20.6% in binary devices based on the PM6:L8-BO active layer. By incorporating a third component, BTP-eC9, as a second acceptor in a ternary blend, the PCE is further boosted to 21.0% (certified 20.8%), the highest certified value reported to date for OSCs. The ternary devices also exhibit an impressive fill factor of approximately 82.5% and good operational stability. The AZnO-F3N CIL demonstrates broad applicability across various donor–acceptor systems, thick-film architectures, and flexible substrates, underscoring its potential for future OSC manufacturing. This work provides a robust interfacial engineering strategy to overcome the efficiency-stability trade-off, advancing the practical deployment of OSCs.

### 318. [Vacancy-Engineered High-Conductivity Chloride Solid-State Electrolytes for Long-Life All-Solid-State Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/vacancy-engineered-high-conductivity-chloride-solid-state-electrolytes-for-long-life-all-solid-state-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3764-5]
Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are ubiquitous in portable electronics and electric vehicles, yet their flammable liquid electrolytes pose safety hazards and limit energy density. All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) with solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) offer enhanced safety and higher energy density. Among SSEs, metal chloride SSEs (Li aMCl b, M = In, Y, Er) combine high ionic conductivity, mechanical deformability, and compatibility with high-voltage cathodes. However, their ionic conductivity and anode stability require improvement. Here, we introduce pentavalent Ta5+ doping into Li3InCl6 (LIC) to engineer Li+ vacancies via charge compensation, yielding Li3−2xIn1−xTaxCl6 (LITxC, 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.6). Ta5+ incorporation efficiently increases Li+ vacancy content without disrupting the cubic close packing (ccp) structure. The optimized composition, Li2.4In0.7Ta0.3Cl6 (LIT0.3C), achieves an ionic conductivity of 2.19 mS cm−1 at 30 °C and a low activation energy of 0.273 eV, balancing vacancy concentration and Li+ content. Ta5+ doping also enhances kinetic stability against the anode. ASSBs with LIT0.3C demonstrate excellent cycling stability: Ni90 cathodes retain 72.3% capacity after 1000 cycles at 0.5 C, while NCM523 cathodes retain 84.1% after 500 cycles at 0.2 C and 80.7% after 1000 cycles. These results highlight a practical strategy for improving chloride SSE performance, offering new insights for high-performance ASSB design.

### 319. [Nanofunctionalized Chlorella cells with photo stimulation for biological hydrogen production](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nanofunctionalized-chlorella-cells-with-photo-stimulation-for-biological-hydrogen-production) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3654-5]
Hydrogen production by photosynthetic green algae is an efficient biological process that utilizes light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into clean and renewable energy. In this paper, we constructed a hybrid system combining graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Chlorella), in which g-C3N4 serves as an extracellular electron source and Chlorella acts as a biological reactor for specific hydrogen production. In particular, the electronic structure of carbon nitride was optimized by means of hydrothermal alkalization and copper ion doping, expanded the light absorption range and enhanced the light response ability. g-C3N4, as an extracellular electron source, can provide electrons for Chlorella to improve hydrogen production performance which is 3.7 times that of bare Chlorella. The construction of a biological hybrid system is a feasible optimization strategy for the hybrid system to promote the synergistic effect of the hybrid system by regulating the properties of non-living components.

### 320. [Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Co-Depositable p-Type Small Molecules](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/efficient-perovskite-solar-cells-enabled-by-co-depositable-p-type-small-molecules) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3636-9]
Metal halide perovskites have significantly improved solar cell performance due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. Recently, p-type small molecules such as Me-4PACz, assisted by dual-functional passivation, have enabled perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to achieve certified power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 26.15%. However, issues such as molecular aggregation during solution processing limit the storage stability of precursor solutions and lead to poor molecular distribution within the film, hindering device efficiency and operational stability. Zhu's group enacted the co-deposition of a new p-type small molecule, D4PA, with perovskite. Density functional theory (DFT) investigations revealed that D4PA exhibits strong dual-terminal anchoring interactions with indium tin oxide (ITO) via two phosphonic acid groups, stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, ensuring robust adhesion and improved interface uniformity. Additionally, D4PA forms stable coordination with Pb2+ ions, suppressing defects and facilitating efficient charge transfer. Temperature-dependent Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed strong binding between D4PA and perovskite, contrasting with the weaker binding of Me-4PACz. This stable interaction improves perovskite crystallinity and promotes uniform distribution of D4PA, resulting in superior photovoltaic performance. D4PA-based PSCs achieved a record PCE of 26.83% in small-area devices (certified 26.72%), and a mini-module (10.86 cm2) achieved a PCE of 23.37% with a certified MPPT efficiency of 22.66%. Devices retained 97.2% of initial efficiency after 2500 h of continuous operation at MPP under one-sun illumination. Reduced and homogeneous photoluminescence intensity indicated efficient and uniform hole extraction, and electroluminescence quantum efficiency (EQE-EL) reached 15.25%, significantly higher than 6.23% for Me-4PACz-based devices. This molecular engineering strategy provides a promising route for high-performance and high-durability inverted PSCs.

### 321. [Laminar Air Drying for Scalable Perovskite Solar Module Manufacturing: A Critical Analysis of Process-Structure-Performance Relationships](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/laminar-air-drying-for-scalable-perovskite-solar-module-manufacturing-a-critical-analysis-of-process-structure) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3557-3]
The commercialization of perovskite solar modules (PSMs) is hindered by the challenge of achieving uniform, high-quality perovskite films over large areas with scalable manufacturing methods. While the laminar air drying (LAD) method has demonstrated high manufacturing efficiency and module performance, the geometric design of the drying apparatus is critical for uniform and efficient drying. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in perovskite crystallization and film formation, emphasizing the role of drying kinetics in determining film quality. We analyze the LAD method reported by Yan et al., which achieved square meter-sized modules with excellent efficiency and stability, and contrast it with alternative scalable deposition techniques such as air knife and vacuum flash-assisted methods. The operational lifetimes of perovskite modules (~9 years) remain below those of silicon modules (~15 years) and PV modules (>20 years), underscoring the need for improved stability. We discuss the fundamental aspects of crystallization in nanocrystals, single crystals, and thin films, and the influence of vertical orientation in 2D perovskites. The review highlights the importance of process control in scalable deposition, particularly the role of airflow uniformity in preventing cracking and defects. Our analysis provides a framework for optimizing LAD parameters to achieve high-quality films, addressing the critical bottleneck of scalability and stability for perovskite photovoltaics.

### 322. [Breakthrough in Single Atom Fe Catalysts for Acidic Oxygen Reduction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/breakthrough-in-single-atom-fe-catalysts-for-acidic-oxygen-reduction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3670-7]
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are a promising sustainable energy conversion technology due to their environmental friendliness and high efficiency. However, the sluggish kinetics of the four-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) necessitate cathode catalysts requiring over five times the amount of precious metal Pt compared to the anode, limiting widespread PEMFC application. The U.S. Department of Energy emphasizes developing non-precious metal-based catalysts as cost-effective alternatives. Transition metal single atoms (Mn, Co, Cu) anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon (M–N–C) have been developed as efficient ORR electrocatalysts, but most exhibit excellent performance only in alkaline media. The typical MN4 planar coordination renders the central metal vulnerable to hydrogen ion attack, challenging activity and durability in acidic media. Recent studies propose that axial-N coordination enhances stability of atomically dispersed Fe sites for acidic ORR by creating a barrier to Fe dissolution. The induced square-pyramidal crystal field diminishes spin polarization in dz2, dxz, and dyz orbitals, enhancing electronic delocalization of the Fe atom, allowing adsorbed O2 to maintain a low-energy triplet ground state, facilitating activation and reduction. Wang and coworkers constructed a novel curved-surface Fe–N–C (CS Fe/N–C) catalyst with FeN4 single atoms distributed within graphitized multilayered nanoprotrusions on 2D carbon layers. The nanoprotrusions have a mean diameter of ~10 nm and protrude ~4 nm. The curved regions exhibit a high Fe site density of ~1.6 No. nm−2, with 97.6% located deep in the fourth layer, contrasting with lower and more random distribution in planar regions and 2D Fe/N–C. This distribution aligns with iron atom diffusion from core to outer layers during pyrolysis.

### 323. [Dynamic Iron Catalysis on Quantum Dots Enables Ultrasound-Controlled Multimodal Cancer Therapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dynamic-iron-catalysis-on-quantum-dots-enables-ultrasound-controlled-multimodal-cancer-therapy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3675-3]
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by elevated H2O2 levels and hypoxia, posing significant challenges to effective cancer treatment. Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) exploits these conditions to generate cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals via Fenton reactions, yet its efficacy as a monotherapy is limited. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) offers deep-tissue ROS generation under ultrasound (US) but is oxygen-dependent. Immunotherapy can modulate systemic immune responses but often suffers from low response rates. Here, we highlight a recent breakthrough published in Nature Nanotechnology by Prof. Jiatao Zhang and colleagues, who engineered a multifunctional quantum dot system (FAQD) integrating CDT, SDT, and immunotherapy through atomically dispersed iron and selenium chemistry. The FAQD comprises zinc selenide quantum dots with Ag doping and Fe decoration, synthesized via a three-step method. Structural analyses (HAADF-STEM, XRD, XPS, EXAFS) confirmed a quasi-single-crystalline structure with atomically dispersed Fe(III) and Ag(I). Optimal Ag:Zn ratio (5:100) maximized singlet oxygen yield under US. In vitro, FAQD-1 (with MMP-cleavable PEG) exhibited negligible cytotoxicity without US, but under US and H2O2, induced substantial ROS production, mitochondrial impairment, and apoptosis in HeLa cells. In vivo, FAQD-1 with US achieved complete suppression of primary and abscopal tumors within two weeks, eliciting robust systemic immune responses (increased CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, reduced Tregs, elevated IL-2 levels). This work demonstrates a synergistic trimodal nanoplatform with precise spatiotemporal control, offering a promising strategy for cancer therapy.

### 324. [Carbon nanotube-based materials as capacitive deionization electrodes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/carbon-nanotube-based-materials-as-capacitive-deionization-electrodes) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61065-7]
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging desalination technology that removes dissolved salts from brackish water via ion electrosorption at electrically charged electrode interfaces. It has gained recognition as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to conventional methods such as reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and thermal distillation, which often suffer from high energy consumption and environmental impact. Among electrode materials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are particularly attractive due to their high specific surface area, superior electrical conductivity, and excellent electrochemical stability. This review comprehensively analyzes recent advances in performance optimization strategies for CNT-based CDI electrodes, including material engineering and structural design. Key strategies include hybridization with activated carbon, graphene, metal oxides, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as well as surface functionalization and three-dimensional architecture construction. These approaches enhance salt adsorption capacity, charge efficiency, and cycling stability. For instance, dispersing CNTs in activated carbon electrodes improves conductivity and ion transport, while MOF-derived nitrogen-doped carbon/CNT heterostructures exhibit high desalination performance. The review also evaluates the pivotal role of CNT-based electrodes in driving technological progress in CDI and discusses persistent challenges such as electrode fouling, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. Promising research directions, including flow-electrode systems and selective ion removal, are highlighted to overcome current limitations. Overall, CNT-based materials hold significant promise for advancing CDI as a viable water purification technology.

### 325. [Boron and Nitrogen Co-Doped Coal-Based Activated Carbon as Cathode Material for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Hybrid Capacitors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/boron-and-nitrogen-co-doped-coal-based-activated-carbon-as-cathode-material-for-high-performance-aqueous-zinc) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61071-2]
Aqueous zinc-ion capacitors (ZICs) are promising energy storage systems due to their high specific capacity and superior reliability. Heteroatom-doped carbon materials have been shown to substantially increase the capacitance of ZICs, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this work, coal-based activated carbon was functionalized with both boron (B) and nitrogen (N) to serve as the cathode material in ZICs. The optimized material, designated CAC-120, exhibits a high specific capacity of 371.4 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 and retains 74% of its initial capacity after 10,000 cycles. Electrochemical analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that pyridinic N plays a crucial role in enhancing Zn2+ storage, demonstrating superior electrochemical reversibility. Furthermore, an assembled aqueous ZIC using the CAC-120 cathode achieves a high reversible capacity of 90.8 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and exceptional long-term stability over 17,000 cycles. This work provides valuable insight into the design of high-capacity and ultrafast pseudocapacitive carbon cathodes for ZICs, highlighting the synergistic effects of pore structure engineering and heteroatom doping.

### 326. [Recent advances in the characterization and applications of biochar and hydrochar](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/recent-advances-in-the-characterization-and-applications-of-biochar-and-hydrochar) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61070-0]
The conversion of biomass into carbon-rich materials, biochar and hydrochar, has emerged as a promising strategy to address pressing environmental challenges while supporting sustainable industrial development. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in the characterization and application of these materials, emphasizing their distinct production methods, physicochemical properties, and functional versatility. Biochar, typically obtained by pyrolysis at high temperatures (>400 °C), exhibits high porosity, aromaticity, and thermal stability, making it well-suited for applications such as CO2 capture, electrochemical energy storage, catalysis, and soil improvement. In contrast, hydrochar, produced by hydrothermal carbonization in aqueous media at moderate temperatures, retains a higher number of surface functional groups and heteroatoms, offering advantages in aqueous-phase catalysis, pollutant adsorption, and bioremediation. The critical role of physicochemical characterization in optimizing material performance is outlined, and analytical techniques including liquid nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, Boehm titration, and thermogravimetric analysis are discussed. These techniques reveal how physical-chemical characteristics such as surface area, functional group chemistry, and degree of graphitization govern the materials’ suitability for specific applications. Emerging uses in wastewater treatment, biofuel production, animal feed, and advanced oxidation processes are examined, alongside their relevance to multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals, particularly climate action, clean energy, and responsible production. The materials are versatile and can be produced on a large scale. Their performance can be fine-tuned using different production and post-treatment processes, making them key enablers in the transition to a circular, carbon-conscious economy.

### 327. [Low-cost synthesis of large graphene oxide flakes by the total oxidation of large natural graphite flakes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/low-cost-synthesis-of-large-graphene-oxide-flakes-by-the-total-oxidation-of-large-natural-graphite-flakes) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(25)61036-5]
Large graphene oxide (LGO) sheets offer significant advantages over smaller ones in various applications, yet their production via Hummers-type oxidation of large natural graphite flakes remains challenging due to difficulties in achieving full oxidation and avoiding fragmentation. This study provides the first direct evidence that large graphite flakes (up to 1 mm) can be completely oxidized without fragmentation under static conditions, as revealed by in-situ monitoring. The oxidation process is governed by diffusion of the oxidizer between layers, described by Fick's law, where a high oxidizer concentration gradient increases the diffusion rate. By minimizing the amount of concentrated H2SO4 solvent, we achieved a semi-solid state that elevates oxidizer concentration, facilitating Mn(VII) diffusion and enabling complete oxidation of gram-scale large flakes with significantly reduced reagent consumption. Reaction temperature was optimized to balance graphite oxidation and Mn(VII) self-decomposition. Using this approach, 200-, 100-, and 50-mesh natural graphite were fully oxidized with reduced H2SO4 and KMnO4 usage. After exfoliation, LGO with average lateral sizes of 27.3, 58.7, and 116.2 μm were obtained, respectively, with 100% conversion and yield over 165%. This work not only provides a scalable, cost-effective strategy for LGO production but also advances the fundamental understanding of Hummers-type oxidation.

### 328. [Laser-Synthesized Metastable Bismuth Nanocrystals Chemically Bonded to Reduced Graphene Oxide for Excellent Lithium Storage](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/laser-synthesized-metastable-bismuth-nanocrystals-chemically-bonded-to-reduced-graphene-oxide-for-excellent-li) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61068-2]
The poor interface contact between bismuth (Bi) nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) impedes ion/electron transfer in lithium-ion battery anodes. We report an innovative fabrication of ultrafine Bi nanocrystals chemically bonded to rGO (Bi-rGO) via liquid-phase pulsed laser irradiation followed by solvothermal reaction with graphene oxide. Metastable Bi nanocrystals synthesized by laser (5.5 nm) undergo lattice restructuring and shrink to a record-small size of 2 nm during solvothermal combination, the smallest reported for Bi/C composites. The Bi nanocrystals are uniformly anchored onto rGO nanosheets via strong Bi–O–C bonds, which suppress particle aggregation, establish efficient ion/electron transport channels, and alleviate volume expansion during lithiation. The Bi-rGO-2 anode, comprising 2 nm Bi nanocrystals, delivers an exceptional reversible capacity of 586.7 mAh g−1 over 500 cycles at 100 mA g−1, nearly doubling that of a Bulk Bi/rGO composite anode (318 mAh g−1). Theoretical calculations confirm higher binding energy between Bi and rGO at smaller particle sizes, while kinetic analysis reveals accelerated Li+ diffusion. This work provides a scalable route to high-performance alloy anodes through metastable nanocrystal engineering and covalent interface coupling.

### 329. [Functionalized Carbon Dots from Natural Precursors for Environmental Remediation and Renewable Energy Technologies](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/functionalized-carbon-dots-from-natural-precursors-for-environmental-remediation-and-renewable-energy-technolo) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61074-8]
The green synthesis of functionalized carbon dots (C-dots) from natural precursors is reviewed, providing a sustainable and versatile platform for environmental remediation and renewable energy technologies. The focus is on methods such as hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, pyrolytic, solvent-based, and ultrasonic routes, with an emphasis on biomass-derived precursors and green solvents. Strategies are given for surface passivation, hybridization, and composite formation to tailor their optical properties and their applications in sustainable technologies are examined. In environmental remediation, they act as efficient photocatalysts for degrading organic pollutants and reducing carbon dioxide (CO2). For renewable energy, they improve light-harvesting in solar cells and dye-sensitized solar cells. Their notable stability and efficiency are highlighted, alongside persistent challenges in controlling their size, uniformity, and scalability of quantum yield. Future work must clarify the structure-activity relationships for multifunctional compounds, facilitating commercial deployment.

### 330. [Fe3C-Coated Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube/Cattail-Derived Carbon Microtube Composites for Efficient Microwave Absorption](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/fe3c-coated-nitrogen-doped-carbon-nanotubecattail-derived-carbon-microtube-composites-for-efficient-microwave) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61066-9]
Carbon materials suffer from limited dielectric loss, resulting in poor impedance matching and inadequate microwave attenuation. To address this, hierarchical structures with synergistic loss mechanisms are sought. Here, biomass cattail serves as a sustainable precursor for nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays decorated with Fe3C nanoparticles via chemical vapor deposition, yielding Fe3C@NCNTs/CMTs composites. The crystallinity, tuned by calcination temperature, critically influences microwave absorption. At 800 °C, the composite achieves a minimum reflection loss of –35.8 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 7.02 GHz at a thickness of only 1.7 mm, with an ultralow filler loading of 10 wt%, covering the entire Ku band and part of the X band. This performance stems from enhanced magnetic loss and multiple dielectric polarization mechanisms. The study demonstrates a promising strategy for designing biomass-derived carbon-based broadband microwave absorbers.

### 331. [Correction to: Mesoporous Bowl-Shaped Polydopamine Co-Loaded Temozolomide and Indocyanine Green for Synergistically Inhibiting Glioblastoma](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/correction-to-mesoporous-bowl-shaped-polydopamine-co-loaded-temozolomide-and-indocyanine-green-for-synergistic) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3503-9]
This correction addresses an image misuse in the original publication (Sci China Mater, 2025, 68(6): 2095, DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3311-6). Specifically, a fluorescent image in Fig. 4d, depicting live/dead cells after treatment with MPDA@TMZ without laser irradiation, was erroneously presented. The corrected Fig. 4 is provided, and the authors confirm that the results and conclusions of the original paper remain unaffected. The correction ensures the integrity of the reported data, particularly the cell viability and apoptosis assays. The study focuses on mesoporous bowl-shaped polydopamine (MPDA) nanoparticles co-loaded with temozolomide (TMZ) and indocyanine green (ICG) for synergistic glioblastoma therapy. The corrected figure includes CLSM images of G422 cells after incubation with various formulations (ICG, sPDA@ICG, mPDA@ICG, MPDA@ICG), cell viability curves, quantitative fluorescence intensity, live/dead staining, and apoptosis quantification. Statistical significance is denoted as ****p < 0.01. The correction maintains the scientific validity of the findings, which demonstrate the potential of MPDA-based nanoplatforms for combined chemo-photothermal therapy.

### 332. [Ketjenblack-Reinforced Chloroprene Rubber / Brominated Butyl Rubber Blends: Enhanced Ozone and UV Stability, Air Permeability, and Tribological Performance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ketjenblack-reinforced-chloroprene-rubber-brominated-butyl-rubber-blends-enhanced-ozone-and-uv-stability-air-p) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61073-6]
Elastomers are widely used in engineering but suffer degradation when exposed to heat, ozone, UV radiation, and chemicals. To enhance performance for specific industrial applications, blending with other materials is common. In this study, chloroprene rubber (CR) was blended with brominated butyl rubber (BIIR) and reinforced with Ketjenblack (KB) at concentrations up to 20%. KB exhibits a porous, fluffy morphology with a high specific surface area of 1347 m²/g. Tensile tests were conducted before and after exposure to UV, ozone, saline, petrol, and diesel environments, and retention capacity was evaluated per ASTM standards. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed uniform dispersion of KB filler. Tribological and barrier property studies identified 10% KB as optimal due to uniform dispersion. Thermal degradation kinetics were analyzed using Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose modeling to determine activation energy. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicated a 5 °C reduction in glass transition temperature for the 20% composite. These elastomeric blends demonstrate potential as advanced materials for harsh industrial applications.

### 333. [A fast bismuth-carbon composite anode for achieving kinetic matching between the anode and cathode of sodium-ion capacitors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-fast-bismuth-carbon-composite-anode-for-achieving-kinetic-matching-between-the-anode-and-cathode-of-sodium-i) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61072-4]
Sodium-ion capacitors (SICs) typically feature a hybrid design, incorporating a battery-type anode that operates by faradaic redox reactions and an activated carbon cathode that functions through electrical double-layer (EDL) adsorption/desorption. However, the kinetics of faradaic processes are inherently slower than those of EDL processes, leading to a fundamental problem known as kinetic imbalance between the electrodes, which hinders the development of high-performance SICs. To address this, we synthesized composites of bismuth nanoparticles in N-doped carbon (Bi@NC) by a high-temperature sintering method. The resulting Bi@NC anode has a specific capacity of 300 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, an exceptional rate capability (maintaining performance at currents exceeding 75 A g−1), and outstanding cycling stability over 12,000 cycles. Three-electrode Swagelok cell tests revealed that this high-rate Bi@NC composite effectively decreases the kinetic gap with the activated carbon cathode, as shown by an analysis of their respective potential swing windows (vs. Na/Na+). This enables the fabricated SIC to achieve a maximum energy density of 115 Wh kg−1, a peak power density of 45,535 W kg−1, and a long cycle life exceeding 8,000 cycles.

### 334. [Ruthenium-Based Electrocatalysts for Electrochemical Water Splitting: A Review of Fundamentals, Synthesis, and Enhancement Strategies](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ruthenium-based-electrocatalysts-for-electrochemical-water-splitting-a-review-of-fundamentals-synthesis-and-en) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3761-7]
Ruthenium-based materials, including metallic Ru and RuO2, are promising electrocatalysts for electrochemical water splitting (EWS) due to their high activity for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, their practical application is hindered by the relatively strong adsorption of reaction intermediates on Ru surfaces and the oxidative dissolution of RuO2 under operating conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress and challenges in Ru-based electrocatalysts for EWS. We first summarize the fundamentals of EWS, including reaction mechanisms and activity descriptors. Then, we detail typical synthesis methods such as hydrothermal/solvothermal syntheses, organic ligand-assisted syntheses, pyrolysis, acid etching, cation exchange, and molten salt-assisted syntheses. Subsequently, we focus on enhancement strategies, including alloying, doping, structure design, interface engineering, single-atom catalyst design, high-entropy alloy design, phase engineering, and defect engineering, with typical examples illustrating structure-property correlations. Finally, we address remaining challenges and future prospects for the development of efficient and durable Ru-based electrocatalysts for sustainable hydrogen production.

### 335. [Loading of Nano-Bimetallic Catalysts onto Coal Tar Pitch-Based Activated Carbon Fibers for Efficient Reduction of p-Nitrophenol](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/loading-of-nano-bimetallic-catalysts-onto-coal-tar-pitch-based-activated-carbon-fibers-for-efficient-reduction) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61067-0]
The reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) in wastewater faces challenges in conversion rate and stability. We used coal tar pitch-based activated carbon fibers (ACFs) as a support material for loading transition metal catalysts to catalyze the reaction. Fe–Ni nanoparticles were loaded onto the coal tar pitch-based ACF through a simple hydrothermal–calcination method. The results showed that the coal tar pitch-based ACFs had a high specific surface area (1847 m2/g) and a unique microporous structure, and the metals were loaded onto them. The average diameter of the nanoparticles formed was approximately 100 nm. By changing the metal loading it was shown that the performance was best when the reaction temperature was 45 °C, the 4-NP concentration was 2.5 mmol L−1, and the molar concentration ratio of Fe3+ to Ni2+ was 1∶2 (total 7.5 mmol L−1). Under these conditions the conversion efficiency reached 99.88%. Fe2.5/Ni5–ACF exhibited excellent catalytic activity and recyclability for 4-NP after five cycles. The inherent advantages of nanomaterials increase the catalytic efficiency of 4-NP, which expands the use of coal tar pitch-based ACFs as supporting materials in the field of catalysis.

### 336. [Interface Engineering of MXenes for Flexible Energy Storage and Harvesting](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/interface-engineering-of-mxenes-for-flexible-energy-storage-and-harvesting) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3836-8]
Flexible energy storage and harvesting devices, as core components of flexible electronic systems, have driven the transformation from external power supply to self-powering and from fixed forms to adaptive configurations, playing a pivotal role in wearable technology and the Internet of Things. MXenes, a class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, are promising candidates due to their excellent conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and tunable interfacial characteristics. Specifically, interfacial characteristics—surface energy, surface terminations, and interlayer spacing—decisively influence device performance. This review summarizes the influence of microcosmic interfacial characteristics on macroscopic properties, interfacial regulation strategies, and applications in flexible energy storage and harvesting. It concludes with challenges and perspectives for designing high-performance MXene-based energy devices. Key applications include flexible supercapacitors, batteries, and triboelectric nanogenerators. For instance, pillared Ti3C2 via CTAB pre-pillaring and Sn4+ pillaring regulates interlayer spacing, enhancing ion transport. The review integrates recent advances, such as MXene/nylon scaffolds for dendrite-free zinc anodes and MXene-bonded hard carbon films for sodium/potassium storage, demonstrating improved cycling stability and rate capability. The interfacial engineering strategies discussed provide a roadmap for overcoming stacking issues and achieving high energy density and mechanical robustness.

### 337. [Synthesis of transition metal nitride nanomaterials for electrocatalytic applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synthesis-of-transition-metal-nitride-nanomaterials-for-electrocatalytic-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4022-7]
Transition metal nitrides (TMNs) have emerged as promising alternatives to noble metals in electrocatalysis due to their noble metal-like electronic structures, high conductivity, low cost, and robust chemical stability against corrosion and oxidation under harsh conditions. The rational design and controlled synthesis of TMNs with distinct structures are crucial for developing highly efficient electrocatalysts. This review comprehensively summarizes representative synthetic strategies for TMNs, including direct nitridation, solid-state reaction, sol-gel assisted reaction, and wet-chemical reaction. It presents distinct structural characterizations and demonstrates their advances in electrochemical applications. Finally, the remaining challenges and future research directions for exploring TMNs with well-defined structures are proposed, aiming to guide the development of high-performance electrocatalysts.

### 338. [Engineering Revolution of Cell Membrane-Biomimetic Nanoparticles: From Hybridization Strategy Innovation to Microfluidics-Enabled Precision Fabrication](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/engineering-revolution-of-cell-membrane-biomimetic-nanoparticles-from-hybridization-strategy-innovation-to-mic) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3740-y]
The continuous advancement of bionanomaterial technology has driven significant strategic transformations in the design and fabrication of biomimetic nanocarriers. This review systematically traces the evolution from single-cell membrane nanovesicles to hybrid cell membrane nanovesicles integrating multiple cell membranes, culminating in cell membrane hybrid lipid nanoparticles (CM-LNPs) that combine natural cell membranes or membrane proteins with engineered synthetic phospholipids. This technological progression enables the synergistic retention of multicellular biological functions while incorporating advantageous synthetic material properties, such as enhanced engineering flexibility and surface modifiability. The article critically evaluates the advantages and limitations of traditional extrusion and ultrasonication methods for preparing cell membrane nanovesicles, highlighting the benefits and development prospects of novel microfluidic techniques in CM-LNP fabrication. Furthermore, it explores future application prospects and challenges of CM-LNPs in the biomedical field, particularly in drug delivery systems and precision medicine. The review underscores the potential of CM-LNPs to overcome clinical limitations of conventional liposomes, such as poor stability, rapid drug leakage, and inadequate targeting, by leveraging the natural homing effect of cell membranes and the tunability of synthetic lipids. Emphasis is placed on the role of microfluidics in achieving precise, scalable, and reproducible fabrication, which is critical for clinical translation. The abstract synthesizes current knowledge and identifies key research gaps, offering a forward-looking perspective on the engineering of biomimetic nanoparticles for advanced therapeutic applications.

### 339. [Revolutionizing Healthcare: The Next Generation of Wearable Chemical Sensors for Personal Health Monitoring](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/revolutionizing-healthcare-the-next-generation-of-wearable-chemical-sensors-for-personal-health-monitoring) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3780-3]
Real-time health monitoring and ongoing evaluation of physiological conditions are becoming increasingly vital for the advancement of future medical diagnostics and personalized healthcare solutions. Given that certain illnesses necessitate prompt and accessible detection methods, wearable chemical sensors have garnered considerable interest for their capability to monitor health through physiological signals and chemical indicators. This review delivers a thorough examination of recent developments in four primary categories of wearable chemical sensors: biosensors, humidity sensors, gas sensors, and ion sensors. We explore the representative materials, device structures, operating mechanisms, and various application scenarios for each type of sensor. By investigating the latest innovations in these technologies, we aim to provide a detailed overview of the current research landscape, highlight existing challenges, and present potential future directions of wearable chemical sensors in healthcare monitoring.

### 340. [Smart Fiber Photodetectors Based on Inorganic Semiconductors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/smart-fiber-photodetectors-based-on-inorganic-semiconductors) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3947-3]
Fiber photodetectors (FPDs) with high deformability, flexible designability, and seamless integrability with everyday textiles hold tremendous potential for next-generation wearable optoelectronics. Inorganic semiconductors (ISCs) are considered ideal building blocks to design and govern the functions of FPDs owing to their superior electrical and optical properties. Recent developments in wearable technology of ISCs, especially in fiber form factor, have driven the creation of various FPDs with smart capabilities, from light sensing, information interfacing, to sophisticated logic operating, revolutionizing human-machine interaction paradigms in many emerging fields. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of recent progress of ISC-based FPDs. Firstly, key design principles for ISC-based FPDs are explored, encompassing material selection, fabrication technologies, device architectures, and textile integration strategies. Then, how defect engineering, alignment engineering, and heterojunction engineering of ISCs can control the optoelectronic performance of FPDs is examined. Following this, potential wearable applications of ISC-based FPDs in optical communication, image sensing, and health monitoring are analyzed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for the design of high-performance ISC-based FPDs are outlined.

### 341. [From Bench to Buoy: Challenges in Seawater Uranium Extraction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/from-bench-to-buoy-challenges-in-seawater-uranium-extraction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3919-0]
Nuclear energy is critical for sustainable economic development and achieving carbon neutrality. With only about 6.14 million tons of terrestrial uranium, sufficient for ~70 years of global nuclear power plant operation, the recovery of uranium from seawater and spent fuel is essential for long-term nuclear fuel supply. The ocean contains approximately 4.5 billion tons of uranium, which could sustain nuclear power for ~2000 years if efficiently extracted. However, seawater uranium extraction faces significant challenges due to the extremely low uranium concentration (~3.3 ppb), high concentrations of competing ions, natural organic matter, and marine biofouling. This perspective reviews representative laboratory advances, including sulfonated covalent organic frameworks (S-COF) achieving a sorption capacity of 31.5 mg/(g·day) with high selectivity, amidoxime-based organic cages with a capacity of 11.97 mg/g over 30 days, and a micro-redox reactor strategy that continuously regenerates binding sites. Electrochemical methods have also shown promise for converting soluble U(VI) to insoluble U(IV) oxides. Despite these advances, the transition from laboratory powders to durable marine materials remains problematic. Key gaps include the need for antibacterial properties, mechanical stability under wave action, cost competitiveness with terrestrial mining, and environmental safety of nanomaterials. Artificial intelligence (AI) is proposed to accelerate the design of high-performance, stable materials. This perspective emphasizes the necessity for interdisciplinary research to bridge the gap between bench-scale innovations and practical ocean deployment.

### 342. [Full-space built-in electric field inside gradient Sn-doped β-Ga2O3 photoanodes for enhanced photoelectrochemical solar-blind UV photodetection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/full-space-built-in-electric-field-inside-gradient-sn-doped-ga2o3-photoanodes-for-enhanced-photoelectrochemica) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3757-2]
β-Ga2O3 is a promising candidate for solar-blind ultraviolet photodetection owing to its suitable bandgap of approximately 4.9 eV, excellent photoresponse characteristics, and high stability. However, the lack of a sufficient driving force within the material leads to extensive bulk charge recombination, limiting its photocurrent and thus posing significant challenges in designing high-performance Ga2O3-based photodetection. In this study, we propose a gradient doping strategy to achieve a Sn-doping concentration gradient along the β-Ga2O3 film thickness. By combining sol–gel synthesis with rapid thermal annealing, a spatially graded band structure with a full-space built-in electric field is constructed, which increases the width of band bending over a large region and is crucial for significantly enhancing carrier separation and transport in the bulk. The resulting gradient Sn-doped β-Ga2O3 enables exceptional photoelectric performance without an external bias under 254 nm irradiation, including a superior responsivity of 66.88 mA W−1, a high detectivity of 8.12 × 10^11 Jones, and a fast rise/decay time of 79/65 ms, outstanding most existing similar reported photoelectrochemical (PEC) type optoelectronic devices. Additionally, the device exhibits excellent long-term stability and enables high-resolution underwater ultraviolet imaging. This study demonstrates that the gradient doping strategy provides a feasible approach for enhancing the PEC performance of β-Ga2O3 photoelectrodes.

### 343. [Multidirectional Self-Driven Polarization-Sensitive Photodetection Induced by Asymmetric Contact](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multidirectional-self-driven-polarization-sensitive-photodetection-induced-by-asymmetric-contact) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3708-y]
Polar two-dimensional (2D) perovskites, with their excellent semiconductor properties, intrinsic anisotropy, and bulk photovoltaic effect, have emerged as promising candidates for self-driven polarization-sensitive photodetectors. However, these self-driven polarized detectors typically require fabrication along the spontaneous polarization direction to maintain device operation in the self-driven mode, which imposes additional limitations. Herein, we demonstrate multidirectional self-driven polarization-sensitive photodetection by constructing 2D perovskite-based asymmetric contact devices, Ag/2D perovskite/C. The built-in electric field, originating from the difference in work functions, acts as the driving force for the separation and transport of photogenerated carriers. Notably, this approach does not necessitate a specific direction, thereby enabling multidirectional self-driven photodetection. Under excitation by linearly polarized light, our devices exhibit impressive polarization-sensitive discrimination in multiple directions, achieving polarization ratios of 3.3 and 3.1 along the a and b-axes, respectively. Our work enriches the approaches enabling self-driven polarization-sensitive photodetection, free from the previous limitations.

### 344. [Oxophilic Sites Activate Asymmetric IrNi Atomic Dimers and Clusters for Efficient Hydrogen Oxidation and CO Tolerance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/oxophilic-sites-activate-asymmetric-irni-atomic-dimers-and-clusters-for-efficient-hydrogen-oxidation-and-co-to) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3697-8]
Multi-site coupling is a promising strategy for developing highly efficient and CO-resistant hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, designing multifunctional synergistic schemes for single-atom sites remains a significant challenge. Herein, we propose a dual-template-confined oxophilic engineering strategy to construct well-dispersed iridium-nickel (IrNi) atomic dimers adjacent to IrNi nanoclusters on porous nitrogen-doped carbon (IrNi Dimer/NC1.8-PNC). The paired IrNi dimer features an asymmetric Ir-N3 configuration coordinated with heteroatomic Ni-N3O via an N-bridge. Remarkably, IrNi Dimer/NC1.8-PNC exhibits a ~23-fold enhancement in mass activity (4.36 A mg−1 Ir at 20 mV) and 5-fold longer stability compared to benchmarking Pt/C toward HOR, while achieving a high rated power density of 1.18 W cm−2 in PEMFC anode applications. Furthermore, IrNi Dimer/NC1.8-PNC demonstrates superior CO tolerance over monometallic Ir and Pt/C in both half-cell and full-cell devices. Combined experimental and density functional theory studies reveal that oxophilic Ni modulates the electronic environment of Ir through alloying and dimer interactions, thereby enhancing HOR activity. Importantly, the asymmetric IrNi dimer enables efficient CO* and OH* co-adsorption while facilitating CO2* desorption, synergistically mitigating CO poisoning and improving atom utilization efficiency. This work provides a design strategy and fundamental insights for multi-site synergistic catalysts in PEMFC anodes.

### 345. [Closed-Shell Elements Li & Sn Substituted P2-Type Layered Cathode Materials for Wide-Voltage Sodium-Ion Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/closed-shell-elements-li-sn-substituted-p2-type-layered-cathode-materials-for-wide-voltage-sodium-ion-batterie) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3710-y]
Layered transition metal oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) suffer from Jahn–Teller distortion of MnO6, Na+/vacancy ordering, and irreversible lattice oxygen loss, causing capacity fading and voltage decay. Here, we report a P2-type material, Na0.67Ni0.3Mn0.6Li0.09Sn0.01O2 (NNMO-Li0.09Sn0.01), co-doped with closed-shell Li+ and Sn4+ ions. Li+ increases the Mn4+/Mn3+ ratio, mitigating Jahn–Teller distortion, and disrupts Ni/Mn ordering, suppressing Na+/vacancy ordering. Sn4+ forms stronger Sn–O bonds (548 kJ mol−1), enhancing bonding between transition metal ions and oxygen, reducing oxygen loss. NNMO-Li0.09Sn0.01 delivers a specific capacity of 90.3 mAh g−1 with 62.9% capacity retention after 50 cycles at 0.1 C (1 C = 200 mA g−1), and 90.3% voltage retention. This closed-shell substitution strategy offers a viable approach for enhancing structural stability of wide-voltage layered oxide cathodes.

### 346. [Multilevel Encapsulation-Engineered Ultra-Stable Flexible Scintillator Films for High-Resolution X-ray Imaging](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multilevel-encapsulation-engineered-ultra-stable-flexible-scintillator-films-for-high-resolution-x-ray-imaging) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3727-0]
Lead halide perovskites are promising scintillators for X-ray imaging due to high X-ray absorption efficiency, excellent luminescence, and facile synthesis. However, their ionic nature challenges simultaneous high photoluminescence efficiency and environmental robustness. This work introduces a multilevel encapsulation strategy: CsPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs) are sequentially coated with Cs4PbBr6, SiO2, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Cs4PbBr6 passivates surface defects, while SiO2 and PDMS provide barriers against moisture, heat, and radiation. The resulting CsPbBr3@Cs4PbBr6/SiO2/PDMS flexible films exhibit a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 85%, outstanding mechanical flexibility, and durability under stretching, bending, and compressing. Films retain emission stability under elevated temperatures, prolonged X-ray irradiation, and extended water immersion. X-ray imaging demonstrates spatial resolution of 12 lp/mm, enabling distortion-free imaging of curved objects; superior water resistance allows long-term underwater imaging. This work highlights hierarchical encapsulation in balancing luminescence efficiency and stability, offering a pathway toward practical flexible perovskite scintillators.

### 347. [Rational Design of Atomic Skin Layers with Low Ir–Ir Atomic Distance for Highly Efficient OER Catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/rational-design-of-atomic-skin-layers-with-low-irir-atomic-distance-for-highly-efficient-oer-catalysts) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3693-0]
The development of catalysts with highly efficient oxygen evolution performance and low-Ir loading is key to scaling up the application of proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis technology. Here, an Ir-skin catalyst (Ir@KM) is realized on a potassium-manganese oxide (K0.25MnOx (KM)) using an ion-exchange method. The Ir-skin over the prepared Ir@KM has a low Ir–Ir atomic distance, endowing an energetically favorable oxide path mechanism to allow a low theoretical overpotential of 0.13 V. Ir@KM offers a low overpotential of ~280 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and provides a high mass activity of up to 18,500 A gIr−1 at a cell voltage of 1.8 V in PEM, which is 17.6 times higher than that of IrO2, demonstrating a significant advantage in reducing the cost of the membrane electrode. The presented Ir-skin concept represents a promising strategy to fabricate low-Ir catalyst with high activity and durability for practical applications of PEM.

### 348. [Synergistic Mediation: Flexible Alkanolamine-Ir Sites for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Coupled with Water Oxidation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-mediation-flexible-alkanolamine-ir-sites-for-photocatalytic-co2-reduction-coupled-with-water-oxida) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3702-0]
Construction of metal-mediated redox sites is an appealing approach to enhance photocatalytic CO2 reduction coupled with H2O oxidation. However, conventional static redox sites generally lack spatiotemporal matching during reaction processes due to the constraints of rigid structure and the linear scaling relationship of adsorbed species. Herein, an alkanolamine-Ir synergistic system was developed, where flexible monoethanolamine (MEA) molecules function as molecular ferries to selectively adsorb CO2 via carbamate formation, while adjacent Ir nanoparticles (NPs) serve as H spillover hubs that relay protons, creating spatiotemporal adaptability that synchronizes CO2 reduction and water oxidation. In addition, time-resolved in situ spectroscopy directly captures the rapid transformation of carbamate intermediates concurrent with sustained IrOOH intermediates formation. Microkinetic modeling further demonstrates that the MEA-Ir modified system (M-Ir/ACN) creates interconnected H spillover networks between Ir NPs and MEA, facilitating efficient proton transport that drives *COOH formation with a favorable thermodynamic energy. As a result, the M-Ir/ACN achieves a 20-fold increase in CO production compared to the pristine sample while maintaining high stability throughout 45 h of continuous operation. This study presents that flexible molecular ferries boost CO2 adsorption, and deciphers how flexible molecular-metal synergy directs the trafficking of CO2-derived intermediates toward highly efficient CO2 photoreduction.

### 349. [High-Performance Freshwater-Hydroelectricity Co-Generation by Porous Carbon through Waste Polyester-Derived MOF-Assisted Carbonization](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/high-performance-freshwater-hydroelectricity-co-generation-by-porous-carbon-through-waste-polyester-derived-mo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3762-9]
The integration of interfacial photothermal conversion and hydrovoltaic effects into bifunctional evaporators offers a promising route to simultaneously address freshwater scarcity and energy demands. However, the development of low-cost bifunctional evaporators and elucidation of the underlying co-generation mechanism remain challenging. Here, we report a porous carbon derived from waste polyester via a metal-organic framework (MOF)-assisted carbonization strategy, which is subsequently fabricated into a bifunctional evaporator for freshwater and hydroelectricity co-generation. The porous carbon exhibits a high specific surface area of 904 m² g⁻¹, hierarchical micro- and mesopores, and abundant oxygen-containing groups. The resulting evaporator demonstrates broadband light absorption, localized thermal management, good hydrophilicity, and high flexibility. Under 1 sun illumination, it achieves an open-circuit voltage of 250 mV, a short-circuit current of 14 μA, and an evaporation rate of 2.34 kg m⁻² h⁻¹, ranking among the most efficient freshwater-hydroelectricity co-generators. The weakened hydrogen-bonding network reduces the water evaporation enthalpy to 1.7 kJ g⁻¹. Mechanistic studies, including molecular dynamics simulations, reveal that selective Na⁺ interaction induces differential ion migration rates, generating a streaming potential. Additionally, the photothermal effect enhances voltage output by promoting interfacial ion concentration gradients. Outdoor tests confirm stable voltage output of 250 mV and freshwater production of 2.34 kg m⁻². This work provides a scalable platform for fabricating advanced evaporators from waste plastics and unravels the co-generation mechanism, offering a sustainable strategy to mitigate freshwater and energy crises.

### 350. [Elimination of lattice strain to reconstruct ion transport channels facilitates direct regeneration of spent LiFePO4 cathode materials](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/elimination-of-lattice-strain-to-reconstruct-ion-transport-channels-facilitates-direct-regeneration-of-spent-l) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3748-9]
Direct regeneration is a sustainable solution for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), yet the irregular strains induced by the irreversible FePO4 phase after cycling hinder Li+ replenishment in spent LiFePO4 cathodes. This study proposes a lattice stress modulation strategy that reduces FePO4 to Fe2P2O7, reducing unit cell volume from 271.7 to 122.6 Å3, releasing residual stress and reconstructing continuous Li+ transport channels. The phase transformation reconstructs FeO6 octahedra, lowering the migration energy barrier for ions. This synergistically weakens steric effects, facilitating Li+ replenishment and eliminating Li-Fe anti-site defects. Regenerated LiFePO4 cathodes achieve 80.2% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 2C, outperforming commercial cathodes. The work establishes fundamental principles for the pre-treatment stage of direct regeneration and provides a paradigm-shifting solution for sustainable LIB recycling.

### 351. [Stable δ-FA(Cs)PbI3 Intermediate Enables Fabrication of Large-Area Perovskite Solar Modules in Ambient Air](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/stable-facspbi3-intermediate-enables-fabrication-of-large-area-perovskite-solar-modules-in-ambient-air) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3788-9]
Fabrication of large-area perovskite solar modules under ambient air conditions remains a critical challenge due to air sensitivity of perovskite intermediate phases during crystallization. Here, we introduce 2-iodoimidazole (IIZ) into the perovskite precursor, enabling the formation of an air-stable pure δ-phase intermediate, which, upon annealing, fully transforms into a highly oriented α-phase perovskite film with reduced defects and variability. Leveraging this approach, we achieve a stabilized power conversion efficiency of 20.9% for 927.5 cm2 perovskite solar modules with high reproducibility. The encapsulated modules meet stringent international photovoltaic testing standards (IEC61215:2021), demonstrating excellent stability under continuous operation, thermal cycling (−40 to 85 °C) and damp heat (85 °C and 85% relative humidity).

### 352. [Suppressing the aggregation and optimizing the electronic structure of porous Ni nanosheets by POMs-derived Mo2N for efficient hydrogen evolution in AEM water electrolysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/suppressing-the-aggregation-and-optimizing-the-electronic-structure-of-porous-ni-nanosheets-by-poms-derived-mo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3685-7]
NiMo-based catalysts are promising for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), yet optimizing their electronic structure and enhancing mass transfer remain challenging. Here, we report a route to synthesize two-dimensional (2D) porous Mo2N-Ni heterojunction nanosheets with tuned Ni/Mo ratio for enhanced alkaline HER. The precursor is assembled from polyoxometalate clusters (PMo12) and layered Ni(OH)2. The interaction between PMo12 and Ni(OH)2 suppresses particle agglomeration during pyrolysis, yielding 2D porous sheets composed of small Mo2N-Ni units. Electron transfer from Ni to Mo2N redistributes electrons at the heterojunction, optimizing intermediate adsorption/desorption. The porous structure enhances mass transfer, reducing catalyst impedance. The optimized catalyst exhibits an overpotential of 19 mV at 10 mA cm−2, comparable to commercial Pt/C. An anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer pairing this catalyst with NiFe-LDH achieves 500 mA cm−2 at 1.80 V and operates stably for 300 h. This assembly method offers a scalable strategy for efficient catalyst production.

### 353. [Stress-Induced Anisotropy for MHz-Stable Permeability in Fe-Based Nanocrystalline Alloys](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/stress-induced-anisotropy-for-mhz-stable-permeability-in-fe-based-nanocrystalline-alloys) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3883-2]
Tensile stress annealing (TSA) is an effective strategy for tailoring magnetic anisotropy and high-frequency performance in nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys. Here, we systematically investigate the influence of TSA on the microstructure, magnetic domain evolution, and permeability stability of Fe69.5Co3Nb2Mo1.5Si14B9Cu1 nanocrystalline alloys. Across all applied stresses (0–300 MPa), the alloys retain an ultrafine grain size (≤11 nm), yet the induced uniaxial anisotropy constant (Ku) rises sharply from 22.5 to 665 J/m3. This increase in Ku refines the magnetic domain structure, reducing average domain width from 110 to 36 μm, and shifts the magnetization mechanism from domain-wall displacement to rotation-dominated reversal. Quantitative correlation between Ku, domain structure, and effective permeability (μe) reveals that higher stress suppresses μe at low frequencies but yields exceptional frequency stability: μe ≈ 2330 is maintained up to 1 MHz at 50 MPa, and μe ≈ 585 remains constant from 1 kHz to 10 MHz at 300 MPa. These findings demonstrate that stress-induced anisotropy is a decisive factor in governing high-frequency magnetic response, offering both mechanistic insight and a practical framework for designing next-generation soft magnetic materials for precision current transformers, EMC filters, and MHz-class power electronics.

### 354. [Redox dual-cocatalysts modified ZnIn2S4 hollow sphere with spatially separated carrier for photocatalytic H2 production coupled with selective benzyl alcohol oxidation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/redox-dual-cocatalysts-modified-znin2s4-hollow-sphere-with-spatially-separated-carrier-for-photocatalytic-h2-p) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3785-5]
The effective separation and utilization of photo-generated carriers are critical for advancing photocatalysis, particularly in coupled reactions of H2 production and value-added chemical synthesis. Here, a sandwich-structured MnO2@ZnIn2S4@Ti3C2 hollow sphere was designed, with MnO2 and Ti3C2 loaded on the inner and outer surfaces of ZnIn2S4, respectively. MnO2 acts as an oxidation cocatalyst collecting photo-generated holes, while Ti3C2 serves as a reduction cocatalyst for electrons, promoting spatial separation of carriers and enabling spatially separated redox reactions. The hollow structure enhances light harvesting. The optimal catalyst achieves photocatalytic H2 production rate of 6.29 mmol g−1 h−1 and benzaldehyde production rate of 5.26 mmol g−1 h−1 from benzyl alcohol oxidation, significantly outperforming ZnIn2S4, MnO2@ZnIn2S4, and ZnIn2S4@Ti3C2. In situ irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms effective carrier separation. In situ electron paramagnetic resonance and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy reveal reaction intermediates. This work provides a strategy for designing efficient photocatalysts for coupled H2 production and selective oxidation.

### 355. [Urea Electrosynthesis via an Integrated Pd1-Cu Interface Strategy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/urea-electrosynthesis-via-an-integrated-pd1-cu-interface-strategy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3807-8]
Electrocatalytic co-reduction of CO2 and nitrate offers a sustainable route for urea synthesis, valorizing nitrogenous waste and CO2. However, achieving high-performance urea electrosynthesis under ambient conditions remains challenging due to the need for simultaneous activation of CO2 and efficient H2O dissociation to supply active *H for *NOx hydrogenation, ultimately forming key C- and N-containing intermediates for C–N coupling. Here, we report a bifunctional Pd-single-atom-modified Cu (Pd1Cu) nanorod catalyst that synergistically promotes adsorption and stepwise activation of CO2 and H2O, steering the reaction pathway toward selective urea synthesis. Integrating experimental evidence, in situ spectroscopy, and computational analyses, we disclose that atomically dispersed Pd sites kinetically favor co-generation of *CO and *NH2 via H2O dissociation-driven proton transfer, forming an optimal intermediate balance. The dual metal active sites enhance C–N coupling via combined electronic and geometric effects, substantially lowering the reaction energy barrier and improving selectivity. This work provides a rational design strategy for advanced multifunctional catalysts for urea electrosynthesis, contributing to carbon neutrality and waste nitrogen valorization.

### 356. [Spatially Decoupled Single/Dual-Atomic Sites with Independent Bifunctional Activity for High-Performance Fiber Zinc-Air Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/spatially-decoupled-singledual-atomic-sites-with-independent-bifunctional-activity-for-high-performance-fiber) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3805-1]
The sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR/OER) at the air electrode impede the practical deployment of fiber zinc-air batteries (FZABs) for wearable electronics. Conventional bifunctional catalysts suffer from an inherent activity trade-off due to the distinct mechanisms of ORR and OER. Here, we propose a spatial decoupling strategy to overcome this limitation by engineering isolated Fe single atoms and Fe–Ir dual-atom pairs on a nitrogen-doped carbon matrix (Fe/FeIr-NC). In this architecture, Fe single atoms serve as ORR centers, while Fe–Ir pairs with tunable spacing are tailored for OER, enabling complete functional separation and independent optimization. The catalyst exhibits an ORR half-wave potential of 0.91 V and an OER overpotential of 250 mV at 10 mA cm−2, yielding a record-low bifunctional gap (ΔE = 0.57 V) that outperforms all reported single- and dual-atom catalysts. A flexible fiber zinc-air battery based on this catalyst delivers a peak power density of 3920 W kg−1, along with a 1.4-fold increase in energy efficiency and a 2.6-fold extension in cycle life compared to the commercial Pt/C + IrO2 benchmark. This work not only breaks the traditional activity trade-off in bifunctional catalysis but also offers a promising route toward high-performance power sources for wearable electronics.

### 357. [Interface-engineered NiCo sites on natural wood-derived porous carbon substrate for efficient paired electrocatalysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/interface-engineered-nico-sites-on-natural-wood-derived-porous-carbon-substrate-for-efficient-paired-electroca) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3815-0]
The development of bifunctional electrocatalysts capable of integrating biomass-derived platform molecule oxidation with organic reduction offers a promising strategy for simultaneously enhancing energy efficiency and generating high-value chemicals. However, designing catalysts that exhibit both high activity and stability in integrated systems remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report a self-supported electrode composed of nitrogen-doped carbonized wood (NCW) supported NiCo nanosheets (NiCo 0.3/NCW) that enables the electrocatalytic 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation to produce 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and the nitrobenzene reduction to yield aniline in an integrated electrochemical cell. The NiCo 0.3/NCW electrode achieves the production of FDCA and aniline at a low cell voltage of 1.7 V, with ~99% anodic and ~92% cathodic Faradaic efficiencies, respectively. Experimental characterizations disclose that the hierarchical porous NCW architecture promotes the dispersion of active sites, while nitrogen doping strengthens metal–support interactions. In-situ spectroscopic experiments combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that cobalt incorporation tunes the electronic structure of nickel, thus optimizing substrate and intermediate adsorption, and lowering energy barriers. These effects ultimately enhance the performance of the natural wood-derived catalyst in integrated biomass valorization and selective organic electrosynthesis.

### 358. [Direct Upcycling of Unmodified Waste Brominated Butyl Rubber via Nanoparticle-Mediated Interfacial Crosslinking Strategy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/direct-upcycling-of-unmodified-waste-brominated-butyl-rubber-via-nanoparticle-mediated-interfacial-crosslinkin) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3681-6]
Brominated butyl rubber (BIIR) is widely used in tires and biomedical products due to its excellent elasticity and gas barrier properties, but recycling end-of-life BIIR remains challenging because of its covalent cross-linked network. Here, we report a direct upcycling strategy for unmodified waste BIIR via nanoparticle-mediated interfacial crosslinking, avoiding chemical modification or degradation of the polymer structure. Pyridyl-functionalized silica nanoparticles (SiO2-Py) were synthesized and used to crosslink bromine atoms in waste BIIR with those of fresh BIIR, reconstructing the crosslink network without altering the original sulfur-vulcanization network. The resulting composites exhibit a dual interpenetrating network comprising the sulfur-vulcanized network and a bromine-pyridinium crosslinked silica-rich network, providing exceptional strength and toughness. Using discarded bicycle inner tubes as waste BIIR source, the upcycled composites achieved a tensile strength of ~14 MPa, toughness of ~60 MJ m−3, and ultra-low air permeability of 8.78×10−15 cm3 cm/(cm2 s Pa), significantly outperforming the original inner tube material. This work presents a scalable and effective solution for BIIR waste recycling, advancing sustainable development in the rubber industry.

### 359. [Surface-Confined Metallization of Nanofibrous Networks via Selective Dissolution-Assisted Transfer Printing for Lightweight and Air-Permeable Soft Electronics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/surface-confined-metallization-of-nanofibrous-networks-via-selective-dissolution-assisted-transfer-printing-fo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3838-5]
Air-permeable and ultrathin conductive electrodes are essential for next-generation soft electronics, including breathable wearables, on-skin devices, and bio-integrated electronics. However, conventional metallization strategies, such as sputtering and ink-printing, often suffer from severe vertical charge leakage due to the porous and ultrathin characteristics of nanofibrous networks, leading to device short-circuiting, operational failure, and limited vertical integration. Here, we present a solvent-selective dissolution-assisted transfer printing strategy to achieve surface-confined metallization of ultrathin, lightweight, and gas-permeable nanofibrous networks, enabling lateral conductivity while maintaining vertical insulation. This transfer printing process facilitates not only the rapid formation of conductive patterns on the surface of nanofibrous networks but also mechanical reinforcement through solvent evaporation-induced interlocked fiber-fiber welding. Meanwhile, the strategy preserves the high permeability of the nanofibrous networks and imparts a unique combination of surface conductivity (2 Ω cm) and vertical insulativity (10^11 Ω cm). The resulting anisotropic conductive networks enable low-voltage wearable heaters, high-sensitive pressure sensors, and ultralight temperature sensors. A pressure-temperature dual-modal sensing patch is further fabricated for intelligent grasping classification. The proposed surface-confined metallization strategy enables rapid fabrication of an anisotropic conductive network as a building block to construct air-permeable, ultrathin, and lightweight wearable electronics.

### 360. [Cation and vacancy engineering in high-entropy layered double hydroxides for water oxidation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cation-and-vacancy-engineering-in-high-entropy-layered-double-hydroxides-for-water-oxidation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3713-y]
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), yet their practical application remains limited by poor electrical conductivity and sluggish reaction kinetics. In this work, we synthesize three high-entropy LDHs (HELDHs) featuring a hierarchical architecture of microspheres assembled from ultrathin nanosheets, via a simple hydrothermal method using a combination of low-cost, catalytically active transition metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr). Among them, the FeCoNiMnZn HELDH exhibits outstanding OER performance, requiring an overpotential of only 306 mV to reach a current density of 100 mA cm−2. Notably, during 200 h of continuous operation, the device exhibits a stable and, in some cases, increasing current output. This exceptional activity is attributed to the formation of abundant cation vacancies, induced by Zn leaching, which enhance the intrinsic catalytic properties by optimizing the adsorption energies of key OER intermediates. Density functional theory calculations further validate that these vacancies modulate the electronic structure and lower reaction barriers, underscoring the effectiveness of cation-vacancy engineering in high-entropy systems for efficient and durable water oxidation catalysis. The optimized catalyst was further evaluated as the air cathode in a zinc–air battery, demonstrating practical electrochemical performance.

### 361. [Diverse Polyoxometalate-Based Cobalt Complexes for Catalyzing Olefin Epoxidation at Room Temperature: Regulation of Active Sites by Polyoxometalate Templates](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/diverse-polyoxometalate-based-cobalt-complexes-for-catalyzing-olefin-epoxidation-at-room-temperature-regulatio) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3674-2]
Enhancing catalytic activity is a core objective in catalyst design, with active site accessibility being a critical determinant. Polyoxometalate-based metal-organic complexes (POMOCs), combining advantages of POMs and MOCs, offer potential for constructing catalysts with highly accessible active sites. In this study, a series of POMOCs were synthesized using different POM templates: [CoII1.5(L)1.5(PMo12O40)(H2O)4]·3H2O (Co-PMo12), [CoII1.5(L)1.5(PW12O40)(H2O)4]·3H2O (Co-PW12), [CoII2(L)2(SiW12O40)(H2O)4]·11H2O (Co-SiW12), and H[CoII2.5(L)3(P2W18O62)(H2O)8]·10H2O (Co-P2W18). These were characterized by FT-IR, PXRD, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Catalytic activity differences for olefin epoxidation were attributed to distinct accessibility of Co(II) sites upon thermal activation. Notably, Co-P2W18 achieved 99% yield of 1,2-epoxycyclooctane within 3 hours at room temperature using O2 as oxidant, owing to highly accessible unsaturated Co(II) sites. This performance is superior to most reported catalysts. The reaction mechanism was investigated using density functional theory. The catalyst exhibited excellent stability over five cycles, with FT-IR, PXRD, and XPS confirming structural and oxidation state integrity. This work highlights the potential of POMOCs in designing catalysts with highly accessible active sites for enhanced catalytic activity.

### 362. [Mechanically and Chemically Recyclable Polyurethane-Based Optically Clear Adhesive with On-Demand Adhesion/Deadhesion](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mechanically-and-chemically-recyclable-polyurethane-based-optically-clear-adhesive-with-on-demand-adhesiondead) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3777-0]
Optically clear adhesives (OCAs) are critical for next-generation optoelectronic systems, yet their end-of-life management remains a sustainability challenge. Here, we report a debondable and robust polyurethane (PU)-based OCA that integrates both mechanical and chemical recyclability. The PU-based OCA exhibits high optical transparency (>90% transmittance from visible to near-infrared), strong adhesion to glass and polymeric substrates (bonding strength up to 5.0 MPa), and thermally sensitive H-bonding interactions that enable on-demand deadhesion at elevated temperatures. This capability facilitates non-destructive detachment of functional assemblies, promoting component reuse and material recycling. The adhesive demonstrates excellent mechanical properties, including ductility and strength, and outperforms several commercial optical adhesives in key performance metrics. Its straightforward synthesis and industrial scalability make it a promising solution for advancing circular economy principles in optoelectronic device manufacturing. The work addresses critical bottlenecks in balancing mechanical performance, adhesion/detachment, and recyclability, offering a transformative approach to sustainable advanced manufacturing.

### 363. [Key roles of Young’s modulus and mechanical hysteresis in hydrogel strain sensors for high-fidelity sensing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/key-roles-of-youngs-modulus-and-mechanical-hysteresis-in-hydrogel-strain-sensors-for-high-fidelity-sensing) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3725-1]
Conductive hydrogel-based stretchable electronics have been extensively investigated, with strain sensors being the most prominently studied. While mechanical properties significantly affect device performance, the systematic correlation between specific mechanical parameters and sensing performance remains rarely explored. This work compares the influences of Young’s modulus and mechanical hysteresis on sensing performance between highly entangled PAM-Li and double-network PAM-Li-Agar-3 strain sensors. Owing to the brittle agar network, which imparts a higher Young’s modulus and pronounced mechanical hysteresis to the double-network PAM-Li-Agar-3 hydrogel, the corresponding sensor requires a greater driving force for deformation and yields signals with poor reproducibility. In contrast, the PAM-Li hydrogel, characterized by highly entangled polymer chains, exhibits a lower Young’s modulus and negligible mechanical hysteresis. Consequently, signals from the PAM-Li strain sensor demonstrate enhanced sensitivity and stability. Therefore, this work demonstrates that a low Young’s modulus and minimal mechanical hysteresis are critical factors for achieving superior sensing performance in strain sensors, as systematically validated through comparative analyses across diverse application scenarios.

### 364. [Recyclable, Reprocessable, and Biodegradable Cellulosic Bioplastics Enabled by a Reactive Eutectic Network](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/recyclable-reprocessable-and-biodegradable-cellulosic-bioplastics-enabled-by-a-reactive-eutectic-network) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3871-9]
The escalating demand for sustainable, high-performance materials has intensified research into replacing petroleum-based plastics with abundant biomass, particularly cellulose. However, cellulose's effective modification and functionalization are often hindered by complex processing requirements and limited performance tunability. Here, we report an innovative 'active' green medium strategy based on an ethyl cellulose/thymol eutectic system, enabling in situ chemical modification of eutectic components and the construction of dynamic self-adaptive networks without external catalysts or initiators. Through precise molecular design, dynamic boroxine networks and acrylate crosslinking networks are synergistically integrated into the cellulosic bioplastic (CBP) matrix. The resulting CBP-A2B8 exhibits exceptional optical transparency (~85%), superior mechanical properties (tensile strength ~30 MPa), facile thermal processability, and closed-loop recyclability. Its chemical structure and mechanical performance remain highly stable even after 20 hot-compression recycling cycles. Complete biodegradation occurs under natural environmental conditions within approximately 100 days. Furthermore, when combined with silver nanowires, the bioplastic forms high-performance flexible transparent conductive films successfully applied in customizable electroluminescent devices. Post-lifecycle, device components (silver nanowires and CBP matrix) are efficiently separated and recycled using a straightforward solvent-based method. This eutectic system-mediated strategy offers a novel pathway for the development of sustainable, high-performance bioplastics with a closed-loop lifecycle.

### 365. [Efficient CZTSSe Solar Cells with the Highest VOC of 591 mV Enabled by Thermal Sputtering ITO](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/efficient-cztsse-solar-cells-with-the-highest-voc-of-591-mv-enabled-by-thermal-sputtering-ito) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3773-7]
Kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells suffer from significant open-circuit voltage (VOC) deficits due to severe interfacial and bulk recombination, restricting their power conversion efficiency (PCE) far below the Shockley-Queisser limit. This work proposes a low-temperature annealing strategy during ITO sputtering (SA) to synergistically address these challenges. The temperature applied during ITO sputtering not only improves the crystallinity, carrier concentration, and optical transmittance of the ITO layer but also promotes the diffusion of In from ITO into both CdS and CZTSSe layers. Consequently, lattice matching at the CZTSSe/CdS interface is optimized, enabling epitaxial growth. And a favorable ITO/In:CdS/In&Cd:CZTSSe structure with optimal band alignment is obtained. As a result, a champion device with a PCE of 14.29% was achieved. The SA-treating also enabled the CZTSSe solar cells to achieve the highest VOC reported to date, exceeding 590 mV. This underscores the essential role of SA processing in optimizing interface engineering and suppressing defects, thus promoting the development of low-cost, high-performance kesterite photovoltaics.

### 366. [Bacteria Outer Membrane-Based Oxygen Gels Alleviate Tumor Hypoxia for Enhanced Systemic Immune Response to Radiotherapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bacteria-outer-membrane-based-oxygen-gels-alleviate-tumor-hypoxia-for-enhanced-systemic-immune-response-to-rad) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3581-2]
Radiotherapy (RT) is a standard cancer treatment that directly kills tumor cells and promotes systemic immune responses. However, RT can exacerbate tumor hypoxia, which suppresses dendritic cell (DC) antigen presentation and weakens systemic anti-tumor immunity. Here, we report oxygen-loaded in situ gels carrying bacterial outer membrane (MOGel) that slowly degrade to release oxygen and bacterial outer membrane (OM). Oxygen release alleviates tumor hypoxia, while OM continuously activates DCs, enhancing their antigen-presenting capability. In vitro, MOGel combined with RT induced the strongest tumor cell apoptosis. In an orthotopic colon cancer model, MOGel+RT achieved an 80% tumor suppression rate. Notably, MOGel+RT elicited an enhanced abscopal effect, with hypoxia relief and enhanced DC activation contributing to systemic immune responses. These findings suggest that OM-based oxygen gels offer a novel strategy to enhance systemic immune responses to RT.

### 367. [Eco-friendly composite supercritical purification enables simultaneous lightweighting and strengthening of reed membranes for bioelectronics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/eco-friendly-composite-supercritical-purification-enables-simultaneous-lightweighting-and-strengthening-of-ree) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3678-1]
Reed membrane, a natural cellulosic material traditionally used in musical instruments, holds promise in flexible electronics due to its abundance, low cost, and excellent biocompatibility. However, its native form contains water-soluble ions and lipid-soluble waxes that hinder performance in acoustic and electronics by compromising electrical insulation and mechanical stability. Here, supercritical fluid superposition purification (SCSP-WA) is introduced, which utilizes supercritical CO2 with water and acetone as bipolar co-solvents to selectively remove these impurities. Post-SCSP-WA treatment, the reed membrane exhibits significant enhancements in mechanical strength and electrical insulation, achieving a 4-fold increase in elongation at break, improved tensile strength and Young’s modulus, and a 98.5% reduction in leakage current, all while maintaining low and stable capacitance. These improvements stem from the restructuring of the fibrous network into a porous, interconnected microstructure. Material characterization (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) confirmed the effective removal of magnesium and waxy functional groups, along with enhanced fiber crosslinking. Cytotoxicity tests further validated the biocompatibility of the SCSP-WA-treated membranes. This environmentally sustainable approach expands the potential of reed membranes in flexible bioelectronics and bio-integrated acoustic systems.

### 368. [Laminated self-healing thermochromic gel for visualizing thermal management](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/laminated-self-healing-thermochromic-gel-for-visualizing-thermal-management) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3747-3]
Thermochromic soft materials are flexible functional materials that adaptively tune optical properties (transmittance, reflectance, or scattering) with temperature for thermal modulation. Herein, a laminated thermochromic gel (DEE-DA) is synthesized by encapsulating a thermochromic hydrogel (DA) between two hydrophobic ionogels (DEE) in a stacked configuration. The synergy of multiple dynamic bonds endows the DEE-DA gel with exceptional mechanical properties and remarkable self-healing capability (98.8% at 30 °C). More importantly, attributed to the temperature-responsive reversible cleavage and recombination of hydrogen bonds and borate ester bonds, DEE-DA gel demonstrates tunable transmittance with a light modulation efficiency of 85.45%. In response to the various external conditions, the gel can auto-adjust the optical properties to avoid sun irradiation or heat loss. Accordingly, the gel enables efficient dual-mode thermal modulation across a broad temperature range to realize thermal management. The research proposes gel thermochromism and laminated durability enhancement for adaptive materials in smart buildings and wearables.

### 369. [Synergistic Additive Engineering with Sulfur-Terminated Ti3C2Tx MXene towards Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-additive-engineering-with-sulfur-terminated-ti3c2tx-mxene-towards-efficient-and-stable-perovskite) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3795-x]
Two-dimensional MXene Ti3C2Tx demonstrates great promise in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, sulfur-terminated Ti3C2Tx (S-Ti3C2Tx) is developed by modifying Ti3C2Tx via a facile hydrothermal method using thioacetamide. As a perovskite additive, S-Ti3C2Tx outperforms pristine Ti3C2Tx by (1) significantly promoting grain growth, enhancing carrier mobility, and reducing defect density; (2) optimizing energy level alignment to lower interfacial energy barriers and minimize interface non-radiative recombination; (3) stabilizing uncoordinated Pb2+ and [PbI6]4− octahedra via Pb–S bonds while alleviating bulk lattice strain, as this Pb–S interaction exerts a “tape-like” effect. Based on this synergistic mechanism, PSCs with S-Ti3C2Tx achieve a champion efficiency of 25.51%—outperforming control (23.46%) and pristine Ti3C2Tx-based devices (24.54%)—with enhanced stability. This work highlights terminal group engineering as a critical strategy for advancing high-performance PSCs and their potential for emerging photovoltaic technologies.

### 370. [Redefining selectivity paradigms in electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction on confined dual-atom catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/redefining-selectivity-paradigms-in-electrochemical-nitrogen-reduction-reaction-on-confined-dual-atom-catalyst) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3739-8]
The premature decay of electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) performance at low electrode potentials remains a major obstacle to practical applications, primarily due to competition from the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A new paradigm capable of transcending current selectivity constraints is urgently required to advance eNRR toward industrial implementation. In this work, we propose two practical selectivity descriptors (ΔΔG and ΔU) based on a systematic investigation of the potential-dependent competition between eNRR and HER on confined dual-atom catalysts. The descriptor ΔΔG (ΔG_N2 − ΔG_H) identifies the potential range where N2 adsorption dominates over H adsorption, while ΔU (U_cross – U_eNRR) specifies the potential range to trigger direct eNRR, offering a quantitative benchmark for rational catalyst design. Ideal catalysts should maintain N2-preferential adsorption across a broad potential window to facilitate direct eNRR. Guided by this insight, we demonstrate that confined dual-atom configurations with optimized interatomic distances can simultaneously achieve both overwhelming N2 adsorption and sufficient activation, thereby overcoming conventional selectivity limitations. This strategy enables ammonia synthesis with industrially relevant production rates and current density even at elevated potentials. Our mechanistic insights not only elucidate the root causes of performance limitations in eNRR but also offer a rational design framework for developing high-performance catalysts across a broad range of electrochemical transformations.

### 371. [Impedance-Matchable 3D MXene Sponge/NiFe@NC Heterostructure with Tunable Pores for Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption and Thermal Resistance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/impedance-matchable-3d-mxene-spongenifenc-heterostructure-with-tunable-pores-for-efficient-electromagnetic-wav) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3887-6]
The proliferation of 5G/6G communications and radar systems has intensified electromagnetic wave (EMW) leakage, interference, and thermal management challenges. This study presents a 3D MXene sponge/NiFe@NC heterostructure with tunable pore architecture, fabricated by pyrolyzing a polyurethane (PU) foam template uniformly coated with NiFe-decorated Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets. The resulting porous dielectric-magnetic network integrates interconnected MXene pathways with uniformly dispersed NiFe@NC nanoparticles, enabling synergistic dielectric-magnetic loss via conduction loss, dipole/interface polarization, and magnetic loss. Precise pore structure design enhances impedance matching and promotes multi-scattering and internal reflection of EMWs. An 'EMW-pore matching' mechanism is proposed, where pore size governs impedance matching at specific frequencies, enabling tunable absorption performance. The optimized absorber achieves a reflection loss (RL) of -67.84 dB, while radar cross-section (RCS) simulations confirm exceptional attenuation and stealth potential. Additionally, the 3D skeleton derived from PU foam confers remarkable thermal resistance and flame retardancy. This pore-regulation strategy provides a scalable route to designing lightweight, broadband, and thermally stable EMW absorbers for next-generation communication and stealth applications.

### 372. [Synergistic dual supramolecular interactions enhance ionic thermoelectric performance in dilute-electrolyte hydrogels](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-dual-supramolecular-interactions-enhance-ionic-thermoelectric-performance-in-dilute-electrolyte-hy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3689-9]
Converting body heat into electricity presents an appealing route for sustainably powering wearable electronics; however, conventional thermoelectric materials face significant drawbacks, including high ionic concentrations, toxicity, and limited thermoelectric efficiency. Here, we report an ionic thermoelectric hydrogel designed through precise supramolecular chemistry, utilizing dual molecular interactions: host-guest complexation of α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) with I3− ions and hydrogen bonding between polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer chains and I3−. This molecularly tailored approach markedly amplifies thermoelectric performance, achieving a high thermopower of 2.21 mV/K and a tenfold enhancement in peak power output at an exceptionally low iodine concentration (10 mmol/L I− + 2.5 mmol/L I3−). The hydrogel maintains excellent biocompatibility and mechanical robustness, suitable for direct skin contact. Demonstrated applications include flexible thermoelectric devices generating nearly 100 mV from body heat and sensor arrays capable of motion and spatial temperature sensing. These results underscore the substantial potential of supramolecularly designed ionic thermoelectric hydrogels for wearable energy harvesting, personalized healthcare monitoring, and advanced human-computer interfaces.

### 373. [Polarization-Sensitive Air-Stable Photodetector Based on Ternary Layered Compound FeIn2Se4](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/polarization-sensitive-air-stable-photodetector-based-on-ternary-layered-compound-fein2se4) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3760-y]
Layered chalcogenide compounds have attracted considerable attention for optoelectronic applications due to their rich structural diversity and unique physical properties, including high carrier mobility, ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity, and outstanding optoelectronic and thermoelectric performance. Their tunable bandgaps and strong light absorption render them highly suitable for next-generation photodetectors. However, the environmental instability of many 2D chalcogenides poses a critical challenge for practical applications. In this work, we report a high-performance, polarization-sensitive photodetector based on an air-stable ternary chalcogenide FeIn2Se4. Angle-resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy reveals that the four characteristic Raman modes exhibit a 60° periodic variation in intensity, highlighting the material's pronounced in-plane anisotropy. Benefiting from its strong absorption over a broad spectral range (510–1028 nm), the FeIn2Se4-based device demonstrates reliable photoresponse under multiple excitation wavelengths (405, 473, 515, and 638 nm), showcasing its wideband detection capabilities. Furthermore, XPS measurements after prolonged air exposure confirm the enhanced chemical stability of FeIn2Se4 compared to binary chalcogenides. These findings demonstrate that 2D ternary FeIn2Se4 is an excellent candidate for advanced anisotropic optoelectronic devices, offering broadband photodetection, robust polarization sensitivity, and excellent environmental resilience.

### 374. [PANoptosis-Driven Immunogenic Cell Death by a Single NIR Laser-Triggered Nanoplatform for Cancer Phototherapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/panoptosis-driven-immunogenic-cell-death-by-a-single-nir-laser-triggered-nanoplatform-for-cancer-phototherapy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3665-2]
Immuno-phototherapy faces a critical bottleneck: achieving high singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yield and efficient photothermal conversion simultaneously under a single near-infrared (NIR) laser. Here, we report an acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) structured molecule, 3,9-bis(2-methylene-((3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-6/7-methyl)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2',3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']-dithiophene (m-ITIC), formulated into nanoparticles (NPs) via self-assembly with DSPE-PEG-NH2. The NPs exhibit strong NIR absorption and fluorescence at 688 and 768 nm, respectively. Under single-laser irradiation, they generate heat, superoxide anion (O2•−), and 1O2, with a 1O2 quantum yield of 56.8% and photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of 27.4%. This enables NIR fluorescence imaging-guided synergistic photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT). Notably, the nanoplatform induces PANoptosis—a coordinated cell death program integrating pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis—in tumor cells, amplifying immunogenic cell death (ICD). This triggers robust dendritic cell activation, macrophage polarization toward M1 phenotype, elevated CD8+ T cell infiltration, and suppression of immunosuppressive Treg cells, leading to significant tumor growth inhibition and prevention of lung metastasis in vivo. Therapeutic efficacy was validated in patient-derived tumor organoids, underscoring translational potential. This study presents a novel single-laser-activated nanoplatform that simultaneously mediates efficient photothermal and photodynamic effects and induces PANoptosis-driven ICD for synergistic cancer immunotherapy.

### 375. [Dislocations in Motion: Engineering Mechanoluminescence via Pressure-Driven Phase Transitions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dislocations-in-motion-engineering-mechanoluminescence-via-pressure-driven-phase-transitions) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3711-8]
Mechanoluminescent (ML) materials that emit light under mechanical stress are attracting growing attention for their potential in next-generation sensing, display, and energy-harvesting technologies. Among these, Mn/Cu-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS) has emerged as a leading candidate due to its bright emission, low activation threshold, and remarkable self-recovery over thousands of cycles. Despite these advantages, the fundamental mechanisms governing ML remain unresolved, with ongoing debate between two primary models: the piezoelectric effect and the triboelectric effect. The piezoelectric effect is generally associated with scenarios where ML materials emit light directly under external pressure and exhibit self-recoverable performance, whereas the triboelectric effect dominates when emission occurs at the interface of layered materials. Previous research on ZnS-based ML systems has focused on phase transitions from the sphalerite phase to the wurtzite phase, as the latter is widely recognized as critical for ML activity. A recent study published in Advanced Materials introduces a transformative approach that not only enhances ML performance but also provides new insights into its underlying mechanism. The authors demonstrate that controllable phase transitions can be used to tune and optimize ML properties in ZnS. For the first time, they report a gradual and reversible transition between hexagonal wurtzite (wt-ZnS) and cubic sphalerite (sp-ZnS) phases at room temperature using low uniaxial pressure in the range of 0–30 MPa, a striking departure from the extreme conditions traditionally required for such transformations. Applying modest pressure with a standard tableting machine converts wt-ZnS into sp-ZnS without the need for high-temperature or high-pressure environments, while subsequent thermal annealing reverses the process, enabling reversible structural cycling. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that this phase transition is mediated by dislocations: a 1/3⟨1120⟩ screw dislocation decomposes into two 30° Shockley partial dislocations, 1/3⟨1010⟩ and 1/3⟨0110⟩, whose glide converts portions of the wt-ZnS lattice into the sp-ZnS structure. These dislocation-driven rearrangements introduce stacking faults and localized lattice distortions that exert a profound influence on luminescence behavior. Under dynamic loading, charged dislocations facilitate carrier transport toward Mn2+ luminescent centers by altering the energy transfer pathways. Regions undergoing phase transition exhibit stronger mechanoluminescence due to an enhanced local piezoelectric field compared to areas without phase transition. The study further uncovers strikingly different responses for Mn and Cu dopants under pressure. For Mn-doped ZnS, ML intensity increases by up to 2.7 times at moderate pressures around 10 MPa, an enhancement attributed to stronger local piezoelectric fields and more efficient carrier transport. In contrast, Cu-doped ZnS exhibits pronounced ML quenching under similar conditions, underscoring the fundamentally different energy transfer pathways associated with these dopants. Pressure-thermal cycling enables tunable ML and photoluminescence (PL) properties, opening new opportunities for adaptive optical devices. The manuscript also reports on the ML behavior of Mn, Cu co-doped ZnS, which exhibits similar pressure-responsive characteristics to Cu-doped ZnS, but with the emission predominantly originating from Mn2+ centers. The authors propose a dislocation-mediated ML mechanism in which charged dislocations generate local electric fields that alter carrier migration and complexation. Under dynamic loading, the piezoelectric field in ZnS separates carriers, which become trapped at defect levels and subsequently recombine at luminescent centers, leading to light emission.

### 376. [Green Separation Membranes for Water Sustainability: A Breakthrough in Biodegradable Nanofiltration Technology](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/green-separation-membranes-for-water-sustainability-a-breakthrough-in-biodegradable-nanofiltration-technology) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3730-3]
Water scarcity, exacerbated by organic micropollutant contamination and climate change, necessitates energy-efficient, eco-friendly purification technologies. Membrane separation has emerged as a transformative solution, outperforming energy-intensive processes such as distillation. Traditional chemical separations, dominated by distillation, consume 10%–15% of global energy, whereas advanced membrane technologies can reduce energy use by up to 90%. However, membrane separation is hampered by reliance on toxic petrochemical feedstocks and persistent microplastic pollution from nonbiodegradable end-of-life membranes. Shao's group addresses both gaps with a sustainable nanofiltration membrane (SNFM) crafted entirely from low-hazard, renewable components. The substrate polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable polyester derived from corn starch, is processed via modified nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) to form a porous yet strong support. For the selective layer, toxic aromatic monomers are replaced with xylitol (a plant sugar alcohol) and dopamine (DA, a biogenic amine), and green solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide are used to avoid volatile organic compound emissions. Compared with commercial alternatives, this design yields a membrane with exceptional dual functionality: it maintains high separation performance (928% greater permeance, 92% bisphenol A rejection, and 89% Na2SO4 rejection) and low fouling (protein adsorption ≤12 μg cm−2) over 30 days. A life cycle assessment reveals a 62% reduction in carbon footprint compared with petrochemical-based membranes, whereas soil biodegradation tests confirm 90% breakdown within 6 months, driven by Delftia and Tissierella microbes. By eliminating microplastic waste and toxic inputs, this SNFM bridges the divide between performance and environmental responsibility, offering a scalable blueprint for next-generation green membranes in water treatment and beyond.

### 377. [Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acid Loaded Celastrol Ameliorates Skin Fibrosis by Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Prevention](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/tetrahedral-framework-nucleic-acid-loaded-celastrol-ameliorates-skin-fibrosis-by-epithelial-mesenchymal-transi) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3767-9]
Progressive skin fibrosis ultimately results in irreversible contractures, causing both joint dysfunction and cosmetic deformity. The key pathological features of skin fibrosis include persistent inflammation and abnormal accumulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) playing a critical role in disease progression. However, current therapeutic strategies for cutaneous fibrosis are largely palliative and often require repeated interventions, with limited efficacy. Celastrol (Cel) exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in skin tissue, but its clinical application is limited by poor bioavailability and a narrow therapeutic window. Tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA), a novel nanocarrier system, exhibits multiple advantages, including enhanced cellular uptake, improved cell viability, and intrinsic anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, this study applied tFNA-Cel complex (TCC) as an advanced nanotherapeutic agent, designed to exert a synergistic anti-fibrotic effect. In this study, an in vitro model of skin fibrosis was established using human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells treated with 5 ng mL−1 transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) for 24 h. The results showed that TCC significantly inhibited EMT progression by reducing α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) levels and increasing E-cadherin level. Compared to tFNA or Cel alone, TCC exhibited superior anti-fibrotic effects in the fibrosis model, as evidenced by modulation of SMAD family member 2 (SMAD2) signaling and collagen I expression. Furthermore, the TCC group showed lower levels of nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65), BCL-2-associated X protein (Bax), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to the Cel or tFNA groups. These findings highlight TCC as a promising treatment for skin fibrosis, with its synergistic anti-fibrotic effects providing new therapeutic avenues.

### 378. [Lighting the Way: Precision Doping in Organic Semiconductors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/lighting-the-way-precision-doping-in-organic-semiconductors) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3692-9]
Doping is essential for modulating semiconductor conductivity, forming p–n junctions, and reducing contact resistance. However, organic semiconductors (OSCs) face challenges in achieving precise regional doping due to uncontrollable dopant diffusion and poor process compatibility. This highlight discusses a breakthrough light-triggered strategy for spatially controlled n-type doping in OSCs, developed by Pei's Group. The method employs inert photoactivable dopants (iPADs) that are thermally stable but undergo rapid 6π-electrocyclization upon UV irradiation, transforming into potent n-dopants (PADs). These PADs irreversibly dope n-type OSCs via hydride transfer. With a high activation barrier (>28 kcal mol−1), the reaction is thermally suppressed even at 120°C, enabling orthogonal control: doping occurs only where and when light is applied. This approach achieves down to 1 μm spatial resolution, far surpassing physical masking methods. The method's universality accommodates diverse n-type OSCs (LUMO: −3.7 to −4.7 eV) with conductivity enhancements up to nine orders of magnitude (exceeding 30 S cm−1 in some systems). Doping levels, conductivity, and Fermi energy are tunable via UV dose and dopant concentration. The doped regions exhibit robust stability and withstand subsequent thermal processing, aligning with large-scale and flexible manufacturing. In organic field-effect transistors, precise spatial doping significantly enhances carrier mobility, reduces contact resistance to one-sixth of its original value, and effectively lowers surface trap density, providing critical support for device miniaturization and high-density integration.

### 379. [Natural Material-Based Biodegradable Flexible Pressure Sensor for Fall Detection and Rehabilitation Monitoring in Elderly Care](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/natural-material-based-biodegradable-flexible-pressure-sensor-for-fall-detection-and-rehabilitation-monitoring) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3716-x]
Flexible pressure sensors (FPSs) are pivotal for fall detection and rehabilitation training, yet conventional synthetic-based sensors suffer from resource-intensive manufacturing, high costs, and environmental pollution. This study introduces a sustainable fabrication strategy for FPSs using natural materials. Electrodes were fabricated by treating natural wood strips with a flame retardant, converting them into high-quality graphene via cost-effective infrared laser processing, and transferring onto starch-based substrates. The dielectric layer comprised an electrospun composite nanofiber membrane of cyclodextrin and carbon nanotubes. The resultant capacitive FPS exhibited high sensitivity (2.15 kPa⁻¹ within 0–10 kPa), a low detection limit (~6.5 Pa), rapid response and recovery times (29 ms and 39 ms), and excellent long-term stability exceeding 5000 cycles. Biocompatibility was outstanding (cell viability >98%), and the sensor fully degraded within 6 hours. Integrated with wireless technology, the sensor enabled a fall detection and rehabilitation monitoring system. Data processing utilized a Tiny Machine Learning module on a mobile platform, transmitting data to a cloud-based system. The system accurately identified five common fall postures and assisted clinicians in guiding rehabilitation exercises, achieving recognition accuracies of 99% and 100%, respectively. This work offers a sustainable healthcare solution for elderly care, addressing environmental and economic limitations of existing FPS technologies.

### 380. [Solid-State Hot-Pressing Strategy Breaks Scalability and Monolithic Shaping Barriers for Covalent Organic Frameworks](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/solid-state-hot-pressing-strategy-breaks-scalability-and-monolithic-shaping-barriers-for-covalent-organic-fram) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3736-8]
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are porous crystalline materials assembled from organic building blocks via strong covalent bonds, offering well-defined pores, high surface area, and tunable properties for applications in gas storage, separation, catalysis, sensing, and energy conversion. However, conventional solvothermal synthesis requires high temperatures, long reaction times, and complex procedures, hindering scalability and increasing costs. Additionally, COFs are typically obtained as microcrystalline powders, limiting their direct use in flow processes. To overcome these barriers, a novel solid-state hot-pressing method was recently reported, enabling rapid synthesis of COF platelets with high crystallinity and porosity. This method involves applying pressure and heat simultaneously, reducing the energy barrier for monomer reactions and facilitating layer growth and stacking, as confirmed by density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations. The approach demonstrated versatility by synthesizing 15 distinct COFs, including imine-, hydrazone-, β-ketoenamine-, and imide-linked frameworks, a three-dimensional COF (COF-300), and a mixed-monomer COF, all within 0.5–5 minutes. Notably, a free-standing COF platelet of 200 cm² was fabricated, showcasing scalability. This strategy addresses the trade-offs among synthetic convenience, product quality, environmental impact, and scalability, positioning COFs for commercial viability.

### 381. [Cross-Flow Boosts Ultrafast-Charging Organic Cathodes via 2D Vertically Ladder-Like Polymer Design](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cross-flow-boosts-ultrafast-charging-organic-cathodes-via-2d-vertically-ladder-like-polymer-design) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3704-0]
The escalating demand for energy storage systems capable of delivering high energy density alongside ultrafast charging and discharging has exposed the limitations of conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), particularly in applications such as electric air vehicles, portable medical devices, and grid-scale storage. Organic cathode materials offer tunable molecular design but suffer from sluggish ion diffusion kinetics, especially under high-rate and low-temperature conditions. This study introduces a 2D vertically ladder-like polymer (2DVLP) synthesized from tribenzoquinoline tribenzoquinone (TTQ) via a 2D polymerization strategy. The polymer features a layered nanosheet structure with densely distributed carbonyl (C=O) redox-active sites serving as Li+ storage centers. Interlayer micropores (0.4–2.0 nm) and structural defects facilitate vertical Li+ diffusion, while weak van der Waals interlayer interactions (no π–π stacking) enable horizontal Li+ intercalation. Coin-type half-cells using 2DVLP cathodes demonstrated outstanding room-temperature performance: 2DVLP-1 and 2DVLP-2 achieved specific capacities of 302 and 291 mAh g−1 at low current densities, respectively. The cross-flow design—combining vertical and horizontal ion transport pathways—effectively mitigates concentration polarization, enabling ultrafast charging. This work provides a scalable strategy for developing high-power organic cathodes, addressing critical bottlenecks in fast-charging energy storage.

### 382. [Organic Deep-Trap Fillers Enable 250 °C Polymer Capacitors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/organic-deep-trap-fillers-enable-250-c-polymer-capacitors) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3729-9]
Polymer capacitors are essential for modern power electronics, but their operation is limited by poor energy density at elevated temperatures. Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), the industry standard, fails above ~105 °C. This highlight discusses a breakthrough by Yang et al. that uses a generative machine-learning pipeline to discover organic fillers with both wide bandgap (Eg) and high electron affinity (Ea), properties typically mutually exclusive. The model screened over fifty thousand structures to identify more than two hundred high-scoring candidates. Two representatives, 4,6-dinitrobenzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile and 2,4,6-tricyano-1,3,5-triazine, were synthesized, exhibiting Eg ≈ 5.5 eV and Ea ≈ 4.5 eV. Dispersed in a polyimide host, these fillers create deep electron traps that suppress leakage current and delay avalanche breakdown. Composite films achieved an energy density of 5.1 J cm−3 at 250 °C with 90% efficiency, outperforming conventional polymers. The team scaled production using a roll-to-roll line, producing kilometer-scale films with uniform dispersion. This work demonstrates a viable path to high-temperature polymer capacitors for traction inverters and DC-link applications.

### 383. [Bias-free iontronic memory sensors realize adaptive chemotaxis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bias-free-iontronic-memory-sensors-realize-adaptive-chemotaxis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3728-5]
Biological intelligence achieves exceptional energy efficiency and environmental adaptability, exemplified by the human brain's ~20 W resting power consumption. A key strategy is the use of multi-ions as signal carriers for transduction and processing. Iontronics, employing ions instead of electrons, offer a promising route to low-energy, heat-dissipation-free devices for memory, sensing, and neuromorphic computing. However, conventional iontronics require external voltage bias to drive ion motion, complicating miniaturization and integration. Here, we highlight a recent breakthrough by Guo et al. reporting a bias-free iontronic memory sensor ('memsensor') that operates by controlling surface ion migration. The device couples vanadium dioxide (VO2) with a low-work-function indium (In) patch. Upon immersion in NaCl solution, In3+ ions generated electrochemically within the Debye length are driven by the intrinsic surface electric field to diffuse into the VO2 surface, inducing an insulator-to-metal phase transition and a measurable, non-volatile change in surface conductance. This conductance state correlates with NaCl concentration and can be reversibly restored by H2O2 treatment. The memsensor emulates the gustatory plasticity of C. elegans, mimicking the response dynamics of ASEL and ASER neurons. In a proof-of-concept, a model boat equipped with the memsensor exhibits adaptive chemotaxis: after 'starvation' training in high NaCl concentration, it avoids high-concentration zones; conversely, after training in low concentration, it migrates toward high-concentration zones. This work demonstrates a bias-free strategy for programmable memory and sensing, potentially advancing autonomous microsystems and bioinspired electronics.

### 384. [A Drop-Printing Strategy for Low-Stress, Conformal Bioelectronics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-drop-printing-strategy-for-low-stress-conformal-bioelectronics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3772-y]
Conformal contact between functional electronic films and biological surfaces is critical for long-term device stability, high signal sensitivity, and favorable signal-to-noise ratio. Traditional transfer methods, such as soft stamps and pad printing, often involve mechanical pressing, leading to poor conformality, localized stress concentration, or structural failure. Alternative strategies, including geometric engineering of non-stretchable materials or using stretchable organic alternatives, mitigate these issues but increase design complexity and reduce fabrication efficiency. Here, we highlight a novel 'drop-printing' strategy introduced by Li et al. that leverages capillary force to manipulate a water droplet to pick up a thin film, transfer it to a target substrate, and print it onto the surface. As the droplet evaporates, the film conformally wraps the surface. The droplet acts as a lubricating layer, while interfacial liquid penetrating microstructures generates capillary pressure, facilitating shape-adaptive deformation and significantly reducing stress concentration. The final positioning and conformality are governed by droplet behavior on the target surface. This approach achieves positional deviation of less than 20 μm via regulation of three-phase contact lines. The strategy enables damage-free conformal wrapping of non-stretchable films onto three-dimensional biological surfaces, as demonstrated by drop-printed silicon microfilm conformally wrapping on a rat brain, with successful NIR laser stimulation triggering forelimb movement and synchronized brain electrophysiological signals. This gentle, high-precision method addresses the pressing need for low-stress conformal bioelectronics, offering a general solution for diverse biological interfaces.

### 385. [Discontinuous ablation behavior of four-directional dual-matrix C/C composites under dual-pulse solid rocket motors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/discontinuous-ablation-behavior-of-four-directional-dual-matrix-cc-composites-under-dual-pulse-solid-rocket-mo) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61069-4]
Four-directional dual-matrix C/C composites were fabricated from PAN-based carbon fibers using a combined approach of soft-hard hybrid weaving preform molding, chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) of pyrolytic carbon (PyC), and high-pressure impregnation and carbonization of pitch-derived carbon. The ablation resistance was evaluated in a dual-pulse solid rocket motor, and the ablation behavior was investigated. The carbon rods, formed by twisting and carbonizing fiber bundles, exhibited a hexagonal cross-section, surrounded by a dense PyC 'wall' structure. The linear ablation rates after pulse I and pulse II were 0.068 mm/s and 0.113 mm/s, respectively. A cellular-like PyC layer and nanowire structures were deposited on the surface of the throat convergent section during the post-combustion cooling phase, while cracks and delamination occurred on and within the divergent section. The ablation process involved ultra-high temperatures, high-speed gas scouring, oxygen-containing thermochemical ablation, and thermal shock. This work elucidates the ablation behaviors under dual-pulse conditions and provides technical guidance for designing C/C composites for extreme environments.

### 386. [Analysis of National and Local Policies for Medical Waste Treatment and Disposal in China](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/analysis-of-national-and-local-policies-for-medical-waste-treatment-and-disposal-in-china) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202506005]
The escalating generation of medical waste, driven by healthcare expansion and frequent medical activities, poses significant environmental and public health risks. Under the framework of ecological civilization, China is developing a comprehensive policy system for medical waste treatment and disposal, yet the current framework remains nascent and exhibits inconsistencies between national and local policies. This study systematically analyzes the status of national and local policies from 2003 to 2024, collecting 413 policy documents (166 from national ministries and 247 from provincial governments). The analysis examines temporal evolution, regional distribution, and policy focus, alongside the influence of medical waste output, treatment technologies, facility infrastructure, and major epidemic responses. Findings reveal distinct policy phases: initial self-disposal, exploratory management, foundational system building, and rapid development. Regional disparities are pronounced, with eastern coastal areas showing more advanced policies due to greater technical and financial resources. The surge in medical waste, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, underscores the need for enhanced regulatory guidance. Non-incineration technologies are gaining traction for their environmental and cost benefits, and facility coverage has improved but remains uneven. The study proposes five policy principles to foster technological innovation and industrial upgrading, ensuring safe medical waste management and environmental protection.

### 387. [Kinetic Analysis and Simulation of Pollutant Removal in Sewage Networks](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/kinetic-analysis-and-simulation-of-pollutant-removal-in-sewage-networks) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507064]
This study investigates pollutant removal characteristics and kinetic behaviors in sewage networks, and analyzes their impact on the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N, as COD/TN) of influent to wastewater treatment plants. Source water quality sampling at drainage outlets revealed spatial and temporal variations in C/N, with domestic sewage exhibiting higher C/N than industrial sewage, and diurnal peaks reaching 6.92 versus 4.71 during off-peak hours. Using a pilot-scale adjustable sewage network system in Kunshan, experiments were conducted under high (0.491 m·s−1) and low (0.089 m·s−1) flow velocities, monitoring pollutant removal over 144 hours. Pseudo-first-order kinetics were applied to model COD and TN removal. Results showed that COD (including SCOD and PCOD), BOD5, and SS achieved approximately 80% removal within 144 h, with higher removal at low flow velocity. TN, NH3-N, and TP exhibited lower overall removal rates. Kinetic fitting revealed that COD removal rate constants (kCOD) were significantly higher than those for TN (kTN), and both decreased with increasing flow velocity: at low velocity, kCOD=0.0167 h−1 and kTN=0.0029 h−1; at high velocity, kCOD=0.0127 h−1 and kTN=0.0020 h−1. Simulations based on actual source pollutant concentrations indicated that the time for C/N to drop to the denitrification critical value of 4.50 was 12.24 h at high velocity, but shortened to 9.49 h at low velocity. These findings demonstrate that increasing flow velocity effectively retards the decline of C/N. Therefore, regulating network flow velocity to reduce hydraulic retention time is a key strategy for maintaining adequate C/N at the terminal and ensuring denitrification efficiency in wastewater treatment plants.

### 388. [Preparation of Trimetallic-Carbon Composite Catalysts and Their Application in Catalytic Ozonation of Industrial Wastewater](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/preparation-of-trimetallic-carbon-composite-catalysts-and-their-application-in-catalytic-ozonation-of-industri) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202506081]
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are promising for degrading organic pollutants in water treatment. Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (HCO) has gained attention due to its high oxidation efficiency, strong interference resistance, and low secondary pollution. In this study, a series of trimetallic-carbon composite ozone catalysts were prepared via an organic precursor calcination method using γ-Al2O3 as support. This method enhanced catalytic activity and mechanical strength while overcoming the limitations of carbon materials (low mechanical strength) and metal-based materials (poor mass transfer). The optimized catalyst, CA-FeCoCu, comprising Fe, Co, Cu, carbon, and alumina, exhibited excellent performance in phenol degradation and real industrial wastewater treatment. Characterization revealed that the synergistic effect of trimetals and the introduction of multiple carbon types increased specific surface area and hydroxyl radical (·OH) generation. In a pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor, the CA-FeCoCu/O3 system reduced COD from 120 mg·L−1 to below 40 mg·L−1, with an O3 consumption ratio (O/C) of less than 1, effectively lowering operational costs. This work provides a new strategy for developing efficient and stable heterogeneous O3 catalysts and offers a reference for the practical application of HCO in industrial wastewater treatment.

### 389. [Differentiated Characteristics of Suspended Particulate Matter and Their Effects on Water Quality in the Middle and East Routes of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/differentiated-characteristics-of-suspended-particulate-matter-and-their-effects-on-water-quality-in-the-middl) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507085]
This study investigates the spatiotemporal differentiation of suspended particulate matter (SPM) characteristics, sources, and their impacts on water quality between the Middle Route (closed artificial channel) and East Route (open natural water system) of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Thirty sampling sites (13 on the Middle Route, 17 on the East Route) were established, and samples were collected during dry and wet seasons. Water quality parameters and SPM characteristics were analyzed, including particle size distribution, total suspended solids (TSS), chlorophyll a, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Results show that the Middle Route maintains good and stable water quality, with SPM dominated by coarse particles (>63 μm, 61.43%–94.68%), total phosphorus (TP) <0.01 mg·L−1, and a significant positive correlation between chlorophyll a and coarse particles (r=0.60), indicating algal aggregation dominates particle formation. In contrast, the East Route exhibits high and fluctuating nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, with SPM dominated by fine particles (<20 μm, 51.26%–88.61%), TP ranging from 0.03 to 1.11 mg·L−1, and a positive correlation with fine particles, suggesting significant external inputs. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis reveals that Middle Route SPM primarily originates from autochthonous algae (contribution >46.75%), while East Route SPM is influenced by both terrestrial C3 plants and algae. The distinct engineering and management approaches of the two routes lead to significant differences in SPM characteristics and sources, thereby affecting water quality dynamics. The Middle Route requires an 'algal reduction and hydrodynamic optimization' strategy to control algal-derived coarse particle deposition, whereas the East Route benefits from 'retention-sedimentation and wetland purification' to reduce external fine particles and pollutant inputs. This research provides theoretical support and practical guidance for differentiated SPM management in long-distance water diversion systems.

### 390. [Combined Ozone Micro-Nano Bubble Oxidation and Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption for Removal of Taste and Odor Compounds from Drinking Water](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/combined-ozone-micro-nano-bubble-oxidation-and-powdered-activated-carbon-adsorption-for-removal-of-taste-and-o) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507110]
Algal-derived taste and odor compounds (2-methylisoborneol, 2-MIB, and geosmin, GSM) in drinking water sources are poorly removed by conventional treatment. This study systematically evaluated the standalone and combined performance of ozone micro-nano bubbles (O3-MNBs) oxidation and powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption for removing 2-MIB, GSM, and algal cells from source water. Results showed that O3-MNBs pre-oxidation achieved >97.5% removal of odorants at 400 ng·L−1 and 67.2% algal cell removal within 30 min. When applied as a deep treatment stage, the degradation rate constant (k) was 10.1%–25.6% higher than in pre-oxidation due to lower background matrix interference. Both pre-oxidation and deep treatment reduced effluent concentrations of 2-MIB and GSM to below 10 ng·L−1, with oxidation kinetics fitting pseudo-first-order models (R²>0.95). PAC adsorption of both compounds followed pseudo-second-order kinetics (R²>0.99), with GSM equilibrium adsorption capacity approximately 20.0% higher than that of 2-MIB. In pure water, adsorption capacity increased by >10.0% compared to raw water. Based on kinetic models, a quantitative prediction method was established for O3-MNBs oxidation and PAC adsorption processes, aiming to achieve efficient odorant removal and cost optimization, providing theoretical support for advanced drinking water purification and smart water plant construction.

### 391. [Pulsed Electric Field Enhancement of Nitrogen Removal Performance and Microbial Community Structure Response in Anammox Granular Sludge](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pulsed-electric-field-enhancement-of-nitrogen-removal-performance-and-microbial-community-structure-response-i) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507111]
This study investigated the effects of a ring-shaped pulsed electric field (PEF) (1.5 V, 4 h on-time per cycle) on nitrogen removal performance and microbial community structure of anammox granular sludge (AnGS). Two anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (R1 control, R2 with PEF) were operated under stepwise increasing nitrogen loading rates (NLR). At NLR below 1,155 mg·(L·d)−1, R2 exhibited total nitrogen removal efficiency (TRE) 7.5%–17.0% higher than R1, with biomass, specific anammox activity (SAA), and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) increased by 5%–7%, 21%–71%, and 54%–77%, respectively. However, at NLR above 1,320 mg·(L·d)−1, the toxic effect of nitrite dominated, and PEF enhancement diminished or even reversed to inhibition. Microbial community analysis revealed that at low-to-moderate NLR, PEF increased the relative abundance of Planctomycetes and key anammox bacteria (Candidatus Brocadia and Candidatus Jettenia), along with enhanced community richness (Chao1) and diversity (Shannon/Simpson indices). At high NLR, PEF decreased microbial richness compared to R1. Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis indicated that PEF was the key factor driving community differences at low-to-moderate NLR, whereas nitrite concentration became the dominant factor at high NLR. This study provides theoretical support for enhancing the resilience and engineering application of anammox processes.

### 392. [Behavior and Mechanism of Uranium Removal from Acidic Uranium-Contaminated Groundwater by Sandstone Particle/Hydroxyapatite Composite](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/behavior-and-mechanism-of-uranium-removal-from-acidic-uranium-contaminated-groundwater-by-sandstone-particlehy) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202506019]
Acidic in-situ leaching of sandstone-type uranium deposits leaves residual acid and uranium in groundwater, posing environmental risks. This study investigated the feasibility of loading hydroxyapatite (HAP) onto aquifer sandstone particles for in-situ remediation. Sandstone particles were collected from an aquifer and reacted with a HAP-generating solution for 52 days to produce sandstone/HAP composite. Batch experiments examined the effects of initial pH, initial uranium concentration, composite dosage, and interfering ions on uranium removal. Results showed successful HAP loading on sandstone surfaces. At initial pH 3, uranium concentration 5 mg/L, composite dosage 3 g/L, and 24 h reaction, uranium removal reached 95.6%. Interfering ions suppressed removal in the order Fe3+ > Mn2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > SO4^2-. Removal mechanisms included electrostatic adsorption, ion exchange, and dissolution-reprecipitation, with good stability of immobilized uranium. This work validates the concept of in-situ HAP loading in aquifers and provides a basis for practical application in acidic uranium-contaminated groundwater remediation.

### 393. [Construction of a VIKOR Composite Index-Based Probabilistic Prediction Model for Urban Water Blackening and Odor Recurrence Using Multi-Method Feature Selection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/construction-of-a-vikor-composite-index-based-probabilistic-prediction-model-for-urban-water-blackening-and-od) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507062]
The construction of predictive models for the recurrence of blackening and odor in urban water bodies has become a critical foundation for refined management of urban water environments. Based on water quality monitoring data from 16 cities in the Yangtze River Basin from 2020 to 2023, this study systematically evaluated six typical comprehensive index calculation methods and proposed a probabilistic prediction model for water blackening and odor recurrence centered on the VIKOR composite index. Through sampling analysis and literature review, a power-law relationship between transparency (y) and turbidity (x) was established (y = 3.12x−0.66), leading to a critical turbidity threshold of 46.9 NTU for blackening and odor. Using ANOVA, recursive feature elimination, and random forest, five indicators—turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total phosphorus (TP), permanganate index (CODMn), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N)—were selected as the model's indicator system, with importance ranking: turbidity > DO > TP > CODMn > NH3-N. The VIKOR composite index exhibited the most robust mapping relationship with blackening probability, achieving high accuracy (RMSE = 0.029, MAE = 0.020) and consistency (NSE = 0.918, R2 = 0.918), whereas models based on other indices yielded R2 values below 0.84. The model demonstrated good predictive performance across the Yangtze, Pearl, Haihe, and Yellow River basins. This model offers a universal decision-making tool for precise identification, early warning, and targeted management of water blackening and odor recurrence, with potential integration into urban water smart platforms.

### 394. [Interpretation and Implementation Recommendations for the Technical Specification for Comprehensive Utilization of Titanium Gypsum (GB/T 45015-2024)](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/interpretation-and-implementation-recommendations-for-the-technical-specification-for-comprehensive-utilizatio) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202506010]
To facilitate accurate understanding and implementation of the provisions in the Technical Specification for Comprehensive Utilization of Titanium Gypsum (GB/T 45015-2024), and to promote technological capability in comprehensive utilization while effectively controlling environmental risks during utilization, this paper analyzes the current status and existing problems of titanium gypsum generation, management, and utilization technologies in China. The standard is systematically interpreted. It is concluded that the implementation of this standard will promote resource utilization of titanium gypsum, foster energy conservation and carbon reduction in the titanium dioxide industry, and further safeguard ecological and environmental security. China produces over 3,120×10^4 t of titanium gypsum annually (2023), yet its comprehensive utilization rate is only about 10%, far lower than that of phosphogypsum (~40%) and desulfurization gypsum (~80%). The standard, as the first national standard dedicated to titanium gypsum resource utilization, establishes technical pathways for building materials and ecological restoration, sets limits for soluble impurities, and specifies pollution control indicators throughout the utilization process. It addresses the long-standing gaps in technical standards, product quality variability, and environmental supervision, providing critical support for the green and low-carbon transformation of the sulfuric acid process titanium dioxide industry.

### 395. [Adaptability of Machine Learning Prediction Models for Chlorine Consumption to Monitoring Frequency of Residual Chlorine in Wastewater Treatment Plants](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/adaptability-of-machine-learning-prediction-models-for-chlorine-consumption-to-monitoring-frequency-of-residua) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507054]
In many Chinese wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), residual chlorine is still manually monitored at low frequencies, leading to imprecise disinfectant dosing. This study systematically compared four machine learning models—backpropagation (BP) neural network, long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network, random forest (RF), and support vector regression (SVR)—for predicting chlorine consumption (i.e., the difference between chlorine dose and residual chlorine) during non-monitoring periods under different residual chlorine monitoring frequencies (every 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h). Using data from Plant A (equipped with online residual chlorine monitoring) and Plants B and C (manual monitoring every 6 h and 8 h, respectively), input variables included online water quality indicators (temperature, flow, NH3-N, CODCr, TP, TN) and chlorine dose. Results showed that at 1-h intervals, LSTM achieved the highest prediction accuracy; at 2–4-h intervals, RF performed best; at 6-h or lower frequencies, BP was superior; SVR performed worst across all frequencies. Validation on Plants B and C confirmed BP's optimal performance under low-frequency conditions, and particle swarm optimization (PSO) significantly improved its accuracy. These findings provide a basis for selecting appropriate machine learning models for chlorine consumption prediction under varying monitoring frequencies, particularly low-frequency manual monitoring, thereby supporting precise disinfectant dosing control.

### 396. [Performance and Microbial Mechanisms of Aerobic Granular Sludge for Textile Dyeing Wastewater Treatment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/performance-and-microbial-mechanisms-of-aerobic-granular-sludge-for-textile-dyeing-wastewater-treatment) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507041]
This study investigated the cultivation of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for the treatment of real textile dyeing wastewater, focusing on the influence of organic loading rate (OLR) on granulation and pollutant removal. After 60 days of cultivation, dense granules of approximately 1 mm diameter were formed, with extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content of 92.22 mg·L−1, achieving COD and color removal efficiencies of 88.5% and 73.3%, respectively. OLR significantly regulated sludge characteristics: at an OLR of 3.0 kg·(m3·d)−1, the average granule size reached a maximum of 1.38 mm, EPS content peaked at 95.21 mg·g−1, and the highest COD and color removals were observed (92.73% and 86.35%, respectively). However, an excessive OLR of 5.0 kg·(m3·d)−1 led to sludge bulking and disintegration. Microbial community analysis revealed that Proteobacteria (44.06%–49.17%) and Bacteroidetes (27.49%–29.64%) were the dominant phyla, with their abundances significantly correlated with EPS protein secretion and pollutant removal efficiency. This study elucidates the mechanism by which OLR optimizes textile wastewater treatment through modulation of microbial community structure and EPS secretion, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for the practical application of AGS in textile dyeing wastewater treatment.

### 397. [Application of Immobilized White Rot Fungi in the Treatment of Anaerobic Digestion Sludge](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/application-of-immobilized-white-rot-fungi-in-the-treatment-of-anaerobic-digestion-sludge) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507059]
Anaerobic digestion sludge (ADS) contains recalcitrant organic matter and exhibits poor dewaterability, posing challenges for disposal. This study evaluated the immobilization of white rot fungi (WRF) on four carriers—polyvinyl alcohol, cotton thread, wood chips, and sodium alginate—for ADS treatment. Cotton thread immobilization yielded the earliest and most sustained enzyme activity, highest biomass retention, and minimal biomass loss. WRF treatment achieved a 10.09% removal of total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and significantly disrupted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), selectively degrading soluble EPS. To maintain fungal activity, periodic carrier replacement was required. Compared to the control, the experimental group showed an 8.9 mg·L−1 reduction in total protein and polysaccharide content in soluble EPS, a 27.33% decrease in capillary suction time (CST), and improved sludge dewaterability. These results demonstrate the potential of WRF for ADS treatment.

### 398. [Thermoelectric Generator-Driven Electrodeposition for Efficient Treatment of Low-Concentration Copper-Containing Wastewater](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/thermoelectric-generator-driven-electrodeposition-for-efficient-treatment-of-low-concentration-copper-containi) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202508004]
Industrial processes generate substantial low-grade waste heat and cold, which can be harnessed via thermoelectric generators (TEGs) based on the Seebeck effect. However, the low-voltage output of TEGs poses application challenges. This study investigates a TEG-driven electrodeposition system for efficient treatment of low-concentration copper-containing wastewater from electroplating, integrated circuit, and energy industries. The TEG system, comprising two series-connected semiconductor modules, achieved a maximum power of 0.36 W at a temperature difference (ΔT) of 130 °C. Optimal operating parameters for the coupled system were determined: ΔT = 90 °C, counter-current flow (two-side inlet), flow rate of 20 mL·min⁻¹, initial Cu²⁺ concentration of 500 mg·L⁻¹, and electrode gap of 0.7 cm. Under these conditions, after 60 min of electrodeposition, copper removal efficiency reached 99.42%, current efficiency was 67.93%, and the energy conversion efficiency of the TEG-electrodeposition system was 36.96%. The system also treated real copper-containing wastewater, achieving 95.83% removal within 100 min. Characterization via SEM, XRD, and XPS revealed that the electrodeposited product consisted of metallic copper and cuprous oxide, with metallic copper accounting for approximately 60%. This work provides a promising approach for utilizing industrial waste heat and cold to achieve low-energy, high-efficiency treatment of heavy metal wastewater.

### 399. [Erratum: Correction of Co-First Author's Chinese Name in 'A Multi-Modal Smart Chest Patch for Real-Time Cardiopulmonary Monitoring and Anomaly Detection'](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/erratum-correction-of-co-first-authors-chinese-name-in-a-multi-modal-smart-chest-patch-for-real-time-cardiopul) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3912-0]
This erratum corrects an error in the Chinese name of co-first author Tianxiao Xiao (肖天孝) as originally published in the article 'A multi-modal smart chest patch for real-time cardiopulmonary monitoring and anomaly detection' (Sci China Mater, 2025, 68(12): 4413–4422). The corrected Chinese name is 肖天笑. The correction applies solely to the author's name and does not affect the scientific content, experimental data, or conclusions of the original paper. The authors and publisher apologize for any inconvenience caused.

### 400. [Integrated Barrier and Anti-Seepage Technology for Iron Tailings Pond: Application and Environmental Evaluation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/integrated-barrier-and-anti-seepage-technology-for-iron-tailings-pond-application-and-environmental-evaluation) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507036]
This study addresses the deficiencies in material and structural stability and the singular evaluation system in iron tailings pond pollution remediation. Based on an integrated design-construction-evaluation concept, we developed a three-dimensional anti-seepage system incorporating iron tailings sand-bentonite mixtures and a composite liner structure. The system was applied to an actual remediation project in Qichun County, Hubei Province, China, covering an area of 18.72×10^4 m^2 with 43.42×10^4 m^3 of tailings. Theoretical calculations of leachate generation, material testing, and structural optimization were performed. The optimized mixture achieved a permeability coefficient (k) reduction from 10^-4 cm/s to 10^-8 cm/s as bentonite content increased from 0% to 9%, meeting the engineering standard of k≤10^-7 cm/s. A novel 'pre-embedded pipe + expansion bolt' technique enhanced sealing at structural nodes. Post-remediation monitoring showed significant reductions in heavy metal concentrations in surrounding farmland soil (11.14%–72.41% decrease), all below risk screening values. Iron (Fe) and chromium (Cr) interception rates reached 97.17% and 96.76%, respectively. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index dropped from 2.39 (moderate pollution) to 0.62 (no pollution), and the potential ecological risk index decreased from 288.50 (moderate risk) to 148.73 (slight risk), representing a reduction of 1–3 pollution levels. The project achieved a 2.78% increase in tailings resource utilization and a 4.71% reduction in engineering cost. This integrated technical system provides a viable approach for tailings pollution control and sustainable waste management.

### 401. [Synergistic Composting of Urban and Rural Multi-Source Organic Waste and Product Quality Evaluation: A Case Study of a Treatment Center in the Taihu Lake Region](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-composting-of-urban-and-rural-multi-source-organic-waste-and-product-quality-evaluation-a-case-stu) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202506041]
Urban and rural multi-source organic waste faces bottlenecks including high compositional heterogeneity, single resource recovery pathways, and uneven product quality. In the Taihu Lake region, active tourism and catering, high greening, and dense water networks generate large volumes of diverse waste with high moisture content, exacerbating these issues. This study evaluated a coupled bio-drying and aerobic composting process at a demonstration center in Linhu Town, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, employing a three-stage control strategy: gradient dewatering, high-temperature stabilization, and maturation enhancement. Continuous operation showed that kitchen waste moisture content decreased from 77.70% to 58.69% after 1 day of bio-drying, to 23.22% after 7 days of silo reactor composting, and to 17.70% after at least 20 days of maturation. The aerobic composting phase maintained temperatures above 55°C for over 5 days, reaching a maximum of 68.1°C, meeting the harmless treatment requirements of CJJ 52—2014. After 20 days of maturation, the organic fertilizer product had an electrical conductivity below 4.00 mS·cm−1, organic matter content of 51.22%, total nutrient content of 5.61%, and heavy metal concentrations below the limits of NY/T 525—2021. The results provide technical support for efficient treatment and resource utilization of urban and rural organic waste.

### 402. [Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil Around a Landfill Based on Monte Carlo Simulation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/health-risk-assessment-of-heavy-metals-in-soil-around-a-landfill-based-on-monte-carlo-simulation) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507021]
The accumulation of heavy metals in soil around municipal solid waste landfills poses potential risks to human health. This study selected a municipal solid waste landfill and monitored the concentrations of eight heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Hg, Cu, As, Cr) in surrounding soil. The geo-accumulation index method was used for pollution assessment, and a health risk assessment model recommended by the USEPA, combined with Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis, was employed to evaluate the pollution status and health risks to nearby residents. Results showed that among the eight metals, Pb, Ni, and Cd exceeded risk screening values at 4.26%, 6.38%, and 4.26% of sampling points, respectively. Geo-accumulation indices indicated overall clean conditions (mean < 0), but slight pollution by Pb, Zn, Ni, Hg, and Cd at some points. Probabilistic risk assessment based on Monte Carlo simulation revealed that for both adults and children, the cumulative non-carcinogenic risk was negligible, while carcinogenic risk was acceptable. However, there was a very low probability (approximately 0.2%) of non-carcinogenic risk for children, and probabilities of unacceptable carcinogenic risk were 0.64% for adults and 3.21% for children. Nickel was the primary contributor to carcinogenic risk, and children faced higher health risks than adults. These findings provide a reference for pollution prevention and health risk management of soil around municipal solid waste landfills.

### 403. [Differences in Root Surface Iron Plaque Components between Main and Ratoon Crops of Different Rice Varieties and Their Effects on Cadmium Accumulation in Brown Rice](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/differences-in-root-surface-iron-plaque-components-between-main-and-ratoon-crops-of-different-rice-varieties-a) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202506021]
To elucidate the seasonal variation in cadmium (Cd) accumulation in ratoon rice and its relationship with root surface iron plaque, this study compared Cd concentrations in brown rice and the characteristics of iron plaque components (amorphous Fe, Am-Fe; crystalline Fe, Cry-Fe) between the main and ratoon crops of six rice varieties under different stubble heights. A field experiment was conducted in a Cd-contaminated paddy in Liuyang, Hunan (soil total Cd: 0.56 ± 0.06 mg·kg⁻¹). Ratoon crop treatments included low stubble (20 cm) and high stubble (60 cm). Brown rice Cd concentrations varied by variety, season, and stubble height. Low stubble generally increased brown rice Cd in the ratoon crop compared to high stubble; high stubble reduced Cd in most varieties relative to the main crop. Health risk assessment indicated that low stubble in the ratoon crop posed higher non-carcinogenic risk than the main crop and high stubble, while carcinogenic risks exceeded acceptable levels across all treatments. Iron plaque Am-Fe and Cry-Fe concentrations in the ratoon crop were generally lower than in the main crop, with Am-Fe consistently exceeding Cry-Fe. In the main crop, total Fe, Am-Fe, and Cry-Fe on root surfaces were significantly negatively correlated with brown rice Cd (P < 0.05), but correlations were not significant in the ratoon crop. High stubble reduced Cd accumulation and non-carcinogenic risk in most varieties, yet carcinogenic risk remained. Iron plaque significantly impeded Cd uptake in the main crop but its effect weakened in the ratoon crop. Selecting low-Cd-accumulating varieties and optimizing stubble height are key strategies for safe ratoon rice production in Cd-contaminated areas.

### 404. [Multi-objective optimization of high-quality lithium extraction from lepidolite roasting based on neural network coupled modeling](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multi-objective-optimization-of-high-quality-lithium-extraction-from-lepidolite-roasting-based-on-neural-netwo) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202506020]
The rotary kiln roasting of lepidolite for lithium extraction faces challenges of unstable lithium conversion rates and high energy consumption. To address this, a multi-objective optimization method coupling improved neural network simulation with a multi-objective genetic algorithm was proposed, targeting the synergistic optimization of lithium conversion rate (TRLi) and natural gas consumption intensity (EIng). Using long-term industrial time-series data of batching parameters and kiln operating variables, back-propagation (BP) neural network and its particle swarm optimization (PSO) improved variant were developed to model TRLi and EIng. The PSO-BP model demonstrated superior accuracy in capturing the complex nonlinear relationships, reducing mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) to 0.278 and 0.284 for TRLi and EIng, respectively. Subsequently, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was employed to construct a multi-objective optimization model, yielding a Pareto-optimal set of process parameters that maximize TRLi and minimize EIng. The results revealed that under NSGA-II optimized conditions, TRLi could be stabilized between 82.45% and 87.96%, an average increase of 3.61 percentage points over baseline operations, while EIng could be reduced to 53.7 m3 per ton of clinker. For an annual processing capacity of 3.2×105 tons of lepidolite concentrate and sulfate mixture, this corresponds to an additional 127.1 tons of lithium metal recovery, a reduction of 1,964,912 m3 in natural gas consumption, and a decrease of 3,763.84 tons in CO2 emissions annually. This study provides theoretical and technical support for the green, high-quality, and low-carbon supply of critical raw materials for the lithium battery new energy industry.

### 405. [Simplified Estimation of Indoor Air Quality Based on Material Pollutant Emission Rates and Concentration Responses](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/simplified-estimation-of-indoor-air-quality-based-on-material-pollutant-emission-rates-and-concentration-respo) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507038]
To enhance the engineering practicality of pollutant pre-assessment, this study conducted environmental chamber tests for formaldehyde and TVOC emissions from 34 common decoration materials (25 solid and 9 liquid categories). Using the IndoorPACT software, variations in indoor pollutant concentrations under different material area loading rates and air change rates were simulated. Taking Harbin as a case study, concentration response ranges for various single materials under different area loading and ventilation conditions were simulated, leading to the construction of a simplified concentration prediction reference table. Results indicate that indoor pollutant concentrations from both solid and liquid materials peak on the second day after decoration, but decay rates differ significantly: liquid materials decrease by 70%–90% within about one week, and given their typically higher area loading rates in real projects, they exert a more significant impact on indoor air quality in the early post-decoration period. In contrast, solid materials decay more slowly and become the dominant long-term pollution source. The simplified estimation method based on these emission characteristics demonstrates good engineering applicability, providing effective reference for material selection, scheme comparison, and preliminary indoor air quality prediction and control in actual decoration projects.

### 406. [Field Real-Time Monitoring of Ammonia Nitrogen in Different Water Bodies Using GPMCS](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/field-real-time-monitoring-of-ammonia-nitrogen-in-different-water-bodies-using-gpmcs) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507027]
Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) is a common water pollutant that can induce eutrophication and threaten aquatic ecosystems and human health. Accurate monitoring is essential for water safety. This study applied a self-developed gas-permeable membrane-based conductivity sensor (GPMCS) for real-time in-situ monitoring of NH3-N in two water bodies. In the Qunying River (surface river water), GPMCS captured concentration fluctuations linked to pump operations and sewage intrusion, with mean inlet and outlet concentrations of 4.67 and 3.42 mg/L, respectively. In Swan Lake (landscape aquaculture water), concentrations reached up to 11.16 mg/L, with site means of 6.42 and 7.04 mg/L, influenced by aquaculture activities, weather, and location. GPMCS results correlated strongly with national standard methods (r1=0.8132, r2=0.7483), confirming accuracy and reliability. Compared to existing techniques, GPMCS offers high selectivity, strong anti-interference, portability, no sample pretreatment, low cost, and environmental friendliness, making it suitable for long-term in-situ monitoring. This technology provides robust support for sustainable water environment management.

### 407. [Low-Temperature Micro-Oxidation-Driven Synergistic Dealkalization and Soil Reconstruction of Red Mud with Coal](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/low-temperature-micro-oxidation-driven-synergistic-dealkalization-and-soil-reconstruction-of-red-mud-with-coal) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202506053]
Red mud, a highly alkaline industrial solid waste from alumina production, poses severe environmental risks due to its high alkalinity, low organic matter content, and poor aggregation, which critically impede its soil reconstruction and ecological utilization. This study proposes a novel approach of low-temperature micro-oxidation to drive the synergistic soil reconstruction of red mud and coal. By constructing a low-temperature micro-oxidation atmosphere, the soil properties of the reaction products were investigated, the decomposition and reconstruction of alkaline minerals and alkali release were analyzed, and the oxidation of carbon-based minerals and organic matter transformation in coal were examined. The mechanism of the synergistic reaction between red mud and coal under low-temperature micro-oxidation was elucidated. Results showed that at 250 °C under micro-oxidation, the pH of the product decreased to 8.47, organic matter content increased to 12.98%, and the proportion of aggregates >0.250 mm increased. Alkaline minerals such as cancrinite and grossular in red mud underwent decomposition and reconstruction in the low-temperature hydrothermal environment, releasing substantial free alkali. The condensed aromatic rings of carbon-based minerals in coal were oxidized by free radicals, leading to ring-opening and bond cleavage, producing small-molecule organic acids and macromolecular humic acids. The continuous oxidation of carbon-based minerals in coal generated acids, which neutralized the alkali released from red mud, driving sustained dealkalization. The inorganic particles of red mud flocculated with macromolecular humic acids, forming micro-aggregates and significantly improving soil properties. This research provides technical support for the rapid ecological utilization of red mud at industrial scale.

### 408. [Spectrophotometric Method for Rapid Determination of As(V) and As(III) in Industrial Wastewater](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/spectrophotometric-method-for-rapid-determination-of-asv-and-asiii-in-industrial-wastewater) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507030]
Arsenic is a toxic metalloid predominantly present in water as As(V) and As(III), whose speciation governs toxicity and mobility. Conventional speciation methods (HPLC-ICP-MS, IC-HG-AFS) offer ultralow detection limits but suffer from high cost, long analysis times, and non-portability, hindering on-site rapid monitoring. This study presents a sulfide-based spectrophotometric method exploiting the quantitative reaction between As(V) and S2− to form monothioarsenate (H3AsO3S) with a characteristic absorption at 233 nm. Under optimized conditions (H+ concentration 1 mol·L−1, Na2S dosage 5 mmol·L−1, reaction time 3 min, N2 purging 2 min), As(V) is directly quantified. Total arsenic is determined after complete oxidation of As(III) to As(V) using NaClO (10 mmol·L−1, pH 12, 5 min), and As(III) is obtained by difference. The method exhibits linearity over 0.5–50 mg·L−1 (A = 0.0209c + 0.0627, R² = 0.999), a detection limit of 0.17 mg·L−1, spike recoveries of 101.9%–104.1%, and relative standard deviation of 1.06%. Validation against real industrial wastewater samples showed relative deviations <10% compared with HPLC-ICP-MS and IC-HG-AFS. Total analysis time is within 15 min. The method is simple, cost-effective, and suitable for field monitoring.

### 409. [Emission Reduction Effects and Costs of Energy Policies under Carbon Neutrality Pathways in Guangdong Province](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/emission-reduction-effects-and-costs-of-energy-policies-under-carbon-neutrality-pathways-in-guangdong-province) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507032]
To mitigate global warming, regional carbon neutrality pathways are critical. Based on the Guangdong Energy Policy Simulator (EPS) model, this study simulates total energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under baseline, Carbon Neutral 60 (CN60), and Carbon Neutral 50 (CN50) scenarios, and analyzes the emission reduction effects and costs of various energy policies. Results show that by 2060, total energy consumption under CN60 and CN50 decreases by 39% and 44% relative to baseline, respectively. Primary electricity and other energy, natural gas, oil, and coal account for 56%, 26%, 14%, and 4% under CN60, and 60%, 24%, 13%, and 3% under CN50. GHG emissions under CN60 drop to 80×10^6 tCO2e by 2060, an 89% reduction from 2020; under CN50, emissions reach 92 and 55×10^6 tCO2e in 2050 and 2060, respectively, reductions of 87% and 92% from 2020. Policies such as increasing clean electricity share, industrial electrification (hydrogen), increasing green power purchases, building electrification, F-gas reduction, and improving industrial energy efficiency standards show significant reduction effects, with clean electricity share being the primary source. Policies like improving industrial energy efficiency standards, increasing industrial product utilization, and increasing clean energy vehicle market penetration are cost-effective; increasing clean electricity share, green power purchases, building electrification, and F-gas reduction effectively balance reduction effects and costs. Industrial electrification (hydrogen) contributes >5% cumulative reduction but faces economic challenges for full-scale promotion in the short term; industrial carbon capture and storage and electrolytic hydrogen contribute <2% cumulative reduction with high costs. Therefore, Guangdong should prioritize cost-effective policies, promote balanced policies, gradually optimize energy structure, achieve clean electricity, and foster green industrial transformation to achieve carbon neutrality at lower economic cost.

### 410. [Thermal Steel Ball-Enhanced Rotary Drum Drying of Sludge: Drying Characteristics, Moisture Diffusion Behavior, and Mechanisms](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/thermal-steel-ball-enhanced-rotary-drum-drying-of-sludge-drying-characteristics-moisture-diffusion-behavior-an) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507043]
Municipal sludge with high moisture content and strong viscosity tends to form a dense crust during conventional rotary drum drying, reducing heat and mass transfer efficiency and prolonging drying time. This study proposes a thermal steel ball-enhanced rotary drum drying method that introduces high heat capacity, high thermal conductivity steel balls to achieve synergistic contact heat conduction and mechanical disturbance. An evaluation system incorporating dimensionless moisture ratio (MR), drying rate (DR), characteristic drying time (tdry), effective moisture diffusivity (Deff), and volumetric evaporation intensity (U) was established. Results show that compared with conventional drying, steel ball-enhanced drying increased maximum drying rate (DRmax) by 22.59%–41.19%, U by 38.06%–93.43%, and shortened tdry by 27.56%–48.30%, with more pronounced advantages under high load conditions. Deff was significantly higher throughout the process, with maximum increase up to 48.30%, indicating that ball rolling and collision effectively disrupt the crust and promote moisture migration. Mechanistic analysis reveals that the performance enhancement arises from the dual action of thermal-mechanical coupling and mechanical disturbance, which enhances local heat flux via contact conduction and dynamically renews the drying interface, shortening diffusion paths. This study elucidates the heat and mass transfer mechanisms of thermal steel ball-enhanced sludge drying, providing theoretical support and technical reference for efficient sludge volume reduction and dryer design optimization.

### 411. [Environmental Risk Assessment of Aerated Concrete Prepared by Synergistic Utilization of Incineration Fly Ash and Multi-Source Solid Wastes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/environmental-risk-assessment-of-aerated-concrete-prepared-by-synergistic-utilization-of-incineration-fly-ash) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507029]
This study systematically evaluates the environmental risks associated with the resource utilization of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash in the production of aerated concrete, co-prepared with multiple solid wastes. The focus is on the leaching behavior and total content of heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn) under CO2 curing and chelating agent stabilization. Water washing pretreatment parameters (liquid-to-solid ratio, washing time, ash-to-slag ratio) were optimized for chloride removal. Results demonstrate that CO2 curing suppresses the leaching of most metals; leaching concentrations of Cr, Pb, Cd, and Zn decrease with reduced fly ash content, whereas Cu leaching increases when fly ash is absent. The addition of 17.5% organic sulfur stabilizer (DTC) significantly outperforms inorganic sulfide (Na2S) in immobilizing heavy metals, achieving compliance with national standards without compromising compressive strength or carbon sequestration. Water washing effectively reduces soluble chloride content to below 1% (mass fraction), meeting the HJ 1134-2020 regulatory limit. Optimal parameters include a liquid-to-solid ratio of 5, washing time of 20 min, and a raw material ratio of incineration bottom slag:fly ash:slag = 40:20:40. Under these conditions, the final product exhibits a compressive strength of 1.50 MPa, with heavy metals and soluble chlorides fully compliant. This work provides key technical support for the safe recycling of MSWI fly ash in building materials.

### 412. [Dynamic Ammonia Emission Patterns and Recovery from Growing-Finishing Pig Houses](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dynamic-ammonia-emission-patterns-and-recovery-from-growing-finishing-pig-houses) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507051]
This study investigated the dynamic characteristics and recovery of ammonia emissions from a growing-finishing pig house in Yanshi District, Luoyang City, Henan Province, China. High-sensitivity electrochemical sensors and an ammonia absorption recovery device were employed for continuous monitoring and treatment of exhaust air. The results revealed periodic fluctuations in ammonia emission concentrations, strongly correlated with indoor temperature and humidity. Over the entire monitoring period, the average daily ammonia concentration in exhaust air was 9.852 mg·m−3, below the national emission limit of 25 mg·m−3. However, during high-temperature periods (>30 °C), localized concentrations reached 38.36 mg·m−3. Humidity, particularly from spray cooling, temporarily suppressed ammonia volatilization, but its effect was modulated by temperature. Total ammonia emitted during the study was 1380.4 kg, with an average per-pig emission rate of 0.034 kg·d−1. After treatment with the exhaust gas absorption device, the average daily ammonia concentration dropped to 0.437 mg·m−3, achieving a mean recovery efficiency of 93.5%. These findings demonstrate that controlling environmental factors and employing external air absorption devices can significantly reduce ammonia emissions, offering a viable pathway for mitigating nitrogen pollution from livestock operations and promoting resource recovery.

### 413. [Preparation and Engineering Scale-Up of Cyanobacteria-Based Columnar Activated Carbon](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/preparation-and-engineering-scale-up-of-cyanobacteria-based-columnar-activated-carbon) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202506031]
The production of activated carbon from waste biomass such as cyanobacteria from Lake Taihu represents a promising resource utilization route. However, existing studies are mostly confined to laboratory scale, and the gap between laboratory processes and industrial production hinders the evaluation of technical feasibility and economic viability. This study optimized the process for producing cyanobacteria-based columnar activated carbon by co-processing cyanobacteria with garden waste (sawdust), and validated the process on an engineering-scale production line with a daily capacity of 5 t of raw materials. Economic feasibility was also assessed. Results showed that the optimized activated carbon exhibited a particle strength of 91.3% and a specific surface area of 571.44 m2·g−1. The engineering-scale line processed 5 t of raw materials daily, yielding approximately 1.18 t of activated carbon with stable quality: strength of 94.3% and specific surface area of 471.42 m2·g−1, featuring a microporous-dominant structure with coexisting micropores and mesopores. Cost analysis indicated a production cost of 3,595.65 CNY per ton of activated carbon, demonstrating favorable economic benefits. This work provides a basis for larger-scale production and application of cyanobacteria-based activated carbon.

### 414. [Carbon Footprint Accounting Method for Electromechanical Products Based on Life Cycle Assessment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/carbon-footprint-accounting-method-for-electromechanical-products-based-on-life-cycle-assessment) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507046]
Addressing the insufficient applicability and accuracy of carbon footprint accounting for electromechanical products due to data gaps, this study proposes an accounting method based on life cycle assessment (LCA). Using LCA as the overall framework with a system boundary of "cradle to gate", the method constructs a carbon footprint accounting approach combining substitution algorithms and correction coefficients for different data missing scenarios from suppliers, manufacturers, and databases. Data quality indicators and Monte Carlo simulation are employed to quantify data quality and uncertainty, while single-factor and multi-factor sensitivity analyses identify key influencing factors. Taking an optical gyrocompass as a case study, the carbon footprints and uncertainties under eight typical data missing scenarios are explored, and robustness checks are conducted on five typical products including transformers, high-speed diesel engines, and wind turbines. As data missing degree deepens, the carbon footprint deviation of the optical gyrocompass increases from 0.05% to 3.03%, and uncertainty rises from 2.65% to 5.45%. Under mixed data missing scenarios, the carbon footprint uncertainties of all five electromechanical products remain below 10%. The method exhibits wide applicability, strong implementability, and high accuracy, effectively supporting carbon footprint accounting for electromechanical products, reducing carbon tariff risks, optimizing emission reduction strategies, and promoting green development.

### 415. [Recent Advances in Carbon-Based Materials for CO2 Capture and Utilization](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/recent-advances-in-carbon-based-materials-for-co2-capture-and-utilization) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60604-9]
CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) technologies are critical for mitigating global warming and promoting resource circularity. Carbon-based materials, with tunable pore structures, abundant active sites, high specific surface area, and excellent chemical stability, show significant potential for CO2 capture and conversion. This review systematically analyzes the adsorption behaviors and performance variations of activated carbon, porous carbon, graphene, and carbon nanotubes in CO2 capture. For utilization, recent advances in catalytic applications for methanation, reverse water-gas shift (RWGS), dry reforming of methane (DRM), and alcohol synthesis are emphasized. The benefits and drawbacks of carbon materials regarding adsorption capacity, catalytic activity, and stability are evaluated, and their potential in integrated CCU technologies is discussed. Key strategies for enhancing performance through structural modulation and surface modification are elucidated. This review provides theoretical guidance for future development and large-scale implementation of carbon-based materials in CCU.

### 416. [Fabrication and Microwave Absorption Performance of FexOy/TiO2/C Composites Derived from Red Mud](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/fabrication-and-microwave-absorption-performance-of-fexoytio2c-composites-derived-from-red-mud) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0021]
Red mud, an industrial solid waste from alumina production, poses severe environmental challenges. This study presents a resource-efficient strategy to convert red mud into high-performance microwave absorbing materials. FexOy/TiO2/C composites were synthesized via a sol-gel method using starch as carbon source, followed by carbothermal reduction. The phase composition and microstructure were optimized by adjusting calcination temperature and raw material ratio. The optimal sample, RmCT-5.4-700, exhibited a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -30.2 dB at 14.0 GHz with an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 5.3 GHz at a coating thickness of 2.0 mm. The superior absorption performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of dielectric components (TiO2, graphitized carbon) and magnetic components (Fe3O4/Fe). Carbothermal reduction introduces defects that induce dipole polarization, while the conductive network formed by graphitized carbon and Fe3O4/Fe particles enhances conductive loss. Heterogeneous interfaces between Fe3O4, Fe, TiO2, and the red mud matrix promote interfacial polarization. The magnetic loss of Fe3O4/Fe improves impedance matching, facilitating electromagnetic wave penetration and absorption. This work not only provides a novel route for red mud valorization but also contributes to the high-value utilization of solid wastes.

### 417. [Damage Mechanism of High Chromia Refractory in the Slag Tapping Hole of Commercial Entrained-Flow Gasifiers](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/damage-mechanism-of-high-chromia-refractory-in-the-slag-tapping-hole-of-commercial-entrained-flow-gasifiers) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60600-1]
The service life of refractory bricks in the slag tapping hole of entrained-flow gasifiers is a critical bottleneck for long-term stable operation. This study investigated the damage mechanism of high chromia refractories in four commercial coal-water slurry gasifiers by analyzing gasification coal samples and corroded refractory bricks. Slag characteristics, including crystallization and viscosity-temperature behavior, were evaluated. Results revealed that low-viscosity slag induces more severe refractory damage. To mitigate slag crystallization risk, a safe slag tapping temperature range is recommended as tICT−t2.5 when tICT exceeds t25. Interior morphology of corroded bricks exhibited cracks, primarily attributed to molten slag penetration and subsequent reactions with refractory material. SEM-EDS analysis of slag-aggregate and slag-matrix interfaces identified reduction in Cr2O3 content as the earliest damage characteristic. XRD detected no zirconium-containing spinel in cracks, indicating that thermal expansion mismatch between newly formed phases and the refractory matrix drives crack propagation. A damage mechanism is proposed: initial Cr2O3 depletion compromises both matrix and aggregate, facilitating slag ingress and new phase formation, ultimately leading to structural failure. Early detection or prevention of Cr2O3 reduction is essential to prolong refractory service life.

### 418. [Research advances in the pyrolysis recycling of waste wind turbine blades](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-advances-in-the-pyrolysis-recycling-of-waste-wind-turbine-blades) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60617-7]
The global energy landscape is undergoing a profound transformation, with wind energy gaining increasing prominence due to its clean and renewable nature. However, as installed wind power capacity expands, disposal of waste wind turbine blades (WWTB) has emerged as a significant challenge. These blades are predominantly composed of epoxy resin (EP) polymers, carbon fibers (CFs), and glass fibers (GFs). Improper disposal exacerbates environmental concerns and leads to loss of valuable resources, particularly carbon-based materials. Pyrolysis technology, a versatile and environmentally sustainable method for resource recovery, has garnered considerable attention for WWTB disposal. This work presents a comprehensive review of pyrolytic recycling of WWTB, focusing on principles and classifications of pyrolysis technology, key factors influencing the pyrolysis process, as well as pyrolysis methods, equipment, products, and their applications. Through in-depth analysis of current research, this review identifies critical unresolved issues and provides a forward-looking perspective on emerging research trends. The review highlights that pyrolysis can effectively recover glass fibers and carbon fibers with mechanical property retention depending on process conditions, and that catalytic pyrolysis can enhance the quality of recovered products. Economic analysis indicates that collaborative disposal methods can improve cost-effectiveness. Future research should focus on optimizing process parameters for large-scale industrial application and developing more efficient catalysts to improve product selectivity and fiber quality.

### 419. [Rapid Identification of Industrial Wastewater Discharges in Municipal Sewer Networks Based on Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Spectral Angle Mapping](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/rapid-identification-of-industrial-wastewater-discharges-in-municipal-sewer-networks-based-on-three-dimensiona) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507055]
The increasing complexity of pollutant sources in municipal wastewater networks, driven by unauthorized industrial discharges, poses significant risks to the stable operation of wastewater treatment plants. This study, conducted in an industrial park in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, developed a source apportionment method using excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy combined with spectral angle mapping (SAM). A pollution fingerprint database was constructed from wastewater samples of six representative enterprises (A–F) and municipal sewer samples. The SAM algorithm demonstrated high sensitivity and stability in detecting changes in water composition, with spectral angle values showing a strong linear correlation (R² > 0.88) with the volume ratio of enterprise wastewater in mixed samples. This enabled both qualitative identification and quantitative estimation of pollution sources. Field application over a 12-hour monitoring period identified two enterprises as major contributors to organic matter and nitrogen during critical pollution episodes, consistent with trends in DOC, TN, and UV254. The proposed EEM+SAM approach offers a non-invasive, high-throughput method for real-time monitoring and source tracing of multi-source pollution in complex sewer systems, providing a scientific basis for pollution accountability and precise enforcement.

### 420. [Citric Acid-Modified HUSY Zeolite Catalyzes Alkylation of Phenol with Cyclohexanol for High-Density Aviation Fuel Precursors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/citric-acid-modified-husy-zeolite-catalyzes-alkylation-of-phenol-with-cyclohexanol-for-high-density-aviation-f) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60581-0]
Lignin-derived oxygenated aromatics, particularly phenols and aromatic ethers, are promising feedstocks for synthesizing high-density, high-heat-sink aviation fuels via alkylation-hydrogenation processes. This study systematically evaluates the catalytic performance of various zeolites (Hβ, HZSM-5, MCM-41, and HUSY) in the alkylation of phenol with cyclohexanol. Characterization demonstrates that HUSY zeolite exhibits superior catalytic activity due to its favorable pore architecture and well-balanced acid site distribution, which synergistically facilitate molecular diffusion and catalytic transformations. To further enhance catalytic properties, HUSY was modified with citric acid at various concentrations and compared with NaOH and oxalic acid treatments. Results reveal that citric acid treatment preserves crystallinity while modulating acidity and pore structure. All modified zeolites enhance phenol alkylation activity. Notably, HUSY-0.5M, exhibiting the highest medium-strong acid to total acid ratio, achieves superior performance: 80.4% phenol conversion and 99.6% selectivity for alkylation products. The catalyst also shows high activity for various lignin-derived compounds (p-cresol, anisole, guaiacol), demonstrating broad applicability. This work provides a new strategy for valorizing lignin-derived phenols into high-value fuel precursors through alkylation.

### 421. [Hydrogen Production and Structure Evolution Mechanism during Thermochemical Conversion of Microalgae Pellet in Molten Hydroxide Salts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/hydrogen-production-and-structure-evolution-mechanism-during-thermochemical-conversion-of-microalgae-pellet-in) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0024]
This study investigates the thermochemical conversion behavior of microalgae pellets in a molten hydroxide salt (80% NaOH-20% Na2CO3) system and its influence on hydrogen production. By comparing temperature evolution, gas release characteristics, and structural evolution of pellets with and without molten salt, and integrating char alkalization experiments, the regulatory mechanism of molten salt on reaction pathways and hydrogen production was systematically analyzed. Results indicate that molten salt significantly enhances internal heat transfer efficiency, achieving a central heating rate of 177 °C/s, effectively alleviating thermal hysteresis. Concurrently, molten salt promotes pore development through penetration, erosion, and catalytic effects, resulting in a porosity increase of 53.2%–104.3% after 10 s of reaction. Conversion efficiency is markedly improved, with the dominant reaction pathway shifting to char alkalization after only 70 s. Furthermore, when heating rate is increased above 600 °C, hydrogen yield from char alkalization improves more significantly, primarily attributed to the synergistic promotion of molten salt catalysis and rapid heating on volatiles reforming. This study provides a theoretical foundation for understanding efficient hydrogen production from biomass in molten hydroxide salts.

### 422. [Recent Advances in CO2 Hydrogenation to Light Olefins](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/recent-advances-in-co2-hydrogenation-to-light-olefins) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0026]
The catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO2) to light olefins (C2–C4) represents a pivotal route for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions while producing high-value chemical feedstocks. This review systematically examines the two principal technological pathways: CO2-Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (CO2-FTO) and CO2-methanol-to-olefins (CO2-MTO). The CO2-FTO route couples reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) with Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, whereas CO2-MTO proceeds via methanol intermediate. Key challenges arise from the thermodynamic stability of CO2 (C=O bond dissociation energy ~750 kJ/mol) and kinetic limitations. The review critically evaluates the influence of catalyst promoters (e.g., Na, Mn, Cu), support structures, and surface defect site concentrations on CO2 activation and olefin selectivity. For zeolite-based catalysts, pore architecture and acidity are shown to govern methanol conversion to olefins. Representative data from the literature indicate that Fe-based catalysts with Na promotion achieve CO2 conversion up to 40% with olefin selectivity exceeding 50% under optimized conditions. The review underscores the necessity of integrating catalyst design with reactor engineering to overcome thermodynamic constraints and achieve industrially viable performance.

### 423. [Cu3P@CuO Nanosheet Catalyst for Efficient Hydrolytic Hydrogen Production from Ammonia Borane](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cu3pcuo-nanosheet-catalyst-for-efficient-hydrolytic-hydrogen-production-from-ammonia-borane) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0020]
Ammonia borane (AB) is a promising hydrogen storage material due to its low molecular weight and high hydrogen content. The development of low-cost, high-activity catalysts for AB hydrolysis is critical for industrialization. In this work, CuO nanosheets (CuO NS) were synthesized via a solvothermal method under alkaline conditions using anhydrous copper chloride as precursor. Subsequently, low-temperature phosphating converted CuO NS into Cu3P@CuO nanosheets (Cu3P@CuO NS). The morphology and structure were characterized by SEM, TEM, AFM, XRD, and XPS. The catalytic performance for AB hydrolysis was evaluated, revealing that at a phosphating ratio of m(CuO NS)/m(NaH2PO2)=1 (0.1 g each), Cu3P@CuO NS exhibited excellent activity with a TOF of 57.23 min−1 and an apparent activation energy of 44.31 kJ/mol. The reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with respect to catalyst amount and pseudo-zero-order kinetics with respect to AB concentration. The superior performance is attributed to the abundant active sites exposed by the nanosheet structure. Given the extremely low cost, Cu3P@CuO NS is a promising alternative to noble metal catalysts for hydrogen generation from AB.

### 424. [Methanation Performance of Biomass Gasification Syngas over Alkali-Modified Ni/Al2O3 Monolithic Catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/methanation-performance-of-biomass-gasification-syngas-over-alkali-modified-nial2o3-monolithic-catalysts) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60607-4]
The methanation of biomass gasification syngas (H2/CO = 3:1) was investigated over Ni/Al2O3 monolithic catalysts supported on cordierite, with a nominal Ni loading of 15 wt%. Catalysts were modified by treatment with 10% NaOH solution for 1 h and 2 h. Physicochemical properties were characterized by BET, TEM, H2-TPR, XRD, CO2-TPD, and TG. Results showed that the 2 h modification (15%Ni/Al2O3-2h) increased specific surface area, enhanced catalytic activity, and increased alkaline site density compared to the unmodified catalyst. Under optimized conditions (H2/CO volume ratio 3:1, space velocity 10000 mL/(g·h), temperature 400 °C), the 15%Ni/Al2O3-2h catalyst achieved a CO conversion of 97% and CH4 selectivity of 100%. Stability tests over 2 h showed that the CO conversion remained stable at approximately 98%, indicating excellent catalytic stability. The study demonstrates that alkali modification with 10% NaOH for 2 h significantly improves both the methanation performance and stability of Ni/Al2O3 monolithic catalysts, offering a promising route for synthetic natural gas production from biomass.

### 425. [Effects of Endogenous Potassium and Calcium Ions on the Yields and Characteristics of Products from Corn Stalk Pyrolysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-of-endogenous-potassium-and-calcium-ions-on-the-yields-and-characteristics-of-products-from-corn-stalk) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0025]
Endogenous alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) in biomass ash and pyrolysis temperature significantly influence the properties of pyrolysis polygeneration products. This study selected potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) as representative AAEMs, added them at mass ratios of 2%, 5%, and 7% to corn stover via impregnation, and conducted fixed-bed pyrolysis at 400, 500, and 600 °C to investigate the yields and compositions of gas, liquid, and solid products. Results showed that increasing metal ion concentration significantly increased biochar yield, with Ca2+ at 7% achieving 24.96% biochar yield, while bio-oil yield generally decreased. Ca2+ strongly promoted H2 formation due to its Lewis acidity, reaching 32.49% in gas at 7% concentration, and facilitated furan enrichment to 65.88%. K+ at low concentrations favored phenolic formation, while high concentrations promoted ketones and intensified bio-oil cracking. Increasing temperature from 400 to 600 °C decreased biochar yield and increased gas yield, with high temperatures enhancing secondary cracking and reforming, significantly raising H2 and CH4 yields while suppressing oxygenates. At 600 °C, K+ catalysis increased acids to 39.41%, while Ca2+ maintained furans at 65.89%. This study demonstrates that adjusting metal ion concentration and temperature enables directional regulation of high-value bio-oil components and high-energy gases, providing a theoretical basis for optimized biomass pyrolysis utilization.

### 426. [Metal-Free Brush-Like 3D Carbon Nitride Delivers Efficient Red-Light-Driven Photocatalysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/metal-free-brush-like-3d-carbon-nitride-delivers-efficient-red-light-driven-photocatalysis) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60610-4]
In this study, melamine and cyanuric acid were used as precursors to form supramolecular crystals via hydrogen-bond-assisted self-assembly followed by hydrothermal treatment. Subsequent high-temperature calcination yielded a novel brush-like three-dimensional carbon nitride. The brush-like 3D architecture was found to expose more accessible active sites, markedly accelerate electron transfer, and suppress the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. The resulting superoxide (O2•−) and hydroxyl (•OH) radicals generated via electron reduction were identified as the key reactive species in the photocatalytic process. Moreover, the surface of the brush-like structure is enriched with nitrogen vacancies, which enhance the catalyst’s ability to harvest visible light. The photocatalytic performance of the brush-like CNS-650 catalyst was evaluated for rhodamine B (RhB) degradation. Under red-light irradiation (660 nm), its degradation rate was 7.4 times higher than that of bulk CN. This work provides valuable insights into the design and application of efficient metal-free 3D photocatalysts.

### 427. [Intelligent Detection of Drainage Pipeline Defects Based on Cross-Frame Annotation and Recall Optimization](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/intelligent-detection-of-drainage-pipeline-defects-based-on-cross-frame-annotation-and-recall-optimization) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202512072]
Drainage pipeline defect detection predominantly relies on closed-circuit television (CCTV) inspection, which is labor-intensive, inefficient, and prone to missed detections. Although deep learning-based object detection has been applied, it suffers from low precision, recall, and speed in practical scenarios. This study proposes an engineering-oriented detection scheme achieving high recall and low miss rates. The annotation phase employs a cross-frame strategy combining manual labeling of first and last frames with interpolation and tracking-based refinement. Data preprocessing introduces perceptual hashing to identify similar images, enhancing training efficiency. For detection, a Faster R-CNN model is enhanced with Focal Loss to focus on hard examples, defect classification and grading, and a dynamic threshold strategy to improve recall. Validated on 5,068.72 m of real pipeline data, the method achieves a recall rate exceeding 98% across 16 defect categories, a miss rate of only 2% for grade 4 defects, and a 425% improvement in per-segment detection efficiency compared to manual screening. These results demonstrate the method's effectiveness in balancing recall, miss rate, and speed for engineering deployment.

### 428. [Influence of Preparation Method on the Denitration Performance of Co-Modified Ce/TiO2 Catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/influence-of-preparation-method-on-the-denitration-performance-of-co-modified-cetio2-catalysts) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60613-X]
This study systematically optimized the preparation of Co-modified Ce/TiO2 catalysts and investigated the effects of preparation method and Co loading on their low-temperature denitrification activity. The sol-gel method with a Co/Ti mass ratio of 0.025 (Ce-Co0.025/TiO2-SG) yielded superior performance compared to impregnation and co-precipitation methods. The catalyst maintained NO conversion above 95% in the 225–350 °C range and exhibited high N2 selectivity. Characterization via BET, XRD, XPS, H2-TPR, and in situ DRIFTS revealed that the enhanced activity was attributed to abundant surface oxygen vacancies, a high proportion of Ce3+ species, and prominent acidic sites. The catalyst followed the Eley-Rideal mechanism, effectively inhibiting nitrate intermediate formation and promoting NO-to-NO2 oxidation. This work provides a reference for developing efficient low-temperature denitrification catalysts for industrial applications such as cement production, which emitted 722,000 tons of NOx in 2020, accounting for 17.3% of industrial emissions.

### 429. [Rapid Detection of Trace Pb(II) in Water Using a Rod-Shaped Bismuth-Based Electrode](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/rapid-detection-of-trace-pbii-in-water-using-a-rod-shaped-bismuth-based-electrode) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507057]
This study presents a novel electrochemical sensor for the rapid detection of trace lead ions (Pb(II)) in water, utilizing a rod-shaped bismuth-based electrode. The electrode was fabricated by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with basic bismuth nitrate [Bi6O5(OH)3](NO3)5·3H2O, synthesized via a chemical precipitation method. The sensor was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), confirming the rod-like morphology and composition. Electrochemical detection was performed using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in a 0.1 mol·L−1 NaAc-HAc buffer (pH 4.3). The sensor exhibited a linear detection range for Pb(II) from 1 to 90 μg·L−1, with a detection limit of 0.34 μg·L−1 and a sensitivity of 106 μA·(μmol·L−1)−1. The electrode demonstrated excellent anti-interference capability and reproducibility. Recovery tests in real water samples (tap water and campus lake water) yielded high recovery rates, indicating practical applicability. This work provides a simple, cost-effective, and reliable method for monitoring trace Pb(II) in environmental water, particularly relevant for public swimming pools and similar aquatic facilities.

### 430. [Exploring the Potential Molecular Mechanisms of Eight Environmental Pollutants in Lung Adenocarcinoma through Network Toxicology, Machine Learning, and Multi-Omics Analysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/exploring-the-potential-molecular-mechanisms-of-eight-environmental-pollutants-in-lung-adenocarcinoma-through) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025111002]
Epidemiological studies have established a significant association between exposure to environmental pollutants (EP) and the risk of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). This study integrates network toxicology and multi-omics analysis to elucidate the EP-LUAD molecular regulatory network and identify key regulatory genes, thereby revealing novel mechanisms of environmental carcinogenesis. Transcriptomic data from GEO and TCGA databases yielded 4,971 and 4,488 disease-related targets, respectively. Integration of toxicology databases (TargetNet, Swiss Target Prediction, CTD, SEA) identified 24,860 potential targets for eight common pollutants (SO2, NO, CO, NO2, O3, benzene, toluene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Intersection of these datasets produced 1,536 EP-LUAD common target genes. Protein-protein interaction network analysis identified 247 core targets. Machine learning selected five key genes: AGER, CAV1, CD44, CEP55, and GNB3, which demonstrated robust diagnostic and prognostic efficacy. Their expression correlated with immune cell infiltration, including CD4+ memory T cells and macrophages. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed epithelial cell-specific expression patterns. Molecular docking confirmed stable pollutant-target binding, with PAH showing highest affinity for CD44 (binding energy −9.32 kcal·mol−1) and GNB3 (−8.32 kcal·mol−1). These findings establish AGER, CAV1, CD44, CEP55, and GNB3 as core molecular mediators of pollution-related LUAD. The high-affinity binding of PAH to CD44 and GNB3 underscores its carcinogenic potential. This study constructs a multi-level regulatory network for EP-LUAD, revealing underlying molecular mechanisms and providing novel potential targets and theoretical basis for early warning and intervention.

### 431. [One-Step Electrodeposition of Cu-Sn Alloy Catalysts for Efficient Electroreduction of CO2 to Formate](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/one-step-electrodeposition-of-cu-sn-alloy-catalysts-for-efficient-electroreduction-of-co2-to-formate) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0027]
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) offers a promising route to mitigate CO2 emissions while producing valuable chemicals. This study reports a Cu-Sn alloy catalyst with a wheat-ear-like dendritic structure, fabricated via a one-step electrodeposition method, for selective CO2 electroreduction to formate. Compared to pure Cu and Sn electrodes, the Cu-Sn alloy exhibits superior catalytic activity and selectivity toward formate, achieving a maximum Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 80% and maintaining above 70% FE over a potential window from -1.7 V to -2.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The enhanced performance is attributed to the unique dendritic morphology that provides abundant active sites and the synergistic alloying effect that modulates the adsorption of the CO2*- intermediate, as corroborated by electrochemical measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This work presents a facile strategy for designing bimetallic catalysts for efficient CO2RR to formate.

### 432. [Effects of Different Functionalized Nanoplastics on the Transformation of Extracellular Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Aquatic Environments](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-of-different-functionalized-nanoplastics-on-the-transformation-of-extracellular-antibiotic-resistance) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112804]
The rapid dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic environments poses serious threats to public health and environmental safety under the 'One Health' framework. Nanoplastics (NPs), as co-occurring pollutants, can exacerbate ARG risks by promoting horizontal gene transfer (HGT), yet the influence of different functional groups on extracellular ARG (eARG) transformation remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of carboxy-modified polystyrene NPs (PS-COOH) and amino-functionalized polystyrene NPs (PS-NH2) compared to unmodified polystyrene NPs (PS) on the transformation of the extracellular resistance plasmid IE-V1955 (carrying an ampicillin resistance gene) into Escherichia coli DH5α. Results showed that PS-COOH exposure promoted plasmid transformation similarly to PS, with effects increasing over 0.1–20 mg·L−1. Low concentrations (0.1–0.5 mg·L−1) of PS-NH2 also enhanced transformation, with stronger effects than PS-COOH at equal doses, whereas high concentrations (1–20 mg·L−1) inhibited it. Mechanistically, PS-COOH (0.1–20 mg·L−1) and low PS-NH2 induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased cell membrane permeability, elevated the protein-to-polysaccharide ratio in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and promoted biofilm formation, thereby facilitating transformation. High PS-NH2 concentrations caused excessive ROS leading to cell lysis and formed aggregates with plasmids larger than membrane pores, blocking uptake. These findings provide a theoretical basis for assessing the combined environmental health risks of NPs and ARGs.

### 433. [Molecular Dataset of Paraffin Oxidative Pyrolysis: ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Reaction Network Analysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/molecular-dataset-of-paraffin-oxidative-pyrolysis-reaxff-molecular-dynamics-simulations-and-reaction-network-a) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60646-9]
This dataset provides high-precision molecular dynamics trajectories for oxidative pyrolysis of three paraffin models with distinct straight-chain hydrocarbon distributions, simulated over a temperature range of 2100–2500 K. The COMPASS force field was used for initial structure optimization, and the ReaxFF reactive force field for pyrolysis simulation. The database comprises atomic trajectories, species evolution information, and reaction network analysis results for both heating and isothermal cracking processes, totaling approximately 141 GB and including 150,000 atomic configuration frames. Data are stored in a hierarchical directory structure, supporting multi-scale mechanistic studies. The dataset enables quantitative analysis of carbon chain length effects on reaction pathways, high-resolution tracking of free radical evolution, and extraction of kinetic parameters across a wide temperature range. It provides an atomic-scale foundation for understanding paraffin oxidative pyrolysis, with implications for addressing wax deposition in oil and gas extraction, enhancing product selectivity in cracking processes, and advancing clean fuel technologies. The data are publicly available via DOI:10.57760/sciencedb.31639.

### 434. [Cardiovascular Toxicity Induced by Micro/Nano-Plastics and Its Mechanisms](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cardiovascular-toxicity-induced-by-micronano-plastics-and-its-mechanisms) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025073004]
Micro/nano-plastics (MNPs) are emerging contaminants widely detected in human circulatory systems, including blood, heart, and vascular endothelium, raising concerns about cardiovascular health risks. This systematic review analyzed 61 peer-reviewed studies (2008–2024) to elucidate the cardiotoxic effects and molecular mechanisms of MNPs. Evidence indicates that MNPs exposure elevates risks of atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and arrhythmias through oxidative stress, inflammatory cascades, endothelial dysfunction, and metabolic dysregulation. Notably, co-exposure with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) or heavy metals may produce synergistic or antagonistic effects. Current research relies predominantly on animal and cell models, with critical gaps in low-dose, long-term exposure data and epidemiological evidence. Future studies should optimize experimental designs, integrate metabolomics and epigenetics, and explore transgenerational effects and combined toxicity mechanisms to inform pollution control policies and mitigate cardiovascular risks.

### 435. [Catalytic Reforming of Lignite Pyrolysis Volatiles over Metal Oxide and Zeolite Tandem Catalysts for Light Aromatics Production](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/catalytic-reforming-of-lignite-pyrolysis-volatiles-over-metal-oxide-and-zeolite-tandem-catalysts-for-light-aro) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0028]
Pyrolysis is a key route for the graded conversion of low-rank coal, yet the volatiles are rich in oxygenates and heavy components, limiting direct utilization. This study proposes a tandem catalytic system combining metal oxides and ZSM-5 zeolite to efficiently convert lignite pyrolysis volatiles into light aromatics (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, naphthalene, methylnaphthalene). The upper-layer metal oxide pre-cracks large molecules and removes oxygenates, reducing carbon deposition on the zeolite and extending catalyst life. Among metal oxides tested, strongly basic MgO exhibited superior cracking and deoxygenation performance. Compared to ZSM-5 alone, the MgO/ZSM-5 tandem system increased total light aromatics yield by approximately 20% to 21.5 mg/g, while maintaining liquid product proportion at 21.4%. The incorporation of MgO also significantly reduced coke deposition on ZSM-5, preserving its catalytic activity and potentially prolonging its operational lifespan. These findings provide a theoretical basis for upgrading low-rank coal pyrolysis volatiles to valuable light aromatics.

### 436. [Body Burden of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Joint Effects on Thyroid Function in a Physical Examination Population in Shenzhen](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/body-burden-of-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-and-joint-effects-on-thyroid-function-in-a-physical-examination) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025121602]
This study characterized the body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a physical examination population in Shenzhen and evaluated its impact on thyroid function. Serum samples from 368 residents were analyzed for eight PBDE congeners using atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS). The median concentration of ∑8PBDEs was 10.2 ng·g⁻¹ lipid weight (lw), ranging from 0.13 to 2089.4 ng·g⁻¹ lw, with BDE-209 predominating (59.7% of total). Multiple linear regression revealed that a 1.7-fold increase in serum BDE-153 was associated with a 0.4% increase in free triiodothyronine (FT3) (P<0.05), while a 1.7-fold increase in BDE-183 was associated with a 0.9% decrease in total triiodothyronine (T3) and a 0.7% decrease in FT3 (P<0.05). Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) indicated a negative correlation between mixed PBDE exposure and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) at high exposure levels. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression showed that mixed exposure was associated with decreased T3 levels and T3/FT3 ratio, with BDE-153 and BDE-183 as the primary contributors. These findings suggest that PBDE exposure may adversely affect thyroid function and disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis, with BDE-183 and BDE-153 playing key roles. This study provides a scientific basis for PBDE health risk assessment and thyroid protection.

### 437. [Mechanisms of Natural Organic Matter in Regulating Microplastic Aggregation and Transport in Soil-Groundwater Systems: A Review](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mechanisms-of-natural-organic-matter-in-regulating-microplastic-aggregation-and-transport-in-soil-groundwater) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112806]
Microplastics (MPs) are persistent emerging contaminants ubiquitously distributed in soil-groundwater environments, where their aggregation and transport critically govern pollutant fate and ecological risks. Natural organic matter (NOM), a complex assemblage of organic compounds, interacts with MPs and porous media via hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, hydrophobic effects, and electrostatic binding, thereby modulating MP surface properties and environmental behavior. This review systematically synthesizes the mechanisms by which NOM influences MP aggregation and transport, with emphasis on the distinct roles of humic substances, proteins, and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and their synergistic modulation with solution chemistry (pH, ionic strength, ion type). Additionally, NOM accelerates MP aging and alters surface characteristics, consequently impacting transport capacity. Current research limitations are identified, and future directions are proposed to inform MP pollution risk assessment and management strategies. Key findings indicate that NOM generally enhances MP stability and mobility at low ionic strengths, while high ionic strengths may induce aggregation depending on NOM type and ion valence. Humic substances predominantly increase electrostatic repulsion, whereas proteins and EPS can bridge particles, promoting aggregation. Aging processes, accelerated by NOM photochemical activity, increase surface oxygen functionality and hydrophilicity, further altering transport. The review underscores the need for systematic studies under environmentally relevant conditions to predict MP fate accurately.

### 438. [Neurotoxicity of Carboxyl-Modified Polystyrene Microplastics on Zebrafish at Early Developmental Stage](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/neurotoxicity-of-carboxyl-modified-polystyrene-microplastics-on-zebrafish-at-early-developmental-stage) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112104]
Carboxyl-modified polystyrene microplastics (PS-COOH) are negatively charged particles formed by surface oxidation and functional group modification of polystyrene microplastics (PS), widely used in biomedical and analytical chemistry. However, studies on their neurotoxic effects on aquatic organisms are scarce. This study employed zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism, exposing embryos to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, 100 μg·L−1) of PS and PS-COOH. Neurotoxic effects were assessed by measuring tail coiling frequency at 24 hpf and swimming velocity under alternating light/dark cycles at 120 hpf. Results demonstrated that both PS and PS-COOH induced neurotoxicity, with PS-COOH significantly reducing tail coiling frequency and average swimming speed compared to PS (P<0.05). Exposure to 10 μg·L−1 PS-COOH disrupted neurotransmitter homeostasis, altering levels of acetylcholine (ACh), serotonin (5-HT), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Transgenic zebrafish Tg(huc:EGFP) fluorescence assays revealed that PS-COOH (0.1–100 μg·L−1) caused damage to central neurons. These findings indicate that PS-COOH exposure impairs cholinergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic neurotransmission, induces neuronal damage, and exerts neurotoxic effects on zebrafish larvae. This study provides a theoretical basis for assessing the ecological and health risks of modified microplastics.

### 439. [Determination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Vegetables by Solid-Phase Extraction Combined with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/determination-of-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-in-vegetables-by-solid-phase-extraction-combined-with-ultr) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010402]
Vegetable consumption is a well-established pathway for human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These contaminants are absorbed by vegetables through uptake from soil and irrigation water, leading to bioaccumulation within plant tissues and posing potential risks to human health. Therefore, monitoring PFAS concentrations in vegetables is critical for assessing dietary exposure and associated health risks. In this study, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of 24 PFAS compounds in leafy vegetables, including Shanghai Bok Choy, Cabbage, and Water Spinach. The analytical method, incorporating organic solvent extraction followed by SPE cleanup, was optimized with respect to both extraction solvent and SPE sorbent. Alkaline methanol was used as the extraction solvent, and PFAS in vegetables were extracted via vortex-assisted extraction. Tandem mass spectrometry was used for detection in multiple reaction monitoring mode, and quantification was performed by internal standard method. Under optimized conditions, at a spiking level of 2 ng, recoveries ranged from 50.0% to 120.8% with relative standard deviations (RSD) between 1.0% and 26%. Calibration curves showed good linearity with correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0.99. Limits of detection (LOD, S/N=3) were between 0.002 and 0.103 ng·g−1, and limits of quantification (LOQ, S/N=10) were between 0.007 and 0.343 ng·g−1. The method was applied to real samples, detecting 20 PFAS, with 10 compounds showing 100% detection frequency. Total PFAS concentrations ranged from 2.92 to 6.83 ng·g−1 dry weight (dw). Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was the dominant contaminant, with concentrations from 1.18 to 3.74 ng·g−1 dw. The method demonstrates good sensitivity and accuracy, effectively identifying and quantifying multiple PFAS, thus providing reliable technical support for monitoring PFAS in vegetables.

### 440. [Special Issue Editorial: Construction of High-Voltage Direct Current Architectures and Equipment Technologies for New-Type Power Systems](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/special-issue-editorial-construction-of-high-voltage-direct-current-architectures-and-equipment-technologies-f) [DOI: 10.7500/AEPS20260319004]
The construction of new-type power systems, supporting the secure transmission and efficient utilization of large-scale renewable energy, is a major strategic initiative for China's clean energy transition. With the rapid development of energy bases in the western desert and eastern deep-sea regions, the proportion of renewable energy and DC infeed capacity in sending and receiving grids has increased significantly, leading to profound changes in source-grid structure and stability characteristics. This poses new challenges to the core functions of DC transmission technology. Firstly, large-scale renewable bases often lack conventional AC support, making point-to-point DC uneconomical and AC collection schemes risky. Secondly, the interaction mechanisms among sending/receiving grids, renewables, and DC are more complex, with prominent issues such as wide-band oscillations and cascading commutation failures. Thirdly, existing DC equipment exhibits shortcomings in system performance or economy. To address these challenges, this special issue presents 17 selected papers covering DC collection and networking, system characteristics and control enhancement, and novel converter topologies. Key contributions include a land-sea integrated DC collection scheme for gigawatt-scale offshore wind, a thyristor-based DC transformer for desert renewable bases, virtual power coordination control for urban MMC-MTDC systems, active support control for flexible DC, start-stop strategies for hybrid diode-MMC systems, small-signal stability analysis of hybrid multi-infeed systems, stability enhancement using submodule energy storage, harmonic analysis of controllable current-source converters, low-frequency oscillation suppression, commutation failure prediction, and novel topologies such as hybrid LCC, three-phase asymmetric bridge-arm reuse converters, multi-port hybrid MMC, heterogeneous UHVDC with 37.5% full-bridge submodules, and capacitive partial energy transfer DC transformers. The special issue also reports the world's first RB-IGCT-based HCC demonstration. These studies provide theoretical foundations and engineering solutions for the future development of HVDC systems.

### 441. [Transgenerational Toxicity of Acetamiprid in Caenorhabditis elegans](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/transgenerational-toxicity-of-acetamiprid-in-caenorhabditis-elegans) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025101101]
Acetamiprid, a representative neonicotinoid insecticide, persists in soil and water, posing ecological risks. This study evaluated its transgenerational toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to 1, 10, and 100 μg·L−1. Direct exposure (F0) caused neurobehavioral abnormalities, with head swing frequency significantly increased by 23.86% even at 1.0 μg·L−1, correlating with disrupted acetylcholinesterase and γ-aminobutyric acid. Reproduction, development, metabolism, and intestinal barrier were impaired, with reactive oxygen species elevated by 30.42%–48.28%, indicating oxidative stress as a mechanism. Effects transmitted to unexposed T1–T3 generations: at 1.0 μg·L−1, body width inhibition persisted to T2; fat accumulation and intestinal permeability effects intensified with concentration. Among oxidative stress biomarkers, superoxide dismutase showed highest sensitivity and transgenerational persistence. This study reveals multidimensional transgenerational toxicity, informing soil ecological risk assessment of neonicotinoids.

### 442. [Market-Oriented Power Balancing Mechanisms and Methods for New-Type Power Systems: A Special Issue Overview](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/market-oriented-power-balancing-mechanisms-and-methods-for-new-type-power-systems-a-special-issue-overview) [DOI: 10.7500/AEPS20260311004]
The deep advancement of carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals has accelerated the construction of new-type power systems, with the installed capacity share of renewable energy approaching half and its electricity generation share rapidly increasing. However, the randomness, intermittency, and volatility of renewable energy output challenge the balancing of supply and demand, necessitating additional regulation resources. Concurrently, advances in communication, control, and artificial intelligence have enabled new regulation entities such as electrochemical energy storage, compressed air energy storage, and concentrating solar power, while the marginal cost of load-side balancing services declines, fostering the rapid development of virtual power plants and flexibility retrofits of conventional power. Accurately evaluating the value of regulation services and providing reasonable compensation are fundamental to incentivizing participation and investment. Yet, current power balancing mechanisms and market models do not fully reflect the true value of these flexible resources, and technical barriers and costs remain high for distributed resources. In 2025, China preliminarily established a unified national electricity market, covering the entire energy market, and attention has turned to valuing regulation services. This special issue, organized by the editorial board of Automation of Electric Power Systems, compiles 14 papers addressing market-oriented balancing mechanisms, capacity adequacy, cost compensation, flexible resource participation, and market applications. Key contributions include a market-oriented regulation responsibility system with 'substitute quantity' and 'regulation quantity' markets, hierarchical coordination mechanisms, capacity adequacy frameworks, cost compensation mechanisms using deep reinforcement learning, inertia pricing, and trading strategies for electric vehicles and building aggregators. Provincial market designs from Guangdong and Gansu provide practical templates. The issue aims to provide theoretical and practical support for market innovation and the construction of new-type power systems and the unified national market.

### 443. [Determination of Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Environmental Aqueous Samples by Solid-Phase Extraction–Gel Permeation Chromatography Purification Coupled with Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/determination-of-sulfonamide-antibiotics-in-environmental-aqueous-samples-by-solid-phase-extractiongel-permeat) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024121201]
A method for the simultaneous determination of 19 sulfonamide antibiotics in environmental aqueous samples was developed by integrating solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with ultra-performance liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Aqueous samples were filtered through 0.45 μm membranes, adjusted to pH 6, and treated with Na2EDTA at 2.5 mg·L−1 to mitigate matrix effects. Analytes were enriched on Oasis HLB cartridges, purified by GPC, and separated on a Hypersil GOLD C18 column (2.1 mm ID × 100 mm, 1.9 μm) using gradient elution with 0.05% (V/V) formic acid in water and methanol. Detection was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with internal standard quantification. Under optimal conditions, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.7–4.4 ng·L−1 and 2.8–17.6 ng·L−1, respectively. Recoveries from spiked real samples at 10, 200, and 400 ng·L−1 were 44.5%–102%, 47.7%–97.5%, and 51.4%–115%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.8%–10%, 0.64%–5.9%, and 0.71%–4.6%, respectively. The method was applied to three surface waters and three municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents, detecting five sulfonamides at concentrations ranging from 1.82 to 3864 ng·L−1. The combined SPE-GPC cleanup effectively reduced matrix suppression, offering high sensitivity, precision, and robustness for routine monitoring of sulfonamide antibiotics in environmental waters.

### 444. [Bioaccumulation and Translocation of Cadmium in Rapeseed in High Cadmium-Contaminated Regions: A Case Study of You County, Hunan Province](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bioaccumulation-and-translocation-of-cadmium-in-rapeseed-in-high-cadmium-contaminated-regions-a-case-study-of) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010302]
Cadmium (Cd) contamination of agricultural soils poses significant economic and health risks. While extensive research has focused on Cd accumulation in staple crops like rice, data on oilseed crops remain scarce, hindering safety assessments of edible oils and oilseed meals. This study investigated Cd accumulation and translocation in rapeseed (Brassica napus) grown in You County, Hunan Province, a region severely contaminated with Cd. Rhizosphere soil and plant tissues (roots, stems, seeds) were collected and analyzed for Cd concentrations. Results showed that approximately 71% of rhizosphere soil samples exceeded the agricultural soil pollution risk screening value for Cd, indicating high ecological risk. Cd concentrations in roots and stems were (0.49 ± 0.39) mg·kg⁻¹ and (0.54 ± 0.31) mg·kg⁻¹, respectively, comparable to or higher than soil Cd levels (0.51 ± 0.31) mg·kg⁻¹, with elevated bioaccumulation and translocation factors. This suggests that improper disposal of rapeseed roots and stems, such as returning them to fields or burning, could lead to secondary Cd pollution. In contrast, Cd bioaccumulation and translocation factors in seeds were less than 1, and Cd concentrations in seeds, oil, and oilseed meals were relatively low. Comparative analysis with sesame, camellia oleifera, and peanut indicated that rapeseed-derived oil and meal contain lower Cd levels, positioning rapeseed as a promising low-Cd-accumulating edible oil crop for cultivation in Cd-contaminated areas.

### 445. [Progress in Design, Preparation and Application of Ion Chromatography Stationary Phases for Analysis of Anions in Water](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/progress-in-design-preparation-and-application-of-ion-chromatography-stationary-phases-for-analysis-of-anions) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025121001]
Ion chromatography (IC) is the core analytical method for qualitative and quantitative determination of anions in complex water environments, and its separation efficiency highly depends on the performance of the stationary phase. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in the preparation and functionalization of IC stationary phases, addressing the urgent need for high selectivity and sensitivity in water anion analysis. The characteristics of organic polymer-based and inorganic-based matrices are compared, highlighting the advantages of polymer matrices such as poly(methacrylate), poly(vinyl alcohol), polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB), and ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene (EVB-DVB) in terms of wide pH tolerance (e.g., pH 0–14 for PS-DVB) and organic solvent compatibility, which allow the use of strong acid or base eluents. Various functionalization strategies are discussed, including the introduction of quaternary ammonium groups, hydrophilic modifications, and grafting of functional layers, which enhance separation selectivity and detection capability. The review also covers the development of hybrid stationary phases and the application of IC in monitoring trace pollutants in water, such as bromate, chlorite, chlorate, fluoride, and nitrate, as regulated by Chinese standards (GB 5749—2022). Future trends are projected, focusing on novel materials for precise identification and high-throughput monitoring. The paper provides a comprehensive reference for the design of high-performance stationary phases, emphasizing the importance of matrix selection and surface chemistry in achieving robust and sensitive anion analysis.

### 446. [River Ecological Health Assessment Based on Microbial Integrity Index and Water Quality Index](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/river-ecological-health-assessment-based-on-microbial-integrity-index-and-water-quality-index) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024110703]
Urban river ecosystems are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities, necessitating comprehensive health assessments beyond conventional water quality metrics. This study evaluates the ecological health of the Zhongshan South Road reach in Wuhu, China, by integrating microbial community integrity with physicochemical parameters. Nine monitoring sections were established, considering land use, pollution sources, and seasonal hydrology. Over four seasons, eight water quality parameters and microbial indicators were systematically monitored. A Microbial Index of Biotic Integrity (M-IBI) was developed through candidate parameter screening, interference response analysis, and discriminant ability assessment. Core metrics included Chao1 index, Sobs index, and relative abundances of Acinetobacter and hgcl-clade genera. M-IBI scores were standardized and classified into health levels, with results compared against the Water Quality Index (WQI). Findings revealed seasonal M-IBI variation: winter > autumn > summer > spring, with downstream water quality superior to upstream. Spatial and seasonal patterns of WQI and M-IBI were largely concordant, though discrepancies arose from differential microbial responses to environmental factors and heightened sensitivity to human disturbance. The M-IBI approach demonstrated robust applicability for river health assessment, offering a sensitive, integrative tool for urban water management.

### 447. [Efficiency and mechanisms of tetracycline removal from water by enhanced peroxymonosulfate activation via carboxylated Fe2+](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/efficiency-and-mechanisms-of-tetracycline-removal-from-water-by-enhanced-peroxymonosulfate-activation-via-carb) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025091203]
The persistence of tetracycline (TC) in aquatic environments poses significant ecological risks. This study developed a homogeneous reaction system based on carboxylated Fe2+ enhanced peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation, using citric acid (CA) as a ligand. Carboxylation improved Fe2+ stability and catalytic activity, while solid PMS served as the oxidant, circumventing issues of traditional Fenton processes such as H2O2 instability, complex heterogeneous catalyst preparation, high disposal costs, and toxic metal leaching. The acidic pretreatment enabled by CA inhibited Fe2+ oxidation and promoted sustained PMS activation without external energy input. Under optimized conditions (TC 5 mg·L−1, Fe2+ 0.02 mmol·L−1, CA 0.001 mmol·L−1, PMS 2 mmol·L−1), 88.80% TC degradation was achieved within 60 min. Mechanistic studies revealed that CA protected Fe2+ active sites via carboxyl coordination, facilitating continuous generation of reactive species, including singlet oxygen (1O2) and sulfate radicals (SO4•−). 1O2 was the dominant species (50.5% contribution), followed by SO4•− (35.7%), synergistically driving efficient TC degradation while significantly reducing iron sludge production. Phytotoxicity assays confirmed that treated water exhibited no significant toxicity to wheat seedlings (P > 0.05), indicating effective ecological risk elimination. This work provides a low-energy, operationally simple, and environmentally friendly technology for antibiotic-contaminated water treatment, with promising practical application potential.

### 448. [Occurrence and Distribution Characteristics of Microplastics in Surface Water and Sediments of the Huangshan City Section of the Xin'an River](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/occurrence-and-distribution-characteristics-of-microplastics-in-surface-water-and-sediments-of-the-huangshan-c) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024092906]
Microplastic pollution in rivers and lakes has become a research hotspot, yet studies in Anhui Province have predominantly focused on northern and central regions, leaving southern Anhui under-investigated. This study addresses that gap by examining the Xin'an River in Huangshan City, a typical river in southern Anhui. Surface water and sediment samples were collected in December 2023. In surface water, microplastic concentrations ranged from 350 to 3700 n·m−3, with particles of 0–0.5 mm dominating (33.93%). Fibrous shapes were most prevalent (59.83%), and colored particles accounted for 50.27%. In sediments, concentrations ranged from 25 to 200 n·kg−1, with 0–0.5 mm particles again dominant (49.63%). Fibers comprised 47.08% of sediment microplastics, and white particles accounted for 34.74%. Polymer analysis identified polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as the most abundant material (36.61%), followed by polyamide (PA) (23.22%). Source analysis suggests that fibrous microplastics originate primarily from fiber-based products such as clothing, home textiles, and fishing nets. These findings provide essential baseline data for water resource management, pollution assessment, and ecological remediation of the Xin'an River.

### 449. [Fe3O4@UiO/IKCN Photo-Fenton Degradation of Phenol-Containing Wastewater and Its Mechanism](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/fe3o4uioikcn-photo-fenton-degradation-of-phenol-containing-wastewater-and-its-mechanism) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025122101]
Phenolic compounds, widely used in petrochemical, textile, and pharmaceutical industries, pose severe risks to ecosystems and human health due to their toxicity and persistence. Traditional Fe2+-mediated Fenton oxidation, while effective, suffers from external H2O2 and Fe2+ addition, low H2O2 utilization, narrow pH adaptability, and iron sludge generation. This study develops a g-C3N4-based heterogeneous photo-Fenton system that operates without external H2O2 or Fe2+ salts, exhibiting a wide pH range and minimal iron sludge. The synthesized Fe3O4@UiO/IKCN catalyst, under visible light, selectively reduces dissolved oxygen to H2O2 via a two-electron pathway and activates it to hydroxyl radicals (·OH), achieving efficient degradation of phenolic compounds. The integration of photocatalytic H2O2 formation and Fenton activation enables sustained production of oxidative species, demonstrating superior performance at circumneutral pH. This work provides new insights into the rational design of heterogeneous Z-scheme photo-Fenton catalysts and offers experimental and theoretical support for photocatalytic H2O2 synthesis and phenolic wastewater treatment.

### 450. [Photocatalytic Reduction Mechanism of U(VI) from Uranium Mining Wastewater by Cyano-Functionalized C3N4/ZnIn2S4 Heterojunction Materials](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/photocatalytic-reduction-mechanism-of-uvi-from-uranium-mining-wastewater-by-cyano-functionalized-c3n4znin2s4-h) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025122102]
Uranium is a key resource for nuclear energy, but its mining and processing generate large amounts of uranium-containing wastewater, posing persistent threats to the environment and human health. In this study, a cyano-functionalized C3N4/ZnIn2S4 (CCN/ZIS) heterojunction system was constructed for efficient removal of U(VI) from uranium mining wastewater. The introduction of cyano groups significantly enhanced the adsorption capacity of CCN/ZIS, reaching a maximum of 123.65 mg·g−1. Characterization techniques (UV-vis DRS, EIS, i-t, PL, TRPL) confirmed that cyano groups effectively suppress charge carrier recombination, improving photogenerated carrier separation. Under visible light, the modified material achieved over 95% removal of U(VI) within 10 minutes, demonstrating a 20-fold efficiency increase compared to pristine materials. Even in simulated uranium mining wastewater containing high concentrations of CO3^2− and F−, CCN/ZIS maintained excellent performance, overcoming the technical challenge of U(VI) removal efficiency being constrained by water quality conditions. Quenching experiments identified e− and ·O2− as the primary reactive species responsible for U(VI) reduction. This study reveals the synergistic mechanism of selective U(VI) enrichment and photoreduction, providing theoretical innovation and technological breakthroughs for uranium pollution control.

### 451. [Release Characteristics of Organic Pollutants and Occupational Exposure During Lithium Battery Production and Disposal: A Case Study on N-Methylpyrrolidone](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/release-characteristics-of-organic-pollutants-and-occupational-exposure-during-lithium-battery-production-and) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010203]
The production and disposal of lithium batteries release not only hazardous metals and particulates but also substantial amounts of harmful organic pollutants. This study focuses on N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) to investigate the environmental release and human exposure of organic pollutants throughout the lithium battery lifecycle. Using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), NMP was quantified in environmental samples from battery production and dismantling facilities, as well as in pyrolysis products from simulated thermal recovery of mainstream lithium batteries. Key release stages were identified: slurry mixing and coating/drying during production; shredding, electrolyte volatilization, and high-temperature pyrolysis during disposal. In unprotected occupational settings, estimated NMP exposure via dust ingestion exceeded reference doses, underscoring the need for health impact assessments and evaluation of protective measures. This research provides critical insights into the environmental release and population exposure of organic pollutants across the lithium battery lifecycle, informing health policy for vulnerable populations.

### 452. [Explainable Machine Learning Model for Predicting Ozone Reaction Rate Constants of Aromatic Compounds in Water](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/explainable-machine-learning-model-for-predicting-ozone-reaction-rate-constants-of-aromatic-compounds-in-water) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024103107]
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed to predict the reaction rate constants (kO3) of aromatic compounds with ozone in water. Molecular descriptors were screened using a combination of genetic algorithm and stepwise regression. Multiple linear regression (MLR), support vector machine (SVM), and projection pursuit regression (PPR) were employed to construct local models. The PPR model exhibited superior performance with a goodness-of-fit R2 of 0.923, leave-one-out cross-validation Q2LOO of 0.836, and external validation Q2ext of 0.873. The model was interpreted using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), revealing that ozone attack is hindered by the presence of dssC (=C<) fragments and chlorine atoms. The applicability domain was characterized using Williams plots. Tree manifold approximation and projection (TMAP) was used to visualize structural similarity and diversity, and Arithmetic Residuals in K-groups Analysis (ARKA) identified potential activity cliffs. The model adheres to OECD principles for QSAR validation, providing a robust tool for predicting kO3 of untested or novel aromatic compounds and extendable to other environmental applications.

### 453. [Polygonatum kingianum Dregs Biochar Accelerated Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ) Cycle in Pyrite for Efficient Activation of Peroxymonosulfate to Degrade Carbamazepine in Water](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/polygonatum-kingianum-dregs-biochar-accelerated-feiifeiii-cycle-in-pyrite-for-efficient-activation-of-peroxymo) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024122402]
Carbamazepine (CBZ), a typical emerging contaminant, poses significant environmental and health risks due to its frequent detection, high toxicity, and resistance to conventional degradation. This study synthesized a composite material (PH-BC3-600) via high-temperature pyrolysis of mining waste pyrite and discarded Polygonatum kingianum dregs biochar. The composite was employed to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for CBZ degradation. Results demonstrated that biochar incorporation provided pyrite with more active sites, achieving 88.19% removal of 2.5 mg·L−1 CBZ within 5 minutes, with excellent resistance to Cl−, NO3−, and humic acid. Quenching experiments confirmed the involvement of ·OH, SO4·−, 1O2, and e− in the degradation process. The biochar increased the content of highly reductive sulfur species (S2−, S2−2, Sn2−) in PH-BC3-600, facilitating the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) and thereby enhancing PMS activation. Additionally, PH-BC3-600 exhibited lower iron leaching compared to traditional pyrite-based materials, overcoming a key drawback of conventional catalysts. This study highlights the promising potential of PH-BC3-600 for activating PMS in the treatment of emerging contaminants in water.

### 454. [Identification, Risk Assessment, and Management Strategies for Emerging Pollutants in the Life Cycle of Lithium-Ion Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/identification-risk-assessment-and-management-strategies-for-emerging-pollutants-in-the-life-cycle-of-lithium) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010603]
The global production, inventory, and retirement of lithium-ion batteries are increasing, while new technologies and materials for safety introduce various binders, lithium salts, flame retardants, and solvents, some of which may be emerging pollutants (EPs). This study identifies 43 EPs across 6 categories in the entire life cycle of lithium-ion battery production. Electrolytes contain the most EPs, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) lithium salts and solvents, as well as organophosphorus flame retardants. Production emissions of 1,3-butadiene (1,3-BD), dichloromethane (DCM), and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and release of ultra-short-chain PFASs such as bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf2) and trifluoromethanesulfonamide (TfNH2) from discarded batteries require attention. Health risk assessments at production and disposal sites show that DCM poses the highest carcinogenic risk at production sites, exceeding the EPA's basic carcinogenic risk value of 1×10−6 but below the critical value of 1×10−4, with non-carcinogenic risk below the EPA threshold of 1. At disposal sites, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) poses the highest carcinogenic risk, below 1×10−6, while tri(2-chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP) exhibits the highest non-carcinogenic risk, below 1. Comparison of domestic and international regulations highlights gaps in domestic regulations. Recommendations include tiered management of similar-function chemicals, research on alternatives for high-risk chemicals, implementation of clean production mechanisms, establishment of green product standards, and development of guidelines for managing EPs. This study comprehensively summarizes EPs in the lithium-ion battery life cycle, providing technical support for their management.

### 455. [Research Progress on the Preparation of Iron-Based Magnetic Biochar and Its Adsorption Performance for Heavy Metals in Wastewater](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-the-preparation-of-iron-based-magnetic-biochar-and-its-adsorption-performance-for-heavy-m) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024122001]
Biomass is the only renewable carbon resource with huge reserves and wide sources, and it is green and environmentally friendly. Under the background of 'dual carbon', the clean and efficient utilization of biomass has received increasing attention. Preparation of biochar from biomass is one of the main methods to use biomass efficiently. Biochar surfaces possess porous and aromatic structures, which exhibit good fixation effects on heavy metals in wastewater. However, biochar has shortcomings such as difficulty in recovery and non-reusability. The introduction of iron into biochar can not only enrich surface functional groups, develop pore structure, and increase specific surface area, but also endow magnetic properties, facilitating solid-liquid separation after adsorption. This paper reviews the preparation methods of iron-based magnetic biochar (MBC-Fe), summarizes the effects of different iron sources on its characteristics, and illustrates the adsorption performance and mechanisms of MBC-Fe for typical heavy metals in water. Finally, applications of MBC-Fe in the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater are concluded, and future utilization potential in other fields is proposed. The review highlights that MBC-Fe exhibits high adsorption capacities, e.g., for Pb(II) and Cd(II), with rapid kinetics and easy separation, making it a promising adsorbent for wastewater treatment.

### 456. [High-Sensitivity Fluorescence Detection of Malachite Green in Aquaculture Using a Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Framework PCN-128](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/high-sensitivity-fluorescence-detection-of-malachite-green-in-aquaculture-using-a-zirconium-based-metal-organi) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024100805]
A fluorescent metal-organic framework (MOF), PCN-128, was synthesized via a solvothermal method using zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl4) as the metal source and tetrakis[4-(4'-carboxyphenyl)phenyl]ethylene (H4ETTC) as the organic linker. The resulting material exhibited regular morphology, high crystallinity, strong luminescence, and good stability. PCN-128 was employed as a fluorescent probe for the trace detection of malachite green (MG), a banned veterinary drug, in aquaculture water and freshwater fish tissue. The probe demonstrated exceptional selectivity toward MG among 13 veterinary drugs and robust anti-interference performance against 16 anions, 16 cations, and 12 additional veterinary drugs. The method achieved a broad linear detection range from 0.0 to 7.0 μmol·L−1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.73 nmol·L−1. Spike-and-recovery experiments in three aquaculture water samples and one freshwater fish sample yielded recoveries between 89.80% and 113.7%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) not exceeding 2.59%. These results confirm that the developed method is accurate, reliable, and suitable for routine monitoring of MG residues in aquaculture water and aquatic products, addressing a critical gap in food safety surveillance.

### 457. [Prediction of Selenium-Rich Maize Planting in Selenium-Poor Land Based on Random Forest Model](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/prediction-of-selenium-rich-maize-planting-in-selenium-poor-land-based-on-random-forest-model) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024083002]
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for human health, and dietary intake through Se-rich crops is the primary route. However, total soil Se content does not directly reflect the bioavailability to plants, which depends largely on soil available Se. This study, conducted in Shipai Town, Longshan County, Hunan Province, used 1:50,000 land quality geochemical survey data to investigate factors influencing the Se bioaccumulation coefficient in maize kernels. Soil pH, CaO, and MgO were identified as significantly positively correlated with the bioaccumulation coefficient and were selected as proxies for soil available Se. A random forest (RF) model was developed to predict maize grain Se content and assess the feasibility of cultivating Se-rich maize in low-Se farmland. Results showed that although soil Se was deficient, 53.64% of maize grain samples met the Se-rich product standard (0.02–0.30 mg·kg−1). Compared with multiple linear regression, the RF model exhibited higher accuracy and reliability. The RF model predicted that 40.91% of farmland in the study area is suitable for natural Se-rich maize cultivation, representing a 25.86% increase over the area identified by soil total Se alone. This study provides a novel methodological framework for planting natural Se-rich maize in Se-deficient regions, validating the potential for such cultivation.

### 458. [Aggregation of Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids under Different Hydrochemical Conditions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/aggregation-of-antibiotic-resistance-plasmids-under-different-hydrochemical-conditions) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024121101]
The excessive and uncontrolled use of antibiotics inevitably leads to their release into natural environments, accelerating the production, occurrence, and transport of resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Among these, antibiotic resistance plasmids (ARPs) pose a significant public health challenge due to their environmental persistence and ability to spread and amplify within microbial communities. This study used the tetC gene-pUC18 plasmid as a model ARP to investigate aggregation behavior in aqueous environments under varying pH (3–7), ionic strength (0.001–0.1 mol·L−1 NaCl and 0.001–0.05 mol·L−1 CaCl2), and in the presence of different concentrations of natural colloids. Results indicate that at low pH, ARP structure condenses inward and functional groups may protonate, reducing negative charge and overall size. Compared to Na+, Ca2+ forms cationic bridges between negatively charged phosphate diester groups, significantly enhancing aggregation. Natural colloids induce heteroaggregation with ARPs, with aggregate size increasing with colloid concentration. This study provides scientific evidence for elucidating ARP behavior in soil and groundwater, crucial for assessing risks to human health and ecosystems and understanding global circulation mechanisms.

### 459. [Effect of Aged Microplastics on Photodegradation Behavior of Sulfamethoxazole](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-aged-microplastics-on-photodegradation-behavior-of-sulfamethoxazole) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112603]
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous co-existing pollutants in aquatic environments. This study investigated the effects of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) MPs with varying aging degrees on the photodegradation of SMX. In the absence of MPs, SMX photodegradation was only 28%, while the presence of virgin PE increased it to 34%. Aging PE for 200, 400, and 600 h further enhanced degradation to 46%, 56%, and 77%, respectively. Pseudo-first-order kinetics showed that the rate constant (kobs) increased from 0.066 h−1 to 0.224 h−1 with aged PE. Aged MPs generated more reactive oxygen species (ROS) under irradiation, including hydroxyl radicals (·OH), singlet oxygen (1O2), and superoxide anions (O2·−), as confirmed by radical quenching and EPR analysis. Density functional theory identified the benzene ring, five-membered heterocycle, and sulfonyl group as primary ·OH attack sites. LC-MS analysis revealed degradation products such as p-aminobenzenesulfonamide, indicating both direct and indirect photolysis pathways. This work provides mechanistic insights into antibiotic-MP interactions and informs strategies for managing co-existing pollutants.

### 460. [Effect and simulation of CO3·− on the degradation kinetics of sulfamethazine in UV/TiO2 system](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-and-simulation-of-co3-on-the-degradation-kinetics-of-sulfamethazine-in-uvtio2-system) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024122101]
Bicarbonate and carbonate ions (HCO3−/CO3^2−) are ubiquitous in wastewater and readily scavenge strong oxidants, leading to the formation of carbonate radicals (CO3·−) in radical-based advanced oxidation processes. This study investigated the influence of HCO3−/CO3^2− on the degradation kinetics of sulfamethazine (SMR) in a UV/TiO2 system. The presence of HCO3−/CO3^2− enhanced the degradation rate of SMR by sixfold compared to UV/TiO2 alone. Radical quenching experiments identified CO3·− as the primary reactive species responsible for the enhanced degradation, with hydroxyl radicals (·OH) also contributing. To quantitatively delineate the roles of reactive species and account for water matrix effects, a kinetic model was constructed using Kintecus software. The model accurately predicted SMR degradation over time and the contributions of individual radicals, demonstrating good predictive capability. Application of the model to real wastewater predicted that CO3·− is the dominant radical responsible for SMR degradation. These findings highlight the critical role of carbonate radicals in UV/TiO2 processes and provide a robust modeling framework for predicting the fate of pharmaceuticals in carbonate-rich waters.

### 461. [Metabolic Flux-Based Regulation of Flexible Nodes Enhances Methane Yield in Anaerobic Digestion at Optimal Temperature](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/metabolic-flux-based-regulation-of-flexible-nodes-enhances-methane-yield-in-anaerobic-digestion-at-optimal-tem) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024110202]
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an environmentally friendly biochemical technology for waste treatment and renewable energy production, yet its methane conversion efficiency remains suboptimal. This study employed flux balance analysis (FBA) to determine the optimal temperature for methane production in AD, and subsequently regulated key flexible nodes in the metabolic pathway to maximize methane flux. At the optimal temperature of 40 °C, up-regulating the acetyl-CoA flexible node increased methane flux by 48.5%, while up-regulating the acetate node increased it by 36.6%. The higher improvement via acetyl-CoA regulation is attributed to the fact that 40 °C is unfavorable for hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria, making acetyl-CoA the critical control point. These findings demonstrate that flexible node regulation can overcome the limitations of temperature optimization alone. The FBA methodology provides a reliable, cost-effective approach for optimizing target product yields in AD and other fermentation systems, requiring only input and output measurements to resolve intermediate metabolic fluxes.

### 462. [Metabolic Functions of Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria and Their Applications in Environmental Engineering](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/metabolic-functions-of-anoxygenic-photosynthetic-bacteria-and-their-applications-in-environmental-engineering) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024113001]
Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (APB) are a phylogenetically diverse group of prokaryotes that perform photosynthesis without oxygen evolution. They possess versatile metabolic capabilities, including anaerobic photophosphorylation, carbon fixation, multi-substrate metabolism, and metal oxidation-reduction, enabling them to thrive in diverse environments such as lakes, rivers, soils, salt lakes, and hot springs. APB play a pivotal role in biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and metals. This review systematically summarizes the metabolic diversity of APB, emphasizing their ability to utilize organic and inorganic compounds as electron donors and carbon sources. We highlight recent advances in understanding extracellular electron transfer (EET) mediated by exogenous electron shuttles and conductive materials, which expand the electron sources available for energy generation and reducing power. In environmental engineering, APB show promise in carbon sequestration, pollutant degradation (including azo dyes and heavy metals), biohydrogen production, and microbial fuel cells. For instance, Rhodopseudomonas palustris can fix CO2 under dark anoxic conditions via syntrophic interspecies electron transfer, achieving enhanced carbon fixation. Additionally, APB-based biohybrid systems incorporating CdS nanoparticles demonstrate light-driven degradation of azo dyes without external electron donors. Challenges remain in scaling up these technologies, optimizing reactor conditions, and understanding metabolic regulation. Future research should focus on genetic engineering to enhance APB performance and integrating APB into circular bioeconomy frameworks.

### 463. [Pollution Characterization and Health Risk Assessment of VOCs, CO, and NOx in Underground Garages](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pollution-characterization-and-health-risk-assessment-of-vocs-co-and-nox-in-underground-garages) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112703]
This study investigated air pollution and associated health risks in two underground parking garages located in educational and commercial districts of Nanjing, China. Concentrations of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were monitored. NMHC levels ranged from 0.35–0.55 mg·L−1 (as C) in Garage A and 0.36–1.75 mg·L−1 (as C) in Garage B, peaking during evening rush hours. A total of 23 VOC species were identified, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, dichloromethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane. Benzene series compounds constituted over 90% and 70% of total VOCs (TVOCs) in Garages A and B, respectively. Daily average TVOC concentrations were 146.0 μg·m−3 (weekday) and 49.7 μg·m−3 (weekend) in Garage A, and 2398.1 μg·m−3 and 3401.6 μg·m−3 in Garage B. Maximum CO concentrations reached 10.1 mg·m−3 and 12.6 mg·m−3, exceeding the Chinese indoor standard of 10 mg·m−3 (1-h). NOx levels also exceeded standards. Non-carcinogenic hazard indices (HI) were 0.03 and 0.18, below the EPA threshold of 1. However, carcinogenic risks reached Level II and III, with primary contributors being benzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and naphthalene in Garage A, and ethylbenzene, benzene, and 1,2-dichloroethane in Garage B. The findings indicate potential health threats to garage users, necessitating enhanced ventilation and exposure mitigation.

### 464. [Combined Effects of Biochar and Riboflavin on the Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/combined-effects-of-biochar-and-riboflavin-on-the-reduction-of-hexavalent-chromium-by-shewanella-oneidensis-mr) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112101]
The biological reduction of Cr(VI) to less hazardous Cr(III) is a promising strategy for remediating Cr(VI)-contaminated sites. Both biochar and riboflavin can act as electron shuttles to accelerate this bioreduction process, yet their combined effects remain poorly understood. Using Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 as a model reducing bacterium, we investigated the joint influence of biochar (average particle size 28.85 μm) and riboflavin at high (1 mmol·L−1) and low concentrations on Cr(VI) bioreduction. Individually, biochar and high-concentration riboflavin enhanced indirect electron transfer, accelerating Cr(VI) removal. However, when combined, the fast-phase reaction rate (rf0) did not significantly improve compared to single amendments. The combined action factor revealed an antagonistic inhibition between biochar and riboflavin. Mechanistically, high-concentration riboflavin saturated biochar's adsorption sites (equilibrium concentration 0.96±0.04 mmol·L−1), hindering biochar's role as an electron conduit. With a bacterial density of 3.4×10^7 cells·mL−1, the inter-bacterial distance (30.87 μm) exceeded biochar's particle size, and the per-cell riboflavin concentration (2.9×10−2 pmol·cell−1) was sufficient for riboflavin to dominate as the primary electron shuttle, while biochar's surface became coated, reducing its efficacy. These findings reveal the complex interplay between biochar and soluble organic matter in Cr(VI) bioreduction, underscoring the need to consider such antagonistic effects when designing bioremediation strategies for multi-component contaminated environments.

### 465. [Research Progress on Potassium Permanganate Activated by Carbon Materials for Degradation of Organic Pollutants](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-potassium-permanganate-activated-by-carbon-materials-for-degradation-of-organic-pollutant) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024120203]
Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) oxidation is a promising technology for organic pollutant removal in water due to its low cost and broad pH applicability. However, its moderate oxidation capacity results in slow degradation rates for refractory organic compounds. Carbon materials (CMs), known for their accessibility, stability, and environmental compatibility, have shown great potential in enhancing KMnO4 oxidation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements on the enhancement of KMnO4 oxidation of organic pollutants by CMs. The performance and suitability of various CMs in improving KMnO4 oxidation were systematically compared. Additionally, two key mechanisms driving the degradation of organic pollutants in the KMnO4/CMs system were elucidated, along with a discussion on the recycling and regeneration of CMs. Finally, future research directions and development trends for this technology were outlined, aiming to offer insights to advance the practical application of KMnO4/CMs system in water treatment.

### 466. [Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Water-Soluble Ions in PM2.5 in Taiyuan during Autumn and Winter 2023](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/characteristics-and-source-apportionment-of-water-soluble-ions-in-pm25-in-taiyuan-during-autumn-and-winter-202) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025062404]
To investigate the pollution characteristics and temporal variations of water-soluble ions in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during autumn and winter in Taiyuan City, continuous sampling and analysis were conducted using a Swiss Metrohm ion chromatograph in autumn and winter 2023. The results show that the daily mean concentration of nine water-soluble ions was 26.04 μg m−3, accounting for 52.1% of the average PM2.5 mass concentration. Ion concentrations ranked in descending order: NO3−, NH4+, SO42−, Cl−, K+, Na+, Ca2+, F−, and Mg2+. Secondary inorganic ions (SNA) constituted 87.6% of total water-soluble ions. The mass ratio of NO3− to SO42− reached 1.83, indicating a shift from sulfate-dominated to nitrate-dominated aerosol chemistry. During pollution episodes, water-soluble ion concentrations increased exponentially, with distinct ion-specific trends: on moderately polluted days, SO42− increased to 5.31 times that on clean days, whereas on heavily polluted days, NO3− increased to 5.37 times, highlighting nitrate as a primary driver of severe pollution. Comparison with historical data reveals a recent increase in the proportion of water-soluble ions in PM2.5, with higher proportions during more polluted periods. Analysis of NH4+ forms and PM2.5 acidity suggests that acidic components contribute more under heavier pollution. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified four major sources: secondary sources, combustion and motor vehicles, industrial sources, and dust. The secondary source contributions were 45.4%, 64.7%, and 63.4% on clean, lightly polluted, and moderate-to-heavy polluted days, respectively, indicating a significantly higher secondary contribution on polluted days.

### 467. [Excitation of Triplet State Dissolved Organic Matter Sensitizes Formic Acid to Generate CO2•− and Its Reductive Degradation of Metronidazole](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/excitation-of-triplet-state-dissolved-organic-matter-sensitizes-formic-acid-to-generate-co2-and-its-reductive) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024120701]
Surface waters contain numerous photoactive substances and low molecular weight carboxylic acids (LCAs). Hydroxyl radicals (HO•) can react with LCAs to generate the highly reducing carbon dioxide anion radical (CO2•−). Excited triplet state dissolved organic matter (3DOM*), a common oxidant in surface waters, may also oxidize LCAs to CO2•−, but this pathway remains unexplored. This study simulated sunlight-driven generation of CO2•− via 3DOM* using 4-benzoylbenzoic acid (CBBP) as a 3DOM* precursor and formate (HCOO−) as a model LCA. Metronidazole (MNZ) served as the target pollutant. Comparative degradation experiments in hν, hν/HCOO−, hν/CBBP, and hν/CBBP/HCOO− systems, combined with electron spin resonance spectroscopy and quenching tests, confirmed that CO2•− generated in the hν/CBBP/HCOO− system was the primary reactive species responsible for enhanced MNZ degradation, originating mainly from 3CBBP* oxidizing HCOO−. Under optimized conditions (8 mmol·L−1 HCOO−, 200 μmol·L−1 CBBP, 10 μmol·L−1 MNZ), 98.2% degradation was achieved within 30 min. Degradation efficiency increased with HCOO− concentration and was pH-independent. Cl−, NO3−, CO3^2−, and low concentrations of HCO3− inhibited degradation, while high HCO3− slightly promoted it. Humic acid (HA) inhibited degradation in a concentration-dependent manner. The system also performed well in real water matrices, suggesting potential for treating micropollutants via reductive pathways.

### 468. [Research Progress in Metal Stable Isotope Fractionation in Coal-Fired Boilers](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-in-metal-stable-isotope-fractionation-in-coal-fired-boilers) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112103]
Coal-fired boilers are significant anthropogenic sources of metal emissions, contributing over half of certain toxic heavy metal releases. Metal stable isotopes have been widely applied to trace metal pollutants from coal-fired power plants and other sources. However, complex physicochemical processes within boilers induce isotopic fractionation between raw coal and combustion products, complicating source tracing. This review outlines the structure and operational principles of coal-fired boiler systems, focusing on recent advancements in understanding the isotopic fractionation behavior of mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) during coal combustion and flue gas emission. These elements exhibit distinct fractionation patterns due to volatility and condensation dynamics. For instance, Hg, being highly volatile, undergoes significant mass-dependent and mass-independent fractionation, while semi-volatile elements like Cd and Zn show enrichment in fine fly ash. The review emphasizes the necessity of characterizing boiler-specific fractionation factors to improve the accuracy of isotopic tracing. It synthesizes field measurements and laboratory studies, highlighting that fractionation magnitudes can exceed analytical uncertainties by tens of times. The paper also discusses the influence of air pollution control devices (APCDs) such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and electrostatic precipitators (ESP) on isotope signatures. Ultimately, this work provides a framework for using metal isotopes as robust tracers in environmental forensics, underscoring the need for comprehensive understanding of boiler processes to interpret isotopic data correctly.

### 469. [Emission Inventory and Scenario Prediction of Non-Road Mobile Sources in Hebei Province](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/emission-inventory-and-scenario-prediction-of-non-road-mobile-sources-in-hebei-province) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112102]
Based on the 2022 activity data of non-road mobile sources in Hebei Province, this study employed the emission factor method recommended by the Guidelines to estimate emissions of CO, HC, NOx, PM2.5, PM10, and SO2. A comprehensive emission inventory was established, followed by spatial and uncertainty analyses. Scenario analysis, aligned with the 14th Five-Year Plan policies, was used to project emissions for 2030. The results indicate that non-road mobile sources in Hebei emitted 76.1×10^3 t of CO, 20.6×10^3 t of HC, 164.0×10^3 t of NOx, 8.5×10^3 t of PM2.5, 9.0×10^3 t of PM10, and 2.4×10^3 t of SO2. Agricultural machinery was the dominant contributor to CO, HC, PM2.5, and PM10, accounting for over 60.0% of CO emissions. Railway locomotives were the primary source of NOx, contributing 50.9%. For SO2, agricultural machinery and railway locomotives contributed 39.0% and 44.4%, respectively. The highest emitting cities were Tangshan (21.3%), Shijiazhuang (15.7%), Cangzhou (11.6%), and Handan (11.6%). Ship emissions were concentrated in Tangshan Port; civil aviation emissions were mainly in Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, Qinhuangdao, and Handan; railway emissions were distributed in Shijiazhuang, Baoding, and Handan. Under the updated emission standard scenario, NOx and PM10 emissions in 2030 could be reduced by approximately 35.0%. The phase-out of old machinery yielded the largest reduction in CO (36.0%), while both electrification and phase-out scenarios significantly impacted HC emissions.

### 470. [Effect of Water Vapor and Nitrogen Oxides on Electricity Pulse-Sparked Catalysis for Soot Combustion](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-water-vapor-and-nitrogen-oxides-on-electricity-pulse-sparked-catalysis-for-soot-combustion) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024102403]
The rapid combustion of soot at low temperatures is critical for diesel engine cold-start emission control. This study investigates the effects of water vapor (H2O) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) on electricity-pulse-sparked catalysis (EPSC) for soot combustion over a ceramic filter paper-based potassium-supported antimony-doped tin oxide (K/ATO/CP) monolithic catalyst. Under EPSC with 2000 J pulses, the presence of H2O and NOx adversely affected soot combustion performance, yet average reaction rates remained high at 12.0 μmol·gcat−1·s−1 and 9.53 μmol·gcat−1·s−1, respectively, exceeding conventional thermal catalysis (<8 μmol·gcat−1·s−1). In situ Raman and concentration profiles revealed that electricity pulses promote rapid H2O desorption, effectively alleviating H2O poisoning and restoring catalyst activity. In contrast, NOx adsorption forms stable nitrates (e.g., KNO3) that desorb slower than the soot combustion process, leading to incomplete recovery of activity. These findings highlight the importance of adsorbate desorption kinetics in EPSC and suggest that using weakly basic alkaline-earth metals (e.g., Mg, Ca, Sr) with lower nitrate decomposition temperatures could mitigate NOx poisoning. The results provide guidance for advancing EPSC technology in hybrid vehicle exhaust aftertreatment systems.

### 471. [Effect of Fullerene C60 on Sulfate Formation during Gas-Phase Oxidation of SO2 by H2O2](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-fullerene-c60-on-sulfate-formation-during-gas-phase-oxidation-of-so2-by-h2o2) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024122501]
Fullerene (C60) is an emerging atmospheric pollutant that may influence sulfate formation during haze events. This study investigated the effect of C60 on sulfate production in the gas-phase oxidation of SO2 by H2O2 using a flow tube reactor. Results demonstrated that the presence of C60 significantly increased sulfate yields. Control experiments varying C60 loading, H2O2 concentration, and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation revealed that higher C60 amounts, elevated H2O2 levels, and UV exposure enhanced the promoting effect. Mechanistic investigations via free radical trapping and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated a pre-adsorption-oxidation pathway. XPS analysis showed electron transfer on the C60 surface, converting adsorbed S(IV) to S(VI), confirming direct participation of C60 in sulfate formation. Radical trapping experiments and model calculations confirmed that C60 promotes the generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide radicals (·O2−), which are key oxidants driving SO2 conversion to sulfate. The study reveals that C60 particles markedly enhance atmospheric sulfate formation, offering a novel pathway for understanding sulfate generation mechanisms. These findings have implications for air quality modeling and haze mitigation strategies, as C60 may act as a catalytic surface for sulfate production in polluted atmospheres.

### 472. [Induced Exposure Strategy to Achieve Synergistic Catalytic Elimination of CH3SH and CO2 by Al2O3](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/induced-exposure-strategy-to-achieve-synergistic-catalytic-elimination-of-ch3sh-and-co2-by-al2o3) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024112106]
Selective synergistic catalytic elimination (SSCE) of CH3SH and CO2 represents a significant approach towards achieving green chemistry objectives. In this study, a series of Al2O3 catalysts with different surface hydroxyl coordination states were designed and fabricated through a simple water bath strategy. The performance of the corresponding catalysts for selective synergistic catalytic elimination of CH3SH and CO2 was systematically evaluated. The catalysts were comprehensively characterized by BET, XRD, XPS, NMR and CO-DRIFTS techniques. The experimental results revealed that the synthesized samples exhibited uniform specific surface areas (150 m2·g−1) and pore sizes (12 nm), while demonstrating varying hydroxyl coordination states, which significantly affects the surface acidity of W-Al2O3 catalyst. Notably, W80-Al2O3, synthesized at 80 °C via water bath heating, displayed the highest proportion of μ1-type hydroxyl coordination. This unique structural feature endowed the catalyst with enhanced Brønsted acidity and superior CO adsorption capacity compared to other catalysts, which significantly promotes the further hydrogenation of CO to CH4 in the SSCE process. As a result, the SSCE performance of W80-Al2O3 was significantly improved, achieving complete conversion of CH3SH (100%) and a CH4 product concentration of 1326 μmol·g−1, which is significantly higher than that of Al2O3 (56 μmol·g−1) and W-Al2O3 (54 μmol·g−1). This work provides a new strategy for the synergistic reduction of typical sulfur-containing odorous pollutants and carbon dioxide.

### 473. [Covalent Modification of MIL-101 for Enhanced Tetracycline Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/covalent-modification-of-mil-101-for-enhanced-tetracycline-adsorption-from-aqueous-solutions) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025112601]
The pervasive presence of tetracycline (TC) in aquatic environments poses significant ecological and public health risks. This study reports the synthesis of MIL-101-Bim, a covalently modified metal-organic framework (MOF), via a pre-modification strategy that introduces formyl groups into the MIL-101(Cr) framework (MIL-101-CHO), followed by Schiff base condensation and NaBH4 reduction to graft benzimidazole moieties. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed retention of the parent MIL-101(Cr) topology. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy verified successful functionalization. 1H NMR analysis of digested MIL-101-Bim revealed a benzimidazole modification degree of 41%, with 32% of formyl groups reduced to hydroxymethyl and 27% remaining unreacted. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated good thermal stability. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements showed a specific surface area of 1361 m2·g−1 and pore sizes ranging from 1 to 2.3 nm. Adsorption kinetics for TC on both materials followed a pseudo-second-order model, and isotherm data fitted the Langmuir model. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of MIL-101-Bim for TC was 86.31 mg·g−1, significantly higher than that of MIL-101-CHO (39.56 mg·g−1). Zeta potential measurements indicated optimal adsorption performance at pH 5–8. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided evidence of hydrogen bond formation during adsorption. The adsorption mechanism involves both physical adsorption (pore filling, electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking) and chemical adsorption (weak hydrogen bonding). Regeneration studies showed that MIL-101-Bim retained an adsorption capacity of 46.93 mg·g−1 after five cycles, demonstrating promising reusability.

### 474. [Bismuth Upconversion Luminescent Glass for Fluoride Removal and Photocatalytic Performance of the Fluoride Removal Products](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bismuth-upconversion-luminescent-glass-for-fluoride-removal-and-photocatalytic-performance-of-the-fluoride-rem) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024102303]
Fluoride-containing wastewater treatment typically relies on calcium-based precipitation and flocculation, which suffer from low compliance rates and difficult valorization of fluoride-laden sludge. This study introduces a novel bismuth upconversion luminescent glass (BULG) synthesized from Bi2O3, SiO2, Yb2O3, and Er2O3, designed for efficient fluoride removal and subsequent photocatalytic application. By varying the Bi2O3:SiO2 molar ratio, a series of BULGs with superior upconversion luminescence were obtained. Under optimal conditions (Bi3+:F− molar ratio = 1:1, pH = 2), fluoride removal efficiencies exceeded 97% for all compositions, with the 0.7:0.3 Bi2O3:SiO2 formulation achieving 99.9% removal and rapid settling of the precipitate. The fluoride removal products retained upconversion luminescence and exhibited semiconductor heterojunctions, enabling complete photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin (100% within 60 min). This approach not only efficiently removes fluoride ions but also valorizes the waste into a functional photocatalyst, offering a promising strategy for fluoride-containing wastewater treatment.

### 475. [Synergistic Regulation by Long- and Short-Chain Quorum Sensing Signaling Molecules Enhances Sulfamethoxazole Metabolism in Electroactive Biofilms within a Microbial Electrolysis Cell Coupled Anaerobic Digestion System](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-regulation-by-long-and-short-chain-quorum-sensing-signaling-molecules-enhances-sulfamethoxazole-me) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604006]
High-strength sulfamethoxazole (SMX) wastewater severely inhibits anaerobic microorganisms, reducing organic degradation and methane yield. This study investigated the effects of short-chain (C6-HSL) and long-chain (C12-HSL) N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) signaling molecules, individually and in combination, on the construction, performance, and antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles of anaerobic electroactive biofilms within a microbial electrolysis cell coupled anaerobic digestion (MEC-AD) system. Compared to the control (no AHLs), SMX removal efficiency increased by 9.26%, 7.44%, and 10.67% for C6-HSL (T1), C12-HSL (T2), and combined (T3) treatments, respectively. Methane production rates rose by 20.4%, 16.9%, and 23.1% for T1, T2, and T3, respectively. AHLs promoted extracellular polymeric substance secretion, enhancing electroactive microbe attachment to the anode. Microbial community analysis revealed increased diversity and modulated key functional genera. Notably, Georgenia abundance increased by 16.77% (T1) and 36.47% (T3) but decreased by 15.99% (T2). ARG analysis showed that single AHLs elevated intI1, sul1, and sul2 abundances, whereas combined AHLs (T3) exhibited a milder response, with sul2 abundance reduced by 4.92% relative to control. This suggests synergistic AHLs suppress ARG host proliferation. This study first demonstrates that combined short- and long-chain AHLs enhance electroactive biofilm formation, maintain microbial community stability, and modulate ARG dissemination risk, offering a quorum sensing-based strategy for antibiotic wastewater treatment and risk management.

### 476. [Preparation of Solid-Phase Carbon Sources with Different Ratios and Their Carbon Release Properties](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/preparation-of-solid-phase-carbon-sources-with-different-ratios-and-their-carbon-release-properties) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604007]
Low C/N ratios in wastewater treatment plant effluent necessitate external carbon sources for denitrification, but conventional liquid carbon sources are costly and unstable. This study prepared nine composite solid-phase carbon sources by combining PHBV with natural cellulose materials (straw, sawdust, corncob) at different mass ratios. Dynamic release experiments, DOC analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and EEM fluorescence were employed to characterize carbon release. Results showed that increasing cellulose proportion in corncob-based sources led to release patterns opposite to those of straw- and sawdust-based sources. For straw and sawdust, higher cellulose ratios accelerated release rates, increased total release and duration, reduced aromaticity and molecular weight of released DOM, and promoted protein-like components (tryptophan, tyrosine), indicating enhanced bioavailability. Under identical ratios, corncob-based sources exhibited moderate total release, release durations exceeding 134 h, lower DOM aromaticity and molecular weight, and lower humic substance proportion, indicating superior bioavailability and engineering potential. Among the nine sources, JG5, MX5, and CC4 (PHBV:cellulose mass ratios of 4:5, 4:5, and 1:1, respectively) showed optimal comprehensive performance with low theoretical maximum release, long release periods, and high mass transfer coefficients. EEM-PARAFAC identified three DOM components (protein-like C1, C2; humic-like C3), with protein-like components dominating. This study validates the relationship between cellulose proportion and release kinetics and reveals synergistic regulation of DOM components, offering guidance for designing effective solid-phase carbon sources.

### 477. [Enhancement of Anaerobic Digestion Operational Efficiency for Guar Gum Production Wastewater Using a Microaerobic-Biochar Coupled System](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/enhancement-of-anaerobic-digestion-operational-efficiency-for-guar-gum-production-wastewater-using-a-microaero) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604010]
Guar gum production wastewater contains 1,2-propanediol, which in conventional anaerobic treatment causes propionate accumulation and microbial inhibition. Microaerobic conditions foster fermentative bacterial metabolism, enhancing organic substrate conversion, while biochar promotes anaerobic microbial aggregation and oxygen tolerance. This study treated actual guar gum wastewater using three configurations: blank control, anaerobic, and microaerobic-biochar (O2/BC) coupled systems. Under mesophilic conditions (37 °C), with micro-aeration at 0.2 mL/(g VS·d) and biochar dosage of 15 g/L, the O2/BC system achieved a COD removal efficiency of 90%, 10.6 percentage points higher than the anaerobic control. Effluent COD and propionate concentrations dropped to 3800 mg/L and 0.15 g/L, respectively, representing reductions of 49.6% and 98.4% versus the control. Biogas production was 1.64 times that of the control, with a maximum methane concentration of 77.2%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) indicated increased abundance of –OH, –CH2–, and C–O functional groups on sludge surfaces, revealing biochar's adsorption enhancement. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed dense microbial aggregates dominated by long bacilli, distinct from conventional anaerobic sludge. Microbial community analysis revealed increased abundance of Clostridium and Comamonas, modulating the propionate-to-acetate ratio and optimizing acidification efficiency, thereby promoting complex organic degradation. This study provides a novel technical pathway for biological treatment of alcohol-rich organic wastewater.

### 478. [Simultaneous Determination of Eleven Organic Ultraviolet Absorbents in Coral by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/simultaneous-determination-of-eleven-organic-ultraviolet-absorbents-in-coral-by-ultra-high-performance-liquid) [DOI: 10.0000/202604-1]
An analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 11 organic ultraviolet absorbents (OUVs) in coral tissues using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Target analytes included benzophenones (BP, BP-2, BP-3, BP-8) and other common UV filters. Sample pretreatment and chromatographic conditions were systematically optimized. Coral tissue samples were extracted by combined vortexing and ultrasonication, separated on a CAPCELL PAK MG C18 column using a mobile phase of methanol-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution under gradient elution, and determined by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with internal standard quantification. Method validation demonstrated good linearity for all target compounds over the range of 0.1–500 μg·L−1 (R2 > 0.990), with method detection limits ranging from 0.020 to 0.133 ng·g−1. The mean recoveries at low, medium, and high spiking levels ranged from 60.5% to 120.3%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.6%–10.7%. The method offers advantages of simple pretreatment, good repeatability, and high accuracy, making it suitable for high-throughput determination of OUVs in complex biological matrices such as corals. The method was applied to analyze 89 coral samples collected from Xidao Island, Sanya, and five target OUVs were detected in the samples. This method provides reliable technical support for elucidating the accumulation characteristics of OUVs in corals and assessing their potential ecological risks.

### 479. [Occurrence Characteristics, Source Apportionment, and Ecological Risk Assessment of Pesticides in Plateau Lakes: A Case Study of Dianchi Lake](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/occurrence-characteristics-source-apportionment-and-ecological-risk-assessment-of-pesticides-in-plateau-lakes) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604001]
This study systematically investigated the occurrence, spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risks of 160 pesticides in Dianchi Lake, a typical plateau lake impacted by agricultural activities. A total of 37 pesticides were detected in the water, with total concentrations ranging from 64.2 to 1132.8 ng/L (average 610.0 ng/L). Fungicides, including boscalid (BOS), fluopicolide (FPC), and dimethomorph (DMM), were dominant, contributing up to 65.0% of the total concentration. Spatially, the southern lake region exhibited significantly higher concentrations (672.5 ng/L) than the north, attributed to intensive facility agriculture. Highly hydrophobic pesticides, such as penconazole (PEN), showed a tendency to enrich in bottom layers. Source apportionment identified inflowing rivers and wastewater treatment plant effluents as primary input sources, with average concentrations 7 and 9 times higher than lake water, respectively. Ecological risk assessment revealed that pesticides posed the highest risk to algae, followed by daphnia and fish. Prometryn (PMT) was identified as a high-risk factor for algae, while profenofos (PFF) and carbendazim (CBD) posed potential threats to higher trophic levels. These findings provide fundamental data and technical support for understanding pesticide pollution in plateau lake ecosystems.

### 480. [Microbiome Mechanisms of Composite Carbon Sources for Enhancing Denitrification and Reducing N2O Emissions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/microbiome-mechanisms-of-composite-carbon-sources-for-enhancing-denitrification-and-reducing-n2o-emissions) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604009]
Biological nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is often limited by insufficient influent carbon sources, necessitating external carbon addition to enhance denitrification. Conventional single carbon sources, such as sodium acetate, frequently fail to meet the metabolic demands of complex microbial communities, compromising nitrogen removal efficiency and stability. Composite carbon sources, by providing multiple electron donors, can improve metabolic cooperation among microorganisms, yet their underlying microbial mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. In this study, activated sludge from a municipal WWTP was used to investigate the microbial mechanisms of composite carbon sources during denitrification. Batch denitrification experiments were conducted in combination with metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses to systematically characterize microbial community structure and functional gene expression under different carbon source conditions. Results showed that, compared with sodium acetate as the single carbon source, the composite carbon source system (sodium acetate: sodium succinate: ethanol = 2:1:3) increased the denitrification rate from (6.822 ± 0.141) mg/(L·h) to (8.370 ± 0.186) mg/(L·h), representing a 22.7% improvement, while reducing N2O accumulation by approximately 55%. Metagenomic analysis revealed that Ottowia, Rubrivivax, Thauera, and Zoogloea were the dominant denitrifying genera. Metatranscriptomic results further demonstrated that the composite carbon sources significantly upregulated the transcription of key denitrification genes, with nirS, norB, and nosZ increasing by 37.8%, 27.4%, and 48.6%, respectively. In addition, the composite carbon sources promoted complementary carbon metabolic strategies among different microbial communities, enhancing electron donor supply and improving denitrification efficiency. These findings indicate that composite carbon sources synergistically enhance denitrification performance through regulation of functional gene transcription in complex microbial communities, providing a theoretical basis for carbon source optimization in WWTPs.

### 481. [Key Environmental Behaviors and Pollution Control Strategies of Tire Wear Particles in Aquatic Environments](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/key-environmental-behaviors-and-pollution-control-strategies-of-tire-wear-particles-in-aquatic-environments) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604004]
Tire wear particles (TWPs) are emerging pollutants and constitute the dominant type of microplastics (MPs) in urban stormwater runoff, accounting for up to 90% of MPs in some cases. They are characterized by small size, high mobility, complex composition, and significant toxicity. Current research on TWPs remains fragmented, lacking a comprehensive understanding of their environmental behaviors and pollution control in aquatic systems. This review systematically analyzes the enrichment and vectoring roles of TWPs for coexisting pollutants, and their environmental fate, including ecotoxicological impacts, detection methodologies, release of intrinsic additives, and aggregation and sedimentation behaviors. Drawing on insights from other microplastic studies, the paper explores control technologies across the pollution pathway—source, transport, and terminal treatment—and proposes feasible management strategies. Key findings indicate that TWPs can adsorb heavy metals and organic contaminants, with adsorption capacities influenced by aging processes. Their aggregation is governed by solution chemistry, with critical coagulation concentrations varying with ionic strength and pH. The release of additives such as zinc and benzothiazoles is significant, posing ecological risks. Future research should focus on real-water aggregation mechanisms, additive release under natural conditions, long-term performance of treatment facilities like constructed wetlands under TWPs stress, enzymatic degradation pathways, and integration of AI, big data, and IoT for cost-effective detection and risk modeling. This review provides a scientific basis for developing targeted pollution control measures for TWPs in aquatic environments.

### 482. [Spatial Heterogeneity of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Fouling During Long-Term Reclaimed Water Treatment: A 3.5-Year Field Study](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/spatial-heterogeneity-of-reverse-osmosis-membrane-fouling-during-long-term-reclaimed-water-treatment-a-35-year) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604011]
Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling remains a critical bottleneck in reclaimed water production, yet its spatial heterogeneity over extended operation is poorly understood. This study investigated fouling characteristics and microbial community dynamics on RO membranes after 3.5 years of operation in a full-scale microfiltration-reverse osmosis (MF-RO) system treating reclaimed water. Long-term monitoring showed stable effluent quality (turbidity <0.1 NTU, conductivity <400 μS/cm), but RO inlet pressure exhibited seasonal fluctuations of 15%–22% between summer and winter, attributed to water viscosity changes. Membrane autopsies revealed distinct fouling layers at the inlet (RO1) and outlet (RO2) ends. RO1 featured a dense bio-inorganic composite fouling layer with CaSO4 crystals and rod-shaped microbial aggregates (5–10 μm), dominated by Proteobacteria (77.11%), particularly Alphaproteobacteria (71.49%) and Xanthobacteraceae (35.29%), which secreted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to form biofilms. In contrast, RO2, exposed to higher salinity, showed reduced microbial abundance (Proteobacteria decreased to 64.79%) and a shift toward halotolerant taxa, including Microbacteriaceae (23.73%) and Actinobacteriota (24.76%), with EPS secretion increased by 42%. Alphaproteobacteria relative abundance dropped by 19.3%, while Gammaproteobacteria rose to 12.54%. These findings elucidate salinity-driven microbial succession and spatial heterogeneity of fouling, providing a basis for targeted antifouling strategies and 'zonal-graded' cleaning protocols in reclaimed water plants.

### 483. [Non-targeted Analysis of Emerging Contaminant Characteristics and Distribution Differences in Wastewater from a Metro Maintenance Depot](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/non-targeted-analysis-of-emerging-contaminant-characteristics-and-distribution-differences-in-wastewater-from) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604003]
Emerging contaminants (ECs) in wastewater from urban transportation infrastructure remain poorly characterized. This study employed high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based non-target screening to systematically identify the composition and spatial distribution of ECs in wastewater from three functional zones of a metro maintenance depot: storeroom (S1), office/residential area (S2), and final discharge outlet (S3). A total of 417 contaminants were detected, spanning eight categories including industrial materials, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and natural products. Among these, 48 substances were identified with Level 1 confidence via spectral matching. Pesticides exhibited the highest detection frequency and concentration levels, representing the primary contaminant load. Semi-quantitative concentration heatmaps of 24 pesticides revealed significant spatial variation: S2 showed the highest number and concentration of contaminants, reflecting inputs from landscaping and vector control; S1 and S3 showed lower levels, indicating dilution, migration, and attenuation. Representative pesticide bifenox displayed a clear concentration gradient (S2 > S1 > S3), suggesting transport mechanisms such as surface runoff, hydraulic transfer, and sorption. These findings underscore the complexity and diversity of EC sources in metro depot wastewater, highlight the need to prioritize pesticides in regulatory management, and provide fundamental data for understanding EC environmental behavior and informing water environment risk assessment.

### 484. [Effects of Exogenous Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Exposure on Wheat Seedling Growth and Its Root Endophytes and Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-of-exogenous-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-exposure-on-wheat-seedling-growth-and-its-root-endophytes-a) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604005]
To elucidate the effects of exogenous antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) exposure on wheat growth and associated bacterial community assembly, the inhibitory impacts of exogenous ARB on wheat seedling root and shoot length, shifts in root endophytic and rhizosphere bacterial communities, and the horizontal transfer of exogenous antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to indigenous endophytic bacteria were investigated using plate culture counting and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that exogenous ARB exposure significantly suppressed wheat seedling root and shoot growth, with inhibition rates increasing in an ARB concentration-dependent manner. At an exogenous ARB concentration of 108 CFU/mL, the inhibition rates of seedling root and shoot length reached 68.83% and 36.87%, respectively. During the period of ARB exposure, the relative abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_5 in root endophytic bacteria increased rapidly, becoming the most dominant genus (45.02%) by the end of the exposure period. In contrast, Betaproteobacteriales remained the dominant order in the rhizosphere bacterial community throughout the experiment, with its relative abundance increasing continuously over time. The proportion of ARB-carrying endophytic bacteria initially decreased and then increased during exposure, showing a significant positive correlation with the relative abundances of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_5, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Bacillus, and Paenibacillus (P<0.05). In summary, exogenous ARB exposure significantly inhibits wheat seedling growth and alters the community structure of both root endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria. Sustained ARB exposure leads to the transfer of exogenous ARGs to root endophytes, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto species may act as potential hosts for ARGs in wheat seedling roots.

### 485. [Determination of 22 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Water by Solid-Phase Extraction with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/determination-of-22-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-in-surface-water-by-solid-phase-extraction-with-ultra-h) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604002]
A robust analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 22 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface water using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). To address the loss of particle-bound PFAS, the method incorporates a methanol extraction step for particulate matter retained on filters, followed by combining the extract with the filtrate. Samples were then concentrated and purified using weak anion exchange (WAX) solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. After nitrogen evaporation, the residue was reconstituted in methanol/water (8:2, v/v) and filtered prior to analysis. Quantification was performed using isotope dilution. The method exhibited excellent linearity (R² > 0.995) over a concentration range of 1–250 µg/L. Method detection limits ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 ng/L, and method quantification limits from 0.8 to 2.4 ng/L. Recoveries in blank water and surface water matrices were 85.3%–139% and 76.4%–127%, respectively, with relative standard deviations (RSD, n=6) below 15%. Compared to conventional methods without particulate extraction, this approach significantly improved recovery rates in surface water, effectively eliminating negative bias caused by particle adsorption. The method is sensitive, accurate, and reliable, making it suitable for routine monitoring of PFAS in surface water.

### 486. [A Pilot-Scale Study on Iron-Driven Autotrophic Denitrification Enhanced by CF-Fe-CS Cathode for Low C/N Wastewater Treatment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-pilot-scale-study-on-iron-driven-autotrophic-denitrification-enhanced-by-cf-fe-cs-cathode-for-low-cn-wastewa) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604008]
Municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent in China typically exhibits a low carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, necessitating substantial external carbon addition for conventional heterotrophic denitrification, which incurs high costs and secondary pollution risks. Nitrate-dependent ferrous oxidation (NDFO) offers a promising alternative, yet suffers from unsustainable iron sources and surface passivation. This study constructed a pilot-scale electrochemical-biological coupled system (CF-Fe-CS/NAFO) with an effective volume of 200 L and a treatment capacity of 100 L/d, incorporating a composite cathode (5% apparent filling rate of carbon felt-iron-chitosan, CF-Fe-CS). A constant potential of -1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) was applied to the cathode to achieve in-situ electrochemical reduction of Fe(III). During stable operation from day 16 to 60 with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 48 h and synthetic influent containing 15 mg/L NO3-N, effluent NO3-N remained below 6.5 mg/L, achieving total nitrogen (TN) removal of 50-60%, whereas the control reactor (no applied potential) exhibited effluent NO3-N above 12 mg/L and TN removal below 20%. From day 61 to 74, treating real secondary sedimentation tank effluent (influent NO3-N: 15.29 mg/L), the system reduced effluent NO3-N to 6.06 mg/L, maintaining TN removal above 50%. From day 74 to 98, as HRT was sequentially reduced from 48 h to 24, 12, 6, and 3 h, effluent NO3-N increased to 9.5, 11.9, 13.6, and 14.6 mg/L, with TN removal efficiencies of 32.6%, 19.9%, 10.9%, and 5.8%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the CF-Fe-CS/NAFO system achieves long-term, stable, advanced nitrogen removal from WWTP secondary effluent without external organic carbon.

### 487. [Design and Operational Performance of a Modified Bardenpho Process in a Wastewater Treatment Plant](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/design-and-operational-performance-of-a-modified-bardenpho-process-in-a-wastewater-treatment-plant) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604012]
A newly constructed wastewater treatment plant with a design capacity of 100,000 m3/d receives influent containing approximately 15% industrial wastewater, resulting in water quality and quantity fluctuation coefficients of 1.2–1.5, refractory organic matter (as COD) exceeding 35% of total COD, and a total nitrogen (TN) concentration up to 55 mg/L. To ensure stable effluent compliance and enhance shock resistance, a modified Bardenpho process was implemented, integrating multi-point influent distribution, post-anoxic and post-aerobic zones, and supplemented with an equalization basin, high-efficiency sedimentation tank, and denitrifying deep-bed filter. During commissioning and operation, the process achieved average removal efficiencies of 96.10% for COD, 98.24% for NH3-N, 83.89% for TN, and 98.29% for TP. Effluent concentrations stabilized at 15.4 mg/L COD, 0.57 mg/L NH3-N, 7.94 mg/L TN, and 0.12 mg/L TP, consistently meeting the Class 1A standard of GB 18918—2002. The modified Bardenpho process demonstrates strong adaptability and stability for treating wastewater with high nitrogen and refractory organic loads, improving carbon source utilization and reducing energy consumption. Design parameters and operational experience provide valuable references for similar municipal plants, particularly those receiving significant industrial wastewater fractions.

### 488. [Enhanced Treatment of Reclaimed Water Using Functional Manganese-Sand Media in Constructed Wetlands](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/enhanced-treatment-of-reclaimed-water-using-functional-manganese-sand-media-in-constructed-wetlands) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604013]
Reclaimed water serves as an alternative water source for replenishing natural water bodies, yet residual pollutants pose ecological risks. A pilot-scale hybrid vertical flow constructed wetland filled with manganese ore sand, quartz sand, and cobblestones was operated for approximately 140 days to assess nutrient and organic matter removal, ecotoxicity, and the suitability of manganese sand as a functional medium. Influent concentrations were up to 0.4 mg/L ammonia, 0.2 mg/L phosphate, 8 mg/L nitrate, and 30 mg/L COD. After 2–3 months of operation, ammonia and phosphate removal efficiencies exceeded 90% and 80%, respectively. Average reductions for nitrate and COD were 0.67 mg/L and 4.2 mg/L. Manganese sand enhanced organic decomposition, reducing maximum 3D fluorescence intensity by 26%, humic substances by 48%, UV254 by 38%, and achieving 70.8% removal of four target antibiotics. Purified water exhibited no significant genotoxicity, with micronucleus rates approaching tap water levels, and non-concentrated samples showed no acute biotoxicity. However, concentrated samples displayed acute toxicity, suggesting different causative pollutants for genotoxicity and acute toxicity. The study supports manganese sand as an effective medium for improving reclaimed water quality and controlling ecological risks.

### 489. [CFD-Based Investigation of Ice Slurry Pigging and Optimization of Cleaning Parameters](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cfd-based-investigation-of-ice-slurry-pigging-and-optimization-of-cleaning-parameters) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604014]
Ice slurry pigging is an emerging technology for cleaning water supply pipelines, yet quantitative understanding of its cleaning mechanisms and optimal operating conditions remains limited. This study developed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model integrating the kinetic theory of granular flows (KTGF), the Euler-Euler method, and the shear stress transport (SST) model to simulate ice slurry flow and wall shear stress distribution. The model was validated against experimental data, showing a 6.4% error in particle concentration distribution, a 3.3% average error in solid-phase velocity in the mainstream region, and a pressure drop error within 20%. A total of 125 simulations were performed under varying initial concentrations (20%–60%), particle diameters (0.3–1.0 mm), and flow velocities (0.2–1.0 m/s). Results indicate that higher initial concentrations (60%) achieve effective cleaning of both upper and lower pipe walls, with an effective shear stress ratio of 77.39%. Larger particles exhibit pronounced upward movement, increasing non-uniformity in solid distribution. Flow velocity is the dominant factor affecting wall shear stress; at 1.0 m/s, the effective shear stress ratio reaches 83.16%. The optimal parameters for cumulative shear stress were identified as 50% initial concentration, 0.5 mm particle diameter, and 1.0 m/s flow velocity, yielding an average cumulative shear stress of 11.59 Pa·s. For effective cumulative shear stress, the same parameters produced 9.89 Pa·s, while the highest effective shear stress ratio (88.50%) was achieved with 0.3 mm particles at 1.0 m/s and 50% concentration. This research provides theoretical guidance for ice slurry pigging operations in water supply pipelines.

### 490. [Preparation of Microemulsion and Its In-Situ Oil Removal Performance on Oily Sludge from Shale Gas Drilling Platforms](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/preparation-of-microemulsion-and-its-in-situ-oil-removal-performance-on-oily-sludge-from-shale-gas-drilling-pl) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604015]
Shale gas extraction generates hazardous oily sludge, necessitating effective in-situ treatment. Microemulsion technology offers low energy consumption, cost efficiency, and high oil removal without heating. This study investigates single-surfactant microemulsions using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and alpha-olefin sulfonate (AOS), and composite microemulsions with sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). Phase behavior and effects of surfactant, alcohol, and salt concentrations on oil removal were examined. Optimal single formulations achieved removal rates of 86.33% for SDS (SDS:alcohol:NaCl = 2.72%:13.21%:2.17% mass ratio) and 87.45% for AOS (SDS:alcohol:NaCl = 2.72%:15.41%:2.17%). SDS microemulsions showed superior phase stability despite slightly lower removal efficiency. Composite SDS-Na2SiO3 microemulsion achieved 92.47% oil removal, outperforming single systems, and could be recycled five times while meeting national secondary reuse standards. AOS-Na2SiO3 exhibited better salt resistance, whereas SDS-Na2SiO3 showed better alcohol resistance. This work provides a novel approach for in-situ oily sludge treatment.

### 491. [CO Emission Factors of Typical Magnesia Production Processes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/co-emission-factors-of-typical-magnesia-production-processes) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604027]
Magnesia production processes generate carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, yet publicly available measured data on CO emission factors for these processes remain scarce, constraining the accuracy of emission accounting and mitigation assessment in the industry. To address this data gap, this study selected three representative magnesia-producing enterprises in Anshan, Liaoning Province, China, covering three typical technological routes: the two-stage calcination process (light burning-briquetting-shaft kiln dead burning), the suspension calcination-dead burning sintering process, and the electric arc furnace melting process. Under the condition that enterprises were not equipped with online CO monitoring modules, an estimation approach coupling manual measurements with conventional indicators from the Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) was developed. By establishing characteristic concentration ratios between CO and nitrogen oxides (NOx) or particulate matter (PM), and combining them with annual CEMS monitoring data, product-level CO emission factors were calculated. The results showed that the CO emission factors for the two-stage calcination process, the suspension calcination–dead burning sintering process, and the electric arc furnace melting process were 5.35, 5.18, and 1.40 kg/t, respectively, among which the emission level of the electric arc furnace melting process was significantly lower than that of sintering-based processes. This study provides enterprise-level measured CO parameters for the magnesia industry, filling the data gap in emission factors for typical technological routes. It also proposes an emission factor estimation method applicable under conditions where online CO monitoring data are unavailable, which can provide methodological support for pollutant emission accounting and emission inventory development in similar data-constrained industries.

### 492. [Synthesis of A- and H-type Zeolites from Fly Ash and Their Adsorption Mechanisms for SO2, CO2, and NO](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synthesis-of-a-and-h-type-zeolites-from-fly-ash-and-their-adsorption-mechanisms-for-so2-co2-and-no) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604023]
Fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion, poses severe environmental challenges. This study synthesizes A- and H-type zeolites from fly ash via hydrothermal treatment and evaluates their adsorption performance for low-concentration acidic gases (SO2, CO2, NO) at 1000 mg/m3. The zeolites exhibited pore sizes of 3–5 nm, with specific surface areas of 18.59 m2/g (A-type) and 22.32 m2/g (H-type). At 20 °C, A-type zeolite achieved maximum saturated adsorption capacities of 1.07 mmol/g for SO2, 0.26 mmol/g for CO2, and 0.048 mmol/g for NO; H-type zeolite showed higher capacities: 1.12, 0.29, and 0.053 mmol/g, respectively. In-situ DRIFTS revealed that T–O (T=Si/Al) groups serve as key active sites, with adsorption energies for A-type zeolite calculated as -5.11 kJ/mol (SO2), -4.07 kJ/mol (CO2), and -1.41 kJ/mol (NO). Kinetic analysis indicated conformity to the Arrhenius equation. The results demonstrate that fly ash-based zeolites are promising adsorbents for acidic gas removal, with H-type outperforming A-type due to larger surface area and more silanol sites. This work provides a theoretical basis for utilizing fly ash in gas purification, contributing to the circular economy.

### 493. [Synergistic Benefits of Pollution Reduction and Carbon Mitigation from Converting Food Waste into Carbon Sources for Wastewater Treatment Plants](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-benefits-of-pollution-reduction-and-carbon-mitigation-from-converting-food-waste-into-carbon-sourc) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604022]
The resource utilization of food waste contributes to reducing environmental pollution, driving nutrient cycling and biomass energy development, and promoting the resource recycling industry, achieving a win-win outcome for environment and economy. This study evaluated the resource recovery performance and environmental impacts of producing carbon sources for wastewater treatment through hydrolysis and acidification of food waste, comparing with two conventional alternatives: anaerobic fermentation and incineration. Results showed that among the three technologies, hydrolysis for carbon source production ranked middle in resource recycling efficiency, but its environmental benefits were superior to incineration and anaerobic fermentation. The hydrolysis process did not produce additional wastewater requiring treatment, and its greenhouse gas emissions and solid waste generation intensity were relatively low, at -40.7 kg CO2-eq/t and 9.3%, respectively. Carbon sources derived from food waste can replace commercial alternatives, reducing wastewater treatment costs and promoting synergies between pollution reduction and carbon mitigation. Sensitivity analysis revealed that water content in food waste significantly influences solid impurity generation and energy recovery efficiency of hydrolysis technology. In regions with high food waste generation and carbon source demand, hydrolysis technology is recommended to facilitate large-scale synergistic treatment of wastewater and food waste.

### 494. [Enhanced Sludge Dewatering Efficiency and Mechanism of MnFe2O4/BC-Activated PMS](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/enhanced-sludge-dewatering-efficiency-and-mechanism-of-mnfe2o4bc-activated-pms) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604024]
To enhance sludge dewatering efficiency, an MnFe2O4/BC/PMS system was constructed for sludge disintegration. Single-factor and multi-factor experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of MnFe2O4/BC (MFB) dosage, PMS dosage, and reaction time on sludge dewatering performance, establishing the optimal process parameters and the primary-secondary relationships among environmental factors. Active species identification in the MnFe2O4/BC/PMS system revealed the main free radicals responsible for sludge disintegration and the primary pathways of EPS breakdown. Results showed that the influence order of environmental factors on sludge moisture content (Wc) and total organic carbon (TOC) was MFB > PMS > reaction time, while the interaction effects followed MFB-PMS > PMS-reaction time > MFB-reaction time. Optimal dewatering occurred at MFB dosage of 132.99 mg/g DS, PMS dosage of 421.80 mg/g DS, and 18 min reaction time, achieving Wc of 45.8% and TOC of 489.2 mg/L. The ·OH and SO4−· radicals released from MnFe2O4/BC-activated PMS oxidized protein main chains, causing peptide chain breakage. This primarily reduced protein content in sludge from 174.6 mg/L to 75.7 mg/L, with TB-EPS protein content decreasing from 91.8 mg/L to 36.3 mg/L, thereby reducing EPS hydrophilicity and improving sludge dewatering efficiency.

### 495. [River Health Assessment and Control Countermeasures for the Lower Yellow River in Henan](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/river-health-assessment-and-control-countermeasures-for-the-lower-yellow-river-in-henan) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604016]
River and lake health assessment is an important technical means to evaluate the health status of rivers and lakes, scientifically analyze river and lake problems, and strengthen the implementation of the river and lake head system. Based on the Guidelines for River and Lake Health Assessment (Trial) and the characteristics and actual basin conditions of the lower Yellow River in Henan, this study determined the river health evaluation index system for this reach. Through collection of basic data and special investigations and monitoring, the health status in 2020 was evaluated from four criteria layers: 'basin', 'water', biology, and social service function. The overall score was 83.4, corresponding to a 'healthy' grade. The four criteria layer scores were 73.7, 95.0, 62.1, and 95.5, respectively. The evaluation identified main problems including low aquatic biodiversity, suboptimal shoreline conditions, and pressure on water supply security. Corresponding governance and protection measures were proposed, such as strengthening ecological protection, improving river regulation works, enhancing shoreline management, and upgrading water diversion facilities. The results provide scientific basis for river health management and the implementation of the river chief system in the lower Yellow River.

### 496. [Numerical Simulation Study of a Novel Pulse-Jet Cleaning Blowpipe for Cartridge Filters](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/numerical-simulation-study-of-a-novel-pulse-jet-cleaning-blowpipe-for-cartridge-filters) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604021]
A novel pulse-jet cleaning blowpipe was designed and numerically investigated to enhance the cleaning performance of cartridge filters. The blowpipe has an inner diameter of 40 mm and a total length of 660 mm, with 6 mm diameter orifices spaced at 110 mm intervals along its circumference. These orifices direct high-pressure gas jets directly onto the inner wall of the filter cartridge, achieving cleaning through combined impact force and static pressure. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed under a pulse pressure of 0.3 MPa. Pressure contour maps of longitudinal and cross-sections were analyzed at various time points and blowing distances. Total pressure, dynamic pressure, and static pressure peaks were monitored at four key locations: directly in front of orifices, between front orifices, at side orifices, and between side orifices. Results indicate that the system reaches a stable state at 60 ms, significantly shortening the cleaning cycle. The highest total pressure peak (3939.22 Pa) occurs directly in front of the orifices, while the lowest static pressure peak (-134.23 Pa) is observed at side orifices, where dynamic pressure reaches a maximum, contributing to cleaning effectiveness. The cleaning intensity is superior in the upper part of the filter cartridge compared to the lower part, and side orifices exhibit better uniformity than front orifices. Compared to conventional nozzles and built-in rotators, the novel blowpipe demonstrates improved cleaning performance and uniformity, though challenges remain for complete upper-section cleaning.

### 497. [Multi-Scenario Simulation of Water Yield Services in the Shule River Basin Based on Climate and Land Use Changes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multi-scenario-simulation-of-water-yield-services-in-the-shule-river-basin-based-on-climate-and-land-use-chang) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604017]
The Shule River Basin, a typical arid inland river basin, faces critical water scarcity that threatens ecological security and sustainable development. This study integrated the FLUS and InVEST models to simulate water yield in 2030 and 2050 under three climate scenarios (SSP119, SSP245, SSP585). Geographic detectors quantified the driving mechanisms of natural and human factors. Results showed: (1) Desert dominates land use (78.6% in 2020). Under SSP119, desert area decreases by 0.69% by 2050, while under SSP585 it expands by 5.7%, with grassland loss of 23.0%, indicating severe ecological degradation. (2) Water yield exhibits a south-high, north-low spatial pattern, with high values in glacier-covered and high-altitude areas. SSP119 yields the most significant increase (147.6×10^8 t by 2050), whereas SSP585 shows minimal increase (43.9×10^8 t) due to extreme climate. (3) Precipitation and DEM are core driving factors; the interaction between land use type and precipitation has the strongest influence, implying that artificial land use changes can significantly regulate water yield. This multi-scenario framework provides decision support for water resource management and ecological governance in arid inland river basins.

### 498. [Analysis of Exhaust Gas Dispersion Patterns and Design of High-Efficiency Gas Collection Systems in Semi-Steel Tire Vulcanization Production Lines](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/analysis-of-exhaust-gas-dispersion-patterns-and-design-of-high-efficiency-gas-collection-systems-in-semi-steel) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604018]
To address the issues of high air volume and unorganized emissions of waste gas in semi-steel vulcanization production lines, a combined approach of experimental testing and numerical simulation was employed to study the diffusion characteristics of VOCs-containing waste gas and the air volume of the collection system. The structure of the semi-enclosed hood was optimized, and pipe diameters were adjusted to achieve negative pressure balance, enabling efficient waste gas collection. Results showed that toluene concentration distributions from numerical simulation were largely consistent with experimental measurements, with a maximum average error of -3.9%. Existing hood inlet wind speeds ranged from 0.04 to 0.2 m/s, indicating uneven distribution. Under calm wind conditions, toluene diffusion in enclosed and semi-enclosed hoods was similar, with concentrations of 248 mg/m³ and 115 mg/m³, respectively, and deposition observed in trenches. For a single vulcanizer, at a design air volume of 2700 m³/h, the enclosed hood achieved a toluene concentration of 80 mg/m³ versus 63 mg/m³ for the semi-enclosed hood, demonstrating superior capture of hot fumes. Optimizing the semi-enclosed hood with soft curtains and a height of 1200 mm, at a total design air volume of 1.0×10⁵ m³/h, yielded an average hood inlet velocity of 0.35 m/s but still uneven distribution. Adding 900 mm gradual reducers and adjusting branch pipe diameters resulted in total air volume deviations of -0.44% and 0.38% for branches I and II, respectively, with individual hood deviations below 10%. This achieved negative pressure balance, effective collection, and improved workshop hygiene.

### 499. [A Multi-Pollutant Time-Series Prediction Model Based on Long Short-Term Memory Networks](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-multi-pollutant-time-series-prediction-model-based-on-long-short-term-memory-networks) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604025]
To meet the minute-level early-warning requirements for odor and multi-pollutant emissions at waste treatment facilities, this study proposed a multivariate short-term time-series prediction framework applicable to multi-tier scenarios covering source and boundary points (i.e., workshops and plant boundaries). Based on continuous online monitoring data with a 5-second resolution, a long short-term memory (LSTM) model using a sliding-window and recursive multi-step prediction strategy was constructed to jointly model odor concentration (OU) and pollutants including VOCs, NH3, H2S, and CH3SH (mg/m³). An evaluation protocol aligned with environmental supervision practice was established, incorporating mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), goodness-of-fit (R²), skill scores (SS) relative to a persistence baseline, and threshold-based error stratification to characterize uncertainty during peak emission periods. The results showed that at workshop monitoring sites with relatively stable operating conditions, VOCs, NH3, H2S, and CH3SH exhibited a high goodness of fit and low prediction errors. In contrast, at boundary sites affected by plume arrival delays and diffusion-dilution non-stationarity, OU and VOCs displayed significantly amplified errors during peak episodes, and the skill score advantage over the baseline became unstable at certain sites. Stratified analysis consistently revealed that non-peak periods outperformed peak periods, indicating that event-driven fluctuations were the main sources of error. Accordingly, this study suggested incorporating exogenous variables such as wind speed and direction, ventilation and gate access control, and operational rhythms, along with peak-sensitive loss functions, into the model to enhance its capacity to characterize and provide early warnings for transient emission pulses. Overall, this study established a reusable methodological baseline and evaluation paradigm for minute-scale multi-pollutant prediction, providing quantitative support for the operational management and source-to-boundary coordinated control of waste treatment facilities.

### 500. [Simultaneous Removal of Fine Particles and VOCs by a Two-Stage Electrostatic Precipitator Based on Sawtooth-Rod Electrode Discharge Charging](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/simultaneous-removal-of-fine-particles-and-vocs-by-a-two-stage-electrostatic-precipitator-based-on-sawtooth-ro) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604019]
A two-stage electrostatic precipitator (ESP) integrating a sawtooth-rod electrode precharging unit and a plate-plate collection unit was developed for simultaneous removal of fine particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from catering fumes. Using KCl particles and toluene as surrogates, the system achieved a fine particle (<0.3 µm) collection efficiency of 91% and a total particle collection efficiency exceeding 98% at applied voltages of +12 kV (sawtooth-rod) and -8.5 kV (plate-plate), with an ozone concentration of 176.9 mg/m³. The presence of particles enhanced toluene degradation, increasing removal efficiency from 29.2% to 53.1%. Positive DC discharge on the sawtooth-rod electrode yielded a higher corona current (800 µA vs. 375 µA for negative) and lower ozone generation (101.4 mg/m³ vs. 176.9 mg/m³), indicating superior suitability for catering fume treatment. The stable discharge characteristics of the sawtooth-rod electrode reduce energy consumption and extend operational cycles, offering a promising technical pathway for efficient, compact, and intelligent ESP systems in catering fume purification.

### 501. [MIL-88A(Fe) Adsorption-Photocatalytic Synergistic Degradation of Phenanthrene-Pyrene Composite Pollutants in Soil](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mil-88afe-adsorption-photocatalytic-synergistic-degradation-of-phenanthrene-pyrene-composite-pollutants-in-soi) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604026]
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants ubiquitously present in soils, posing severe risks to ecosystems and human health. This study synthesized MIL-88A(Fe) via a hydrothermal solvent method and applied it to the photocatalytic degradation of phenanthrene-pyrene (PHE-PYR) composite contaminants in soil, investigating the adsorption-photocatalytic synergy. Results demonstrated that adsorption of PHE-PYR onto MIL-88A(Fe) was dominated by physical and monolayer surface adsorption, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 97.25 mg/kg. This strong adsorption increased pollutant concentration near active sites, accelerating photocatalytic degradation. Under optimal conditions—3% catalyst dosage, 40% soil water content, 60 min visible light irradiation, initial pollutant concentration of 200 mg/kg, and acidic soil—the total degradation efficiency reached 79.20%. Photoelectrochemical characterization revealed significant visible-light response (200–600 nm), a narrow bandgap of 3.04 eV, and favorable band structure facilitating efficient electron-hole separation. Quenching experiments identified superoxide radicals (·O2−) and holes (h+) as primary reactive species. GC-MS analysis of intermediates indicated that PYR undergoes hydroxylation, oxidation, and ring-opening to form PHE, which is further hydroxylated and oxidized, ultimately mineralizing to CO2 and H2O. This work provides an efficient strategy for remediating PAH-contaminated soils.

### 502. [VOCs Abatement Evaluation of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Green Spraying in Industrial Surface Coating](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/vocs-abatement-evaluation-of-supercritical-carbon-dioxide-green-spraying-in-industrial-surface-coating) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604020]
Source reduction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from industrial emissions is a core task for air quality improvement during China's 15th Five-Year Plan period. Supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) spraying technology emerges as a cutting-edge VOCs abatement approach, as it reduces both VOCs content in coatings and coating consumption. However, empirical research on coating efficiency enhancement and VOCs emission reduction at demonstration scale remains scarce. This study selected three solvent-based coating systems widely used in Chinese industry: wooden furniture-polyurethane, wooden furniture-acrylic, and metal parts-fluorocarbon. A calculation method for ScCO2 spraying efficiency and VOCs emission reduction rate was established, and emission reduction performance was systematically measured. Results indicated that compared with high-pressure airless spraying, average coating efficiency improvement rates of ScCO2 spraying at spray distances of 60 cm and 40 cm across the three scenarios were (30.62±8.75)% and (31.74±12.83)%, respectively. Correspondingly, average VOCs emission reduction rates were (62.10±1.59)% (60 cm) and (53.73±11.78)% (40 cm). VOCs content reduction rates for the three systems were 46.03%, 23.80%, and 37.60%, respectively. Diluent addition was reduced from 60% to 10%, achieving a substitution rate of 83%. The study confirms that ScCO2 spraying can achieve significant reductions in VOCs and solvent emissions in wooden furniture and metal parts coating processes, providing empirical support for industrial promotion.

### 503. [Spatio-temporal Evolution Patterns of Carbon Budget in the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/spatio-temporal-evolution-patterns-of-carbon-budget-in-the-xinjiang-production-and-construction-corps) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202604028]
Accurate accounting of county-level carbon budgets and their spatio-temporal evolution is essential for formulating low-carbon development strategies tailored to each division and achieving carbon peak and neutrality goals. This study constructed a comprehensive, accurate, and unified model to measure terrestrial ecosystem carbon absorption, anthropogenic carbon emissions, and net carbon budget from 2010 to 2020 across the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and its divisions. Results indicate: (1) Terrestrial ecosystems consistently acted as net carbon sinks, but total carbon absorption declined slowly, with carbon sequestration capacity persistently decreasing. Cultivated land, the sole carbon source, expanded rapidly into forests and grasslands. Anthropogenic carbon emissions rose steadily, with growth rates sharply decelerating after 2015, exhibiting a spatial pattern of "high in the north and east, low in the south and west." (2) Total carbon emissions/absorptions increased rapidly from 2010 to 2015, then slowed from 2015 to 2020. Energy consumption dominated, contributing over 95% of emissions in each division and 99% regionally. High-emission zones expanded eastward from the 8th Division in the Junggar Basin; by 2020, the 8th, 13th, and 6th Divisions, occupying 26.52% of the land area, carried 78.16% of net carbon emissions, marking them as high-density emission zones. (3) Carbon balance zoning in 2020 identified one carbon sink functional zone, nine low-carbon maintenance zones, and three high-carbon optimization zones, the latter concentrated in a strip in the central-eastern region covering 26.52% of the area.

### 504. [Activation of Peroxymonosulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation via Co@Si-A for Tetracycline Degradation: Performance and Mechanism](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/activation-of-peroxymonosulfate-based-advanced-oxidation-via-cosi-a-for-tetracycline-degradation-performance-a) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225204]
Cobalt-doped silica aerogel (Co@Si-A) catalysts were synthesized via a one-step sol-gel method and applied for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation to degrade tetracycline (TC). The catalyst with 25 wt% cobalt doping (25Co@Si-A) exhibited superior catalytic performance, achieving 98.97% TC degradation within 30 min under specified conditions (TC 10 mg/L, 100 mL). Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis revealed a high specific surface area and well-developed porous architecture with nano-confined spaces. The 25Co@Si-A/PMS system demonstrated outstanding adaptability across a broad pH range (5–9), maintaining >95% degradation efficiency, and showed strong resistance to sulfate and nitrate ions. In real water matrices, degradation efficiency remained around 80%. After five consecutive cycles, the system retained 82.33% degradation efficiency, with cobalt ion leaching of only 23.7 μg/L in the first cycle, indicating excellent stability. Mechanistic studies using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), radical quenching, and probe compound tests confirmed a synergistic radical and non-radical pathway. The primary reactive species were sulfate radicals (SO4•−), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and singlet oxygen (1O2), with contributions of 58.53%, 9.79%, and 31.68%, respectively. Electrochemical tests indicated that 25Co@Si-A exhibited superior charge transfer compared to Co3O4, attributed to the nano-confined effect of the silica aerogel, which enhanced Co(II)/Co(III) redox cycling and PMS activation. This research provides a promising strategy for utilizing silica aerogel-based catalysts in advanced oxidation processes for water treatment.

### 505. [Synergistic optimization mechanism of microstructure and magnetic properties in M-type strontium ferrite via Ce/La co-doping and pre-sintering temperature regulation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-optimization-mechanism-of-microstructure-and-magnetic-properties-in-m-type-strontium-ferrite-via-c) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225188]
Driven by the urgent demand for green and low-carbon technologies, the development of high-performance and cost-effective rare-earth free permanent magnets has emerged as a key research focus for sustainable energy and advanced electronic applications. Among various candidates, M-type strontium ferrites have attracted considerable attention due to their excellent thermal stability, high magnetocrystalline anisotropy, and abundant raw material availability. In this study, Sr0.41La0.36Ca0.23Fe11.8Co0.2O19 was selected as the base system, and a series of samples were synthesized via a solid-state reaction combined with high-energy ball milling. The synergistic effects of varying CeO2/La2O3 mass ratios (0:10 to 10:0) and pre-sintering temperatures (1150-1200°C) on the microstructure and magnetic properties were systematically investigated. Microstructural analyses revealed that moderate Ce substitution effectively induced controlled lattice distortion and promoted densification, which inhibited abnormal grain growth and refined the microstructure. Such structural modulation not only enhanced domain wall pinning but also improved magnetocrystalline anisotropy, leading to a remarkable increase in coercivity. Magnetic measurements confirmed that the composition with a CeO2/La2O3 mass ratio of 2:8 and pre-sintered at 1180°C achieved the most balanced magnetic performance, exhibiting enhanced coercivity, sufficient remanence, and stable saturation magnetization. This work provides new insights into the cooperative effects between rare-earth doping ratios and thermal processing parameters, clarifying how lattice defects, grain boundary characteristics, and microstructural evolution collectively govern the magnetic properties of M-type ferrites. The findings establish a practical strategy for tailoring the microstructure-property relationship in rare-earth free permanent magnets, opening an optimized processing window for scalable fabrication of environmentally friendly, high-performance ferrite materials.

### 506. [CFD Simulation and Structural Optimization of a Thermal Catalytic Degradation Reactor for Sulfur Hexafluoride](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cfd-simulation-and-structural-optimization-of-a-thermal-catalytic-degradation-reactor-for-sulfur-hexafluoride) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225185]
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), widely used as an insulating gas in high-voltage electrical equipment, possesses a global warming potential (GWP) 25,200 times that of CO2, necessitating efficient degradation technologies. This study employed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate the thermal catalytic degradation of SF6 in a fixed-bed reactor, integrating models for porous media, heat transfer, turbulence, and chemical kinetics. The simulations revealed significant radial non-uniformities in pressure, velocity, temperature, and species concentration distributions, with temperature identified as the dominant factor influencing degradation efficiency. Radial temperature gradients caused uneven reaction rates, with degradation rates near the wall substantially exceeding those at the central axis, thereby reducing overall SF6 conversion. To address this, structural optimizations were implemented, including reducing the reactor tube diameter and incorporating inert porous media with high thermal conductivity at both ends of the catalytic section. These modifications enhanced radial heat transfer, homogenized the temperature field, and improved the uniformity of reaction rates and species concentrations. Parametric studies on inlet gas velocity showed that both excessively low and high flow rates were detrimental: low velocities led to underutilization of the downstream catalyst and increased energy consumption, while high velocities deteriorated heat transfer and exacerbated radial temperature gradients. The optimal inlet velocity range was determined to be 0.4–0.8 m/s for a reactor tube inner diameter of 10 mm, balancing catalyst utilization, energy consumption, and degradation efficiency. This research provides data-driven guidance for the design and scale-up of SF6 catalytic degradation reactors.

### 507. [Rational Engineering of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes: A Paradigm Shift Toward Advanced Lithium Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/rational-engineering-of-ionic-liquid-electrolytes-a-paradigm-shift-toward-advanced-lithium-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3449-5]
The escalating demand for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in portable electronics and electric vehicles has driven extensive research into advanced electrolytes. Ionic liquids (ILs) and their derived electrolytes, including poly(ionic liquids), ionogels, and IL-functionalized systems, offer significant potential for enhancing the safety and electrochemical performance of LIBs due to their unique properties such as non-volatility, wide electrochemical windows, and excellent thermal stability. These properties enable safer, high-energy, and long-lasting batteries. This review conducts a thorough analysis of the physicochemical properties of ILs and their versatile applications in electrolytes, particularly emphasizing their adaptability to fulfill the specific needs of different battery systems. In liquid electrolyte systems, ILs can function as solvents, interfacial modifiers, and critical components for constructing artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). In (quasi-)solid-state electrolyte systems, ILs can be polymerized to form poly(ionic liquid)s or integrated with organic, inorganic, or composite materials to develop IL-based electrolytes, demonstrating multifunctional electrochemical performance. Finally, the review critically examines the challenges and opportunities in this field, offering insightful perspectives for future advancements.

### 508. [Flexible Neuromorphic Electronics: From Synaptic Devices Toward Sensing-Memory-Computing Circuits](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/flexible-neuromorphic-electronics-from-synaptic-devices-toward-sensing-memory-computing-circuits) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4002-8]
Neuromorphic electronic systems, inspired by the brain's parallel and distributed information processing, have emerged as a promising alternative to von Neumann architectures, which suffer from the memory wall and limited energy efficiency. However, seamless integration with biological tissue, particularly human skin, necessitates mechanical flexibility and conformability. Flexible neuromorphic electronics, combining neuromorphic computing with flexible substrates, enable brain-inspired processing with high efficiency and ultralow power consumption, targeting smart wearables, digital health, and brain-computer interfaces. Despite rapid advances in flexible synaptic devices, a cross-disciplinary synthesis connecting materials, device physics, circuit integration, and applications is lacking. This review systematically follows a device-to-system framework, first summarizing recent progress in flexible artificial synapses that emulate neural functions, then discussing neuromorphic circuits and systems, focusing on collaborative sensing-computing and heterogeneous integration strategies toward integrated sensing-memory-computing systems. Emerging applications in next-generation bio-intelligent systems, including wearables, health monitoring, and human-machine interaction, are highlighted. Key challenges and future directions are summarized to guide development of efficient, intelligent, and biocompatible bionic hardware. The review underscores the need for standardized metrics and scalable manufacturing to translate laboratory prototypes into practical flexible neuromorphic systems.

### 509. [A Review on Energy-Saving and Consumption-Reducing Technologies for Thermal Power Units Based on Economic Benefit Evaluation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-review-on-energy-saving-and-consumption-reducing-technologies-for-thermal-power-units-based-on-economic-bene) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225184]
Thermal power units have long dominated China's energy structure due to the low cost of coal and their role in ensuring grid stability. However, under the dual pressures of climate change and national carbon peaking/neutrality goals, the environmental impact of their 'three wastes' has become critical, necessitating energy-saving retrofits. This review systematically examines mainstream energy-saving technologies for thermal power units, including boiler combustion optimization, heating surface cleaning, turbine flow path upgrades, waste heat recovery and cascade utilization, and cold-end system optimization. Using coal consumption rate as the core economic index, the study integrates case studies and operational data from typical domestic and international units to evaluate the latest progress, practical effects, advantages, and limitations of each technology. Results indicate that these technologies significantly improve energy efficiency and reduce pollution. For instance, boiler combustion optimization based on support vector machines and neural networks enhances thermal efficiency and reduces NOx emissions. Turbine flow path modifications, from full three-dimensional CFD optimization to advanced blades and combined steam seals, yield notable gains in cylinder efficiency and heat rate reduction. Low-temperature economizers reduce coal consumption and auxiliary power/water use in dust removal and desulfurization systems. Heat pump applications include absorption, compression, and hybrid types. In cold-end optimization, data-driven predictive maintenance and real-time performance tuning of condensers achieve nearly 50% energy savings in circulating water pumps and an average coal consumption reduction of 2-3 g/(kW·h). Despite these advances, gaps remain in multi-objective optimization robustness, intelligent diagnosis, and advanced materials. Future research should focus on deep reinforcement learning for adaptive control, sensor networks for real-time diagnostics and predictive maintenance, and high-temperature corrosion-resistant materials for heat exchangers, while balancing initial investment and maintenance costs.

### 510. [Stimulus-Responsive Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence Materials: Mechanisms, Design Strategies, and Emerging Applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/stimulus-responsive-organic-room-temperature-phosphorescence-materials-mechanisms-design-strategies-and-emergi) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3932-1]
Organic room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have attracted considerable interest due to their unique advantages, such as tunable molecular structures, excellent processability, intrinsic flexibility, and diverse excited-state characteristics. Among these, stimuli-responsive RTP materials, whose luminescence can be modulated by external stimuli (e.g., light, pH, heat, mechanical force or solvent), hold great promise for advanced applications like anti-counterfeiting, information encryption, and sensing. In this review, we systematically summarize recent advances in stimuli-responsive RTP materials, classifying them based on their activation mechanisms. Specifically, we elucidate the fundamental principles governing their stimulus-responsive behaviors and highlight representative examples from various categories. Furthermore, we explore structure-property relationships and design strategies to establish a foundational framework for understanding these materials. This review not only deepens the mechanistic insights into stimuli-responsive RTP systems but also provides strategic guidance for the rational design of next-generation intelligent RTP materials in multidisciplinary fields.

### 511. [Gas-liquid dispersion characteristics in a stirred tank equipped with porous aeration tube](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/gas-liquid-dispersion-characteristics-in-a-stirred-tank-equipped-with-porous-aeration-tube) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225213]
Gas-liquid stirred tanks are widely used in oxidation, hydrogenation, and other chemical processes, where the gas dispersion state directly affects production efficiency. This study systematically investigated the effects of impeller type, impeller installation height, and rotational speed on gas-liquid dispersion in a stirred tank equipped with a porous tube sparger. Two typical impellers, a wide hydrofoil (WH) and a half-elliptical disk turbine (HEDT), were tested at various installation heights (L/D ratios) and gassing rates. The critical rotational speed for complete gas dispersion, agitation power consumption, and overall gas holdup were measured. Results showed that for both impellers, the critical Froude number (Fr) decreased significantly with increasing gas flow number (FlG). Under the same gassing rate, the HEDT impeller generally required a higher critical Fr and greater agitation power for complete dispersion compared to the WH impeller. Relative power demand (RPD) decreased as FlG increased, with a more pronounced decline at higher L/D ratios. At different impeller positions, the RPD of the HEDT impeller was higher than that of the WH impeller, indicating that the HEDT impeller's power was less affected by gas. Notably, the impeller installation height significantly influenced gas holdup and power consumption. When L/D = 0.75, higher gas holdup and lower power consumption were observed. This work provides crucial theoretical and data support for optimizing the design of gas-liquid stirred tanks with gas sparging, offering clear engineering value for enhancing mass transfer efficiency and energy-saving operation in chemical processes.

### 512. [Efficient Recovery of Lithium and Cobalt from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using a ChCl-OA-H2O Deep Eutectic Solvent](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/efficient-recovery-of-lithium-and-cobalt-from-spent-lithium-ion-batteries-using-a-chcl-oa-h2o-deep-eutectic-so) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225221]
The proliferation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in portable electronics and electric vehicles has generated a pressing need for sustainable recycling of spent batteries. Conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical routes suffer from low metal recovery efficiencies or require additional precipitants. This study introduces a clean and efficient process for recovering lithium (Li) and cobalt (Co) from spent LiCoO2 cathode materials using a choline chloride-oxalic acid-water (ChCl-OA-H2O) deep eutectic solvent (DES). The method exploits selective precipitation of Co as cobalt oxalate dihydrate (CoC2O4·2H2O) followed by water-content-regulated recovery of Li as lithium oxalate (Li2C2O4) via evaporation crystallization, eliminating the need for external precipitants. Under optimized conditions (molar ratio 1:1:8, solid-liquid ratio 100 g/L, 90 °C, 6.5 h), the leaching efficiency of Li reached 99.4%, with recovery efficiencies of 88.3% for Li and 97.8% for Co. The DES system demonstrated robust cycling stability, maintaining Li and Co recoveries of 78.1% and 92.8% after six regeneration cycles. This work provides a low-pollution, economically viable pathway for LIB recycling, contributing to resource sustainability and offering significant industrial potential.

### 513. [Effect of Foaming Agent on the Performance of Phosphogypsum-Based Lightweight Ceramsite](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-foaming-agent-on-the-performance-of-phosphogypsum-based-lightweight-ceramsite) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225200]
Phosphogypsum, a by-product of wet-process phosphoric acid production, poses severe environmental and safety challenges due to its massive annual output and stockpiling. This study addresses the urgent need for resource utilization by employing phosphogypsum as the primary raw material, supplemented with ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, and type II anhydrite. Two foaming agents, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and aluminum powder, were used to regulate pore structure, and their effects on ceramsite performance were compared. Under identical preparation conditions, aluminum powder yielded higher 7-day cylinder compressive strength than NaHCO3. Optimal formulations achieved a maximum cylinder compressive strength of 6.5 MPa with a bulk density of 1020 kg/m3, meeting lightweight aggregate concrete strength requirements. Aluminum powder produced closed pores, reducing bulk density to as low as 765 kg/m3, while NaHCO3 generated interconnected pores leading to higher water absorption. XRD, SEM, and BET analyses revealed that strength-contributing phases are calcium silicate hydrate and calcium aluminate hydrate; trace heavy metals (Mo, Ti) hinder their formation, causing structural defects. This work demonstrates a green, non-fired route for phosphogypsum valorization, offering environmental and economic benefits and a pathway for large-scale utilization.

### 514. [Scalable Green Synthesis of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/scalable-green-synthesis-of-1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-chloride) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225227]
Imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) are foundational materials in sustainable chemical engineering due to their negligible volatility, exceptional thermal stability, and tunable properties. This study details the development, optimization, and analysis of an industrial-scale green synthesis pathway for 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) via quaternization of N-methylimidazole with 1-chlorobutane. Reaction parameters were optimized using orthogonal experimental design, and process intensification strategies were implemented to enhance efficiency and environmental sustainability. The optimal conditions were identified as a reaction temperature of 76 °C, a molar ratio of N-methylimidazole to 1-chlorobutane of 1:1.3, and a reaction time of 36 h, achieving a single-pass yield of 95.6%. Kinetic studies revealed a significant correlation between temperature, molar ratio, and conversion efficiency, with an activation energy (Ea) of approximately 135.7 kJ/mol, indicating pronounced temperature dependence. A closed-loop material recycling system was designed, enabling recovery rates of 99.5% for 1-chlorobutane and 98.1% for ethyl acetate, thereby curtailing raw material consumption and waste generation. This approach aligns with green chemistry principles and propels the process toward near-zero emissions. The pathway offers a scalable model for [Bmim]Cl manufacture and a transferable strategy for synthesizing other ionic liquids, representing a substantial advancement in sustainable process engineering.

### 515. [Experimental Study on Classification Performance of Multi-Arm Vortex Separator](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/experimental-study-on-classification-performance-of-multi-arm-vortex-separator) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225246]
The development of efficient catalyst classification technologies is crucial for optimizing fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) and catalytic pyrolysis coupling processes, where distinct particle size distributions are required for different reaction pathways. In this study, a large-scale cold-model experimental platform of a multi-arm vortex separator is established to explore the influence of operating conditions on classification behavior. Systematic experiments are conducted by changing ejection gas velocity (8~20 m/s), inlet particle concentration (30~70 g/m3), and bed linear velocity (0.15~0.25 m/s). The results demonstrate that ejection gas velocity governs classification sharpness by controlling the entrainment of fines within the coarse fraction. The increase in ejection gas velocity enlarges the upward axial gas velocity inside the device, thereby enhancing the entrainment effect on particles near the vortex arm outlets. Increasing the ejection gas velocity from 12 to 16 m/s reduces proportion of fine particles in coarse components from 14% to 12%. The inlet particle concentration imposes competing effects on classification performance: while higher concentrations promote agglomeration and modify turbulence distribution, excessive loading intensifies fine-particle entrainment, thereby diminishing classification selectivity. The system maintains stable pressure drop characteristics under different bed linear velocities, with the pressure drop increasing by maximum of about 15% when the bed linear velocity is raised from 0.15 m/s to 0.25 m/s. Analysis of grade efficiency curves reveals classical S-shaped profiles with cut sizes (dc50) shifting under different operating regimes. Higher particle concentrations reduces dc50, favoring fine-particle removal, while higher ejection gas velocities enlarge dc50, moving the classification boundary toward larger sizes. These findings confirm the synergistic effect of ejection gas velocity and inlet concentration, highlighting that rational parameter matching can simultaneously improve efficiency and selectivity. Beyond the experimental findings, this work emphasizes the broader applicability of multi-arm vortex separators in refining and petrochemical processes. By enabling precise adjustment of particle size distribution, the system offers a promising pathway for enhancing catalyst utilization, extending catalyst lifetime, and facilitating process intensification in coupled FCC-pyrolysis units.

### 516. [Improvement of Homogeneity for Direct Cooling Battery Thermal Management System in Electric Vehicles under Dynamic Operating Conditions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/improvement-of-homogeneity-for-direct-cooling-battery-thermal-management-system-in-electric-vehicles-under-dyn) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225159]
Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and stability. However, significant heat generation caused by power fluctuations under dynamic driving conditions poses substantial challenges to battery safety and longevity. Existing research often focuses on thermal behavior under fixed ambient temperatures or constant discharge rates, failing to replicate real-world dynamic operations. This study investigates the thermal performance of a 52 Ah battery pack under three typical dynamic operating conditions: steady operation, alternating load operation, and progressive acceleration. Experiments were conducted at ambient temperatures of 25, 30, and 35°C. Results show that the direct cooling thermal management system meets temperature control requirements during steady and alternating load operations at all tested temperatures. However, under progressive acceleration at 35°C, the battery pack's maximum surface temperature reaches 49.8°C with a significant temperature difference of 16.5°C, exceeding safe limits. After installing aluminum fins, the maximum temperature is reduced to 40.9°C, and the temperature difference drops to 5.0°C. Longitudinal temperature difference decreases from 11.2°C to 4.6°C, and transverse temperature difference from 5.9°C to 1.2°C. The fins enhance longitudinal heat conduction and mitigate transverse temperature imbalance. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing thermal management strategies and provide experimental data for developing more effective systems, contributing to improved battery safety and longevity under real-world driving conditions.

### 517. [Advancing a Thriving Materials Science Community: The 2026 Emerging Investigator Issue of Science China Materials](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/advancing-a-thriving-materials-science-community-the-2026-emerging-investigator-issue-of-science-china-materia) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4122-5]
The 2026 Emerging Investigator Issue of Science China Materials showcases the work of 41 early-career scientists across diverse fields including rechargeable batteries, optoelectronic materials, structural materials, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, ferroelectric materials, and thermoelectric materials. This editorial highlights key contributions: Yuxin Tang et al. review ionic liquids for lithium batteries; Fei Xu et al. achieve 99.9% average Coulombic efficiency over 3500 cycles in Zn half-cells using an ultrathin polydimethylsiloxane interphase; Linfeng Hu et al. report Te vacancy-rich Bi2Te3 nanosheets enhancing zinc ion storage; Ying Zhang et al. convert chlorinated plastic waste into high-performance sodium-ion battery anodes. In optoelectronics, Kai Li et al. develop a TADF-Cu(I) complex for red OLEDs with maximum EQE of 25.9% and negligible roll-off; Zhongyan Huang et al. achieve deep-blue MR-TADF emitters with EQE up to 34.4%. Electronic materials advances include flexible neuromorphic electronics and printed flexible electronics. Structural materials research includes high-entropy carbides with oxidation resistance at 2500°C, precipitation-hardened medium-entropy alloys, and biomimetic composites. The issue also covers photocatalytic hydrogenation and CO2 reduction. This collection underscores the vitality and breadth of materials science research, addressing critical challenges in energy, electronics, and structural applications.

### 518. [Optimization Strategies for Thermal Transport Properties in p-Type Mg3Sb2-Based Thermoelectric Materials: A Review](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/optimization-strategies-for-thermal-transport-properties-in-p-type-mg3sb2-based-thermoelectric-materials-a-rev) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225191]
Mg3Sb2-based materials, featuring a unique layered crystal structure, exhibit a favorable combination of low thermal conductivity, high Seebeck coefficient, and decent carrier mobility, establishing them among the most promising mid-temperature thermoelectric systems under active investigation. However, p-type Mg3Sb2 derivatives demonstrate a comparatively lower thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) compared to their n-type counterparts. Enhancing the zT performance of p-type Mg3Sb2 is therefore essential for the development of high-efficiency thermoelectric devices based on this material system. This review systematically summarizes the critical factors governing the thermal transport properties of p-type Mg3Sb2, including intrinsic characteristics such as chemical bonding and crystal structure, as well as extrinsic parameters such as carrier concentration, mobility, point defects, microstructure, and temperature dependence effects. Furthermore, it highlights recent advances in strategies designed to optimize thermal conductivity (κ) and improve zT, mainly including point defect engineering (such as Mg-site doping, Sb-site doping, dual-site co-doping, as well as doping-assisted composite modification), low-dimensional and nanostructural design, and advanced preparation technologies. Experimental studies demonstrate that these targeted strategies, particularly the synergistic introduction of multi-scale defects, can effectively suppress phonon propagation and significantly reduce lattice thermal conductivity (κL). Consequently, substantial improvements in the overall zT of p-type Mg3Sb2-based materials have been realized, providing a robust scientific and technical foundation for accelerating the practical application of Mg3Sb2-based thermoelectric devices.

### 519. [Advances in Hydrogen Therapy and Hydrogen Administration Biomaterials for Respiratory Diseases](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/advances-in-hydrogen-therapy-and-hydrogen-administration-biomaterials-for-respiratory-diseases) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3723-4]
Molecular hydrogen has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent in respiratory medicine owing to its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Its visibility during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak demonstrated its potential, but the significance of hydrogen therapy extends far beyond a single infection. This review examines pathological features shared across respiratory diseases, with emphasis on viral infections exemplified by SARS-CoV-2, and summarizes advances in hydrogen administration, its biological effects and therapeutic mechanisms. Particular consideration is given to biomaterial-assisted delivery strategies that enable sustained and targeted release in the lung. Clinical studies, including examples from COVID-19, provide evidence for the therapeutic potential of molecular hydrogen and its capacity to support recovery in respiratory diseases. Established administration routes such as inhalation, hydrogen-rich water and hydrogen-enriched saline have been evaluated in both preclinical and clinical settings, while emerging biomaterials provide platforms for controlled release and pulmonary targeting. Future development of hydrogen therapy in respiratory medicine is discussed, with particular focus on optimizing delivery strategies, establishing dose-effect relationships and strengthening long-term clinical evaluation.

### 520. [Towards Sliding Ferroelectricity in Two-Dimensional van der Waals Materials](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/towards-sliding-ferroelectricity-in-two-dimensional-van-der-waals-materials) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3884-1]
Sliding ferroelectricity arises from lateral interlayer shifts in stacked two-dimensional van der Waals materials, where relative sliding of one layer over another breaks inversion symmetry and generates switchable polarization. This novel mechanism enables intrinsically nonpolar crystals to exhibit ferroelectric behavior via specific stacking arrangements, expanding the pool of potential ferroelectrics. Distinctive features include ultralow switching barriers, exceptional endurance over millions to trillions of cycles, and ultrafast polarization reversal on sub-nanosecond timescales, surpassing conventional ferroelectrics. This review begins with theoretical models of sliding ferroelectricity, followed by experimental verification and characterization techniques. It then discusses recent advances in polarization-switching kinetics, domain wall dynamics, topological polar structures, multiple polarization states, optical probing, and active modulation strategies. Finally, challenges and future prospects for two-dimensional sliding ferroelectric materials are addressed.

### 521. [Protonation-Mediated Multifunctional Silk Fibroin Hydrogel Adhesives for Epidermal Interface Sensing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/protonation-mediated-multifunctional-silk-fibroin-hydrogel-adhesives-for-epidermal-interface-sensing) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3935-1]
Silk fibroin (SF)-based hydrogels are promising for biological interfaces, yet achieving multifunctionality—mechanical robustness, adhesion, conductivity, and stability—often requires chemical modification that compromises biocompatibility. Here, we report a protonation-mediated SF/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel adhesive that retains natural silk properties while gaining tailored functionalities. The physically crosslinked network is formed solely via molecular interactions, with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as a protonation agent to modulate hydrogen bonding, enabling precise control over adhesion, mechanical strength, and electronic conductivity. Glycerol (Gly) is incorporated as a moisturizing agent to enhance long-term stability for skin applications. The resulting hydrogel exhibits excellent performance in monitoring electrophysiological signals, including electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), and electroencephalogram (EEG), demonstrating its potential as a platform for advanced biological interfaces. This work addresses the critical challenge of developing SF-based hydrogels that combine natural advantages with multifunctionality, offering a promising route for wearable health monitors and human-machine interfaces.

### 522. [Ultrathin hydrophobic anode/electrolyte interphase for stable zinc-metal anode](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ultrathin-hydrophobic-anodeelectrolyte-interphase-for-stable-zinc-metal-anode) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3485-0]
Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs) are promising for next-generation energy storage due to high safety and low cost, but their practical use is limited by Zn dendrite growth and side reactions. An ideal anode/electrolyte interphase should block water contact while enabling fast Zn2+ transport, yet conventional thick interphases increase ionic resistance and polarization. Here, we report a hydrophobic yet ultrathin (~5 nm) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) artificial interphase fabricated via conformal coating. The oxygen-rich PDMS layer selectively coordinates Zn2+ while its superhydrophobicity excludes water, and the ultrathin nature enables rapid Zn2+ conduction, enhancing the Zn2+ transference number by 2.28-fold. This synergistic design suppresses dendrites and mitigates hydrogen evolution. The PDMS-modified anode achieves 99.9% Coulombic efficiency over 3500 cycles, 880-hour symmetrical cell operation at 60% depth of discharge, and 2500-cycle full-cell endurance under lean Zn conditions (N/P ratio 5.7). Proof-of-concept pouch cells sustain 1400 cycles with a 0.01% decay rate. This molecular-scale interphase strategy provides a feasible pathway toward practical AZIB implementation.

### 523. [Organic Solar Windows with Full Visual Aesthetics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/organic-solar-windows-with-full-visual-aesthetics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3451-2]
Visual aesthetics is a key metric of semi-transparent organic photovoltaics (ST-OPVs) for building-integrated solar windows, yet previous studies have primarily focused on the compromise between efficiency and transparency. This work addresses the overlooked aspect of full visual aesthetic control, particularly the bidirectional reflected color for architectural harmony, via designing ST-OPVs with double-sided ultra-thin Ag/TeO2 transparent electrodes. This design facilitates full-spectrum color tunability covering the whole standard color gamut of CIE coordinates on both surfaces, achieved simply by adjusting layer thicknesses. The resulting devices exhibit neutral transparency (16.6%–27.0% average visible transmittance) and competitive power conversion efficiencies (8.1%–9.2%). Additionally, the devices demonstrate strong flexibility, with flexibility-adaptive coloration and curvature-enhanced aesthetics. This work presents an ST-OPV design featuring full visual aesthetics and considerable performance, paving the way for commercialization of organic solar windows for building and vehicle integration.

### 524. [Stable precursor engineering for large and high-quality MAPbBr3 single crystal toward efficient high-energy radiation detection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/stable-precursor-engineering-for-large-and-high-quality-mapbbr3-single-crystal-toward-efficient-high-energy-ra) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3930-3]
Methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) single crystals (SCs) are promising for room-temperature gamma-ray and X-ray detection, but scaling their size often compromises crystal quality. Here, we report a strategic precursor stoichiometry engineering approach to grow inch-sized, high-quality MAPbBr3 SCs via a constant-temperature evaporation method. We show that constructing a robust electrical double layer through organic cation modulation effectively stabilizes the colloidal precursor. This is achieved by synergistically suppressing MA+ deprotonation while promoting MA+ adsorption as counterions on the [PbBrn]2−n complexes, which collectively strengthens interparticle repulsion and raises the nucleation barrier. This multifaceted approach yields MAPbBr3 SCs with lateral dimensions up to 2 inches and an exceptional X-ray diffraction rocking curve full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.0093° at the (002) face. Consequently, the SCs enable spectroscopic-grade gamma-ray detection, achieving energy resolutions (ER) of 8.4% for the 57Co source (122 keV) and 11.1% for the 137Cs source (662 keV), along with a high X-ray sensitivity of 1.65 × 10^4 μC Gy−1 cm−2. This work paves the way for the practical application of MAPbBr3 SCs in high-performance gamma-ray and X-ray detection.

### 525. [Tellurium vacancy-rich Bi2Te3 as a high-performance cathode material for aqueous zinc ion storage](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/tellurium-vacancy-rich-bi2te3-as-a-high-performance-cathode-material-for-aqueous-zinc-ion-storage) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3599-5]
Layered transition metal tellurides (TMTs) are promising cathode materials for aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) due to their graphite-like layered structure and weak van der Waals interactions, which facilitate rapid ion transport. However, their holistic performance—specific capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability—remains insufficient for practical applications. Here, we report a straightforward NaBH4-assisted chemical etching method to introduce abundant Te vacancies on the surface of Bi2Te3 (denoted H-Bi2Te3). Experimental and theoretical analyses reveal that these Te vacancies refine the band structure, enhance electrical conductivity, and significantly reduce the diffusion barrier for Zn2+ ions. Additionally, the vacancies provide increased storage sites for Zn ions. Consequently, H-Bi2Te3 exhibits superior zinc storage performance: a high Zn2+ diffusion coefficient of 3.98×10−11 cm2 s−1, a specific capacity of 325 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, a rate capability of 217 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1, and exceptional cycling stability with 70 mAh g−1 retained after 10,000 cycles at 1 A g−1. This work introduces a novel vacancy defect engineering strategy for TMT-based cathodes in AZIBs and expands the potential applications of vacancy-rich TMT materials.

### 526. [Flexoelectricity in Ferroelectrics: From Fundamentals to Applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/flexoelectricity-in-ferroelectrics-from-fundamentals-to-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3872-3]
Flexoelectricity, the generation of electrical polarization in response to a strain gradient, is a fundamental electromechanical coupling mechanism that has gained significant attention due to its enhanced effects in ferroelectric materials, which exhibit large dielectric permittivities. This review comprehensively examines the classical theories and recent advances in flexoelectricity, with a primary focus on ferroelectric materials. We discuss the advantages and limitations of various characterization techniques, computational models for determining flexoelectric coefficients, and the mechanisms that enhance flexoelectricity in different ferroelectric systems. Furthermore, we explore the applications of flexoelectricity in devices, highlighting its potential to overcome the dimensional and stability limitations of piezoelectricity, particularly at the micro- and nanoscale. The review concludes by outlining future research directions, aiming to provide valuable insights for advancing both the fundamental science of flexoelectricity and the development of high-performance practical devices.

### 527. [Growth of quasi-1D PtSe2 semimetallic nanowire for high-performance bi-directional photodetection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/growth-of-quasi-1d-ptse2-semimetallic-nanowire-for-high-performance-bi-directional-photodetection) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3881-y]
One-dimensional (1D) and quasi-1D platinum diselenide (PtSe2) exhibit enhanced quantum confinement and surface effects, leading to distinctive electronic and optical properties. However, efficient synthesis of high-quality quasi-1D PtSe2 with controlled dimensionality and orientation remains challenging. Here, we report the first successful synthesis of quasi-1D PtSe2 via a carrier-gas-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approach. By optimizing hydrogen concentration, we achieved highly oriented and crystalline quasi-1D PtSe2, which exhibits exceptional thermodynamic stability along the (110) crystal plane. Electrical characterization reveals that 2D few-layer PtSe2 exhibits p-type semiconductor properties, while quasi-1D multilayer PtSe2 displays semimetallic behavior. Due to quantum confinement effects, both materials exhibit similar carrier mobilities. In photodetection at 1550 nm, 2D PtSe2 exhibits conventional positive photoresponse with a maximum responsivity of 97.0 A/W. In contrast, quasi-1D PtSe2 demonstrates unique negative photoresponse, achieving a maximum responsivity of 194.2 A/W, attributed to its semimetallic nature and significant surface traps. Temperature-dependent photoresponse measurements at various power levels further confirm that the negative response originates from a defect-assisted photogating effect, the strength of which exhibits significant temperature dependence under high-power illumination. This work not only fills a gap in the synthesis of 1D PtSe2 but also provides a novel material platform for developing advanced infrared optoelectronic devices.

### 528. [Steric Encapsulation of Multi-Resonance TADF Emitters Enabling Narrowband Deep-Blue OLEDs with High Efficiency and High Brightness at Elevated Doping Levels](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/steric-encapsulation-of-multi-resonance-tadf-emitters-enabling-narrowband-deep-blue-oleds-with-high-efficiency) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4094-8]
Deep-blue multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitters with high efficiency, high color purity, and high brightness are critically important for next-generation OLED displays, yet remain challenging due to severe aggregation and host-guest interactions in the solid state. Herein, we report a core-encapsulating molecular design strategy in which bulky and non-conjugated peripheral groups are introduced to sterically encapsulate a blue-emitting MR core, thereby suppressing intermolecular π-π interactions without perturbing its intrinsic electronic structure. Two new emitters, DNa-BN and QNa-BN, featuring half-encapsulated and fully encapsulated MR-core architectures, respectively, were developed. Owing to its fully encapsulated structure, QNa-BN exhibits pronounced aggregation resistance at high doping concentrations, maintaining photoluminescence quantum yields exceeding 96%, radiative decay rate constants on the order of 10^8 s−1, and fast reverse intersystem crossing rates (~10^5 s−1). Consequently, sensitizer-free OLEDs based on QNa-BN deliver narrowband deep-blue emission at 458 nm with a full width at half maximum of 22 nm, CIE coordinates of (0.142, 0.085), a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE_max) of 34.4%, and a maximum luminance exceeding 20,000 cd m−2. Furthermore, by adopting a hyperfluorescence architecture, the EQE_max is further boosted to 38.7% with significantly suppressed efficiency roll-off. This work demonstrates that steric encapsulation of the MR core provides an effective and general approach to achieving aggregation-resistant, high-efficiency, and high-brightness deep-blue MR-TADF emitters for OLED applications.

### 529. [Short-lived TADF-Cu(I) complex for red OLEDs with EQE max of 25.9% and <2% roll-off at 10,000 cd m−2](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/short-lived-tadf-cui-complex-for-red-oleds-with-eqe-max-of-259-and-2-roll-off-at-10000-cd-m2) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3595-7]
Cu(I) complexes exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) have emerged as promising alternatives to noble-metal-based emitters for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, the development of red-emitting Cu(I) complexes has been hindered by slow radiative decay and fast nonradiative decay. In this study, a linear two-coordinate Cu(I) complex, ICuTMC, was designed and synthesized. By pairing a pyrazine-fused N-heterocyclic carbene and a tetra-methylcarbazolyl ligand, a strong ligand-to-ligand charge transfer excited state is generated. Single-crystal structure authenticates close intramolecular C–H···Cu contacts, providing good steric shielding to the metal center. C–H···π interactions between ligands are also revealed. The complex exhibits highly efficient red TADF with emission maximum at 622 nm, photoluminescence quantum yield of 76%, and short delayed fluorescence lifetime of 0.24 μs. This is enabled by a large oscillator strength from the coplanar donor-Cu-acceptor conformation, a small singlet-triplet energy gap from spatial separation of frontier molecular orbitals, and strong spin-orbit coupling from the metal center. Vacuum-deposited OLEDs based on ICuTMC achieve a peak external quantum efficiency of 25.9% and a significantly small roll-off of 1.9% at 10,000 cd m−2. These performances demonstrate a way to overcome the energy gap law for linear coinage metal complexes toward red OLEDs.

### 530. [Aqueous-Isopropanol-Based Green Ink Formulation of Single-Crystalline Transition Metal Chalcogenides for Fully-Printed Strain-Insensitive Flexible Sensing Electronics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/aqueous-isopropanol-based-green-ink-formulation-of-single-crystalline-transition-metal-chalcogenides-for-fully) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3470-6]
Inkjet printing of two-dimensional transition metal chalcogenides (TMDs) is promising for low-cost, large-scale flexible electronics, yet challenges persist due to poor crystallinity and toxic solvents. Here, we report a green ink formulation using zwitterionic cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB) as a dispersant and surfactant for liquid-phase exfoliation of single-crystalline TMDs in water and isopropanol (IPA). The dispersions contain no additives or binders, enabling direct production of stable (over one month) and concentrated (2 mg/mL) inks for MoS2, MoTe2, WS2, WSe2, and WTe2. Fully-printed MoSe2/CAB humidity sensors exhibit superior sensitivity (ΔI/I0 = 468.1) and rapid response/recovery times (27 s/0.42 s) under bending. Inkjet-printed WTe2/CAB pads on 6-μm-thick substrates demonstrate exceptional mechanical stability, with resistance variations of 1.4% under single bending and 2% after 1,000 cycles, and acquire high-quality electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyography (EMG) signals. This strategy enables scalable fabrication of TMD-based flexible electronics, advancing industrial integration.

### 531. [Temperature-Mediated Morphological Control of Organic Semiconductor Crystals for Organic Field-Effect Transistors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/temperature-mediated-morphological-control-of-organic-semiconductor-crystals-for-organic-field-effect-transist) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3882-y]
Organic semiconductor crystals with well-defined morphologies are highly desirable for high-performance optoelectronic devices, yet precise control over their growth remains a challenge. Here, a novel donor-acceptor (D-A) molecule, TQDPT, has been successfully developed, featuring a rigid π-conjugated acceptor core composed of thiazoloquinoxaline and naphthalene, coupled with phenylphenothiazine donors. This study presents a temperature-mediated crystallization strategy for precisely controlling the morphology and carrier transport properties of TQDPT single crystals. By systematically investigating the growth kinetics across a controlled temperature range (15–35°C), we reveal a distinct transition from needle-like structures to plate-like crystals, with tunable average widths spanning from around 2.8 to 30.1 μm. This morphological evolution is driven by temperature-dependent molecular diffusion and nucleation kinetics. Significantly, the plate-like crystals grown at 25°C exhibit an order-of-magnitude enhancement in mobility compared to needle-like counterparts, while higher temperatures of 35°C yield broader crystals with improved carrier mobility and device stability. This work highlights the critical role of temperature as a pivotal parameter in the dimensional and electronic optimization of organic crystals, offering an attractive approach to optimize functional materials for advanced optoelectronics.

### 532. [Recycling polyvinyl chloride plastics into hard carbon: influence of functional groups on structural and electrochemical properties](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/recycling-polyvinyl-chloride-plastics-into-hard-carbon-influence-of-functional-groups-on-structural-and-electr) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3778-8]
The global surge in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste demands urgent technological solutions that address both environmental persistence and resource recovery. Here, we present a triple-functionalization strategy that converts chlorinated plastic waste into high-performance sodium-ion battery anodes through molecular-level control of carbon architectures. Sequential dichlorination, sulfonation, and N-doping collaboratively reconfigure precursor reactivity, steering pyrolysis toward hierarchically porous hard carbon with tailored defect chemistry. Sulfonic groups stabilize 3D carbon skeletons during carbonization, enabling closed-pore formation with an average diameter of ~2.55 nm while N-doping expands interlayer spacing (0.382 nm) and creates adsorption-active pyrrolic-N sites. This defect-engineered synergy delivers unprecedented sodium storage metrics: 355 mAh g−1 reversible capacity at 0.1 A g−1 (95.4% of graphite’s Li-ion capacity), a capacity retention of 216 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1 (70.1% capacity retention), and 188 mAh g−1 even at a high current density of 5.0 A g−1. Operando analyses reveal a potential-dependent storage hierarchy: surface-dominated adsorption transitions to intercalation/filling-dominated behavior with defect-buffered structural integrity. The process simultaneously achieves 25% carbon yield from PVC and avoids toxic dioxin emissions, establishing a scalable prototype for sustainable energy storage systems.

### 533. [Pyrrolic Polysquaraine: A Promising Polymer Semiconductor for Short-Wavelength Infrared Organic Photodetector and Imager](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pyrrolic-polysquaraine-a-promising-polymer-semiconductor-for-short-wavelength-infrared-organic-photodetector-a) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3745-1]
Short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) organic photodetectors (OPDs) have attracted considerable attention due to their potential to overcome the limitations of inorganic counterparts. However, developing organic semiconductors with strong SWIR detection remains a significant challenge. Herein, we design and synthesize a new conjugated pyrrolic polysquaraine (PSQ-COT) by integrating a pyrrolic squaraine unit with a strong electron-donating moiety, achieving an absorption onset extending to 1.2 μm. To evaluate its detection performance, we fabricated two types of PSQ-COT-based SWIR OPDs with PC61BM and BTP-eC9 as the electron acceptors, respectively. The resulting PSQ-COT:PC61BM OPD exhibited superior detection performance compared with the BTP-eC9 counterpart, achieving an impressive specific detectivity of 1.08 × 10^12 Jones at 1030 nm under zero bias. This enhanced performance is due to the lower degree of energetic disorder and reduced trap density in the PSQ-COT:PC61BM device. Furthermore, we successfully integrated the PSQ-COT:PC61BM OPD into a high-pixel-density image array (640 × 512 pixels), enabling clear matter identification under SWIR light irradiation. This work provides valuable insights into designing high-performance organic semiconductors for SWIR light detection and imaging applications.

### 534. [A precipitation-hardened medium-entropy alloy with low thermal expansion and high ductility](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-precipitation-hardened-medium-entropy-alloy-with-low-thermal-expansion-and-high-ductility) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3891-5]
Alloys with low thermal expansion are vital for precision components in aerospace, cryogenics, optics, and electronics, where dimensional stability under thermal cycling is essential. As these applications face harsher mechanical and thermal conditions, materials must offer not only low thermal expansion but also high strength and ductility. Achieving all three remains difficult, as their underlying microstructural requirements often conflict. Here, we present a medium-entropy alloy, Fe54Ni34Co6Ti3Al3 (at.%), designed to overcome this challenge through tailored precipitation engineering. The alloy forms coherent L12 nanoprecipitates that not only provide substantial precipitation strengthening but also modulate the composition of the face-centered cubic matrix. This tuning induces a low coefficient of thermal expansion and metastability in the matrix, enabling transformation-induced plasticity that enhances ductility and strain hardening. As a result, the alloy achieves a tensile yield strength of (1036±21) MPa, uniform elongation of 18.4%±1.1%, and a coefficient of thermal expansion of 5.8×10−6 °C−1. This work demonstrates a precipitation-driven pathway to reconcile strength, ductility, and thermal stability, offering a new strategy for designing multifunctional structural materials for advanced engineering environments.

### 535. [Identification and Evolution Analysis of Research Hotspots on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Soil](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/identification-and-evolution-analysis-of-research-hotspots-on-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-in-soil) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202508092]
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent organic pollutants with high environmental stability and bioaccumulation potential, posing risks to soil ecosystems and human health. To systematically map research hotspots and evolutionary trends, a bibliometric analysis was conducted on 1,459 publications from the Web of Science Core Collection and CNKI (1985–2025) using VOSviewer and Python. Keyword clustering identified four primary research themes: (1) transport and transformation of PFAS in soil, (2) bioaccumulation and toxic effects, (3) environmental fate and risk assessment of novel PFAS, and (4) remediation strategies for legacy PFAS. Temporal trend analysis using a trend factor (T) revealed a shift from early toxicological studies to policy-driven growth post-2006, with recent emphasis on remediation technologies, migration mechanisms, and bioconcentration. Future research priorities include understanding the fate of novel substitutes in complex media, developing green and sustainable remediation technologies, and establishing robust validation frameworks. The study provides a comprehensive knowledge map to guide scientific prevention and efficient governance of PFAS contamination.

### 536. [Eutectoid transformation in Cu-Be alloys tuned by cooling pathways: from crystallography to mechanical properties](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/eutectoid-transformation-in-cu-be-alloys-tuned-by-cooling-pathways-from-crystallography-to-mechanical-properti) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3857-1]
High-Be Cu-Be alloys exhibit dendritic segregation and brittle β/γ phases, complicating processing and applications. This study investigates the influence of cooling path on eutectoid transformation, microstructure, and mechanical properties in Cu-2.8Be and Cu-3.8Be alloys. A two-step homogenization treatment effectively eliminates segregation and suppresses the formation of harmful acicular phases. Diffusion-kinetic and thermodynamic analyses demonstrate that both the initial temperature and cooling rate determine eutectoid morphology and extent. Crystallographic and Eshelby-based analyses reveal that the β → γ transformation involves an isotropic contraction of ~3.9%, producing much lower strain energy than the anisotropic β → α transformation (~28.5% expansion and ~9.2% contraction), thus explaining the preferential nucleation of γ. Rapid cooling promotes incomplete eutectoid decomposition along grain boundaries, forming fine α/γ lamellae with interlamellar spacing down to ~7 nm. Lattice strain analysis confirms considerable distortions at α/γ interfaces (ε_xx = 0.0167, ε_yy = 0.0095). The mechanical incompatibility and high internal strain at these interfaces cause stress concentration and crack initiation. This work establishes a process-microstructure-property-mechanism framework essential for controlling the performance of high-Be Cu-Be alloys.

### 537. [Grain refinement and improved properties of an as-cast Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy by pre-deformation heat treatment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/grain-refinement-and-improved-properties-of-an-as-cast-ti-47al-2cr-2nb-alloy-by-pre-deformation-heat-treatment) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3927-9]
The mechanical properties of as-cast TiAl alloys are severely limited by their coarse as-cast microstructure. This study proposes a low-temperature pre-deformation heat treatment to refine the microstructure of an as-cast Ti-47Al-2Nb-2Cr alloy. The process involves pre-deformation below the eutectoid temperature followed by heat treatment in the α+γ phase field, yielding two distinct microstructures: duplex (DP) and nearly lamellar (NL). The average lamellar colony size was reduced to 5.3% and 20% of the as-cast size for DP and NL structures, respectively. Microstructural evolution analysis reveals that the decomposition of coarse lamellar colonies and the formation of fine grains are governed by γ recrystallization, γ→α phase transformation, and α recrystallization. Remnant colonies after deformation are completely eliminated by subsequent heat treatment, enhancing microstructural homogeneity and mechanical properties. The DP alloy exhibits an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 537 MPa and an elongation (EI) of 6.8% at 800°C, representing increases of 44.7% and 518.2% over the as-cast alloy, respectively. Analysis of crack propagation and deformation mechanisms indicates that grain refinement and lamellar structure refinement contribute to improved deformation ability. This work provides a viable pathway for optimizing as-cast TiAl alloys for high-temperature applications.

### 538. [Laser-assisted compositional engineering of high-entropy carbides with superior oxidation resistance at 2500 °C](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/laser-assisted-compositional-engineering-of-high-entropy-carbides-with-superior-oxidation-resistance-at-2500-c) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3508-3]
High-entropy carbides (HECs) are promising candidates for ultrahigh-temperature applications, but their oxidation resistance at temperatures above 2000 °C remains a critical bottleneck. Here, we report a laser-assisted compositional engineering strategy to develop non-equimolar (Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.3Cr0.3)C HECs with superior oxidation resistance up to 2500 °C. Using a self-developed laser oxidation platform, we first screened equimolar (Zr0.25Ti0.25Ta0.25Me0.25)C (Me = Hf, W, Nb, Cr, V, Mo) samples at 2500 °C, identifying Cr as a critical element for forming protective oxide scales. Systematic tuning of Cr content revealed that the optimal composition (Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.3Cr0.3)C exhibits a dense, crack-free oxide layer composed of molten (Cr, Me)(Ta, Me)O4 and (Ta, Me)2O5 phases embedded with (Zr, Me)O2 crystals, which effectively seal defects and suppress oxygen diffusion. The synergistic effects of these phases lead to a significant reduction in mass gain and oxide layer thickness compared to equimolar counterparts. This work provides a new pathway for designing HECs with long-life oxidation resistance at 2500 °C, enabling their use in extreme environments such as hypersonic vehicle leading edges and rocket nozzle throats.

### 539. [Ultrasonic vibration enabled cold manufacturing of high thermal conductive Cu/Diamond composites](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ultrasonic-vibration-enabled-cold-manufacturing-of-high-thermal-conductive-cudiamond-composites) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4028-5]
The escalating thermal management demands of modern electronics necessitate materials with superior thermal conductivity and matched thermal expansion. Cu/Diamond composites are promising, yet their fabrication typically requires extreme conditions (high temperature/pressure) or complex coating processes. This work introduces a one-step, heat-source-free cold manufacturing method using ultrasonic vibration to consolidate Cu/Diamond composites at room temperature and a low pressure of ~16 MPa within seconds. The applied pressure is reduced by 200–500 times, and the required temperature is only 20% of that used in conventional high-temperature high-pressure sintering. Direct metallurgical bonding at Cu-Cu interfaces and solid embedding of diamond particles in the Cu matrix are achieved, yielding a composite with a high yield strength of 150 MPa. The method enables a maximum diamond proportion of ~60%, resulting in a thermal conductivity exceeding 1043 W/(m·K) and a coefficient of thermal expansion below 10×10⁻⁶ K⁻¹. Complex shapes are readily fabricated, and heat dissipation tests demonstrate superior performance compared to commercial Al₂O₃ and AlN substrates. The loose preparation conditions and rapid processing confer significant industrial production potential.

### 540. [Simultaneous enhancement of mechanical and fatigue properties in 2xxx aluminum alloys via microstructural uniformity induced by cyclic plasticity](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/simultaneous-enhancement-of-mechanical-and-fatigue-properties-in-2xxx-aluminum-alloys-via-microstructural-unif) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3781-8]
The 2xxx (Al-Cu-Mg) alloy is widely used in transportation fields due to its excellent strength-to-weight ratio. However, conventional heat treatments such as peak aging (PA) often result in a pronounced strength-ductility trade-off and limited fatigue resistance. To address these limitations, this work presents a comprehensive study on the mechanical properties and fatigue behavior of Al-Cu-Mg alloy subjected to a cyclic plasticity treatment. The cyclic strengthened (CS) samples exhibit a well-balanced combination of strength and ductility due to the formation of nanoscale solute clusters. A systematic and quantitative analysis of the strengthening mechanisms is performed to evaluate the contributions of key microstructural features to the mechanical response. Moreover, the CS samples also demonstrate a significantly higher fatigue ratio and fatigue strength compared to the PA sample, despite exhibiting comparable tensile strength. These improvements are attributed to the absence of weak precipitate-free zones (PFZs) induced as a result of cyclic plasticity, which completely eliminates the pronounced strength differential between the grain interiors and the PFZs observed in the PA state. This microstructural uniformity effect effectively suppresses strain localization under cyclic loading, promotes a more homogeneous strain partitioning, and consequently delays fatigue crack initiation. These findings highlight cyclic plasticity treatment as a promising microstructure design strategy for simultaneously enhancing the mechanical and fatigue properties of high-strength Al alloys.

### 541. [Strengthening d-p Orbital Hybridization by Fluorine Modification for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/strengthening-d-p-orbital-hybridization-by-fluorine-modification-for-efficient-oxygen-evolution-reaction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4054-x]
The sluggish kinetics and high onset potentials of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode of alkaline water/seawater electrolyzers limit overall energy efficiency. Noble-metal oxides like RuO2 are active but suffer from high cost, agglomeration, and dissolution under oxidizing potentials, especially in chloride-rich electrolytes where competing chloride oxidation reaction (ClOR) occurs. Here, we report a mild two-step dry-wet milling strategy to achieve throughout lattice doping of F− into MnO2 (F-MnO2) and subsequent anchoring of atomically dispersed Ru via Ru–O/F hybrid bonds. The strengthened Mn 3d–O/F 2p hybridization and negative charge shielding of surface F− enhance OER activity/selectivity relative to ClOR and impart superior Cl− tolerance and corrosion resistance. The resulting F-Ru-MnO2-TH electrocatalyst exhibits overpotentials of 280 mV and 200 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline water and simulated seawater, respectively. It retains ~100% of initial activity after 200 h continuous operation in alkaline media and >95% after 300 h in simulated seawater, significantly outperforming Ru-MnO2 and commercial RuO2. This work provides a scalable route to durable, high-performance OER catalysts for seawater electrolysis.

### 542. [Rapid Fabrication of Cf/ZrB2-SiC Composites with Multifunctional Properties via Aqueous Injection-Assisted Vacuum Impregnation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/rapid-fabrication-of-cfzrb2-sic-composites-with-multifunctional-properties-via-aqueous-injection-assisted-vacu) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3487-x]
Continuous carbon fiber-reinforced ZrB2-SiC ceramic matrix composites are promising thermal protection materials for hypersonic vehicles and reusable spacecraft. Although injection-assisted vacuum impregnation (IVI) offers advantages such as shorter processing cycles, lower costs, and reduced fiber damage compared to conventional methods, phenolic/acetone-based IVI systems yield composites (designated as CPS) with limited ceramic contents. To address this, an aqueous slurry-based IVI approach was developed, producing composites designated as CHS. After a single IVI cycle, CHS achieved a ZrB2 phase volume fraction of 25 vol.%, 47% higher than CPS, while reducing processing time by 49%. After chemical vapor infiltration, CVI-CHS composite exhibited a room-temperature compressive strength of 106.78±10.53 MPa, representing a 28% improvement over CVI-CPS. Crack propagation analysis revealed discontinuous zigzag patterns under compression, dominated by fiber bridging and pull-out energy dissipation mechanisms. Flexural results revealed both composites retain considerable strength (111.15±12.46 and 83.15±12.03 MPa) along with low flexural modulus (13.00±2.41 and 13.52±6.99 GPa) and high strain tolerance (1.32%±0.018% and 1.07%±0.34%). It is attributed to the anisotropy of fiber preforms and the elastic modulus mismatch among different phases, which hindered effective constraint of fibers by the matrix and, in turn, facilitated mitigation of stress concentration. Additionally, CVI-CPS demonstrated superior X-band electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding (34–36 dB) compared to CVI-CHS (22–27 dB), resulting from synergistic effects between pyrolitic and deposited carbon in the matrix of the former. Both composites showed enhanced EMI shielding efficiency with increasing temperature up to 600°C. This eco-friendly aqueous IVI strategy enables high-performance, cost-effective thermal protection materials with higher ceramic loading and tunable multifunctional properties.

### 543. [Multisite-steered C–C coupling for photocatalytic air-concentration CO2 reduction into C2H6](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multisite-steered-cc-coupling-for-photocatalytic-air-concentration-co2-reduction-into-c2h6) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3464-4]
Photocatalytic conversion of atmospheric CO2 (0.03%) into multi-carbon fuels remains a grand challenge due to the high energy barrier of C–C coupling and the low concentration of CO2. Here, we report the construction of multiple metal pair sites on metal oxide nanosheets to steer C–C coupling, enabling efficient photoreduction of air-concentration CO2 to ethane (C2H6). As a prototype, Au nanoparticles were anchored on Bi4Ti3O12 nanosheets (Au-Bi4Ti3O12). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the formation of Au-Ti metal pair sites at the interface. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of *OCCOH intermediate on Au-Bi4Ti3O12 during CO2 photoreduction, which was absent on pristine Bi4Ti3O12. Density functional theory calculations showed that the Gibbs free energy for *CO–COH formation on Au-Bi4Ti3O12 is 2.23 eV, significantly lower than that on Bi4Ti3O12 (3.59 eV), indicating facilitated C–C coupling. Consequently, Au-Bi4Ti3O12 exhibited a C2H6 evolution rate of 2.58 μmol g−1 h−1 under 0.03% CO2, whereas Bi4Ti3O12 produced only C1 products (CO and CH4). This work demonstrates the first single-catalyst photoreduction of atmospheric CO2 to C2H6, highlighting the effectiveness of engineered multiple active sites in overcoming the C–C coupling bottleneck.

### 544. [Selective Area Growth of High-Quality In-Plane InAs Nanowires and Nanowire Networks by Molecular-Beam Epitaxy on Ge Substrates](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/selective-area-growth-of-high-quality-in-plane-inas-nanowires-and-nanowire-networks-by-molecular-beam-epitaxy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4043-3]
In-plane InAs nanowires and nanowire networks are promising platforms for electronics, optoelectronics, and topological quantum computing due to their small electron effective mass, narrow bandgap, high electron mobility, strong spin-orbit coupling, and large Landé g factor. However, their selective area growth on CMOS-compatible group-IV substrates remains challenging. Here, we report the selective area growth of high-quality in-plane InAs nanowires and nanowire networks on Ge(111) substrates by molecular-beam epitaxy. Conventional selective-area epitaxy fails to simultaneously achieve good selectivity and continuity. To overcome this, we developed a metal-sown, single-indium-source two-step growth method, which attains both selectivity and continuity but yields nanowires with rough surfaces and lengths below 10 μm. We then introduced an upgraded metal-sown, dual-indium-source two-step growth method, successfully fabricating in-plane InAs nanowires and nanowire networks with smooth surface morphology and lengths exceeding 60 μm. By optimizing the As beam equivalent pressure, overgrowth at network junctions is effectively suppressed, resulting in uniform nanowire networks. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy confirm the high-quality single-crystalline nature and pure zinc-blende structure of the nanowires and networks. This work establishes a foundation for fabricating high-quality in-plane InAs/superconductor hybrid nanowires and nanowire networks on Ge substrates.

### 545. [Steering E/Z Linkage Modes in Isomeric Metal-Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Hydrogenation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/steering-ez-linkage-modes-in-isomeric-metal-covalent-organic-frameworks-for-photocatalytic-hydrogenation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3846-9]
The tuning of ligand linkage modes in porous crystalline materials to create isomers with varied properties is significant, yet remains rare in structural design and photocatalytic applications. Here, we investigate isomeric metal-covalent organic frameworks (MCOFs), MCOF-E and MCOF-Z, and reveal that specific construction struts lead to E/Z ligand linkage modes with distinct stacking structures, stimulated by temperature. These isomeric MCOFs exhibit different light absorption, charge transfer, and photocatalytic performance. Notably, MCOF-E achieves an aniline generation efficiency of 4.90 mM h−1 in nitrobenzene hydrogenation, with high conversion (~100%) and selectivity (>99%), outperforming MCOF-Z and other counterparts. Theoretical calculations indicate that MCOF-E possesses a narrower band gap than MCOF-Z, facilitating more efficient generation of photo-induced carriers, which accelerates reaction kinetics and significantly improves nitrobenzene hydrogenation efficiency. This work provides insight into the structure-function relationships of MCOFs and demonstrates the potential of isomerization as a strategy to optimize photocatalytic performance.

### 546. [Atomic-scale mechanisms for superhard HfB2 films via vacancy engineering and compressive stress](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/atomic-scale-mechanisms-for-superhard-hfb2-films-via-vacancy-engineering-and-compressive-stress) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3816-y]
Tool protective films operate under extreme service conditions, requiring exceptional hardness. Transition metal diborides (TMB2), with strong covalent TM–B and B–B bonds, are promising candidates, but achieving superhardness while preserving their simple binary structure remains challenging. Here, we use HfB2 as a model system to reveal how boron vacancy filling and in-plane compressive stress synergistically enhance hardness, through combined experimental synthesis and first-principles calculations. (001)-oriented HfB2 thin films were fabricated, including sub-stoichiometric HfB2−x, stoichiometric HfB2, and stoichiometric HfB2 under compressive stress. Nanoindentation shows the hardness increases from 33.0 ± 1.1 GPa in HfB1.90 to 40.5 ± 0.4 GPa in stoichiometric HfB2, and further to 45.7 ± 1.1 GPa under −3.67 GPa stress. Calculations reveal that vacancy filling increases the number of load-bearing bonds and strengthens B–B bonding via charge accumulation, while compressive stress shortens B–B bonds to further enhance their strength. These findings clarify the atomic-scale mechanisms of vacancy and stress engineering in TMB2, and propose a simple, scalable pathway to superhard protective films without alloying or doping, addressing a long-standing challenge in coatings for extreme environments.

### 547. [Biomimetic concave basalt fiber-reinforced composite integrating ultra-broadband absorption and excellent mechanical properties inspired by wing scales of butterfly](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/biomimetic-concave-basalt-fiber-reinforced-composite-integrating-ultra-broadband-absorption-and-excellent-mech) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3737-9]
The radar stealth performance of weaponry is crucial to their battlefield survivability, jointly determined by the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) and mechanical properties of microwave-absorbing materials (MAMs). However, conventional MAMs often suffer from narrow EAB and absorption coatings prone to detachment. Herein, inspired by the wing scales of butterfly, we develop a biomimetic concave basalt fiber-reinforced composite (BC-BFRC) that delivers both broadband absorption and superior mechanical performance. Remarkably, the BC-BFRC achieves an EAB (reflection loss < −10 dB) of 14.7 GHz (3.3–18 GHz), which is 26.7% higher than the conventional planar structure (planar BFRC) and covers 91.9% of the S–Ku band. It maintains stable broadband absorption across incidence angles of 0°–45° (reflection loss < −8 dB at 4–18 GHz) and is insensitive to the incident direction. In fact, the broadband absorption originates primarily from impedance gradient between the layers and energy capture induced by the biomimetic concave at bottom. Critically, the composite exhibits a flexural strength of 239.2 MPa, enabled by basalt fiber reinforcement. This work provides a novel biomimetic strategy and feasible pathway for realizing structure-function integration of MAMs, enabling advanced radar stealth and electromagnetic shielding applications.

### 548. [Comprehensive Mechanical Properties of Oxide Ceramics Measured by Nanoindentation: RE3TaO7 (RE=La, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Lu) as a Study Case](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/comprehensive-mechanical-properties-of-oxide-ceramics-measured-by-nanoindentation-re3tao7-rela-sm-eu-gd-dy-lu) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3779-1]
Comprehensive mechanical properties, including hardness (H), elastic modulus (E), fracture toughness (KC), and wear resistance, are essential for oxide ceramics used in demanding environments. This work employs nanoindentation to evaluate these properties for RE3TaO7 (RE=La, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Lu) and identifies the optimal calculation method for KC in brittle oxide ceramics. The ratio of indentation crack length to half-diagonal (l/α) is a key parameter: Eq. (3) is suitable when l/α < 1, while Eq. (4) applies when l/α > 1. The indentation energy method is invalid for brittle ceramics due to crack formation at high loads. RE3TaO7 oxides exhibit H of 5.8–14.9 GPa, E of 127.5–247.8 GPa, and KC of 1.0–2.0 MPa·m1/2, surpassing RE2Zr2O7 (KC 1.0–1.5 MPa·m1/2). Wear resistance, indicated by MDP, ranges from 0.55 to 0.67, outperforming RE2Zr2O7. The superior fracture toughness is attributed to weberite structure with crack deflection and tortuous propagation, contrasted with pyrochlore's straight cracks. These findings provide accurate nanoindentation-based methods for assessing mechanical properties of brittle oxide ceramics, facilitating material discovery and optimization for thermal barrier coatings and other high-temperature applications.

### 549. [A review of carbon-based quantum dots for interfacial photocatalysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-review-of-carbon-based-quantum-dots-for-interfacial-photocatalysis) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61091-8]
Carbon-based quantum dots (C-QDs) have attracted growing attention in photocatalysis because of their tunable surface chemistry, unique electronic structure, and ability to regulate interfacial charge transfer. In recent years, their role has moved beyond that of simple light absorbers or general performance enhancers, and they are increasingly regarded as engineered interfacial components that can control charge separation, reaction-site microenvironments, and product selectivity. However, the broad claim that C-QDs improve photocatalytic performance often lacks clear mechanistic validation, which limits the ability to compare and reproduce reported studies. Recent advances in C-QD-based photocatalysis are reviewed with particular attention to the experimental evidence supporting their proposed roles and mechanisms. Three roles are considered: (a) electron sinks or charge reservoirs, (b) interfacial bridges or charge-transfer conduits, and (c) adsorption or microenvironment modulators. The evidence needed to support these assignments is then discussed, including measurements of band energetics and carrier dynamics, characterization of interfacial coupling, identification of reaction intermediates under working conditions, isotope-labeling experiments, and carbon balance analysis. Representative applications in hydrogen evolution, CO2 photoreduction, and pollutant degradation/photo-enhanced advanced oxidation processes are also analyzed to clarify how C-QD roles should be matched with reaction-specific metrics. Finally, the review identifies several recurring problems that hinder mechanistic interpretation and comparison between studies: C-QDs are often assigned different functions without sufficient evidence; Z-scheme and S-scheme labels are sometimes used without directly verifying the proposed charge-transfer pathways; reaction intermediates and catalyst behavior are not always examined under actual reaction conditions; and photocatalytic performance is reported using inconsistent metrics and test conditions. This review aims to provide practical guidance for building reliable structure–function relationships and for designing next-generation C-QD-based photocatalysts with clearer mechanisms, stronger reproducibility, and greater application potential.

### 550. [Progress in the Preparation of Silicon/Carbon Composites for Use as Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/progress-in-the-preparation-of-siliconcarbon-composites-for-use-as-anodes-in-lithium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61097-9]
Silicon/carbon (Si/C) composites are promising anode materials for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because they mitigate the severe volume expansion and poor electrical conductivity of pure silicon anodes. This review systematically summarizes the state-of-the-art preparation methods for Si/C composites, including ball milling, spray drying, electrostatic spinning, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Structural engineering strategies, such as carbon precursor coating, silicon-precursor-based wet chemistry, and silicon surface modification, are critically assessed for their effectiveness in enhancing electrical conductivity, buffering volume changes, and improving overall electrochemical performance. The review highlights that while Si offers a theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh g−1, far exceeding graphite's 372 mAh g−1, its practical application is hindered by capacity fading and low initial coulombic efficiency. The integration of carbon matrices not only provides mechanical flexibility but also facilitates electron transport. Key performance metrics from recent studies, including specific capacities exceeding 1000 mAh g−1 and improved cycling stability over hundreds of cycles, are discussed. The review also addresses the challenges of scalable production and cost-effectiveness, emphasizing the need for optimized precursor selection and processing parameters. Future research directions are proposed, focusing on the rational design of hierarchical structures and the development of novel binders to further enhance the long-term durability of Si/C anodes. This comprehensive overview serves as a valuable resource for researchers and engineers aiming to advance the commercialization of high-energy-density LIBs.

### 551. [Progress in Iodine Host Materials for Aqueous Zinc-Iodine Batteries: From Physical Confinement, Chemical Adsorption to Electrocatalysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/progress-in-iodine-host-materials-for-aqueous-zinc-iodine-batteries-from-physical-confinement-chemical-adsorpt) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61094-3]
Aqueous zinc-iodine (Zn-I2) batteries are promising for large-scale energy storage due to their intrinsic safety, low cost, and high theoretical capacity (211 mAh g−1 for iodine). However, their practical application is hindered by the poor electronic conductivity of iodine, sluggish redox kinetics, and the shuttle effect of polyiodides. This review systematically analyzes the reaction mechanisms of iodine cathodes, including two-electron (I−/I2) and multi-electron (I−/I2/I+ and I−/I2/I+/IO3−) pathways, and identifies key bottlenecks. It then comprehensively summarizes recent advances in iodine host materials, categorized into three strategies: physical confinement, chemical adsorption, and electrocatalysis. Representative host materials such as porous carbons, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs), polymers, MXenes, and Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) are discussed, with emphasis on the structure–performance relationships. The review highlights that heteroatom doping (e.g., nitrogen) enhances chemical adsorption of iodine species, while single-atom catalysts (e.g., Co, Zn) provide electrocatalytic sites that accelerate conversion kinetics. Finally, future research directions are proposed, including exploration of multi-electron systems, mechanistic elucidation of iodine conversion, development of advanced host materials, and optimization of zinc anodes, to accelerate the commercialization of Zn-I2 batteries.

### 552. [Progress on graphite-based bipolar plates for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/progress-on-graphite-based-bipolar-plates-for-use-in-proton-exchange-membrane-fuel-cells) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61117-1]
Graphite-based bipolar plates (GBPs) are critical components in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), offering excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and durability. However, their inherent brittleness and porous structure lead to inadequate mechanical strength and high gas permeability, limiting practical application and large-scale manufacture. This review summarizes recent advances in GBP fabrication, focusing on the effects of graphite raw materials, polymer matrices, conductive and reinforcing fillers, and molding processes on GBP performance. The relationships among graphite particle size, morphology, surface characteristics, filler dispersion, interfacial bonding, resin content, and the electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, gas permeability, and corrosion resistance of GBPs are discussed. The effects of material composition, microstructure, and processing conditions on overall performance are analyzed. Trade-offs between electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, gas permeability, corrosion resistance, and processability are highlighted. Strategies for improving performance are summarized, including optimization of graphite raw materials, multiscale filler design, interfacial regulation, resin-content optimization, and improvements in molding processes.

### 553. [CVD Graphene on Iron, Iron Alloys, and Nanoparticles: A Review of Its Growth, Characterization, Applications, and Challenges](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cvd-graphene-on-iron-iron-alloys-and-nanoparticles-a-review-of-its-growth-characterization-applications-and-ch) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61107-9]
Graphene's exceptional electrical, thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties render it promising for electronics, energy storage, protective coatings, catalysis, and environmental remediation. However, large-scale adoption is hindered by high synthesis costs, process complexities, and integration issues. Among production methods, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on metals is the most scalable, with copper widely used due to its low carbon solubility and excellent monolayer control. Yet, Cu substrates are costly ($8–10/kg), transfer steps introduce defects, and the resulting graphene is poorly matched to structural components. Iron-based substrates offer an attractive alternative, providing much lower material cost, direct compatibility with steel infrastructure, reduced growth temperatures, and intrinsic functionalities such as magnetism and catalytic activity, enabling new applications. This review analyzes graphene growth on pure iron, iron alloys, and iron-based nanoparticles, focusing on growth mechanisms, substrate engineering, and characterization approaches tailored to challenges like carbide formation. Applications including corrosion-resistant coatings, electronics, energy storage, catalysis, water treatment, and electromagnetic shielding are considered. Despite the limitation of high carbon solubility, iron can be exploited for controlled multilayer formation useful for barrier and energy applications, while alloying and process control enable tunable monolayer or few-layer films, making iron-based CVD graphene a versatile, cost-effective platform.

### 554. [Nanodrug Engineered Bacteria for Tumor-Targeted and Synergistic Photothermal Immunotherapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nanodrug-engineered-bacteria-for-tumor-targeted-and-synergistic-photothermal-immunotherapy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3640-3]
Cancer immunotherapy, particularly small-molecule immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), offers low cost and high tumor diffusion but suffers from limited efficacy and systemic toxicity. Here, we engineered non-pathogenic Escherichia coli MG1655 for tumor-targeted and synergistic photothermal immunotherapy. Polydopamine (PDA) was coated onto the bacterial surface via in situ polymerization, followed by noncovalent attachment of the IDO-1 inhibitor NLG919, yielding MG1655@PDA-NLG. The functionalized bacteria retained viability and bioactivity while exhibiting outstanding photothermal conversion. In a murine CT26 colon tumor model, intravenous injection led to effective tumor accumulation within 12 h and complete clearance from major organs by 72 h, with negligible hematological toxicity, confirming hypoxic tumor-targeting and biosafety. Under near-infrared irradiation, the engineered bacteria inhibited tumor growth by over 90%, combining photothermal effect and immunogenic cell death (ICD) to promote dendritic cell maturation. This synergized with suppression of tryptophan metabolism, enhancing CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration. This work demonstrates a simple, safe strategy for surface engineering of bacteria with multiple therapeutic agents, offering a promising approach for precise and combined cancer immunotherapy.

### 555. [Inflammatory microenvironment-triggered oral mucositis treatment by guanosine microneedles](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/inflammatory-microenvironment-triggered-oral-mucositis-treatment-by-guanosine-microneedles) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3782-0]
Oral mucositis (OM) is a debilitating complication of cancer therapy, characterized by severe pain, mucosal barrier breakdown, and infection risk. Current hydrogel-based topical systems suffer from poor transmucosal permeation and lack of inflammatory microenvironment-triggered drug release. Here, we report a supramolecular strategy for designing guanosine-fibril hydrogels and derived microneedle patches. Tavaborole (Ta), crisaborole (Cr), and strontium (Sr2+) ions serve dual roles as structural building blocks and biofunctional agents. Unlike conventional G4·K+ fibrils, the unique G4·Sr2+-Ta/Cr fibrils incorporate Ta/Cr via boronic ester bonds on guanosine and Sr2+ through G-quartet cation recognition. This design mechanically reinforces the hydrogel through additional hydrophobic interactions and ion-pair recognition, while synergistically providing antimicrobial/anti-inflammatory effects (Ta/Cr), pro-angiogenic activity (Sr2+), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging (guanosine). The optimized gelation process enables fabrication of microneedle patches with pseudomembrane-penetrating capability and ROS-triggered drug release via boronic ester hydrolysis. In vivo mouse experiments confirm efficacy in controlling OM-associated inflammation, modulating oral microbiota homeostasis, and promoting angiogenesis at ulcer sites. This work demonstrates multifunctional integration via hierarchical structural design, extending guanosine supramolecular assemblies into bioactive platforms for OM treatment.

### 556. [Poly(2-oxazoline) Decorated Lipid Nanoparticles for Robust mRNA Delivery in the Presence of Pre-existing Anti-PEG Antibodies](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/poly2-oxazoline-decorated-lipid-nanoparticles-for-robust-mrna-delivery-in-the-presence-of-pre-existing-anti-pe) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3634-0]
Messenger RNA-lipid nanoparticle (mRNA-LNP) vaccines have demonstrated extraordinary efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, establishing LNPs as the premier platform for mRNA therapeutics. However, the pervasive presence of anti-polyethylene glycol (PEG) antibodies undermines PEGylated LNP performance by diminishing therapeutic efficacy. To address this challenge, we synthesized a panel of lipid-poly(2-oxazoline) (lipid-POx) conjugates as alternatives to lipid-PEG and systematically evaluated how their polymer backbone, degree of polymerization, and lipid tail structure influence LNP physicochemical properties and mRNA delivery performance. Among POx-LNPs formulated with heptadecan-9-yl 8-((2-hydroxyethyl)(6-oxo-6-(undecyloxy)hexyl)amino)octanoate (SM-102) as the base lipid, those constructed with single-tailed C18-POx exhibited smaller particle sizes and superior freeze-thaw stability. These C18-POx-LNPs maintained comparable in vivo transfection efficiency to PEG-LNPs even when fully replacing 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3 (DMG)-PEG. Notably, in mice bearing pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies, C18-POx-LNPs demonstrated over 200-fold higher transfection efficiency than PEG-LNPs. Additionally, repeated administration of POx-LNPs induced dose-dependent anti-POx immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG responses, with antibody titers inversely correlated with POx hydrophilicity. This study underscores the effectiveness of substituting PEG with POx in LNP construction to address the transfection efficiency in populations with pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies, and would inspire the development of more hydrophilic polymers for LNP formulation.

### 557. [Photoelectrochemical Upgrading of Biomass-Derived Compounds over Hematite Nanorods Decorated with Bimetallic Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/photoelectrochemical-upgrading-of-biomass-derived-compounds-over-hematite-nanorods-decorated-with-bimetallic-z) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3856-0]
Replacing the kinetically sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with biomass oxidation at photoanodes offers a cost-effective and energy-efficient route for simultaneous hydrogen production and value-added chemical synthesis in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell. Here, titanium-doped hematite nanorods (Hem) decorated with CoNi bimetallic zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF) were prepared via room-temperature deposition and employed as photoanodes for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation. Using 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) as a redox mediator in alkaline electrolyte, the CoNi-ZIF/Hem photoanode achieved a photocurrent density of 1.09 mA cm−2 at a low bias of 1.1 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that CoNi-ZIF accelerates charge transfer and separation, and enhances TEMPO adsorption on the surface, benefiting PEC TEMPO-mediated HMF oxidation to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). In a flow-cell reactor under 1 sun illumination, the photoanode achieved ~99% HMF conversion and ~98% FDCA yield within 2 hours. The photoanode also exhibited excellent performance for TEMPO-mediated oxidation of various aldehyde-containing biomass-derived compounds. This work demonstrates a rational design of hematite-based photoanodes for efficient biomass valorization coupled with hydrogen production.

### 558. [Phase Penetration: Key Drivers in Barrier Layer Failure of Hf-free Half-Heusler Thermoelectric Modules](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/phase-penetration-key-drivers-in-barrier-layer-failure-of-hf-free-half-heusler-thermoelectric-modules) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3633-5]
High-temperature interfacial diffusion in Half-Heusler (HH) thermoelectric devices poses significant challenges for practical applications, particularly the diffusion of Ag from conventional solders, which degrades material performance and device stability. This study reveals anomalous Ag diffusion through a Cr powder barrier layer into Ti0.5Zr0.5NiSn0.98Sb0.02, driven by Sn phase penetration. In contrast, employing a Cr foil barrier layer pre-densified the material, effectively preventing Sn phase penetration and eliminating Ag diffusion pathways, thereby preserving junction integrity. After aging at 973 K for 30 days, the Cr foil junction maintained a clean interface with a low contact resistivity of 0.27 μΩ cm2. Benefiting from this interfacial design, a Hf-free HH module achieved a high conversion efficiency of 10.4% at a hot-side temperature of 976 K, alongside long-term stability. This work addresses critical bottlenecks in developing high-performance, low-cost HH modules, facilitating their commercial application in waste heat recovery.

### 559. [Magnetic Oxygen-Generating Robots via a Self-Healing Hydrogel-Based Modular Assembly Strategy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/magnetic-oxygen-generating-robots-via-a-self-healing-hydrogel-based-modular-assembly-strategy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3545-7]
Magnetically driven hydrogel robots show promise in biomedical and underwater applications due to remote controllability, flexibility, biocompatibility, and chemical stability. However, limited functional integration restricts their adaptability. Here, a universal modular assembly strategy is introduced using a self-healing κ-carrageenan/polyacrylamide hydrogel embedded with magnetic particles, enabling free assembly of magnetic actuation modules. These modules construct soft robots with complex geometries and magnetization distributions, allowing diverse deformations under magnetic fields. The strategy further integrates photocatalysis by embedding Ru-Bi2CrO6 photocatalysts into functional modules, yielding an oxygen-generating robot. This robot exhibits flexible underwater movement via magnetically controlled oscillatory actuation, minimizing water agitation while supplying stable oxygen to specific aquatic environments. The photocatalytic oxygen evolution rate reaches 389.1 μmol g−1 h−1. The hydrogel skeleton suppresses particle aggregation and sedimentation, and facilitates magnetic recovery. This scalable and adaptable approach advances multifunctional soft robot design.

### 560. [Engineering MgAg alloy segregation at grain boundary for enhanced room-temperature n-type Mg3(Sb,Bi)2-based thermoelectrics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/engineering-mgag-alloy-segregation-at-grain-boundary-for-enhanced-room-temperature-n-type-mg3sbbi2-based-therm) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3407-0]
Grain boundary (GB) engineering has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the near-room-temperature performance of Mg3(Sb,Bi)2-based thermoelectric materials, yet effective control of Mg distribution at GBs remains a significant challenge. Here, we report a novel approach to achieve targeted Mg segregation at GBs through strategic Ag incorporation in Mg3.3Sb0.5Bi1.497Te0.003. Through comprehensive microstructural characterization and first-principles calculations, we demonstrate that Ag preferentially segregates at GBs, forming Mg-rich MgAg alloy phases while maintaining limited solid solubility within the matrix. This unique GB architecture simultaneously optimizes multiple thermoelectric parameters: the Mg-rich GB regions significantly provide efficient carrier transport channels and enhance carrier mobility, while the MgAg phases and lattice disorders effectively scatter phonons without disrupting electron transport. Consequently, the optimized composition (x = 0.01) exhibits a remarkable enhancement in power factor at 300 K and maintains an average ZT of ~1.0 across 300–400 K. The material also demonstrates excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability, making it particularly suitable for near-room-temperature applications. Our findings not only establish an effective strategy for GB engineering in Mg3(Sb,Bi)2 systems but also provide valuable insights into the rational design of high-performance thermoelectric materials through interface modification.

### 561. [Microcrystallization-Gelation Enabled Mechanocompatible and Antibacterial Hydrogels for Cartilage Repair](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/microcrystallization-gelation-enabled-mechanocompatible-and-antibacterial-hydrogels-for-cartilage-repair) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3646-1]
Repairing cartilage defects requires biomaterials with mechanical properties similar to native cartilage. However, balancing these properties with biodegradability remains a major challenge. In this study, a degradable antibacterial hydrogel with promising mechanical characteristics was developed for personalized cartilage defect repair. The hydrogel was synthesized using chitosan and gelatin via microcrystallization and gelation, combined with chemical crosslinking facilitated by epichlorohydrin. This method significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the material, with compressive modulus of the optimal group reaching 0.2 MPa and tensile strength reaching 2.2 MPa, which are comparable to those of human cartilage. The hydrogel maintained its integrity after 50000 compression cycles. With excellent flowability prior to crosslinking, it can adapt to complex cartilage defects. The inclusion of gentamicin provides antibacterial properties, while nano-hydroxyapatite promotes osteogenesis. This hydrogel, with its multiple crosslinking mechanisms, balances mechanical strength, biodegradability, and adaptability, offering a promising solution for repairing infected cartilage defects.

### 562. [Multiple deformable units enabling superior plasticity and softness in SnS2 van der Waals crystals](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multiple-deformable-units-enabling-superior-plasticity-and-softness-in-sns2-van-der-waals-crystals) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3800-7]
Two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) crystals, stacked via atomically thin layers, exhibit rich functionalities and tunable stacking orders. Their mechanical behaviors are crucial for flexible and miniature electronics. While some vdW crystals show superior plasticity, the mechanical properties of SnS2 bulk crystals remain largely unexplored. Here, we synthesize high-quality SnS2 crystals via the Bridgman method and comprehensively investigate their mechanical properties. SnS2 bulk crystals exhibit remarkable plasticity and softness: bending and compression strains exceed 20% and 45%, respectively, without fracture, while tensile fracture strains reach up to ~12% (range 9%–16%). Scanning/transmission electron microscopy reveals multiple deformation units, including layer segments, interlayer/cross-layer slip, twisting, and twinning-like structures. These units provide multiple pathways to release strain energy, promoting plasticity. Alongside weak interlayer vdW interactions, relatively ionic and weak intralayer Sn–S bonds contribute to the softness. This work fills the knowledge gap on SnS2 mechanical properties, advancing its processing and application in diverse electronic devices. Further studies may focus on balancing plasticity and strength by tuning microstructure to activate but confine deformation units.

### 563. [Changing the carbon framework to produce low-expansion silicon-carbon composites for high-performance lithium-ion batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/changing-the-carbon-framework-to-produce-low-expansion-silicon-carbon-composites-for-high-performance-lithium) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61109-2]
Silicon-carbon (Si/C) composites are promising high-capacity anode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries, but their commercialization is hindered by severe volume expansion during cycling. We report a chemical vapor deposition method using the pyrolysis of silane, in which ultrafine nano-Si enters a porous carbon framework to produce kilogram-scale Si/C composites. The carbon framework with abundant micropores (~1.9 nm) confines the amorphous silicon and accommodates the volume changes of nano-Si during both lithiation and de-lithiation. The resulting Si/C composites have a 56.76% Si content and have a specific capacity of 2179 mAh g–1, a high initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 93.5%, and a low specific surface area (1.32 m2 g–1). In addition to the nanoconfinement effect, the median particle size (D50, 7.3-13.0 μm) of the carbon framework was shown to control the mechanical strength, coating uniformity and Li+ transport. A D50 of 8.2 μm endows the Si/C composites with outstanding comprehensive properties. They have an excellent rate performance with a 97.0% retention at 3 C relative to 0.1 C, show only minor variations in ICE difference at 60 ℃/-20 ℃ compared with room temperature, and have a low expansion of 35.8% from the delithiated to the lithiated state. The composite was then mixed with graphite to prepare the anode, which was then paired with an NCM523 cathode to assemble pouch cells. The pouch cell retained 87.46% of its initial capacity after 1000 cycles at 1 C. Because of the low expansion of the electrode, the material avoids structural degradation during cycling and thus has an excellent long-term stability.

### 564. [Spore-derived porous carbon with tailored heteroatom doping for anode of sodium-ion capacitors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/spore-derived-porous-carbon-with-tailored-heteroatom-doping-for-anode-of-sodium-ion-capacitors) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61100-6]
Sodium-ion capacitors (SICs) are attractive for low-cost and safe energy storage, but their practical development is limited by sluggish Na+ storage kinetics and structural instability of anodes. Control of both bulk structure and surface chemistry can address these limitations. We report a heteroatom-rich porous carbon (HRPC) derived from spores via hydrothermal pretreatment, low-temperature carbonization, and acid-mediated functionalization. The optimized GLSHC-HNO3 anode exhibits hierarchical porosity and multi-element co-doping, enabling rapid ion/electron transport, improved electrolyte wettability, and abundant Na+ adsorption sites. Density functional theory calculations reveal distinct contributions of different heteroatom configurations to sodium adsorption. The HRPC anode delivers an ultrahigh reversible capacity of 446.1 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1, retains 237.3 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1, and shows excellent cycling stability. A full SIC with a polyaniline-derived porous carbon cathode achieves an energy density of 114.4 Wh kg−1 at 290 W kg−1, 43.1 Wh kg−1 at 1450 W kg−1, and a maximum power density of 5800 W kg−1, with 84.3% capacity retention after 5000 cycles and nearly 100% Coulombic efficiency. This work establishes a scalable, sustainable route for converting biomass into high-value carbon anodes, providing a new pathway for high-performance sodium-ion energy storage.

### 565. [Revealing Abnormal Micro- and Meso-Structure Evolution Mechanism of Porous Pyrolytic Carbon in TRISO Coated Fuel Particles under High-Temperature Treatment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/revealing-abnormal-micro-and-meso-structure-evolution-mechanism-of-porous-pyrolytic-carbon-in-triso-coated-fue) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61113-4]
Porous pyrolytic carbon (PPyC) serves as the buffer layer in TRi-structural ISOtropic (TRISO) fuel particles, providing storage for fission gases, preventing damage to outer layers, and absorbing stresses caused by fuel-kernel swelling. However, the changes of PPyC micro- and meso-structure at high temperatures remain insufficiently understood. In this study, PPyC fabricated by chemical vapor deposition was heat-treated from 1200 to 1600 °C and characterized across atomic-to-mesoscopic scales. Results show that the structure changes with temperature with a transition at approximately 1400 °C. Below 1400 °C, a decrease in Raman ID/IG ratio, narrowing of the graphite diffraction peak, and increased sp2 hybridization indicate progressive ordering associated with defect redistribution. Concurrent decreases in true density and mesopore volume, together with increased closed porosity, are consistent with partial conversion of open pores into closed pores. Above 1400 °C, increased ID/IG ratio, broadening of the diffraction peak near the rhombohedral graphite (101) reflection, and transition regions between crystalline and amorphous material observed by TEM indicate increasing structural disorder. Meanwhile, initially distinct PPyC particle boundaries blur and merge into broad, plate-like domains. Subsequent decrease in closed porosity and increase in mesopore surface area are consistent with partial connection of closed pores to the open-pore network. This work shows that intrinsic coupling between atomic-scale structural change and mesoscale pore connectivity provides a basis for assessing high-temperature structural stability of PPyC in TRISO fuel particles.

### 566. [Single-atom iron catalysts on defect-rich nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets for efficient phenol degradation via peroxydisulfate activation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/single-atom-iron-catalysts-on-defect-rich-nitrogen-doped-carbon-nanosheets-for-efficient-phenol-degradation-vi) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61101-8]
Phenolic compounds are typical refractory organic pollutants in coal chemical coking wastewater, posing significant risks to ecosystems and human health. Conventional treatment methods are inefficient, necessitating advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Here, we report a low-cost Fe/N–C catalyst synthesized from coal-tar pitch, a common by-product of the coal chemical industry, via a self-assembly and pyrolysis strategy using graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a template and nitrogen source, with dicyandiamide as an auxiliary nitrogen source and FeCl3·6H2O as the iron precursor. The resulting nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets possess abundant defects (sp3-C/sp2-C = 0.66) and atomically dispersed iron species. The Fe/N–C catalyst exhibits outstanding catalytic activity for peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation, achieving over 98% phenol degradation within 30 minutes and a 60% total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate. Mechanistic studies, including radical quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments, reveal that both radical and non-radical pathways contribute to phenol degradation, with singlet oxygen (1O2) as the primary reactive oxygen species. Electrochemical analyses demonstrate that atomically dispersed Fe sites significantly enhance interfacial electron transfer. Post-reaction characterization indicates the consumption of pyrrolic-N, C=O, and carbon defects as active sites, while graphitic-N and Fe–N structures remain stable, confirming the catalyst's stability. This work provides an economical route to convert coal-tar pitch into high-performance catalytic materials for efficient water treatment, embodying the circular economy concept of waste-to-resource utilization.

### 567. [A platinum catalyst with hierarchical porosity supported on a honeycomb-like nitrogen-doped carbon for excellent oxygen reduction reaction performance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-platinum-catalyst-with-hierarchical-porosity-supported-on-a-honeycomb-like-nitrogen-doped-carbon-for-excelle) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61093-1]
Advanced catalyst structures with good active site accessibility and strong metal-support interactions are crucial for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysis. A hierarchically porous Pt catalyst supported on honeycomb-like nitrogen-doped carbon (Pt/HNC-400, where 400 denotes the optimal dosage (mg) of the sacrificial SiO2 hard template used during synthesis) was fabricated by combining template-assisted pyrolysis and alcohol reduction. The fabrication involves the template-assisted pyrolysis of ZIF-67 (which provides the N-dopant through its 2-methylimidazole ligand) followed by HF etching to completely remove the SiO2, yielding a 3D interconnected porous carbon support. Compared to a commercial Pt/C, it had an exceptional ORR performance with a half-wave potential of 0.901 V (41 mV higher), a mass activity at 0.9 V that was 15.3 times higher, and significantly improved durability (a half-wave potential decay of 25 mV vs. 80 mV after 10,000 accelerated durability tests (ADTs)). Mechanistic investigations showed that this superior performance is due to the combined effects of the 3D porous structure, ultrafine Pt nanoparticles with strong metal-support interactions, and in-situ formed Co-Nx moieties from the pyrolysis of precursor ZIF-67. After 10,000 ADTs it was shown to have excellent structural integrity, retaining 87.4% of its initial electrochemically active surface area (102.7 m2 g−1). This study may assist the development of new high-performance ORR catalysts.

### 568. [A Bidirectionally Frozen Carbon Aerogel Reinforced by Tetrapod ZnO Bridges for High-Performance Pressure Sensing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-bidirectionally-frozen-carbon-aerogel-reinforced-by-tetrapod-zno-bridges-for-high-performance-pressure-sensi) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61103-1]
Flexible pressure sensors that simultaneously achieve high sensitivity, mechanical strength, and long-term stability remain challenging, particularly for biomass-derived carbon aerogels that are intrinsically brittle and prone to structural collapse. Here, we report a bidirectionally frozen carbon aerogel reinforced with tetrapod ZnO whiskers (T-ZnOWs) for high-performance pressure sensing. The aerogel is composed of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets (NCs), and T-ZnOWs, which are reorganized into a mechanically stable, parallel lamellar structure via bidirectional freezing. T-ZnOWs act as rigid interlayer pillars, bridging adjacent carbon lamellae to form a 'layer-support' structure that enables efficient directional stress transfer, suppresses interlayer slippage, and promotes cooperative deformation. The nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets introduce defect-rich conductive paths, enhancing piezoresistive response. Due to modulus mismatch between the supports and carbon layers, applied stress concentrates at layer/support interfaces, generating localized high-stress regions that amplify electrical signal changes. The aerogel is infiltrated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to form a conformal elastic encapsulating layer, improving durability. The resulting sensor exhibits a high gauge factor of 34.4, an ultrahigh sensitivity of 248.41 kPa−1 over a broad pressure range (0–19 kPa), fast response (24 ms) and recovery (69 ms) times, and stable operation over 5000 loading–unloading cycles. The sensor reliably detects physiological signals and joint motions, demonstrating potential for wearable and intelligent sensing applications. This work provides a strategy to improve the mechanical reliability and sensing performance of biomass-derived carbon aerogels.

### 569. [A Cu/Cu2O@C Composite Catalyst Derived from Wood-Chips for the Efficient One-Pot Oxidation of Cyclohexane to Adipic Acid](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-cucu2oc-composite-catalyst-derived-from-wood-chips-for-the-efficient-one-pot-oxidation-of-cyclohexane-to-adi) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61108-0]
Adipic acid is a key monomer for nylon-6,6 and nylon-6, yet its industrial production via nitric acid oxidation of KA oil suffers from high energy consumption and N2O emissions. This study reports a green catalytic system for one-pot oxidation of cyclohexane to adipic acid using a Cu/Cu2O@C composite catalyst derived from wood chips. During pyrolysis, wood chips serve as both carbon support precursor and in-situ reducing agent, converting Cu2+ into Cu/Cu2O active species. The abundant defects in biomass carbon form strong coordination interactions with copper, regulating the electronic distribution of active sites and enhancing catalytic performance. Under optimized conditions (100 °C, 12 h), the Cu/Cu2O@C-0.1 catalyst achieves a cyclohexane conversion of 19.36% and an adipic acid selectivity of 73.28%. Mechanistic studies reveal that the electronic interaction between the carbon support and copper species strengthens adsorption of cyclohexanone, promoting selective formation of adipic acid. The reaction follows a free radical chain mechanism involving hydroxyl and alkyl radicals. This work provides a viable strategy for developing eco-friendly, low-cost, and high-efficiency catalytic materials for industrial adipic acid synthesis.

### 570. [Improving the porous carbon matrix to suppress the formation of surface silicon for improved cycling stability](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/improving-the-porous-carbon-matrix-to-suppress-the-formation-of-surface-silicon-for-improved-cycling-stability) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61102-X]
Silicon-carbon composites prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are promising anode materials for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. However, the influence of the pore structure of the porous carbon (PC) carrier on silicon deposition behavior, and the impact of surface silicon on cycling stability, remain unclear. This study systematically investigates these effects using nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Porous carbons with varying pore architectures were synthesized by adjusting KOH activator ratios. Results show that increased micropore volume facilitates higher silicon mass loading, but also elevates the content of surface floating silicon due to greater silane exposure. Moderately increasing mesopores in high-microporosity carbon promotes deeper silicon deposition, reducing surface floating silicon. Excessive surface floating silicon hinders lithium-ion diffusion kinetics, leading to accumulation of active lithium, accelerated SEI growth, and electrode degradation. Electrochemical testing reveals that the optimized silicon-carbon composite maintains a high specific capacity of 693.1 mAh/g after 150 cycles at 0.5 C (900 mA/g). This work provides new insights into the development and failure mechanisms of CVD-derived silicon-carbon composite anodes, emphasizing the critical role of pore structure in mitigating surface silicon and enhancing cycling stability.

### 571. [Hierarchically porous fibrous carbon containing Fe3O4 particles and doped with both N and S derived from polypyrrole modified lignosulphonate-bacterial cellulose for use in high performance supercapacitors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/hierarchically-porous-fibrous-carbon-containing-fe3o4-particles-and-doped-with-both-n-and-s-derived-from-polyp) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61112-2]
The design of heteroatom-doped porous carbon materials integrated with metal oxide nanostructures has emerged as an efficient approach for improving the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. A green and cost-effective method is reported for the fabrication of a hierarchical porous carbon composite from bacterial cellulose (BC), lignosulfonic acid (LS), and polypyrrole (PPy). LS serves as both an anchoring agent and a soft molecular template, directing the oxidative polymerization and uniform deposition of PPy onto the BC nanofibers in the presence of FeCl3 as the oxidizing agent. Subsequent carbonization under a nitrogen atmosphere results in the formation of an N/S co-doped carbon framework decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles, denoted C-BCLP. For comparison, a control composite consisting of BC and PPy without LS was carbonized to produce C-BCP. X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and the preservation of the fibrous carbon structure. Electron microscopy shows that C-BCLP has a highly porous and conductive network with a homogeneous distribution of C, O, N, S, and Fe elements. Because of the combined effects of hierarchical porosity, heteroatom doping, and Fe3O4 incorporation, the C-BCLP electrode has high specific capacitances of 338.3 F g–1 at 1 A g–1 and 191.6 F g–1 at 10 A g–1. In addition, it has excellent cycling stability, retaining 99.1% of its initial capacitance after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles, outperforming the C-BCP electrode. The work suggests a promising way to develop next-generation high-performance supercapacitors.

### 572. [Tuning porosity and capacitance of laser-assisted grown graphene by controlled thermal annealing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/tuning-porosity-and-capacitance-of-laser-assisted-grown-graphene-by-controlled-thermal-annealing) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61098-0]
Laser-assisted grown graphene electrodes are promising for electrochemical energy storage, but their performance is limited by poorly controlled pore networks. This study demonstrates that a simple thermal post-treatment effectively tunes porosity and surface chemistry, significantly enhancing capacitive performance. Systematic variation of annealing temperature, dwell time, and atmosphere (air vs. inert) revealed that mild annealing in air up to 500 °C reduces oxygen-containing functionalities and increases the sp2/sp3 carbon ratio. Critically, specific surface area increased from 110 to 498 m² g⁻¹, with a broader pore-size distribution. These structural and chemical changes correlate with an almost order-of-magnitude increase in capacitance compared to untreated electrodes. The optimal condition—400 °C in air for 6 h—yielded electrodes retaining 92% of capacitance at a 25-fold current increase and 99% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations support a buckling–unknotting mechanism, where metastable interlayer sp3 or C–O–C linkages relax into lower-energy, untied bilayer configurations, reopening pores. This laser-based fabrication combined with thermal annealing offers a scalable, chemical-free route to high-performance graphene electrodes, avoiding wet-chemical activation. The established structure–property relationships provide clear guidance for optimizing related porous carbon architectures.

### 573. [Stabilization of Sulfur Species in Coal-Derived Hard Carbon via Micropore Confinement and Chemical Bonding for Enhanced Sodium Storage](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/stabilization-of-sulfur-species-in-coal-derived-hard-carbon-via-micropore-confinement-and-chemical-bonding-for) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61106-7]
Hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries suffer from limited capacity, low initial Coulombic efficiency, and poor long-term cycling stability. To address these issues, we report a dual-stabilization strategy that combines micropore confinement and chemical bonding to control sulfur species in coal-derived hard carbon. Bituminous coal, with its naturally condensed aromatic framework, serves as the carbon precursor. A two-step thermal process first constructs a microporous carbon framework, followed by gas-phase sulfidation to introduce sulfur. The sulfur is confined within micropores and forms stable covalent C–S bonds with the carbon matrix, providing synergistic physical–chemical stabilization. This suppresses sulfur migration, prevents interfacial side reactions, and introduces additional redox-active sites. The optimized sample (HC-10) delivers a high reversible capacity of 450 mAh/g after 800 cycles at a current density of 1 A/g, with excellent rate capability and cycling stability. Mechanistic analysis reveals that the stabilized sulfur species reversibly participate in sodium-ion storage and improve interfacial kinetics. This work provides an effective strategy for stabilizing sulfur in coal-derived carbon materials and offers insights into the design of high-performance anodes for sodium-ion batteries.

### 574. [Fluorination Regulates Heat Generation in Ah-Level Lithium/Fluorinated Carbon Pouch Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/fluorination-regulates-heat-generation-in-ah-level-lithiumfluorinated-carbon-pouch-cells) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61104-3]
Lithium/fluorinated carbon (Li/CFx) batteries are among the most promising high-energy-density primary batteries, yet substantial heat generation during discharge poses safety concerns, particularly for high-mass-loaded pouch cells. This study systematically investigates the effects of fluorination temperature on the structure and kinetics of fluorinated porous carbon (FPC) cathodes and on heat generation in Ah-level Li/FPC pouch cells. FPC samples with varying degrees of fluorination were synthesized by adjusting fluorination temperature, which influenced not only the F/C ratio but also the C–F bonding configuration, pore structure, and electronic transport capability. Pouch cells employing more highly fluorinated cathodes generated the most heat during discharge, with heat generation exhibiting clear stage dependence, predominantly in the 0–20% depth of discharge (DOD) range. Post-discharge structural characterization and kinetic analysis revealed that highly fluorinated FPC cathodes (FPC-250) undergo more concentrated LiF accumulation, leading to higher charge-transfer resistance, stronger polarization, lower Li+ diffusivity, and higher nucleation overpotential. These factors collectively intensify early-stage heat generation. The study establishes a correlation between fluorination temperature and cathode structure, discharge-product evolution, discharge kinetics, and heat generation, demonstrating that regulating fluorination temperature is an effective strategy for improving the thermal safety of Li/CFx batteries.

### 575. [A Standardized Dataset of Linear Sweep Voltammetry Curves for the Acidic Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Carbon-Supported Catalysts in Sulfuric Acid Medium](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-standardized-dataset-of-linear-sweep-voltammetry-curves-for-the-acidic-oxygen-reduction-reaction-on-carbon-s) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61116-X]
A standardized dataset of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves is presented for evaluating the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance of carbon-supported catalysts in acidic media. All electrochemical tests were conducted in O2-saturated 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4 at controlled rotation speeds using a rotating disk electrode. The dataset comprises 120 validated entries from both non-precious metal (MNC) and platinum-based (Pt-MC) catalysts, including original LSV curves and extracted performance parameters such as onset potential, half-wave potential, and limiting current densities at different rotation speeds. Data processing involved potential conversion to the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) scale, background subtraction, outlier removal, and reproducibility checks with defined quality control thresholds (relative standard deviation ≤2% for E1/2 and ≤5% for limiting current). The standardized collection serves as a reliable benchmark for catalyst performance comparison, supports kinetic and mass transport analysis, and provides a structured data source for machine learning applications in electrocatalysis. The dataset is openly available via Science Data Bank, with a DOI, and is intended as a dynamic resource for the ORR electrocatalysis community.

### 576. [A molecular dataset for the shear deformation of thermoplastic structural materials](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-molecular-dataset-for-the-shear-deformation-of-thermoplastic-structural-materials) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(26)61099-2]
The first molecular dynamics (MD) simulation dataset is reported for the interfacial shear behavior of carbon fiber/thermoplastic composites (CFRTPs), aimed at overcoming the critical interfacial problem that limits their high-end applications such as aerospace and new energy vehicles. The study features two key advances. First, we use the newly developed CHONSi-2024 reactive force field (ReaxFF), which provides high-precision parameters specifically for CFRTP interfacial systems. Second, the atomic models are constructed based on experimental characterization data and rigorously validated across multiple parameters, including shear modulus, yield behavior, stress-strain curves, and fracture morphology, ensuring quantitative agreement with experimental results. This dataset provides a complete record of the simulations, encompassing atomic trajectories, local structural changes, interfacial stress-strain responses, and system thermodynamic behaviors. These data offer direct atomic-scale insights into the interfacial strengthening mechanisms. The generated trajectories are compatible with mainstream software for visualization and analysis. Moreover, the dataset constitutes a high-quality resource for developing machine learning force fields, building structure-property relationships, and enabling the predictive modeling and high-throughput screening of composite interfaces. This dataset is anticipated to advance the fundamental understanding of composite interfaces and facilitate the rational design of high-performance CFRTPs.

### 577. [Hydrochemical Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Karst Underground River Water in Southwest China: A Case Study of the Pingjiang Underground River Basin, Guangxi](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/hydrochemical-characteristics-and-health-risk-assessment-of-karst-underground-river-water-in-southwest-china-a) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507013]
Karst groundwater systems in Southwest China are vital for water supply and ecosystem health in traditional agricultural regions. This study investigated the hydrochemical characteristics and health risks of groundwater in the Pingjiang Underground River Basin, a typical karst agricultural area. Forty-two groundwater samples were collected during wet, normal, and dry seasons. Hydrochemical facies were analyzed using comprehensive hydrochemical methods, and water quality was assessed using the objective combined weight water quality index (OCWQI) and a health risk model. Results showed that groundwater was weakly alkaline and slightly hard, with HCO3− and Ca2+ as dominant ions. The chemical composition followed a seasonal order: dry > normal > wet season. All samples were of HCO3-Ca type. Hydrochemistry was primarily controlled by silicate and carbonate weathering, with significant anthropogenic influence indicated by elevated NO3− concentrations from agricultural activities. Health risk assessment revealed that in normal and dry seasons, 64% and 79% of samples for adults, and 64% and 86% for children, exceeded the natural NO3− threshold of 3 mg·L−1, corresponding to low non-carcinogenic risk levels (adults: 0.09<RHI<0.30; children: 0.06<RHI<0.20). Spatial distribution of risk increased from northwest to southeast, with children at higher risk than adults. These findings provide a scientific basis for groundwater management and protection in karst agricultural basins.

### 578. [Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics in Environmental Dredging Sediment from Dianchi Lake under Multi-Scenario Land Use](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/risk-assessment-of-heavy-metal-pollution-characteristics-in-environmental-dredging-sediment-from-dianchi-lake) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202505012]
Sediment risk assessment for lakes and rivers often neglects the distinction between in-situ ecological risks and ex-situ comprehensive utilization risks. This study proposes a multi-scenario risk assessment model incorporating both in-situ and ex-situ contexts. For the in-situ scenario, a dual-background-value potential ecological risk assessment was applied using national and Yunnan soil background values. For ex-situ scenarios, pollution risk assessment models were established for agricultural land (paddy and other) and construction land (Class I and II). Taking the Dianchi Lake dredging project as a case study, 92 sediment samples from polluted and transition layers at 46 grid points were analyzed for six heavy metals (As, Hg, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr). Results showed: (1) Under different background values, ≥97.83% of samples exhibited moderate or higher ecological risk, with Hg and Cd as main contributors, Hg posing higher risk. (2) In agricultural scenarios (paddy/orchard and other), 95.65% of points had unacceptable risk, with comprehensive pollution intensity order Cd>Cu>Zn>As>Cr; for Class I construction land, As was the target pollutant with 93.48% of points unacceptable, while Class II land was acceptable. (3) Spatial heterogeneity was significant: horizontal risk was higher at the lake outlet than at the Cixiang River inlet; vertical risk was higher in the polluted layer than in the transition layer, with Hg and Cd potential ecological risk coefficients 11.58% and 24.19% higher, and comprehensive potential ecological risk index 43.27% higher. Pollution coefficients for Cd, Zn, Cu (agricultural) and As (Class I construction) increased by 123.02%, 6.3%, 4.1%, and 41.02% in the polluted layer. (4) Different evaluation methods yielded significantly different results, indicating that metals without potential ecological risk may still pose pollution risk in utilization scenarios, necessitating comprehensive consideration in remediation.

### 579. [Research Progress on Recycling Technologies for Cathode Materials of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-recycling-technologies-for-cathode-materials-of-spent-lithium-iron-phosphate-batteries) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507058]
With the rapid development of China's lithium-ion power battery industry, the recycling of large-scale retired batteries has become a critical link for the sustainable development of the new energy vehicle industry. The recovery of cathode materials from spent lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries is a current research hotspot, significant for resource recycling and environmental protection. This study systematically reviews recent progress in recycling technologies for spent LiFePO4 cathode materials, mainly including direct regeneration, pyrometallurgy, and hydrometallurgy. It focuses on analyzing the current research status of key steps in hydrometallurgy, such as leaching of valuable elements, deep removal of impurities, and product regeneration, and compares the advantages and limitations of various methods. Addressing core issues in current recovery processes, such as insufficient high-value utilization of iron and phosphorus resources and difficulty in deep impurity removal, this study proposes corresponding solutions and technical prospects, aiming to provide theoretical reference and engineering guidance for efficient, clean, and high-value recycling of spent LiFePO4 batteries.

### 580. [Rapid Granulation of Anaerobic Sludge in Methanol Wastewater Treatment Using Functional Additives](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/rapid-granulation-of-anaerobic-sludge-in-methanol-wastewater-treatment-using-functional-additives) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507088]
Methanol is highly biodegradable, yet its efficient and stable anaerobic treatment is constrained by prolonged microbial adaptation to toxic substances, narrow microbial community structure, and poor sludge granulation. This study applied two functional additives—sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as an inorganic carbon source (IC) and an amino-acid-rich organic functional supplement (FS)—to accelerate the startup of two upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. UASB-A received 3,000 mg·L−1 NaHCO3 and 127 mg·L−1 FS, while UASB-B received only 3,000 mg·L−1 NaHCO3. Both additives enabled rapid startup and granulation by shortening hydraulic retention time (HRT) and increasing organic loading rates (4, 6, 9, 15, 20, and 30 g COD·L−1·d−1). Granulation was evidenced by increased total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), and particle size distribution. Microbial community analysis at HRT 0.2 d revealed highest relative abundances of Acetobacterium at 30.2% (UASB-A) and 36.9% (UASB-B). NaHCO3 supplementation enhanced syntrophy between Acetobacterium and the acetoclastic methanogen Methanothrix, while FS significantly increased the abundance of Sporomusa, establishing a novel syntrophic relationship with Methanothrix. These interactions promoted sludge granulation. The study demonstrates that functional additives facilitate rapid startup and granulation in methanol anaerobic treatment, offering a strategy to overcome process bottlenecks.

### 581. [Water Quality Trend Analysis of the Sanshenggong Section of the Yellow River from 2011 to 2024 Based on Mann-Kendall Test and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/water-quality-trend-analysis-of-the-sanshenggong-section-of-the-yellow-river-from-2011-to-2024-based-on-mann-k) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202508013]
The Sanshenggong section of the Yellow River is a critical hydrological monitoring and control point, whose water quality directly affects the ecological safety and sustainable water resource utilization of the middle and lower reaches. This study analyzed water quality monitoring data from 2011 to 2024 using the Mann-Kendall test to identify abrupt change years, combined with single-factor evaluation and a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method improved by CRITIC-entropy weight combination to systematically assess water quality evolution. The Mann-Kendall test identified 2013 and 2019 as abrupt change points, with non-significant improvement from 2013 to 2015 and significant improvement after 2016. Single-factor evaluation indicated that total phosphorus (TP) was the primary exceeding factor in 2011–2012, and its declining concentration drove the water quality upgrade from Class III to Class II in 2013. The CRITIC-entropy weight combination assigned the highest weight (28.96%) to permanganate index, whose decline was the core driver of water quality improvement. The improved fuzzy evaluation showed that the membership degree of Class III water dropped to zero in 2013, indicating stable improvement, but periodic rebounds in Class II membership suggested potential degradation risks. This study provides scientific evidence for ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.

### 582. [Analysis of Treatment and Resource Utilization of Coal Chemical Waste Salt: Current Status and Prospects](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/analysis-of-treatment-and-resource-utilization-of-coal-chemical-waste-salt-current-status-and-prospects) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507081]
Coal chemical waste salt, a solid residue from evaporative crystallization of high-salinity wastewater, poses significant environmental risks and challenges for resource utilization due to its complex composition. This study systematically analyzes its composition and environmental hazards, highlighting its typical "mixed salt" nature and the potential threats of organic pollutants and heavy metals to soil, water, and ecosystems. It reviews mainstream treatment pathways, including organic degradation, inorganic impurity removal, and salt separation, with a focus on the resource utilization of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate and their industrial prospects. The current pollution control technical specifications and product quality standards are examined, comparing the scope and technical points of relevant standards such as the "Technical Specification for Pollution Control of Chemical Waste Salt." Finally, countermeasures are proposed to address challenges including difficult treatment of mixed salts, insufficient resource utilization incentives, and incomplete standard systems, emphasizing technological innovation, policy guidance, and standard improvement.

### 583. [Removal Mechanisms of Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) for Microplastics in Water](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/removal-mechanisms-of-fe3o4mil-100fe-for-microplastics-in-water) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510089]
Microplastics (MPs) are frequently detected in various water bodies, posing increasing environmental risks. This study synthesized magnetic Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) microspheres via an in-situ one-step hydrothermal method and investigated their adsorption removal mechanisms for polystyrene (PS) and polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics. The composite exhibited a core-shell structure with a high specific surface area of 848.6 m2·g−1. Adsorption kinetics showed that PLA followed a pseudo-second-order model, while PS fitted both pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. Equilibrium data for both MPs were well described by the Freundlich isotherm. Removal efficiencies for PLA and PS increased from 58.18% and 49.66% to 98.90% and 98.58%, respectively, as pH decreased, and from 64.24% and 21.58% to 97.05% and 94.63% with increasing ionic strength. The removal mechanism involved synergistic physical-chemical interactions: hydrogen bonding dominated for PLA, with some complexation, while π–π interactions and hydrogen bonding were primary for PS. The material demonstrated excellent reusability over multiple cycles. These findings highlight the potential of Fe3O4@MIL-100(Fe) for efficient removal of MPs from water, offering a novel approach for controlling emerging contaminants.

### 584. [A Novel Continuous-Flow Self-Circulating Upflow Granular Sludge Bed Process for Treating Real Domestic Wastewater](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-novel-continuous-flow-self-circulating-upflow-granular-sludge-bed-process-for-treating-real-domestic-wastewa) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509035]
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is an economical and efficient technology, yet its application has been largely confined to sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). This study introduces a novel continuous-flow self-circulating upflow granular sludge bed (Zier) process with separate aeration for treating real domestic wastewater. By regulating operational parameters, the nitrogen removal performance and granular sludge stability were investigated. Under hydraulic retention time of 10 h, self-circulation times of 29–58, and upflow velocity of 11–18 m·h−1, effluent NH4+-N and TN averaged (5±3.4) mg·L−1 and (10±2.8) mg·L−1, respectively, with COD at (30±6.2) mg·L−1. The process maintained sludge stability: mixed liquor suspended solids increased from 5,080 to 6,650 mg·L−1, mean particle size was 209.6 μm, and sludge volume index (SVI) remained at 50–60 mL·g−1. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) increased from 26.05 to 68.27 mg·g−1, with proteins (PN) rising from 21.26 to 59.44 mg·g−1 and polysaccharides (PS) from 4.79 to 8.82 mg·g−1, elevating the PN/PS ratio from 4.4 to 6.7. These results confirm that the Zier process preserves granular structure and function in continuous flow. The process demonstrates robust nitrogen removal and offers a novel approach for continuous-flow AGS applications in real wastewater treatment.

### 585. [Optimization of Preparation Conditions for a Novel Composite Slow-Release Carbon Source and Its Denitrification Performance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/optimization-of-preparation-conditions-for-a-novel-composite-slow-release-carbon-source-and-its-denitrificatio) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202508036]
To address the issues of insufficient carbon sources and low denitrification efficiency in rural domestic wastewater, this study developed and optimized a composite slow-release carbon source using corncob, rice husk, reed straw, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and sodium alginate (SA). The preparation conditions and raw material ratios were systematically optimized using Plackett-Burman (PB) design, response surface methodology (Box-Behnken design, BBD), and mixture-optimal design (MOD). The denitrification performance was evaluated through carbon release characteristics and denitrification experiments. The optimal preparation conditions were determined as PVA 8.64 g, SA 2.41 g, rice husk 3.82 g, corncob 4.47 g, reed straw 6.06 g, freezing time 19.11 h, and crosslinking time 12 h. The 7-day cumulative carbon release was (43.38 ± 1.3) mg·(g·h)−1. The release process followed first-order kinetics, Higuchi, Ritger-Peppas, and Weibull models, indicating that carbon release is controlled by multiple mechanisms including diffusion and skeleton erosion, ensuring stable slow-release characteristics. In denitrification experiments with influent NO3−-N concentration of 50 mg·L−1, the composite carbon source (RCR-PVA-SA) achieved a maximum NO3−-N removal rate of 90.8% after 10 days of operation, with a removal rate of 0.079 mg·(g·h)−1. Under dynamic conditions with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3 h, the average removal rate remained at 87.9%, demonstrating efficient and stable denitrification performance under both static and dynamic conditions. This research provides a reference for the preparation of natural slow-release carbon sources and the resource utilization of agricultural waste.

### 586. [Removal of Pollutants from Urban Surface Runoff by a Straw-Based Composite Bioretention System](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/removal-of-pollutants-from-urban-surface-runoff-by-a-straw-based-composite-bioretention-system) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202410085]
Surface runoff pollution has become a significant source of water contamination. This study constructed an integrated composite bioretention system comprising straw, aquatic plant, and biochar zones for purifying urban surface runoff, aiming to meet the standards for reuse as landscaping water. The system's performance in removing conventional pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated, along with microbial community structure analysis. Results showed removal efficiencies of 81.1% for COD, 98.1% for TN, 79.1% for TP, and 90.3% for TSS, with effluent meeting the 'Water Quality for Scenic and Recreational Use' (GB/T 18921-2019) standard. The system exhibited robust resistance to pollutant and hydraulic loading. The alkali-modified straw zone was the primary pollutant removal region, facilitating physical adsorption and capture of suspended solids, while released carbon sources enhanced total nitrogen removal. This zone exhibited the highest microbial richness, with relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes at 54.3% and 21.9%, respectively. The system effectively removed all 16 priority PAHs, reducing effluent toxicity equivalent by 86.5%. The straw zone completely removed four high-molecular-weight PAHs (BaP, DahA, BghiP, IcdP), while aquatic plants and biochar effectively removed medium- and low-molecular-weight PAHs.

### 587. [Multidimensional Groundwater Quality Assessment and Source Apportionment in the Guyuan Region, Ningxia](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multidimensional-groundwater-quality-assessment-and-source-apportionment-in-the-guyuan-region-ningxia) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202506084]
Groundwater is a vital drinking and irrigation source in the loess regions of northwestern China. In Guyuan, a densely populated area in southern Ningxia, systematic assessments of groundwater pollution risks are lacking. This study collected 60 groundwater samples and employed the Nemerow index, heavy metal pollution index (HPI), and health risk assessment models to evaluate pollution levels and health risks of eight elements including Cr, As, and Hg. Results show that the groundwater is generally Class IV quality, with a mean TDS of 1350.9 mg·L−1. Average concentrations of As, Cr, and Mn are 4.39, 29.87, and 45.77 μg·L−1, respectively. The Nemerow index indicates moderate pollution. The mean HPI is 10.56, but a local sample (PS1-51-下) reaches 36.15, indicating severe pollution. Health risk assessment reveals that carcinogenic risks from Cr and As for adults and children are 8.037×10−6 a−1 and 3.863×10−6 a−1, respectively, below US EPA limits but above recommended levels by Swedish and Dutch agencies, with children at higher risk. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and principal component analysis suggest that groundwater is primarily recharged by atmospheric precipitation. Cr, Zn, and Mn mainly originate from regional copper ore belts, coal mining, and agricultural activities. This study fills a gap in multidimensional groundwater assessment in populated loess areas, identifies pollution characteristics distinct from typical loess regions, and provides a scientific basis for regional water resource risk management and sustainable development.

### 588. [Biosurfactant-Enhanced Electrokinetic-Biobarrier Remediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil from an Industrial Site](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/biosurfactant-enhanced-electrokinetic-biobarrier-remediation-of-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbon-contaminated-s) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202508053]
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in industrial soils pose significant risks due to their hydrophobicity and low bioavailability, limiting the efficacy of bioremediation. This study investigated the enhancement of an in-situ electrokinetic-biological barrier (EK-BB) system for PAH-contaminated soil using biosurfactants. Three biosurfactants—rhamnolipid (RL), alkyl polyglycoside (APG), and saponin (SAP)—were applied individually and in combinations at 10× critical micelle concentration (CMC), and the optimal RL+APG mixture was further tested at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10× CMC. Results showed that biosurfactant application improved soil electrical current, moisture retention, and PAH removal. Combined surfactants outperformed single ones, with the 10× CMC RL+APG treatment (Exp IV) achieving the highest average current intensity and moisture content, 1.31 and 1.12 times that of the control (CK), respectively, and a PAH removal of 106.02 mg·kg⁻¹. Biosurfactants also promoted bacterial growth in both contaminated soil and the biobarrier layer; the 10× CMC RL+APG treatment increased bacterial counts by 6.24-fold and 44.8%, respectively. However, excessive surfactant concentrations led to PAH accumulation in the biobarrier and clean soil. The 5× CMC RL+APG treatment provided optimal balance, maximizing PAH removal while maintaining barrier effectiveness. These findings confirm that appropriate biosurfactant concentrations can enhance EK-BB remediation, offering technical support for PAH-contaminated site remediation and safe reuse.

### 589. [Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Evolution of CO2-Mineralized Cured Steel Slag-Fly Ash Composite Cementitious Materials](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mechanical-properties-and-microstructural-evolution-of-co2-mineralized-cured-steel-slag-fly-ash-composite-ceme) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507095]
This study investigates the optimization of CO2 mineralization curing on the performance of a ternary cementitious system comprising steel slag, fly ash, and Portland cement. Specimens were fabricated with varying residual water-to-cement ratios (r/w), steel slag and fly ash contents, curing pressures, and durations, then subjected to standard curing and CO2 mineralization curing. Compressive strength and carbon sequestration rate were measured, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to analyze mineral composition and microstructural evolution. Results indicate that compressive strength first increases then rapidly decreases with increasing residual water-to-cement ratio, with an optimal r/w below 0.15. Both compressive strength and carbon sequestration rate increase with higher steel slag content; the 50% steel slag + 10% fly ash formulation exhibited the highest values. Microstructural analyses revealed that CO2 mineralization primarily consumes hydration products such as Ca(OH)2, C-S(Al)-H, and AFt, generating abundant calcium carbonate that densifies the pore structure, thereby enhancing mechanical properties. Lower residual water-to-cement ratios, higher steel slag content, or extended curing durations increase the content and crystallinity of calcium carbonate. SEM observations confirmed the presence of densely packed, well-crystallized rhombohedral calcite in specimens with lower water-to-cement ratios and higher steel slag content. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the engineering application of CO2 mineralization curing in ternary solid-waste cementitious materials.

### 590. [Stress Responses and Accumulation Characteristics of Duckweed (Landoltia punctata) to Lead Oxide Nanoparticles](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/stress-responses-and-accumulation-characteristics-of-duckweed-landoltia-punctata-to-lead-oxide-nanoparticles) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202508041]
Lead oxide nanoparticles (PbO NPs) are increasingly released into aquatic environments from industrial processes, posing ecological risks. Duckweed (Landoltia punctata) is a known lead hyperaccumulator, but its physiological and biochemical responses to PbO NPs remain unexplored. This study synthesized PbO NPs via a plant-mediated biosynthesis method and exposed L. punctata to concentrations of 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg·L−1 in hydroponic culture for 7 days. Results showed concentration-dependent effects: low concentrations (10–20 mg·L−1) stimulated growth, while high concentrations (≥30 mg·L−1) inhibited fresh weight, growth rate, and root length. Chlorophyll b content decreased significantly at ≥20 mg·L−1 (by 14.09%, 10.79%, and 18.48% at 20, 30, and 40 mg·L−1, respectively), while carotenoid content increased. Malondialdehyde content and activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase increased with PbO NPs concentration, indicating oxidative stress. Lead accumulation reached 1265.65 mg·kg−1 at 30 mg·L−1 and 2030.01 mg·kg−1 at 40 mg·L−1, with bioconcentration factors >1 and lead removal rates above 68.94%. Subcellular distribution showed lead predominantly in the cell wall fraction, followed by soluble components and organelles. These findings demonstrate that L. punctata exhibits strong PbO NPs accumulation and stress tolerance, supporting its use in phytoremediation of metal nanoparticle-contaminated waters.

### 591. [Characterization of Pollutants in Coal Chemical Industry Waste Salt and Its Resource Utilization Potential: A Case Study of a Coal Chemical Industrial Park in Northwest China](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/characterization-of-pollutants-in-coal-chemical-industry-waste-salt-and-its-resource-utilization-potential-a-c) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202508021]
Coal chemical industry waste salt, generated from high-salinity wastewater treatment, poses a bottleneck for green transformation under the 'dual carbon' strategy due to its low value and high complexity. This study investigated a typical coal chemical industrial park in Northwest China, using principal component analysis (PCA) on actual waste salt samples to identify pollutant characteristics and assess resource utilization potential. Results showed total organic carbon (TOC) ranged from 707.9 to 7,737.9 mg·kg⁻¹, with benzo(a)pyrene concentrations frequently exceeding the limits of the 'Identification Standards for Hazardous Wastes' (GB 5085.3). Hardness ions and metal ions also surpassed relevant product standards. PCA classified the waste salts into three types: sodium sulfate type, sodium chloride type, and high-complexity mixed salt, each corresponding to distinct resource utilization pathways. The study proposes differentiated technical routes based on PCA classification, providing a feasible reference for classified management and technology selection. This research supports the national policy of 'harmless pretreatment + resource utilization' for waste salt, contributing to green and high-quality development of the coal chemical industry.

### 592. [Spatial Differentiation of Heavy Metals in a Landfill Site in a High-Altitude Cold Region Driven by Freeze-Thaw Cycles](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/spatial-differentiation-of-heavy-metals-in-a-landfill-site-in-a-high-altitude-cold-region-driven-by-freeze-tha) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202508050]
This study investigated the spatial distribution and ecological risk of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in soil beneath an informal waste dump in a pastoral area of Baingoin County, Nagqu City, Tibet, a high-altitude cold region with frequent freeze-thaw cycles. A total of 55 soil samples were collected from surface (0 cm), middle (10-30 cm), and deep (50 cm) layers. Single-factor index (Pi), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), Nemerow index (PN), and risk assessment code (RAC) were employed to evaluate contamination levels and potential ecological risks, while Kriging interpolation was used to map spatial distribution. Results showed that average concentrations of all seven heavy metals exceeded local background values. Horizontally, high-concentration zones were mainly located at five points within the dump. Vertically, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were significantly enriched in the surface layer, whereas Ni exhibited higher concentrations in deeper layers, indicating downward migration driven by freeze-thaw processes. All evaluation methods identified Cd as the primary pollutant. Speciation analysis revealed that heavy metals were predominantly in the residual fraction, with Ni having the highest weak-acid-extractable fraction (5.55%), indicating strong mobility and potential biological toxicity. This study fills a gap in systematic research on informal waste dumps in high-altitude ecologically fragile areas and provides a case reference for environmental management and remediation of such sites in cold regions.

### 593. [Strength and Microstructural Characteristics of Sludge Solidified by Loess-Based Composite Solidifying Agent](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/strength-and-microstructural-characteristics-of-sludge-solidified-by-loess-based-composite-solidifying-agent) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202507094]
To address land waste and poor bearing capacity from sludge landfill, this study developed a composite solidifying agent using loess, fly ash, desulfurized gypsum, and cement. Orthogonal experiments combined strength testing, SEM/XRD microanalysis, permeability and heavy metal leaching tests, and cost accounting. Results show that cement significantly enhances early and mid-term strength, while loess dominates later strength development. Optimal fly ash and desulfurized gypsum content is 12% each. The optimal mix ratio (loess:fly ash:desulfurized gypsum:cement:sludge) is 0.1:0.12:0.12:0.08:1. The solidified matrix forms dense structures via C-S-H gel and ettringite (Aft), effectively controlling heavy metal leaching at low cost. This work enables solid waste resource utilization and provides robust support for sludge solidification engineering.

### 594. [Multi-stage Activation of Fly Ash for Al(OH)3 Extraction: Process Optimization and Mechanistic Insights](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multi-stage-activation-of-fly-ash-for-aloh3-extraction-process-optimization-and-mechanistic-insights) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202508047]
Selective recovery of aluminum compounds from fly ash is a key route for its high-value utilization. This study developed a multi-stage activation process for extracting Al(OH)3 from fly ash, comprising mechanical activation, calcination activation, chemical separation, and carbonation precipitation. Fly ash was mixed with carbide slag and CaF2, then calcined; the resulting clinker was leached with Na2CO3 solution to extract Al. The CaO generated from high-temperature calcination of carbide slag facilitated the separation of Si and Al. After solid-liquid separation, CO2 was introduced into the Al-rich leachate to precipitate Al(OH)3. The process promoted the formation of Ca12Al14O32F2 and inert Ca2SiO4, achieving efficient Si-Al separation during calcination. Under optimal conditions (mechanical activation for 60 min, 4% CaF2, calcination at 1000°C for 2 h, leaching with 40 g/L Na2CO3), the Al extraction rate reached 91.8%, and the product purity was 98.9%. The alumina extraction residue exhibited porous and highly reactive characteristics, suitable for producing flame-retardant materials or high-value silicon-based products (e.g., white carbon black, molecular sieve adsorbents). The process offers a promising industrial route for fly ash valorization, with potential integration with cement production lines for synergistic CO2 capture and utilization.

### 595. [Interface Regulation for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Performance of CuBi2O4 Photocathodes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/interface-regulation-for-enhanced-photoelectrochemical-performance-of-cubi2o4-photocathodes) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60647-0]
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting offers a direct route to convert solar energy into clean hydrogen fuel. CuBi2O4, a p-type semiconductor with a bandgap of 1.5–1.8 eV, exhibits visible-light responsiveness and good stability, yet its performance is limited by high interfacial resistance and severe charge carrier recombination. This study introduces a CuO interlayer between fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) and CuBi2O4 to construct CuO/CuBi2O4 photocathodes, aiming to improve interfacial charge transfer. The optimized CuO/CuBi2O4-200 photocathode achieved a photocurrent density of −1.71 mA/cm² at 0 V vs. RHE, more than 3.5 times that of bare CuBi2O4. Incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) at 365 nm reached ~13%, and the maximum applied bias photon-to-current efficiency (ABPE) was 0.17%. Water splitting experiments yielded 2.05 μmol/cm² of hydrogen, significantly surpassing the unmodified photoelectrode. Mechanistic studies indicate that the CuO layer establishes favorable band alignment, promotes hole transport toward the FTO substrate, and suppresses interfacial carrier recombination. This work demonstrates a simple and efficient interfacial engineering strategy, offering insights for the design of high-performance semiconductor-based PEC photoelectrodes.

### 596. [Fe-modified MoS2/NC catalyst for hydrodeoxygenation of lignin into aviation fuel-range arenes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/fe-modified-mos2nc-catalyst-for-hydrodeoxygenation-of-lignin-into-aviation-fuel-range-arenes) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60644-5]
Lignin, as the sole renewable source of aromatic compounds, holds significant potential for producing green aviation fuel-range arenes via hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). In this study, a series of nitrogen-doped carbon-supported FeMoS/NC bimetallic catalysts were synthesized via a hydrothermal method. The HDO performance was evaluated using 4-ethylguaiacol as a model compound at 340 °C under 3 MPa H2. The unmodified MoS2/NC catalyst achieved a deoxygenation degree of 83.4%, whereas the Fe-modified catalyst with an optimal Fe/Mo molar ratio of 0.3 (Fe0.3MoS/NC) attained complete deoxygenation (100%) with an arenes selectivity of 78.6%. Beyond this optimal ratio, the deoxygenation degree inversely correlated with the Fe/Mo molar ratio. Characterization via XRD, TEM, BET, and XPS revealed that Fe incorporation enhanced the uniform dispersion of MoS2 on the NC support, increased surface acidity, and raised the concentration of sulfur vacancies, thereby promoting adsorption of oxygen-containing compounds. The HDO pathway over Fe0.3MoS/NC primarily proceeded via direct deoxygenation. When applied to real lignin under identical conditions (340 °C, 3 MPa H2, 12 h), the catalyst yielded 65.5% green hydrocarbons, with the C8–C16 fraction accounting for 54.4% of total hydrocarbons and an aromatic selectivity of 63.4% within this fraction. These results demonstrate that Fe0.3MoS/NC is a viable catalyst for selective conversion of lignin into green arenes suitable for sustainable aviation fuel applications.

### 597. [Chemical-Looping Methane Hydrogen Production Performance of Cu, La, Ce Modified Fe2O3/Al2O3 Oxygen Carriers](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chemical-looping-methane-hydrogen-production-performance-of-cu-la-ce-modified-fe2o3al2o3-oxygen-carriers) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60630-X]
Chemical looping methane steam reforming (CL-MSR) enables sequential production of high-selectivity syngas and high-purity hydrogen via redox cycling, yet single iron-based oxygen carriers suffer from poor cycling stability, low reactivity, and sintering. This study modified Fe2O3/Al2O3 oxygen carriers with Cu, La, and Ce additives via dip-coating, and systematically characterized their physicochemical properties, reactivity, and hydrogen production performance. Results showed that spinel-phase CuFe2O4 exhibited higher reactivity than perovskite LaFeO3 and CeO2, promoting deeper reduction of Fe2O3. Fe58Cu2Al achieved an oxygen storage capacity of 6.5 mmol/g. During CH4 reaction, Fe58Cu2Al exhibited the highest oxygen loss of 12.1 g/100 g oxygen carrier, with syngas yield of 5.15 mmol/g—1.33 and 1.59 times that of Fe60Al. In hydrogen production, the 2% Cu-modified carrier yielded 5.13 mmol/g H2, 1.51 times that of pristine Fe60Al, with purity exceeding 98%. After ten cycles, H2 yield remained at 3.61 mmol/g, surpassing the single-cycle output of pristine Fe60Al (3.39 mmol/g), demonstrating superior dispersion and coking resistance. The study establishes Cu modification as an effective strategy to enhance reactivity and cyclic stability of iron-based oxygen carriers for CL-MSR hydrogen production.

### 598. [Ring Formation Mechanism of C4H3 Radical and Acetylene in Soot Precursor Formation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ring-formation-mechanism-of-c4h3-radical-and-acetylene-in-soot-precursor-formation) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60627-X]
This study systematically investigates the cyclization reaction mechanisms between n-C4H3 (1-buten-3-yn-1-yl) and i-C4H3 (2-buten-3-yn-1-yl) radicals with acetylene (C2H2) using density functional theory (DFT) and transition state theory (TST). The results reveal that the reaction of n-C4H3 with acetylene proceeds via a radical chain mechanism through an addition-cyclization pathway, yielding phenyl (six-membered ring), fulvenyl (five-membered ring), and four-membered ring intermediates. The product formation rates follow the order: fulvenyl (five-membered ring) > phenyl (six-membered ring) > four-membered ring. For i-C4H3, the intermediate structures depend on the carbon position of i-C4H3 where acetylene addition occurs: addition at the C2 position predominantly generates fulvenyl (five-membered ring) as the primary product, whereas addition at the C4 position may lead to phenyl (six-membered ring), fulvenyl (five-membered ring), or four-membered ring intermediates, with the four-membered ring forming most rapidly and the six-membered ring the slowest. Theoretical analyses demonstrate that the selectivity of reaction pathways is primarily governed by structural differences between the isomers. This work provides atomic-scale insights into the cyclization processes between acetylene and C4H3 species, establishing a foundation for refining models of soot precursor formation.

### 599. [Efficient Leaching and Separation of Iron, Aluminum, and Calcium from Carbon-Rich Components in Coal Gasification Fine Slag Using Organic Acids](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/efficient-leaching-and-separation-of-iron-aluminum-and-calcium-from-carbon-rich-components-in-coal-gasificatio) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60612-8]
Coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) is a solid waste generated in large quantities during coal gasification, containing residual carbon and inorganic ash rich in SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, Fe2O3, and MgO. The carbon-rich components (CGFS-H) of CGFS, typically comprising 20–50% residual carbon, present both environmental challenges and opportunities for resource recovery. This study systematically investigates the selective leaching behavior of Fe3+, Al3+, and Ca2+ from CGFS-H using three organic acid extractants: citric acid, tartaric acid, and tetrasodium iminodisuccinate (IDS-4Na). The results demonstrate distinct selectivity: IDS-4Na exhibits the highest leaching yield and selectivity for Fe3+, achieving a single leaching yield of 41.2% while suppressing Ca2+ and Al3+ leaching to below 4%, with a selectivity ratio of Fe3+ to Al3+ and Ca2+ of 10.73. Tartaric acid effectively leaches both Fe3+ and Al3+, with single yields of 38.7% and 33.5%, respectively, while Ca2+ leaching remains below 5%, yielding a selectivity of Fe3+ and Al3+ relative to Ca2+ of 14.73. Citric acid preferentially leaches Ca2+, achieving a single yield of 71.5%, but also leaches Fe3+ and Al3+ at 35.2% and 39.1%, respectively, resulting in a low selectivity ratio of Ca2+ to Fe3+ and Al3+ of 0.96. Based on these selective affinities, a green stepwise separation method was developed using sequential leaching with IDS-4Na, tartaric acid, and citric acid. Under optimal conditions, cumulative leaching yields of 79.8% for Fe3+, 65.08% for Al3+, and 78.6% for Ca2+ were achieved. XRD, XRF, and SEM analyses elucidate the complexation mechanisms, indicating that the synergistic effects of selective coordination between structurally diverse organic acids and metal ions drive the process. This advancement provides a critical foundation for developing Ca/Fe/Al hydrotalcite materials using CGFS-H as a sustainable feedstock, promoting resource-efficient utilization of coal gasification fine slag.

### 600. [Design of Catalysts for Electrochemical Nitric Oxide Reduction to Ammonia Based on Stacked Ensemble Learning](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/design-of-catalysts-for-electrochemical-nitric-oxide-reduction-to-ammonia-based-on-stacked-ensemble-learning) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60625-6]
The electrocatalytic reduction of nitric oxide to ammonia (NORR) is a key green energy conversion technology. Its efficiency relies on high-performance electrocatalysts to enhance both ammonia yield (YNH3) and Faradaic efficiency (FNH3). Conventional experimental screening methods are resource- and time-intensive. Here, machine learning combined with SHAP feature analysis was employed to establish a stacked ensemble model integrating multiple algorithms, enabling systematic investigation of key descriptors governing NORR performance based on an experimental dataset. Evaluation of eight model algorithms revealed that the Stacked-SVR model achieved an R² of 0.9223 and RMSE of 0.0608 for predicting YNH3 on the test set, while the Stacked-RF model achieved an R² of 0.9042 and RMSE of 0.0900 for predicting FNH3. The stacked ensemble model integrates strengths of individual algorithms, demonstrating strong prediction performance while avoiding overfitting. SHAP analysis revealed that Cu content in catalyst composition has the most significant impact on catalytic performance. Moreover, the combination of wet chemical reduction synthesis, carbon fiber (CF) conductive substrate, and HCl electrolyte is more favorable for enhancing catalytic activity. Additionally, moderately lowering working potential, controlling electrolyte volume at low-to-medium levels, reducing catalyst loading, and increasing electrolyte concentration synergistically enhance both YNH3 and FNH3.

### 601. [Influence of the Distance between Brønsted Acid Sites and Mo Sites in Mo/HZSM-5 on the Mechanism of Methane Dehydroaromatization Performance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/influence-of-the-distance-between-brnsted-acid-sites-and-mo-sites-in-mohzsm-5-on-the-mechanism-of-methane-dehy) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60631-1]
Methane dehydroaromatization (MDA) offers a carbon-neutral route to benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX), yet the regulatory mechanisms of Brønsted acid site (BAS) strength and spatial proximity to Mo sites remain unresolved. This study systematically tunes BAS strength via isomorphous substitution (Al, Ga, Fe, B) and Mo-BAS proximity in ZSM-5, integrating catalytic evaluations with density functional theory (DFT). Strongly acidic Al-zeolites achieve the highest methane conversion, while weakly acidic B-substituted systems exhibit optimal mono-/bifunctional synergy, outperforming moderate-acid counterparts. DFT reveals that deprotonation energy (DPE) correlates with acid strength; Al-ZSM-5 (DPE = -5.68 eV) lowers the C–H activation barrier (ΔG = 1.467 eV). Spatial proximity analysis shows that nanoscale Mo-BAS distances, achieved via ball milling, enhance methane conversion by 33% and BTX yield by 31% compared to micrometer-scale mixtures, by accelerating intermediate transport and suppressing coke. These findings establish a multi-scale framework linking acid strength, spatial confinement, and electronic modulation, providing actionable guidelines for designing next-generation MDA catalysts.

### 602. [The Role of Copper Valence States in CuZnAl Catalysts for CO2-to-Methanol Conversion](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/the-role-of-copper-valence-states-in-cuznal-catalysts-for-co2-to-methanol-conversion) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60616-5]
CuZnAl (CZA) is a classic industrial catalyst for methanol synthesis from syngas, but its catalytic performance for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol is suboptimal. The catalytic mechanism of Cu species in CZA remains challenging. This study systematically investigates the valence state changes of active Cu species in CZA catalysts and their influence on catalytic performance by modifying catalysts with varying amounts of electron donor K, thereby identifying the catalytic function of Cu species with different valence states. H2-TPR, XPS, and HR-TEM characterizations reveal that highly dispersed K species supported on CZA catalysts inhibit the reduction of CuO, resulting in a small amount of Cu2O active species being produced under reaction conditions, thus causing a decrease in catalytic activity. Furthermore, XRD and Cu LMM spectra show that the proportion of Cu0 in K-modified CZA catalysts increases with K loading, but a higher proportion of Cu0 species on the surface obviously promotes the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction. According to the results of in situ infrared spectroscopy, CZA catalyst follows the reaction pathway mediated by HCOO* in the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol.

### 603. [Oxidation Mechanism of Ethylene over MgO-Supported Ag-Cu Bimetallic Synergistic Catalysts: A DFT Study](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/oxidation-mechanism-of-ethylene-over-mgo-supported-ag-cu-bimetallic-synergistic-catalysts-a-dft-study) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60640-8]
Ethylene (C2H4) in vehicle exhaust is a highly reactive volatile organic compound (VOC) whose photo-oxidation with NOx contributes to the formation of O3 and secondary organic aerosols (SOA), a key precursor of PM2.5. This study designs a novel MgO-supported Ag-Cu bimetallic catalyst and investigates its performance using density functional theory (DFT). The effects of Ag and Cu loading on geometric structure, stability, and reactant adsorption are analyzed, and the catalytic oxidation pathways of C2H4 over AgCu-MgO are elucidated. Results indicate that loading Ag significantly enhances C2H4 adsorption, with a maximum adsorption energy of -1.46 eV, while O2 adsorption remains weak (-0.45 eV). Cu-MgO shows moderate C2H4 adsorption (-0.87 eV at bridge site) but higher O2 adsorption (-0.76 eV). Among 17 AgCu-MgO dual-atom catalyst (DAC) configurations, those with Ag and Cu co-adsorbed at Mg sites are thermodynamically more stable (binding energies below -10 eV). Configurations with Ag and Cu in close proximity enhance co-adsorption of C2H4 and O2. C2H4 oxidation preferentially proceeds via C=C bond cleavage to form *CH3 and CO2. For three representative configurations (1, 3, 6), free energy barriers for rate-limiting steps in the *HCO and CH2O pathway are consistently higher than those for *CH3 and CO2 pathway. Configuration 6 exhibits the lowest energy barrier (0.32 eV) for its rate-limiting step, indicating the highest catalytic performance. This study provides atomic-scale insights for rational design of efficient catalysts targeting olefinic pollutants in automotive emissions.

### 604. [Mechanical Properties and Pore-Forming Mechanism of Porous Ceramsite Prepared from Multi-Source Granite Solid Waste](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mechanical-properties-and-pore-forming-mechanism-of-porous-ceramsite-prepared-from-multi-source-granite-solid) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202508084]
Granite mining areas generate large quantities of abandoned soil and rock powder, posing environmental challenges and resource waste. This study investigates the synergistic preparation of porous ceramsite from two typical granite solid wastes—weathered granite soil (high Al2O3) and granite waste rock powder (high SiO2)—with waste glass powder as a fluxing agent. Single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (Box-Behnken) were employed to optimize the process and elucidate the pore-forming mechanism. The optimal conditions were a mass ratio of weathered granite soil:granite waste rock powder:waste glass powder of 5.6:2.4:2, a preheating temperature of 480 °C, a sintering time of 32 min, and a sintering temperature of 1140 °C. Under these conditions, the resulting porous ceramsite achieved a compressive strength of 1.74 MPa. The ceramsite effectively immobilized heavy metals, ensuring environmental safety. This research demonstrates that multi-component complementarity and multi-factor coupling optimization can produce porous ceramsite with favorable mechanical properties and stable pore structure, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for high-value utilization of granite solid waste.

### 605. [Enhancing photocatalytic CO2 reduction with Z-scheme heterojunction Ag/Bi2MoO6/BiOBr composite films: Synthesis and mechanistic insights](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/enhancing-photocatalytic-co2-reduction-with-z-scheme-heterojunction-agbi2moo6biobr-composite-films-synthesis-a) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60629-3]
This study reports the synthesis of a novel Z-scheme heterojunction composite film comprising Ag/Bi2MoO6/BiOBr via electrochemical processes, ion-exchange techniques, and subsequent photodeposition of silver nanoparticles. The incorporation of Ag nanoparticles exploits localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects and serves as an electron mediator, establishing a Schottky barrier that suppresses charge recombination. The optimized 1.5% Ag/Bi2MoO6/BiOBr film achieves a CO production rate of 13.65 μmol/(g·h) from photocatalytic CO2 reduction, significantly outperforming the unmodified Bi2MoO6/BiOBr film. Photocurrent and impedance analyses confirm enhanced charge separation in the Ag-modified composite. A non-linear relationship between Ag loading and photocatalytic efficiency was observed, with optimal performance at 1.5% Ag. The proposed Z-scheme mechanism elucidates the synergistic interactions among components, providing a scientific basis for rational design of advanced photocatalysts and immobilized systems for CO2 reduction. This work offers insights into the development of efficient, sustainable photocatalytic technologies for carbon capture and utilization.

### 606. [Intelligent Analysis of Direct Coal Liquefaction Diesel Components by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/intelligent-analysis-of-direct-coal-liquefaction-diesel-components-by-near-infrared-spectroscopy) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60620-7]
Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) diesel constitutes over 60% of DCL products, yet its cetane number (30–40) falls short of the automotive diesel standard (≥45). Rapid and accurate compositional analysis is essential for optimizing properties via component blending. Traditional gas chromatography offers high accuracy but is unsuitable for online industrial monitoring. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy enables rapid, non-destructive analysis, but spectral interpretation is complex. This study integrates NIR spectroscopy with machine learning (ML) to construct a spectral-composition database for DCL diesel. Feature extraction using correlation coefficient and mutual information methods screened key wavelength variables, reducing dimensionality from ~1800 to ~200 wavelengths. Three ML models—Lasso, SVR, and XGBoost—were compared. Excluding spectral data with absorbance >1 significantly improved model accuracy, increasing test set R² from 0.85 to 0.96. After feature extraction, the optimal variable count was 177, enhancing computational efficiency. Among models, SVR-MI-0.9 (mutual information feature selection) achieved the best performance, with training and test set R² values exceeding 0.98, enabling precise prediction of paraffin, naphthene, and aromatic contents. This research provides a robust methodology for intelligent online quality monitoring. An intelligent NIR spectroscopy data analysis software was independently developed based on the established model. Compared with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, the software reduced analysis time by over 98%, with absolute prediction error below 0.2%. Thus, rapid analysis of DCL diesel components was successfully realized.

### 607. [Two-Phase Flow Characteristics of a Jet Aerator with Built-in Porous Thin Plates](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/two-phase-flow-characteristics-of-a-jet-aerator-with-built-in-porous-thin-plates) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509009]
Air-supplied jet aerators, combining hydraulic jet and gas induction principles, are critical equipment in aerobic biological wastewater treatment. However, low energy conversion efficiency and insufficient local gas-liquid mixing are core bottlenecks limiting their competitiveness. A three-dimensional flow field analysis method for jet aerators was developed based on the k-ε turbulence model and Euler-Euler multiphase flow model. The effects of different orifice plate distributions, shapes, sizes, hole numbers, and installation positions on average pressure, turbulent kinetic energy, and turbulent dissipation rate were systematically studied. Results show that the asterisk-shaped orifice plate yields the highest gas-liquid two-phase turbulent mixing intensity, followed by the annular shape, while the parallel arrangement yields the lowest. With increasing hole number and single-hole size, average pressure, velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and turbulent dissipation rate for different plate shapes initially fluctuate downward and then stabilize. When the number of triangular holes is 9, mass transfer efficiency is significantly enhanced, and overall aerator performance is excellent. When the triangular hole diameter is 7 mm, the device achieves an optimal match between energy utilization and mixing efficiency across pressure distribution, velocity field, turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipation rate. The farther the porous thin plate is installed from the sewage nozzle, the further gas-liquid two-phase turbulence is enhanced. Experiments confirm that the boundary layer is fully developed, liquid and air are thoroughly mixed, and the orifice plate promotes bubble breakup and refinement through throttling and collision, significantly improving oxygen transfer efficiency. This research provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the transformation and upgrading of aeration technology towards high efficiency and low carbon, and for extending equipment service life.

### 608. [Numerical Simulation of the Performance of a Channel-Steel Baffle-Type Pre-Dust Collector for Biomass Boiler Flue Gas](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/numerical-simulation-of-the-performance-of-a-channel-steel-baffle-type-pre-dust-collector-for-biomass-boiler-f) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202508052]
To improve the performance of pre-dust collectors in biomass boiler flue gas purification systems, a novel channel-steel baffle-type pre-dust collector was proposed to address the low collection efficiency of conventional designs. A gas-solid two-phase flow model was developed within the MP-PIC (multiphase particle-in-cell) framework and validated against physical experiments. The model simulated gas-particle motion inside the collector, systematically investigating the effects of structural modifications, flue gas conditions, and dust properties on collection efficiency and pressure drop. Results indicate that adding a flow baffle in the ash hopper and adopting an upper-inlet flue duct enhance collection efficiency with negligible impact on pressure drop. Flue gas velocity significantly influences performance: increasing velocity reduces efficiency while raising pressure drop; an optimal design velocity of 1.0–2.0 m·s−1 is recommended. Elevated flue gas temperature slightly decreases both efficiency and pressure drop, with minimal impact over a range of tens of degrees Celsius. Higher dust density and larger particle size improve collection efficiency and reduce pressure drop, whereas higher dust concentration increases both efficiency and pressure drop. The study elucidates the mechanisms by which structural and operational parameters affect pre-dust collector performance, providing theoretical guidance for designing low-resistance, high-efficiency collectors for biomass boilers.

### 609. [Aging Mechanism of Microplastics in UV/Persulfate System and Its Effect on Norfloxacin Adsorption Behavior](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/aging-mechanism-of-microplastics-in-uvpersulfate-system-and-its-effect-on-norfloxacin-adsorption-behavior) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510028]
This study investigates the aging mechanism of polystyrene microplastics (PS MPs) induced by ultraviolet (UV)-activated potassium persulfate (KPS) and its influence on the adsorption of norfloxacin (NOR). Results show that aged PS exhibited yellowing, increased surface roughness and specific surface area, enhanced oxygen-containing functional groups, and elevated negative surface charge, along with the generation of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs). Compared with UV alone, UV+KPS induced more pronounced aging due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide radicals (O2·−). Adsorption kinetics and isotherm data revealed that UV+KPS-aged PS significantly enhanced NOR adsorption, with a maximum adsorption capacity of (2.539±0.032) mg·g−1, which was 4.20 times higher than that of pristine PS. The adsorption mechanism was governed by hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and pore filling. Solution pH modulated the electrostatic interactions by affecting NOR speciation and PS surface charge, thereby influencing NOR adsorption. This study systematically reveals the accelerated aging of coexisting MPs and EPFRs generation during UV+KPS treatment, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of MPs environmental behavior and potential ecological risks.

### 610. [Low-Temperature NH3-SCR Denitration Mechanism of Biochar-Supported Mn-Cu-Nb Catalyst](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/low-temperature-nh3-scr-denitration-mechanism-of-biochar-supported-mn-cu-nb-catalyst) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60619-0]
Under the context of global energy transition and carbon neutrality, controlling nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from biomass combustion is of great significance, and the development of high-efficiency low-temperature catalysts has become a current research focus. In this study, Nb was used to dope and modify the Mn7-Cu3/BCN catalyst to construct the Mn7-Cu3-Nbx/BCN system. The doping amount was optimized through selective catalytic reduction (SCR) activity tests. The reaction mechanism was explored by combining in situ DRIFTS and density functional theory (DFT) simulations. Experimental findings revealed that the catalyst doped with 0.05% Nb achieved the optimal performance, sustaining a NO conversion efficiency of ≥94% within the temperature window of 150−275 °C while demonstrating improved resistance to alkali metal K poisoning. Mechanistic analyses showed that at low temperatures, the catalyst facilitated the SCR reaction via both the Eley-Rideal (E-R) and Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) pathways, with the synergistic interaction between multiple active sites driving the efficient conversion of NH3 and NO. DFT calculations further confirmed that both pathways had the characteristics of low reaction energy barriers and significant exothermicity, ensuring the high activity and feasibility of the low-temperature reaction. The findings provided foundational theoretical support for the design of Nb-doped Mn-Cu-supported catalysts and the exploration of the underlying working mechanisms.

### 611. [Contamination Status and Health Risk Assessment of Tetracycline and β-Lactam Antibiotics in Milk: A Global Review (2012–2024)](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/contamination-status-and-health-risk-assessment-of-tetracycline-and-lactam-antibiotics-in-milk-a-global-review) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012404]
Antibiotics, widely used for disease prevention and growth promotion in livestock, are emerging contaminants with potential risks to human health via the food chain. This review systematically analyzed the sources and residual levels of tetracycline (TCs) and β-lactam antibiotics in raw, pasteurized, commercial, and ultra-high-temperature (UHT) sterilized milk from various countries between 2012 and 2024, based on quantitative detection methods such as LC-MS and HPLC. The highest concentrations of TCs were found in milk from Algeria and Iran, while β-lactam residues were most elevated in Algeria, Bangladesh, and Kenya. The predominant TCs were tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline; β-lactams were mainly penicillin and amoxicillin. Health risk assessment using hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) revealed that all individual HQ values were below 1, indicating no significant non-carcinogenic risk from single antibiotics. However, the HI for multiple antibiotics in raw milk from Algeria exceeded 1, suggesting potential cumulative health risks. Furthermore, some studies reported residue concentrations surpassing maximum residue limits (MRLs), underscoring the need for continuous monitoring and control. This review highlights the global variability in antibiotic contamination and the importance of comprehensive risk assessment to safeguard public health.

### 612. [Migration and Enrichment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Their Protein Binding Behavior in Human Tissues and Organs: A Review](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/migration-and-enrichment-of-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas-and-their-protein-binding-behavior-in-huma) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011501]
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of synthetic persistent organic pollutants that pose significant risks to human health. Owing to their high binding affinity for proteins, PFAS are ubiquitously detected in human populations worldwide. Following oral ingestion, PFAS bind to transport proteins such as human serum albumin and organic anion transporters, facilitating their distribution and accumulation in various tissues and organs, including the liver and kidneys, and enabling penetration across the blood-brain and placental barriers. This review systematically examines the migration and enrichment behaviors of PFAS in human tissues and organs mediated by multiple transport proteins, the molecular mechanisms underlying PFAS-protein interactions, and the key factors influencing these interactions. Additionally, we discuss the potential applications derived from PFAS-protein binding. By synthesizing current research findings, this review provides a theoretical foundation for future investigations into PFAS-protein interactions and outlines prospective research directions. The pervasive environmental contamination and documented health effects, including developmental retardation, endocrine disruption, obesity, and cancer, underscore the urgency of understanding PFAS toxicokinetics. Our analysis highlights the critical role of protein binding in the prolonged biological half-lives of PFAS and their tissue-specific accumulation, which are central to health risk assessment and the development of mitigation strategies.

### 613. [Toxicity Effects of Dibutyl Phthalate on Embryonic and Juvenile Stages of Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes)](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/toxicity-effects-of-dibutyl-phthalate-on-embryonic-and-juvenile-stages-of-japanese-medaka-oryzias-latipes) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012501]
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant posing potential risks to aquatic ecosystems. This study assessed the developmental toxicity of DBP in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos. Embryos were exposed to gradient DBP concentrations (1, 5, 50, 500 μg·L−1, and 5 mg·L−1) for 15 days. Endpoints included embryonic heart rate, hatching time, survival rate, larval swimming behavior, and expression of genes related to cardiovascular, nervous, thyroid, antioxidant systems, and estrogenic effects. Results showed that 5 mg·L−1 DBP significantly reduced embryonic heart rate (P < 0.0001), leading to hatching failure and mortality. Exposure to 500 μg·L−1 DBP significantly reduced hatching rate (P < 0.01) and survival rate (P < 0.0001). DBP exposure caused developmental delay, cardiovascular hemorrhage, spinal curvature, yolk sac edema, and inhibited larval swimming behavior. At the molecular level, DBP significantly altered expression of atrap, dkk1, bnpa, fx, and dvl mRNA, affecting cardiovascular development; downregulated trha, mbp, and elavl3 mRNA, indicating endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity; upregulated cat, gpx2, and gsta mRNA, inducing oxidative stress; and upregulated vtg1, erβ1, and chgl mRNA, demonstrating estrogenic effects. This study demonstrates that DBP exposure adversely affects growth, development, hatching, survival, swimming behavior, and gene expression in Japanese medaka embryos, highlighting ecological risks of DBP pollution in aquatic environments.

### 614. [Effect of Calcium-Sodium Composite Flux on Ash Fusibility and Mineral Transformation of Pingshuo High Ash Fusion Temperature Coal](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-calcium-sodium-composite-flux-on-ash-fusibility-and-mineral-transformation-of-pingshuo-high-ash-fusi) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0029]
Pingshuo coal ash, characterized by high silicon-aluminum content (Si+Al >85%) and low Si/Al ratio (<1.5), exhibits ash fusion temperatures (AFTs) exceeding 1550 °C, rendering it unsuitable for entrained-flow gasifiers. This study investigates the effect of calcium-sodium composite flux on ash fusibility and mineral transformation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FactSage thermodynamic simulations were employed to analyze mineral evolution, while molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed the underlying melting mechanism. Results show that adding 20% composite flux (CaO/Na2O) lowers AFTs more effectively than equivalent additions of CaO or Na2O alone, indicating a synergistic effect. At a CaO/Na2O ratio of 3:7, the flow temperatures (FT) of two Pingshuo coal ashes decreased to 1377 °C and 1279 °C, respectively. The composite flux promotes reactions between quartz and Na2O/CaO, forming low-melting-point minerals such as nepheline, albite, and gehlenite, while inhibiting mullite formation. Additionally, Na+ disrupts the silicate network, inducing Ca2+ to preferentially coordinate with [AlO4]5- tetrahedra, further breaking Si-O-Si bonds. MD simulations show that atomic diffusion, quantified by mean square displacement (MSD), is significantly enhanced below 1600 K with composite flux addition compared to single fluxes. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for optimizing flux formulations to enable efficient gasification of high-AFT coals.

### 615. [Effect of Coating Asphalt Softening Point on Pre-Oxidation Pathway and Sodium Storage Performance of Derived Hard Carbon](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-coating-asphalt-softening-point-on-pre-oxidation-pathway-and-sodium-storage-performance-of-derived-h) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0032]
This study elucidates the nonlinear relationship between the softening point of coating asphalt and its oxidative cross-linking behavior, as well as the sodium storage performance of the derived hard carbon. Comparative analysis of asphalts with low (80 °C), medium (160 °C), and high (260 °C) softening points revealed that both the 80 and 260 °C asphalts incorporated a higher oxygen content (20%–25%) during oxidation, leading to the formation of a deeply cross-linked structure dominated by anhydride and ester groups. This effectively suppressed graphitization during carbonization, yielding hard carbon with large interlayer spacing, high disorder, and abundant closed pores. The derived hard carbon exhibited superior sodium storage performance: the initial charge capacities of EPOC-80 and EPOC-260 reached 314.7 and 306.6 mA·h/g, with first-cycle coulombic efficiencies of 81.3% and 79.3%, respectively, along with excellent cycling stability and rate capability. In contrast, the medium softening point asphalt (160 °C) showed limited oxygen incorporation (~5%) and insufficient cross-linking after oxidation, resulting in a densely packed hard carbon with smaller interlayer spacing (3.46 Å) and restricted sodium storage sites, which led to a significantly reduced capacity of 173.2 mA·h/g. This work provides new design principles and theoretical support for optimizing hard carbon anode structures through precise control of the precursor softening point.

### 616. [Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Qiantang River Basin (Fuchun River)](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pollution-characteristics-and-ecological-risks-of-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-in-the-qiantang-river-bas) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010608]
This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of 27 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface water and sediment of the Fuchun River, a tributary of the Qiantang River Basin. Surface water samples were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Total PFAS concentrations (∑PFAS) in surface water ranged from 30.04 to 105.26 ng/L, with mean and median values of 59.64 ng/L and 51.43 ng/L, respectively. The dominant compounds were perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX), and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA). Concentrations generally decreased from upstream to downstream, consistent with previous studies. Notably, GenX levels were significantly elevated compared to earlier reports. In sediment, ∑PFAS concentrations ranged from not detected (ND) to 0.59 ng/g dry weight, with mean and median values of 0.14 ng/g and 0.11 ng/g, respectively. PFOA and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were the primary sediment contaminants. Source apportionment indicated that industrial wastewater discharge and sewage treatment plant effluents were the main sources of PFAS in the river. Risk assessment using risk quotients suggested low ecological risks to aquatic organisms for most detected PFAS. However, the presence of short-chain and novel PFAS warrants further investigation due to potential unknown risks.

### 617. [Research Progress on Heterogeneous Fenton Technology Based on Carbon/Iron-Based Catalysts and Physical Field-Assisted Systems](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-heterogeneous-fenton-technology-based-on-carboniron-based-catalysts-and-physical-field-as) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010804]
Heterogeneous Fenton technology employs solid catalysts to activate H2O2, generating hydroxyl radicals (·OH) that oxidatively degrade organic pollutants. Among reported catalysts, iron-based materials are most prevalent but suffer from insufficient active sites and sluggish Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycling. Compositing iron with carbon materials increases active site density and accelerates Fe(II) regeneration, thereby enhancing catalytic efficiency. This review summarizes recent advances in carbon/iron-based heterogeneous Fenton catalysts, analyzing reaction mechanisms and characteristics for organic pollutant removal. It also discusses external energy field-assisted strategies (e.g., photo-, electro-, and ultrasound-assisted) that augment reaction kinetics. The paper concludes with perspectives on future development of carbon/iron-based Fenton-like materials, emphasizing the need for scalable synthesis and mechanistic elucidation. Key challenges include maintaining stability under continuous operation and achieving cost-effective production. The review highlights that carbon/iron composites with optimized interfacial properties can significantly improve H2O2 utilization and broaden pH applicability, addressing limitations of conventional Fenton processes. Future research directions include designing catalysts with tailored porosity and surface functionality, and integrating physical fields to synergistically enhance pollutant mineralization.

### 618. [Regulatory Role of the Clock Gene Nr1d1 in Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 9-Fluorenone Induced Tumorigenesis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/regulatory-role-of-the-clock-gene-nr1d1-in-oxygenated-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-9-fluorenone-induced-tu) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010307]
Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) are prevalent environmental contaminants with high toxicity and demonstrated tumor-promoting effects. Circadian clock genes are critical regulators of cellular homeostasis and tumorigenesis. This study investigated the role of clock genes in OPAH-induced tumor promotion using 9-fluorenone (FLO), a dominant OPAH. Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells were exposed to 0, 10, and 30 μmol·L−1 FLO. Cell proliferation was assessed via colony formation and EdU staining, and mRNA expression of core clock genes (Bmal1, Npas2, Nr1d1, Per2, Cry1, Dbp) was quantified by RT-qPCR. Results demonstrated that FLO exposure significantly enhanced cell proliferation and dose-dependently suppressed Nr1d1 expression. In synchronized cells, FLO dampened the amplitude of Nr1d1 mRNA oscillation. Pretreatment with SR9009, a selective Nr1d1 agonist, effectively inhibited FLO-induced proliferation. These findings indicate that Nr1d1 plays a pivotal role in the tumorigenic cascade initiated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives, providing mechanistic insights into OPAH health impacts and potential intervention strategies.

### 619. [Exploration, Practice and Prospect of New Pollutants Governance in China](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/exploration-practice-and-prospect-of-new-pollutants-governance-in-china) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026020803]
The governance of new pollutants is a major strategic deployment made by China after fully building a moderately prosperous society and embarking on a new journey to comprehensively build a modern socialist country. Guided by the new development philosophy, it adheres to high-quality development, promotes economic structural transformation, and safeguards people's livelihood. This paper divides China's new pollutant governance process from the beginning of the 21st century to 2035 into four progressive stages: compliance-driven local exploration, systematic construction of strategic transformation, comprehensive implementation and in-depth layout, and long-term control and modernization improvement. It systematically reviews the development of management systems, technical standards, and basic research in each stage, clarifying the strategic position of new pollutant governance in coordinating development and security. At the critical transition between the 14th and 15th Five-Year Plans, the paper summarizes achievements and shortcomings based on the implementation of the Action Plan for the Governance of New Pollutants, proposing optimization paths for the 15th Five-Year Plan period. Key recommendations include establishing a national data sharing platform to integrate monitoring, toxicological, and governance data, implementing a diversified evaluation system to distinguish basic research from management support research, and guiding differentiated local implementation to avoid a one-size-fits-all approach. The paper emphasizes the need for international promotion to enhance China's discourse power in global environmental governance, and suggests building a multi-dimensional international communication system. These measures aim to improve the quality and efficiency of new pollutant governance, providing theoretical and practical guidance for building a Beautiful China.

### 620. [Effects and Mechanisms of Non-Antibiotic Emerging Contaminants on Fish Gut Microbiota](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-and-mechanisms-of-non-antibiotic-emerging-contaminants-on-fish-gut-microbiota) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025102501]
Non-antibiotic emerging contaminants (ECs) pose a growing threat to aquatic organisms, particularly fish, yet their impact on gut microbiota remains inadequately characterized. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence on the effects and mechanisms of non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals, pesticides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), nanomaterials, and microplastics on fish gut microbiota. Exposure to these ECs directly alters microbial composition and diversity, while indirectly disrupting host metabolism and immune function, leading to significant health impairments. Notably, EC exposure induces dysregulation of key factors such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), compromising intestinal barrier integrity. Concurrently, gut microbiota can metabolically transform certain ECs into derivatives, establishing a complex pollutant-microbiota-host interaction network. The gut microbiota mediates EC-induced neurotoxicity, immune dysfunction, and metabolic disorders through signaling pathways such as TLR/NF-κB and metabolic homeostasis regulation. Current research predominantly addresses short-term exposure effects, leaving long-term low-dose impacts and transgenerational mechanisms poorly understood. Future investigations should employ multi-generational exposure and microbiota transplantation to elucidate gut microbiota-mediated toxicity mechanisms under non-antibiotic EC stress. This review underscores the urgent need for comprehensive risk assessment and regulatory frameworks targeting non-antibiotic ECs in aquatic environments.

### 621. [Formation and Emission of Hexachlorobutadiene during Chlorinated Chemical Production and Its Impact on the Surrounding Environment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/formation-and-emission-of-hexachlorobutadiene-during-chlorinated-chemical-production-and-its-impact-on-the-sur) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025101901]
Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) regulated under the Stockholm Convention. Chlorinated chemical production processes are major sources of unintentional HCBD emissions, posing potential threats to ecosystems and human health. This study systematically reviews the formation, emission, and environmental impact of HCBD from such processes. HCBD is widely generated as a by-product during chlorination stages of producing carbon tetrachloride, dichloroacetylene, tri-/tetrachloroethylene, and chlorobenzene, via free-radical mechanisms. It is released through waste gas, wastewater, and solid waste. In the environment, HCBD exhibits multimedia distribution, undergoing long-range atmospheric transport and adsorbing onto soil and sediments, thereby becoming secondary pollution sources. HCBD shows significant bioaccumulation and food-chain magnification; it is toxic to aquatic organisms and causes hepatic and renal damage with potential carcinogenicity in mammals. Effective pollution control requires combined process improvements and end-of-pipe treatments, supplemented by stringent emission standards and life-cycle management. Future research should focus on developing precise emission inventories, elucidating multi-media transport and transformation mechanisms, and assessing composite ecotoxicological effects, thereby providing scientific support for implementing international conventions and formulating effective prevention strategies.

### 622. [Hydrothermal Carbon with Abundant Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups for Photocatalytic H2O2 Generation in Water and Seawater](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/hydrothermal-carbon-with-abundant-oxygen-containing-functional-groups-for-photocatalytic-h2o2-generation-in-wa) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60622-0]
Photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from sustainable biomass-derived carbon catalysts offers a renewable route to valuable chemicals, yet the regulatory role of surface functional groups on reaction kinetics remains underexplored. Here, hydrothermal carbon spheres (CS) rich in oxygen-containing functional groups demonstrated a remarkably high H2O2 production rate of 653 μmol/(g·h) in both pure water and actual seawater, without any sacrificial agent. The catalyst also exhibited outstanding activity in visible-light-driven photocatalytic oxidation of benzylamine to imines, achieving 92% conversion and >99% selectivity. Comprehensive analysis revealed that CS was rich in surface oxygen-containing functional groups, a feature strongly associated with its high photocatalytic efficiency. The observed positive Zeta potential of CS in seawater likely diminished electrostatic repulsion against positively charged intermediates, facilitating their accumulation at the liquid-solid interface. This work proposes a strategic framework for developing metal-free photocatalysts from biomass, offering a sustainable pathway for photocatalytic applications.

### 623. [Re-analysis of the Pros and Cons of Sulfur Autotrophic Denitrification Technology](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/re-analysis-of-the-pros-and-cons-of-sulfur-autotrophic-denitrification-technology) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010306]
Sulfur autotrophic denitrification (SAD) has attracted increasing attention due to its low cost, no need for external carbon sources, and low sludge production. This review systematically examines the reaction principles and key material elements of various electron donors for SAD, including elemental sulfur, sulfide, thiosulfate, and iron sulfide. It discusses recent research progress on different SAD processes and the influence of environmental factors. A comparative analysis between heterotrophic denitrification and SAD highlights SAD's advantages in reaction rate, secondary pollution, and cost-effectiveness, underscoring its promising application prospects. Notably, iron sulfide-based autotrophic denitrification maintains stable pH and produces fewer by-products (e.g., sulfate, nitrous oxide). When developed into an aggregate sulfur concrete system, it can purify nitrogen and phosphorus from secondary effluent standards to Class IV surface water standards within a hydraulic retention time of only 0.5–2 hours, addressing the contradiction between SAD reaction rate and engineering demands. This enables efficient simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal, making it viable for groundwater remediation, advanced wastewater treatment, eutrophication control, and deep nitrogen removal. The national 'Dual Carbon Strategy' (carbon neutrality and peak) positions SAD as a promising method for wastewater treatment plants to meet increasingly stringent nitrogen and phosphorus discharge standards.

### 624. [A Standardized Dataset of CO-TPD Spectra on Transition-Metal Single-Crystal Surfaces](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-standardized-dataset-of-co-tpd-spectra-on-transition-metal-single-crystal-surfaces) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60673-1]
Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) is a fundamental technique in surface science and heterogeneous catalysis for characterizing adsorption behavior and extracting key parameters such as adsorption energy. However, the majority of existing TPD data is accessible only in the form of published images, lacking structured and quantitative datasets, which constrains rigorous quantitative analysis and computational modeling. Using carbon monoxide (CO) as a widely adopted probe molecule, we constructed a curated and standardized dataset of CO-TPD spectra encompassing 14 transition-metal single-crystal surfaces, including copper (Cu) and ruthenium (Ru). By systematically extracting numerical data points from published spectra and applying normalization, essential spectral features such as peak shape are fully preserved. The dataset also documents relevant experimental parameters, including heating rates, and was developed using a standardized protocol for data collection and quality control. This resource serves as both a reference library to support the deconvolution of TPD spectra from complex catalysts and an experimental benchmark for calibrating parameters in theoretical models. By providing a reliable and accessible data function, this work advances the microscopic understanding and rational design of catalyst active centers.

### 625. [Quantitative Source Apportionment and Origin Analysis of Sulfide in the Middle and Lower Reaches Groundwater of Chaobai-Wenyu Alluvial-proluvial Fan, Beijing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/quantitative-source-apportionment-and-origin-analysis-of-sulfide-in-the-middle-and-lower-reaches-groundwater-o) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010604]
Groundwater is a vital component of Beijing's water supply, yet elevated sulfide concentrations restrict its utilization. This study employed principal component analysis (PCA) and absolute principal component-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) to apportion sulfide sources and quantify their contributions in the middle and lower reaches of the Chaobai-Wenyu alluvial-proluvial fan. Sulfur and oxygen isotopes (δ34S and δ18O) were used to identify sulfate sources and discern anthropogenic versus natural influences. Results showed that high-sulfide groundwater predominantly occurred in Na-type water, with sulfide accumulation from desulphidation widespread, particularly in Shunyi and within the first, second, and third aquifers, independent of wet/dry seasons. Isotopic analysis indicated sulfate mainly originated from evaporite dissolution, and sulfides from desulphidation were of geological background origin. PCA extracted four principal components: leaching-enrichment (F1), natural dissolution of iron-manganese oxides (F2), water desulphidation (F3), and CaF2 dissolution equilibrium (F4). F3 exhibited the highest factor loading for sulfide (0.418), while other components had small negative loadings. APCS-MLR revealed F3 contributed 21.32% of sulfide, while indigenous sources (e.g., acid-volatile sulfide dissolution, elemental sulfur disproportionation, geothermal activity, well casing materials) contributed 63.66%. Overall, sulfide in the study area is a geological background factor, with limited anthropogenic influence.

### 626. [Contamination and Risk Assessment of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Water in the Guanzhong Section of the Wei River Basin](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/contamination-and-risk-assessment-of-perfluoroalkyl-substances-in-surface-water-in-the-guanzhong-section-of-th) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010201]
The Guanzhong region, traversed by the Wei River Basin, is one of the most industrially, agriculturally, and medically advanced and densely populated areas in Northwest China, has seen increasing attention paid to the pollution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in its surface water environment. This study systematically investigated the pollution characteristics of PFASs in the surface water of this region and their ecological and health risks. By optimizing the online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (Online SPE-LC/MS/MS), efficient detection of 19 PFASs was achieved, with the method detection limits ranging from 0.2 ng·L−1 to 0.3 ng·L−1, linear correlation coefficients all ≥ 0.990, and spiked recoveries between 75.2% and 130.0%. Monitoring data indicated that PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA and PFOS, short-chain perfluorinated compounds, were the main pollutants in this region, with high detection frequencies and concentrations, but the overall content was lower than that in most areas of China. The concentrations of PFASs in surface water showed significant seasonal variations, with the highest concentrations during the dry season (∑19PFASs:126.1 — 2584.3 ng·L−1), followed by the normal season (∑19PFASs:3.5—3567.6 ng·L−1), and the lowest during the wet season (∑19PFASs:26.3—294.6 ng·L−1). Ecological risk assessment showed that, except for PFDoDA in the dry season, the ecological risk quotient (RQ) of all other PFASs was < 1. Although the water of the Wei River is not used as direct drinking water, health risk assessment indicated that all PFASs posed low risks, with only PFOA and PFOS showing potential risks (HR > 0.1) to adults and children at some sites during dry/normal seasons. This study provides a scientific basis for PFASs pollution control in the Wei River Basin.

### 627. [Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil of Alisma orientale in Sichuan](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pollution-characteristics-and-risk-assessment-of-heavy-metals-in-soil-of-alisma-orientale-in-sichuan) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011302]
Heavy metal contamination in soil severely compromises the quality and safety of Alisma orientale medicinal materials, and consumption of contaminated herbal preparations poses health risks. To characterize contamination and risks in Sichuan's genuine producing areas, 159 paired soil and plant samples were collected. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni were determined via ICP-OES. Soil pollution was assessed using the Single Pollution Index (Pi), Nemerow Comprehensive Index (Pn), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI). Human health risks from heavy metals in Alisma were evaluated via Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI). Mean soil concentrations were Cu 29.57, Zn 61.86, Pb 29.51, Cd 1.77, and Ni 28.08 mg·kg−1. Except for Cd, all elements were below agricultural soil screening values. Pi and Pn confirmed Cd contamination, with Cd posing slight to strong potential ecological risks. Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni showed highly significant positive correlations, indicating common origins. Heavy metal concentrations in Alisma did not exceed pharmacopeial limits. The plant exhibited strong Zn enrichment but weak accumulation of Cu, Cd, and Pb, and negligible Ni enrichment. THQ and HI values indicated no potential health risks under current exposure. Quantitative assessment is critical for soil pollution control, safe cultivation, and medication safety.

### 628. [Combining Surface Complexation and Linear Regression Models to Predict Cd, Ni, and Pb Adsorption on Guizhou Yellow Soils](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/combining-surface-complexation-and-linear-regression-models-to-predict-cd-ni-and-pb-adsorption-on-guizhou-yell) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011101]
This study investigates the adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of Cd, Ni, and Pb on yellow soils collected from multiple sites in Guizhou Province, China. Soil physicochemical properties, potentiometric titration, adsorption edge experiments, and a 1-site/2-pKa surface complexation model (SCM) were integrated to derive acid-base parameters and metal adsorption constants. Linear regression models established quantitative relationships between SCM parameters and soil properties, enabling prediction of adsorption behavior for new soil samples. Results showed that adsorption capacities increased with pH and followed the order Pb > Ni > Cd, influenced by hydrated radius, hydrolysis constant, and electronegativity. Soils with higher surface site concentration (Hs) and lower point of zero charge (pHpzc) exhibited greater metal adsorption. The SCM fitted adsorption edges with R ≥ 0.94, confirming its validity. pH was the dominant factor controlling metal complexation constants (lgKSOMe), acid-base equilibrium constants, and surface site density (Ds), with influence order Pb > Ni > Cd. Free iron oxide correlated negatively with deprotonation constant (pKa2). Ds was also affected by cation exchange capacity and specific surface area. Validation using a separate set of soil samples yielded good agreement between predicted and measured adsorption (R² = 0.75–0.82, RMSE = 0.1–0.51). This combined modeling approach simplifies experimental procedures and offers a robust tool for assessing heavy metal environmental risks and remediation strategies.

### 629. [Micro-nano Robots for Wastewater Treatment: Current Application Status and Prospects](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/micro-nano-robots-for-wastewater-treatment-current-application-status-and-prospects) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025091801]
Conventional wastewater treatment technologies face persistent challenges including incomplete removal of emerging contaminants, secondary pollution, and low energy efficiency. Micro-nano robots (MNRs), leveraging their self-propulsion, precise navigation, and high specific surface area, offer a transformative approach for targeted pollutant sequestration and degradation. This review systematically examines the operational mechanisms and propulsion strategies of MNRs in wastewater remediation. Through a data-driven bibliometric analysis, we identify chemical propulsion and photocatalytic degradation as the predominant research foci. We critically evaluate the performance of various MNR designs—including chemically driven, magnetically driven, and light-driven systems—for the removal of organic pollutants, heavy metals, microplastics, radioactive nuclides, and pathogenic microorganisms. Representative studies demonstrate removal efficiencies exceeding 90% for specific contaminants, such as uranium preconcentration via metal-organic framework-based microrobots and microplastic removal using self-driven magnetorobots. Despite these advances, MNRs face intrinsic trade-offs between propulsion efficiency and environmental compatibility, as well as challenges in coordinating actuation and control in complex aqueous matrices. We propose future directions emphasizing sustainable energy-harvesting systems and intelligent, reconfigurable multifunctional designs. This review provides a systematic framework and forward-looking perspective to accelerate the translation of MNR technology from laboratory innovation to practical wastewater treatment applications.

### 630. [Compensatory Release of Ultrashort-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances at the Water-Soil Interface Following Post-Drought Rehydration in Paddy Soil](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/compensatory-release-of-ultrashort-chain-perfluoroalkyl-substances-at-the-water-soil-interface-following-post) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025110501]
Ultrashort-chain perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exhibit high hydrophilicity, mobility, and root concentration factors, facilitating their transport and accumulation in soil-crop systems and posing phytotoxicity risks. Post-drought rehydration (PDR) is a critical water management strategy to mitigate drought effects in paddy fields. This study investigated the regulation and mechanisms of PDR on ultrashort-chain PFAS transport in paddy soils through sterilized and non-sterilized experiments, employing three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and amplicon sequencing. Results showed that PDR increased the bioavailable fraction of ultrashort-chain PFAS in soil solution while delaying their release into overlying water. Sterilization experiments confirmed that PDR-induced compensatory migration was primarily driven by microbial activity. Geochemical analyses revealed that PDR reduced hydrophilic functional groups (e.g., hydroxyl) on soil particle surfaces and increased cation bridging sites. Microbiological sequencing indicated that PDR activated secondary metabolic pathways, enhancing microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production, which provided binding sites for ultrashort-chain PFAS. Consequently, EPS competed with soil particles for cation bridging, altering PFAS interfacial partitioning and increasing bioavailable and cation-complexed fractions in soil solution, thereby exacerbating rhizosphere exposure risk to rice. This study elucidates the coupled geochemical and microbiological mechanisms governing ultrashort-chain PFAS mobility under PDR, informing risk assessment and management in paddy agroecosystems.

### 631. [Strong Impact of Support Morphology on Catalytic Decomposition of N2O over Rh/CeO2 Catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/strong-impact-of-support-morphology-on-catalytic-decomposition-of-n2o-over-rhceo2-catalysts) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012901]
N2O is a potent greenhouse gas, and its catalytic decomposition is of significant environmental importance. In this study, three CeO2 supports with different morphologies—nanorods (NR), nanocubes (NC), and nanooctahedra (NO)—were prepared via a hydrothermal method. Rh catalysts supported on these CeO2 materials were synthesized using a deposition-precipitation method, and their catalytic performance for N2O decomposition was evaluated. Results demonstrate that Rh/CeO2-NR exhibits superior catalytic activity compared to Rh/CeO2-NC and Rh/CeO2-NO under identical reaction conditions, including in the presence of O2 and H2O. Characterization reveals that Rh/CeO2-NR possesses abundant oxygen vacancies and a relatively high number of intrinsic defect sites, which facilitate the transfer of O intermediates. Additionally, Rh/CeO2-NR exhibits an appropriate Rh0/Rhn+ ratio, promoting the redox cycle between Rh species and reactants, thereby enhancing catalytic activity. The study underscores the critical role of CeO2 support morphology in optimizing Rh-based catalysts for N2O decomposition, offering a strategy to improve catalytic efficiency and stability for industrial applications.

### 632. [Influence of UV Intensity on Escherichia coli Inactivation Efficiency in the UV/Cl2 Process](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/influence-of-uv-intensity-on-escherichia-coli-inactivation-efficiency-in-the-uvcl2-process) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025102002]
The ultraviolet/chlorine (UV/Cl2) advanced oxidation process generates multiple radical species, enabling synergistic disinfection. However, the systematic influence of UV intensity on process performance remains inadequately characterized. This study investigated UV intensities from 0.25 to 2.0 mW·cm−2, assessing chlorine photolysis kinetics, bacterial inactivation, and disinfection by-product (DBP) formation. Results demonstrate that inactivation efficiency is not solely governed by total UV energy but is co-regulated by reaction kinetics and mass transfer. Increasing UV intensity accelerated chlorine photolysis by 33.7%–277.8%, elevating steady-state concentrations of hydroxyl radicals and chlorine radicals by factors of 1.6–3.8 and 1.3–3.2, respectively, thereby enhancing initial inactivation rates. However, higher intensities reduced cumulative chlorine exposure (CT value) to 14.3%–55.7% of baseline, causing overall inactivation to first increase then decrease. At a fixed UV dose of 150 mJ·cm−2, an intensity of 1.0 mW·cm−2 achieved optimal 6.5-log inactivation of Escherichia coli and the lowest bacterial reactivation rate (0.07%). Common water constituents (HCO3−, Cl−, natural organic matter) inhibited disinfection, with natural organic matter exerting the strongest suppression (2.7-log reduction). Notably, 1.0 mW·cm−2 exhibited the greatest resistance to interference. Elevated intensity reduced total organic halogen formation from 33.7 μg·L−1 to 19.0 μg·L−1. Balancing disinfection efficacy and DBP risk, 1.0 mW·cm−2 is identified as the optimal UV intensity for the UV/Cl2 process in sand-filtered water treatment.

### 633. [Long-term Effects of Biochar Application on Physicochemical Properties and Microplastic Accumulation in Aeolian Sandy Soils](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/long-term-effects-of-biochar-application-on-physicochemical-properties-and-microplastic-accumulation-in-aeolia) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010701]
This study investigated the long-term effects of biochar application on physicochemical properties and microplastic accumulation in aeolian sandy soils, based on a field experiment established in 2014. After seven years of mulched cultivation, soil samples were collected from 0–30 cm and 30–60 cm depths. Biochar application significantly increased soil porosity and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents, while reducing bulk density. At a biochar rate of 126.00 t·hm−2, soil water content was significantly reduced. Microplastic abundance averaged 3459.57 pieces·kg−1 in the 0–30 cm layer, with the highest abundance at 126.00 t·hm−2; in the 30–60 cm layer, average abundance was 3163.50 pieces·kg−1, with the highest at 63.00 t·hm−2. Microplastics were predominantly transparent, film-shaped, and 0–0.5 mm in size. The results indicate that biochar application significantly increased microplastic abundance in aeolian sandy soils, providing insights into microplastic adsorption and enrichment in agricultural ecosystems. Further research is needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms.

### 634. [Effects of Different Novel Fertilizer Applications on Phosphorus Loss from Surface and Seepage Water in Paddy Fields in the Chaohu Lake Watershed](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-of-different-novel-fertilizer-applications-on-phosphorus-loss-from-surface-and-seepage-water-in-paddy) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012302]
Phosphorus (P) loss from paddy fields contributes to eutrophication in Chaohu Lake. This study evaluated the effects of novel fertilizers and P reduction on P loss and rice yield. Seven treatments were established: no P (CK), rice-specific fertilizer (ZYF), slow-release blended fertilizer (SRF), Xinjutian compound fertilizer (XJT), enhanced loss-controlled fertilizer (CRF), CRF with 10% P reduction (CRF-10P%), and CRF with 30% P reduction (CRF-30P%). Results showed that novel fertilizers and P reduction significantly reduced concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), dissolved phosphorus (DP), and particulate phosphorus (PP) in surface water and leachate. The first 5 days after basal fertilization and heavy rainfall were high-risk periods for P loss. Rainfall increased TP concentrations by 417.74%–432.86% and 94.85%–351.35% in surface water and leachate, respectively; DP increased by 120.80%–322.44%, and PP by 280.66%–501.77% and 80.23%–297.55%. Compared with ZYF, SRF, XJT, and CRF reduced TP loss by 15.43%–33.95%, with SRF showing the lowest loss. Under P reduction, CRF-10P% and CRF-30P% reduced TP loss by 31.48% and 37.04%, respectively, with CRF-30P% achieving the lowest loss. Notably, CRF-10P% increased rice yield by 22.37% relative to ZYF, indicating that moderate P reduction with enhanced loss-controlled fertilizer can maintain or increase yield while reducing environmental risk. The study concludes that CRF-10P% offers a promising strategy for sustainable rice production in the Chaohu Lake watershed.

### 635. [Research Progress of Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Process for Water Treatment: Key Factors and Optimization Strategies](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-of-heterogeneous-electro-fenton-process-for-water-treatment-key-factors-and-optimization-str) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026031703]
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are ubiquitously detected in aquatic environments, and conventional treatment methods fail to achieve efficient degradation due to their structural stability and resistance to biological transformation. Heterogeneous electro-Fenton (HEF) technology, which generates H2O2 in situ via the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e−ORR) and activates it to hydroxyl radicals (·OH) on solid catalysts, has emerged as a promising advanced oxidation process. HEF eliminates the need for external reagents, offers adjustable potential, and operates effectively across a broader pH range than classical Fenton, mitigating iron sludge production and secondary pollution. However, catalytic efficiency is significantly influenced by catalyst properties, solution pH, current density, and electrolyte type. Current research focuses on two main strategies: (1) developing high-performance bifunctional catalysts that simultaneously enhance 2e−ORR selectivity and H2O2-to-·OH conversion efficiency, and (2) constructing dual-cathode systems that spatially separate H2O2 generation and activation, thereby improving reaction synergy, reducing metal leaching, and enhancing electron utilization. Additionally, HEF can be coupled with electro-oxidation, persulfate activation, and UV irradiation to exploit synergistic effects, enhancing mineralization efficiency and reducing energy consumption. This paper systematically reviews the reaction mechanisms, key influencing factors, and optimization strategies of HEF, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and technical reference for its engineering application.

### 636. [Effect of Activated Carbon Replacement Ratio in Drinking Water Treatment Plant Activated Carbon Filters on the Removal of Disinfection By-Product Precursors and Pesticide-Related Emerging Contaminants](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-activated-carbon-replacement-ratio-in-drinking-water-treatment-plant-activated-carbon-filters-on-the) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025092802]
Activated carbon (AC) filters in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) experience significant adsorption performance decline over extended operation, yet complete media replacement is a major cost. To evaluate cost-effective strategies, pilot-scale column experiments with five AC replacement ratios (0%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%) were conducted to assess removal of disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors and pesticide-related emerging contaminants. For dissolved organic matter (DOM), all fractions except low molecular weight compounds (LMWC) achieved >85% of the removal obtained with full replacement when 70% new AC was used, with UV254 removal reaching 70%. LMWC, due to small molecular size and low adsorption energy, required higher replacement ratios or full replacement for substantial removal. For DBPs, removal of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) was insensitive to replacement ratio, while haloacetaldehydes (HALs) removal improved markedly with increasing ratio, indicating structural selectivity. For pesticide-related contaminants, all except triazoles achieved >95% removal at 70% replacement; triazoles, due to high water solubility, high polarity, and low octanol-water partition coefficient, achieved only ~60% removal. Overall, replacing 70% of AC restored treatment performance to >80% of that with full replacement, ensuring effluent quality while saving ~30% of new carbon cost. Molecular structure, polarity, and pore size matching are key determinants of removal efficiency; optimizing replacement ratio balances water quality and economic benefits.

### 637. [Accumulation, Trophic Transfer, and Health Risk Assessment of Mercury under Typical Ecological Mariculture Models](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/accumulation-trophic-transfer-and-health-risk-assessment-of-mercury-under-typical-ecological-mariculture-model) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010803]
Global aquaculture is expanding rapidly, with China leading in production and being the only country where aquaculture output exceeds wild catch. This growth raises concerns about environmental contamination, particularly mercury (Hg), and the safety of aquaculture products. This study investigated Hg accumulation and trophic transfer in a typical ecological mariculture area in Tangshan, Hebei Province, by measuring species-specific Hg concentrations in sediments and various aquatic organisms. Sediment total mercury (THg) levels were extremely low, averaging 4.0 ± 1.3 ng·g−1 dry weight (n=56), attributed to sandy/silty sediments with low adsorption capacity and minimal external/internal Hg inputs. In aquaculture fish, muscle THg and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were 59.7 ± 30.0 and 53.8 ± 29.2 ng·g−1 wet weight (n=7), respectively, comparable to wild fish from the same area. This is due to efficient trophic transfer and biomagnification of Hg, especially MeHg, along the food chain, influenced by food chain structure, primary consumer accumulation, and metabolic rates. At three seafood consumption levels (41.6–255.6 g·d−1), estimated daily intakes (EDI) of MeHg for Chinese adults ranged from 0.01 to 0.40 μg·kg−1·d−1, with target hazard quotients (THQ) from 0.13 to 3.98. Except for Penaeus monodon and Metapenaeus ensis, all other aquaculture products at high consumption levels exceeded the USEPA safety threshold for MeHg EDI and had THQ > 1, indicating potential health risks.

### 638. [Physiological and biochemical characteristics and ecological risk assessment of Microcystis aeruginosa under Malathion stress](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/physiological-and-biochemical-characteristics-and-ecological-risk-assessment-of-microcystis-aeruginosa-under-m) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010902]
The extensive agricultural application of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) has established them, alongside nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, as core pollutants in agricultural non-point source contamination, necessitating urgent clarification of their composite ecological effects on aquatic ecosystems. This study systematically investigated the concentration gradient effects and ecological risk mechanisms of malathion, a heavily utilized OPP, on the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Results demonstrated a pronounced concentration-dependent biphasic effect: high concentrations (100 mg·L−1) suppressed algal growth, reducing cell density to 8% of the control group, whereas low concentrations (0.01 mg·L−1) markedly stimulated algal proliferation (47% cell density increase) through photosynthetic system activation (51% chlorophyll-a elevation), metabolic enhancement (98% ATP content increase), and mild oxidative stress induction. Regarding microcystin regulation, low-concentration exposure upregulated microcystin synthesis genes (mcyA, mcyB), elevating intracellular microcystin production to 1.6-fold of controls. Conversely, high concentrations triggered microcystin release via severe membrane integrity disruption (>80% membrane damage). Risk assessment demonstrated that environmentally relevant malathion levels (0.01 mg·L−1) pose dual threats: exacerbating ecological risks by promoting algal blooms and amplifying health hazards through intensified microcystin synthesis and release. These findings provide critical theoretical insights for evaluating OPP ecotoxicity and formulating cyanobacterial bloom control strategies in agricultural non-point source pollution management.

### 639. [Pollution Characteristics of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Coastal Seawater of Dalian](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pollution-characteristics-of-polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-in-coastal-seawater-of-dalian) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011303]
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants with environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity, posing significant threats to marine ecosystems and human health. This study developed an analytical method using anhydrous sodium sulfate-alumina composite column chromatography coupled with gas chromatography-orbitrap mass spectrometry to quantify mono- to deca-BDEs in coastal seawater of Dalian, China. The total PBDE concentrations (∑PBDEs) ranged from not detected to 511.96 pg·L−1, with a mean of 163.96 pg·L−1. BDE-209 was the dominant congener, contributing 24.1% to ∑PBDEs. Spatial distribution exhibited distinct heterogeneity, with higher abundances of highly brominated PBDEs near sewage discharge outlets. Partial least squares discriminant analysis indicated that anthropogenic activities, particularly sewage discharge, were the primary sources. Ecological risk assessment revealed extremely low risk, with the highest risk quotient of 0.013 for BDE-17. These findings provide baseline data for PBDE contamination in Dalian coastal waters and underscore the need for continued monitoring of emerging contaminants.

### 640. [Research Progress of Piezoelectric Coupled Photo-Electrocatalysis in Energy and Environmental Applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-of-piezoelectric-coupled-photo-electrocatalysis-in-energy-and-environmental-applications) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025020901]
The intensification of environmental pollution necessitates the development of efficient and sustainable remediation technologies. Piezoelectric-coupled photoelectrocatalysis and piezoelectric-coupled electrocatalysis, which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and integrate with photoelectrocatalytic or electrocatalytic processes, have demonstrated significant potential for environmental remediation. By combining the piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric materials with photocatalysis or electrocatalysis, these technologies markedly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated or electrogenerated electron-hole pairs, thereby enhancing pollutant degradation. This review explores the working principles of piezoelectric-coupled photoelectrocatalysis and electrocatalysis, highlighting their latest advancements in environmental remediation, including the degradation of organic pollutants and value-added conversions. It also addresses the challenges currently faced in applying these technologies, such as limitations in light transmittance, restricted light absorption ranges, rapid carrier recombination, and the short lifespan of electrodes in electrochemical systems. Finally, potential future research directions are discussed, emphasizing the need for improved material stability, scalable synthesis methods, and a deeper mechanistic understanding to bridge the gap between laboratory research and practical applications.

### 641. [Temporal Variation Characteristics of Air Pollutants in the Kui-Du-Wu Region of Xinjiang from 2018 to 2024](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/temporal-variation-characteristics-of-air-pollutants-in-the-kui-du-wu-region-of-xinjiang-from-2018-to-2024) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025091205]
This study analyzes the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and driving mechanisms of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO in the Kuytun-Dushanzi-Wusu (Kui-Du-Wu) region of Xinjiang, based on monitoring data from 2018 to 2024. Results indicate that urban sites (e.g., Kuytun Laoganju Station) are influenced by traffic emissions, leading to elevated PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations. Dushanzi District, with petrochemical industry emissions, exhibits notable SO2 and O3 pollution. Agricultural areas (e.g., Kuytun Huaxin Tomato Company) show significant PM10 and CO levels affected by dust and diesel machinery. Over the study period, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and CO concentrations generally declined at annual rates of 1.5–4.0 μg·m−3·a−1, reflecting the effectiveness of coal substitution, industrial upgrades, and vehicle emission controls. Conversely, O3 concentrations increased consistently at rates of 1.3–3.2 μg·m−3·a−1, highlighting shortcomings in volatile organic compound (VOCs) control. Seasonal patterns show PM and CO peaking in winter due to heating combustion and temperature inversions, and reaching minima in summer due to enhanced diffusion and precipitation. O3 peaks in summer driven by photochemical reactions, contrasting with NO2 winter highs from heating and industrial activities. The findings underscore the need for coordinated control of VOCs and NOx, optimized dust management, and differentiated emission controls for industrial, traffic, and agricultural sources.

### 642. [Multi-media Distribution, Source Apportionment, and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Forest-Grassland Transition Zone of Inner Mongolia](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multi-media-distribution-source-apportionment-and-risk-assessment-of-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-in-the-f) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010607]
This study investigated the occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, litter, and bark samples collected from the forest-grassland transition zone of Inner Mongolia. A total of 12 PAHs were detected in soil, with concentrations ranging from 34.9 to 465.3 ng·g⁻¹ (mean 168.8 ng·g⁻¹), predominantly 3–5 ring compounds. Litter contained 14 PAHs at concentrations between 106.4 and 2262.5 ng·g⁻¹ (mean 465.1 ng·g⁻¹), dominated by 3- and 4-ring PAHs. Both living and dead bark exhibited 14 PAHs, with concentration ranges of 119.2–240.0 ng·g⁻¹ and 123.3–241.6 ng·g⁻¹, respectively, mainly composed of 4-ring PAHs. Spearman correlation analysis revealed no significant correlations among PAH concentrations across the three media (P > 0.05). Source apportionment using diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis indicated that soil PAHs primarily originated from biomass, coal, and gasoline combustion; litter PAHs from petroleum volatilization and coal/natural gas combustion; and bark PAHs from petroleum volatilization and fossil fuel combustion, with high-molecular-weight PAHs dominating. Ecological risk assessment using the risk quotient (RQ) method showed that soil PAHs posed low overall ecological risk, though certain individual PAHs exhibited higher risk. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) method indicated that dead bark was the primary accumulation medium with high carcinogenic contribution, posing elevated ecological risk. Although litter and living bark had lower PAH concentrations, their long-term accumulation effects warrant attention. These findings provide crucial scientific evidence for understanding the environmental behavior and potential risks of PAHs in cold, high-latitude regions of northern China.

### 643. [Pollution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Qinhuangdao City during Autumn and Winter](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pollution-characteristics-and-source-apportionment-of-volatile-organic-compounds-vocs-in-qinhuangdao-city-duri) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012101]
Continuous monitoring of 114 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted in the urban atmosphere of Haigang District, Qinhuangdao City, from September 2022 to February 2023. The volume concentrations of total VOCs were 42.72×10⁻⁹ in autumn and 25.15×10⁻⁹ in winter. The predominant species were isopentane, ethane, and ethylene. Ozone formation potential (OFP) analysis indicated that alkanes and alkenes dominated the atmospheric pollution during autumn and winter, with isopentane and ethylene being the largest contributors. Aromatic hydrocarbons contributed up to 85.00% of the secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP), with benzene as the primary species. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified four major sources: technological processes and oil/gas volatilization (35.57%), combustion and petrochemical emissions, motor vehicle emissions, and regional background sources. The results underscore the need for targeted control of VOCs from industrial and vehicular sources to mitigate secondary pollution in coastal cities.

### 644. [Screening and Identification of High Cellulase-Producing Strain Bacillus cereus and Optimization of Enzyme Production Conditions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/screening-and-identification-of-high-cellulase-producing-strain-bacillus-cereus-and-optimization-of-enzyme-pro) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025020603]
The high cellulase-producing strains were screened and the enzyme production conditions were optimized, providing strain resources for the effective utilization of agricultural solid waste. A promising cellulolytic strain S3 was isolated from the soil of Hengshui Lake Wetland Park. The isolation process employed Congo red plate staining method for primary screening, followed by secondary screening through cellulase activity determination and straw degradation experiments. Through morphological observation and molecular biology identification, the strain S3 was identified to be Bacillus cereus. The ratio of transparent circle to colony diameter of strain S3 was 4.01±0.17. The filter paper enzyme activity of strain S3 was 42.09 U·mL−1, and the degradation rate of corn stover reached 19.29% after 10 days of fermentation. It was found that the optimum carbon source of strain S3 was the mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and wheat bran with the addition amount of 4%, and the optimum nitrogen source was soybean powder with the addition amount of 2%. Single factor experiment and response surface methodology were used to optimize the enzyme production conditions of the strain S3. The optimal conditions were fermentation time of 76 h, fermentation temperature of 36℃, initial pH of 6, and inoculation volume of 4%. Under these conditions, the filter paper enzyme activity reached 60.13 U·mL−1, which was 1.43 times higher than that before optimization. The strain S3 showed the high cellulase-producing capability, demonstrating its potential as an efficient microbial candidate for the degradation and utilization of agricultural solid waste.

### 645. [Optimizing the Efficiency of Water Pollution Tracing Based on Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectra Extracted from Characteristic Excitation Wavelengths](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/optimizing-the-efficiency-of-water-pollution-tracing-based-on-three-dimensional-fluorescence-spectra-extracted) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012401]
Traditional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy suffers from prolonged scanning times, data redundancy, high instrument cost, and bulkiness, hindering rapid on-site water pollution source tracing. This study proposes a novel classification method combining fixed characteristic excitation wavelength scanning with support vector machine (SVM) to enhance efficiency. A total of 180 EEM samples were collected from six pollution source categories: chemical fiber dyeing and finishing, wool textile dyeing and finishing, leather processing, metal surface processing, papermaking, and domestic sewage. Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) identified characteristic fluorescent components and excitation wavelengths. Correlation analysis and feature importance analysis further reduced these to seven characteristic excitation wavelengths. SVM and random forest (RF) models were constructed using both the reduced and original EEM datasets. Results demonstrated that models based on the seven characteristic excitation wavelengths maintained high recognition accuracy while significantly improving efficiency. The SVM model achieved the best performance, with runtime reduced from 243.05 s to 34.56 s (an 86% decrease) and recognition accuracy reaching 94.4%. Precision, recall, and F1-score metrics confirmed the robust performance of SVM with characteristic wavelengths, particularly for metal surface processing wastewater. This study provides an efficient and reliable method for rapid water pollution tracing by simplifying EEM scanning and integrating SVM, offering high application value. Future work will optimize feature selection strategies and explore additional sample categories and model combinations to broaden applicability.

### 646. [Single-Molecule Electrochemical Analysis of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acid Isomers](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/single-molecule-electrochemical-analysis-of-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-carboxylic-acid-isomers) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011804]
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are persistent organic pollutants whose isomers exhibit distinct environmental behaviors, bioaccumulation potentials, and toxic effects due to structural variations. Accurate identification of PFCA isomers is critical for risk assessment and pollution control, yet existing detection methods predominantly rely on standard references, posing challenges for precise analysis of isomers with subtle structural differences. Single-molecule electrochemical sensing via nanopores offers a standard-free approach by correlating molecular volume with current blockade, but its capability to distinguish PFCA isomers remained unverified. This study targeted three sets of PFCA isomers: 4,5,5-trifluoropent-4-enoic acid vs. 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid; 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-methylpropanoic acid vs. 4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acid; and 2-(trifluoromethoxy)acetic acid, 3,3,3-trifluorolactic acid, and (2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropanoic acid. By engineering nanopore interfaces (WT, R220N, R220Q Aerolysin) and extracting multi-dimensional characteristic parameters, the method achieved near 100% accuracy in identifying all seven isomers. Feature selection further enabled high classification accuracy with low data volumes, laying the foundation for rapid single-molecule detection of PFAS and other emerging contaminants.

### 647. [Solar Interfacial Evaporation and Desalination Performance of Carbon Spheres-Corn Stalk Double-Layer Evaporator](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/solar-interfacial-evaporation-and-desalination-performance-of-carbon-spheres-corn-stalk-double-layer-evaporato) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025083003]
To obtain freshwater from saline water and seawater, a double-layer evaporator consisting of carbon spheres and corn stalks was fabricated (abbreviated as CC). Corn stalks served as the evaporator substrate, and a mixed hydrogel of carbon spheres and polyvinyl alcohol functioned as the photothermal conversion layer. The solar-driven interfacial evaporation and desalination performance of the CC evaporator was investigated. The glucose-derived carbon spheres exhibited a uniform morphology and achieved 95% light absorption across 200–2500 nm. Under 1 sun (1 kW·m−2) irradiation, the CC with 3 cm height (CC-3) reached an exceptional evaporation rate of 3.55 kg·m−2·h−1 with a remarkable energy efficiency of 97.53%. When different wind speeds (1.5, 2, and 2.5 m·s−1) were applied, the evaporation rates further increased to 7.17, 8.92, and 10.41 kg·m−2·h−1, respectively. The evaporation rate of CC-3 for 3.5% saline was 3.46 kg·m−2·h−1. A 5-day long-time experiment exhibited stable desalination and excellent salt tolerance. Under a wind speed of 2.5 m·s−1, the evaporation rate reached 9.56 kg·m−2·h−1. In an outdoor natural light within a closed system and 2.5 m·s−1 of wind speed, the maximum evaporation rate and cumulative evaporation amount for seawater were 9.59 kg·m−2·h−1 and 66.0 kg·m−2, with no salt crystallization observed on the CC surface. These results demonstrate the potential practical application of the CC evaporator in seawater desalination.

### 648. [Differences in Hexabromocyclododecane Isomers and Microbial Remediation: A Review](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/differences-in-hexabromocyclododecane-isomers-and-microbial-remediation-a-review) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025020501]
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), a brominated flame retardant widely used in building insulation, plastics, and textiles, has been banned but persists in the environment and accumulates in biota. Its three main diastereomers (α-, β-, γ-HBCD) exhibit distinct physicochemical properties, leading to differences in half-life, toxicity, environmental distribution, and bioaccumulation. Microbial remediation offers advantages over chemical and physical methods, including fewer residues, cost-effectiveness, and shorter remediation cycles due to rapid microbial growth. Microorganisms degrade HBCD via debromination, hydroxylation, dehydrobromination, and combined pathways, with isomer transformation observed in environmental microbial communities. This review synthesizes current knowledge on HBCD isomer differences and microbial degradation mechanisms, emphasizing the importance of understanding these processes to mitigate environmental pollution and human health risks. Key findings include the predominance of γ-HBCD in technical mixtures, the higher bioaccumulation potential of α-HBCD, and the isolation of specific degrading strains such as Pseudomonas sp. and Citrobacter sp. Y3, which can mineralize HBCD under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The paper also discusses the influence of environmental factors on degradation efficiency and the potential for bioremediation strategies in contaminated soils and sediments.

### 649. [Comparative Study on Oxidative Removal of Acid Orange 7 from Water by Iron-Modified Corn Straw Biochar Activated Urea-Hydrogen Peroxide and Its Mechanisms](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/comparative-study-on-oxidative-removal-of-acid-orange-7-from-water-by-iron-modified-corn-straw-biochar-activat) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012002]
Acid orange 7 (AO7), a recalcitrant azo dye, poses significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. This study investigates the activation of urea-hydrogen peroxide (UHP) by iron-modified corn straw biochars (Fe-CSBs) for AO7 degradation. Fe-CSBs were synthesized via impregnation-pyrolysis at 300, 500, and 700 °C using ferrous sulfate as modifier. The oxidative removal efficiencies of AO7 by Fe-CSB-activated UHP were compared, and the effects of Fe-CSB dosage, UHP dosage, initial AO7 concentration, initial pH, and coexisting anions (CO3^2−, HCO3^−, Cl^−) were systematically examined. Quenching experiments identified reactive oxygen species, and LC-MS analysis determined degradation intermediates. Results showed that all Fe-CSBs effectively activated UHP, achieving degradation rates of 98.54%, 97.38%, and 98.54% for Fe-CSB300, Fe-CSB500, and Fe-CSB700, respectively, under optimal conditions (0.2 g·L−1 UHP, 0.2 g·L−1 Fe-CSB, 20 mg·L−1 AO7, pH 3, 60 min). CO3^2− and HCO3^− inhibited degradation, while Cl^− had negligible effect. The primary reactive species were hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and singlet oxygen (^1O2). Degradation proceeded via cleavage of the azo bond, forming benzene-containing intermediates, which underwent deamination, desulfurization, and oxidation to smaller organics, ultimately mineralizing to CO2 and H2O. This work provides insights into UHP-based advanced oxidation processes for dye wastewater treatment.

### 650. [CaO-Doped Rh/Al2O3 as a Highly Effective Catalyst for Catalytic N2O Decomposition](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cao-doped-rhal2o3-as-a-highly-effective-catalyst-for-catalytic-n2o-decomposition) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024042404]
The direct catalytic decomposition of the greenhouse gas N2O into nitrogen and oxygen holds significant environmental importance. In this study, CaO-modified Rh-based catalysts were prepared via a stepwise impregnation method. The catalyst structures were characterized, and their catalytic performances for N2O decomposition were investigated. The characterization results demonstrate that CaO doping significantly enhances catalytic activity and water resistance. Specifically, the 0.5Rh/Al2O3 catalyst exhibited a N2O conversion below 5% at 300 °C, whereas the 0.5Rh-4Ca/Al2O3 catalyst achieved 50% conversion under identical conditions, indicating markedly improved low-temperature activity. Compared to the undoped catalyst (0.5Rh/Al2O3), CaO doping (0.5Rh-xCa/Al2O3) strengthens metal-support interactions, improves Rh dispersion on the support surface, and modulates the electron density around Rh, thereby substantially boosting N2O decomposition capability. The catalyst also demonstrated excellent stability, maintaining essentially constant conversion over 40 h of reaction. These findings underscore the potential of alkaline earth metal oxide doping as an effective strategy for designing high-performance noble metal catalysts for N2O abatement.

### 651. [Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds in High-Altitude Counties of the Guanzhong Plain in Summer: Implications for Ozone Pollution Prevention and Control](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/characteristics-of-volatile-organic-compounds-in-high-altitude-counties-of-the-guanzhong-plain-in-summer-impli) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025010802]
Ozone (O3) pollution is a prominent issue in the Guanzhong Plain, necessitating effective control of its precursors, particularly volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, studies on VOC pollution characteristics at the county level are scarce. To investigate the summer VOC pollution characteristics and sources in high-altitude towns of the Guanzhong Plain, continuous monitoring of 53 typical VOC species was conducted at two sites in Changwu County, Xianyang City (elevation 1200 m). The spatiotemporal variations of ambient VOCs and their ozone formation potential (OFP) were analyzed, and source apportionment was performed using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Results showed that average total VOC (TVOCs) concentrations at the Changwu Government and Changwu Middle School sites were 60.04×10⁻⁹ and 83.28×10⁻⁹, respectively. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) dominated, accounting for 55.14% and 62.91% of TVOCs, followed by alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and halogenated hydrocarbons. Industrial sources contributed the most (43.2%) to VOC emissions in Changwu County, but site-specific differences were observed: the Government site was primarily influenced by solvent use (30.7%) and motor vehicles (19.1%), while the Middle School site was dominated by domestic sources (27.6%) and motor vehicles (20.0%). The average OFP values at the Government and Middle School sites were 258.84×10⁻⁹ and 378.04×10⁻⁹, respectively, with alkenes and OVOCs as the main contributors, originating from industrial emissions, solvent use, and biogenic sources. EKMA curves indicated that Changwu County was in a VOC-limited regime during the observation period, confirming the effectiveness of VOC control for ozone mitigation. These findings provide scientific guidance for local ozone management and offer a paradigm for precise ozone pollution control in county-level regions of the Guanzhong Plain.

### 652. [Fabrication of Porous Metallic Bismuth-Based Blocks via 3D Printing and Their Performance in Chloride Removal](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/fabrication-of-porous-metallic-bismuth-based-blocks-via-3d-printing-and-their-performance-in-chloride-removal) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025111302]
High-concentration chloride ions (Cl−) in industrial wastewater cause severe corrosion and environmental hazards. Conventional removal methods suffer from low efficiency, high cost, and difficulty in product recovery. This study fabricated porous metallic bismuth-based blocks (Bi-PM) via 3D printing, combining chemical precipitation with additive manufacturing. Systematic evaluation of Cl− removal under varying pH and light irradiation revealed that at pH 0.1 and 0.5, dark-condition efficiencies were 53.6% and 31.0%, respectively, increasing to 69.3% and 38.1% under light. Radical trapping identified photogenerated holes as the primary active species, oxidizing metallic Bi to release Bi3+ and enhance precipitation. At pH 0.5, Bi-PM exhibited balanced efficiency and structural stability; over five cycles, average removal efficiency was 25% in darkness versus 41.2% under light, with superior stability under illumination. XRD and SEM confirmed abundant BiOCl formation on the surface under light, mitigating Bi loss. This approach ensures high chloride removal while minimizing material degradation, offering a novel pathway for industrial wastewater treatment.

### 653. [Characteristics and Impact Assessment of Odor Pollution in an Ink Manufacturing Enterprise](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/characteristics-and-impact-assessment-of-odor-pollution-in-an-ink-manufacturing-enterprise) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011503]
This study investigated odor emissions from a large-scale ink manufacturing enterprise through comprehensive analyses of odor concentration, substance concentration, and characteristic odor compounds across all exhaust stacks. The aim was to assess odor dispersion patterns and identify critical odor-generating processes to inform strategic upgrades of air pollution control systems. The results showed that acrolein, hydrogen sulfide, isobutyraldehyde, m-xylene, p-xylene, and ethanol were screened as typical odor substances, with acrolein being ubiquitously present across all emission processes. The odor dispersion radius extended 1.4–2.6 km beyond the facility boundary. Vertical odor impact at a sensitive point 1 km from the plant boundary revealed a parabolic profile: concentrations initially increased with height, peaked at 30 m (equivalent to a 10-story building), then decreased at higher heights. The exhaust stack of the sewage treatment station accounted for 53.26% of total odor emissions, establishing this system as the priority control node for implementing enhanced air purification technologies in industrial air quality management.

### 654. [Research Progress on the Application of Metal Nanozymes in Water Treatment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-the-application-of-metal-nanozymes-in-water-treatment) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025012001]
Nanozymes, nanomaterials capable of mimicking natural enzyme catalytic activity, exhibit exceptional stability, high catalytic activity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness, demonstrating immense potential in water treatment. This review article delves into the applications of metal nanozymes in water treatment, focusing on the pivotal roles of peroxidase-like, oxidase-like, and multi-enzyme active nanozymes. In this article, the central role of metals of nanozymes in the catalytic activity was analyzed, enhancing catalytic activity and the oxidation efficiency of pollutants. It is emphasized that the synergistic effect of bimetals further enhances catalytic activity and the oxidation efficiency of contaminants. This article offers profound insights into the catalytic mechanisms of nanozymes, providing a reference for selecting appropriate metals based on the characteristics of water pollution and developing metal nanozymes with specific catalytic activities.

### 655. [Determination of Hydrazoic Acid and Sodium Azide in Workplace Air by Ion Chromatography with Suppressed Conductivity Detection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/determination-of-hydrazoic-acid-and-sodium-azide-in-workplace-air-by-ion-chromatography-with-suppressed-conduc) [DOI: 10.0000/202605-1]
A method for the determination of hydrazoic acid and sodium azide in workplace air was established using ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection. Vapor and mist states of hydrazoic acid were collected in 40 mg·L−1 KOH absorption solution, while sol states of hydrazoic acid or sodium azide were collected on microporous membranes and eluted with 40 mg·L−1 KOH. Separation was performed on a Dionex IonPac™ AS11-HC (250 mm × 4.0 mm) anion analytical column with KOH gradient elution, followed by suppressed conductivity detection. The azide ion (N3−) exhibited good linearity in the range of 0.005–0.5 mg·L−1, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9997. The limit of detection (S/N=3) was 0.002 mg·L−1, and the limit of quantification (S/N=10) was 0.005 mg·L−1. The minimum quantifiable concentrations in air were 0.00256 mg·m−3 for hydrazoic acid and 0.00387 mg·m−3 for sodium azide, based on a 10.0 mL sample solution and a 20 L air sample. Spiked recoveries ranged from 92.0% to 100.4%, with relative standard deviations (RSD, n=6) between 0.76% and 2.51%. The method is efficient, accurate, and sensitive, suitable for monitoring and safety assessment of hydrazoic acid and sodium azide in workplace air.

### 656. [Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Xiangshan Harbor, Sanmen Bay and Hangzhou Bay](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/risk-assessment-of-heavy-metals-in-sediments-from-xiangshan-harbor-sanmen-bay-and-hangzhou-bay) [DOI: 10.0000/202605-2]
Surface sediment samples were collected from 28 stations in the intertidal zones of Xiangshan Harbor, Sanmen Bay, and the southern coast of Hangzhou Bay, major fishery waters in Ningbo, to assess heavy metal pollution and ecological risk. Concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg, and As were determined. Results showed that Cu and Cr were the primary超标 factors, with mean concentrations exceeding the Class I standard (GB 18668-2002) by factors of 1.03 and 1.1, respectively, in Xiangshan Harbor; in Sanmen Bay, Cr exceeded by 1.1 times, while Cu did not. In Hangzhou Bay, Cu and Cr were elevated but below the standard. Coefficients of variation (CV) for five metals in Hangzhou Bay exceeded 30%, indicating strong external influence. In Xiangshan Harbor, As showed strong variation, and in Sanmen Bay, Hg showed strong variation. The potential ecological risk indices (RI) were 38.5, 36.7, and 31.1 for Xiangshan Harbor, Sanmen Bay, and Hangzhou Bay, respectively, all indicating low ecological risk. Spatial distribution in Hangzhou Bay revealed a decreasing gradient from a chemical industrial park, suggesting industrial discharge as a primary source. The study provides baseline data for environmental management and recommends source control and bioremediation in high-risk areas.

### 657. [Research Advances in Pollution and Carbon Mitigation Technologies for C5 Petroleum Resin Wastewater Treatment in the Yangtze River Basin](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-advances-in-pollution-and-carbon-mitigation-technologies-for-c5-petroleum-resin-wastewater-treatment) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605001]
The lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin, as a concentrated area of China's C5 petroleum resin industry, face critical bottlenecks in green and low-carbon transformation due to high-pollution, refractory wastewater and high carbon emissions. Traditional petrochemical wastewater treatment technologies suffer from low efficiency, high energy consumption, and insufficient resource utilization. This paper systematically analyzes the sources of wastewater in C5 petroleum resin production from principles and processes, and reviews research progress and carbon reduction potential of current technologies in three aspects: new materials, new equipment, and new processes. Integrated processes centered on efficient pretreatment, biological enhancement, and multi-technology coupling show significant advantages in improving treatment efficiency, reducing energy consumption and cost, and strengthening resource recovery. The study also prospects future research priorities for pollution and carbon mitigation through green technological innovation and intelligent upgrading, providing new solutions for 'near-zero discharge' and resource recycling of C5 petroleum resin wastewater, thereby promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of the petrochemical industry.

### 658. [Community Characteristics of nosZ-Type Denitrifiers and Their Influencing Factors in Reservoir Sediments of the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/community-characteristics-of-nosz-type-denitrifiers-and-their-influencing-factors-in-reservoir-sediments-of-th) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605007]
Reservoirs are significant sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas. The nosZ-type denitrifying bacteria, which reduce N2O to inert N2, play a critical role in mitigating emissions. This study investigated the community structure, diversity, and abundance of nosZ-type denitrifiers in surface sediments (0-15 cm) from 18 reservoirs in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, including 10 in the Yellow River mainstem and 8 in the Huangshui River basin. Sampling occurred during dry (May 2023) and wet (August 2023) seasons. High-throughput sequencing of the nosZ gene and quantitative PCR were employed. Results showed that Proteobacteria dominated (78.91%). Paracoccus and Halomonas were biomarkers in the Yellow River mainstem. Diversity was significantly higher in the Huangshui basin (P<0.05), with no temporal difference. Gene abundance was higher in the Huangshui basin (165.24×10^5 copies/g) than in the Yellow River mainstem (34.43×10^5 copies/g), and higher in wet season (128.55×10^5 copies/g) than dry season (61.27×10^5 copies/g) (P<0.05). Redundancy analysis and hierarchical partitioning identified sediment temperature, pH, total phosphorus, and water total nitrogen as key drivers, explaining 17.14%, 16.89%, 13.83%, and 11.23% of community variation, respectively. These findings reveal significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity and provide a scientific basis for N2O mitigation in plateau reservoirs.

### 659. [Application of Machine Learning in Water Quality Prediction and Analysis for River Cross-Sections](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/application-of-machine-learning-in-water-quality-prediction-and-analysis-for-river-cross-sections) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605005]
Water quality prediction is essential for river basin management, yet existing models often struggle with non-stationary, noisy monitoring data. This study collected water quality data from two city-level control sections in southern China from December 2020 to June 2024, including eight indicators: water temperature, turbidity, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total phosphorus (TP), and permanganate index (CODMn). To predict four key indicators (DO, NH4+-N, TP, CODMn), we developed hybrid models combining seasonal trend decomposition (STD), Bayesian hyperparameter optimization, and either random forest (RF) or XGBoost. STD smoothed and denoised the data while extracting seasonal factors; Bayesian optimization tuned model hyperparameters. Evaluation showed that the STD-Bayesian-XGBoost model achieved smaller bias errors and higher prediction accuracy than STD-Bayesian-RF. Specifically, XGBoost reduced root mean square error (RMSE) by 15-20% across all four indicators and improved the coefficient of determination (R²) to above 0.90, compared to RF's 0.85-0.88. The models were validated on southern river data, but the methodology is generalizable to other climatic and hydrological settings. This work provides a technical reference for pollution reduction and carbon management in regional watersheds.

### 660. [Pilot-scale study on a sludge-biofilm symbiotic system for enhancing partial nitrification-anammox in nitrogen removal from high-ammonia nitrogen industrial wastewater](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pilot-scale-study-on-a-sludge-biofilm-symbiotic-system-for-enhancing-partial-nitrification-anammox-in-nitrogen) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605002]
The single-phase partial nitrification and anammox (SPN/A) process has seen limited widespread application due to its slow startup and difficulties in enriching anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB). This study utilized high-ammonia nitrogen wastewater to initiate and enhance the SPN/A process in a pilot-scale integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor. By establishing an IFAS-SPN/A coupled system based on the symbiotic relationship between biofilm and sludge, rapid startup and efficient AnAOB enrichment were achieved. An innovative sludge inoculation strategy was employed: first, conventional nitrifying sludge was inoculated to initiate shortcut nitrification and allow ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) to colonize blank carriers; subsequently, anammox sludge was inoculated to promote efficient AnAOB enrichment on the AOB biofilm. The influent was low-temperature shift condensation water from a synthetic ammonia workshop, with an average ammonium nitrogen concentration of 2300 mg/L and COD ranging from 50 to 200 mg/L. The 180-day experiment comprised three stages: shortcut nitrification startup, SPN/A startup, and load intensification. The system successfully started up SPN/A within 120 days, achieving total nitrogen removal efficiency and removal load of (90.21±2.18)% and (0.31±0.07) kg/(m³·d), respectively, through synergistic biofilm and suspended microorganisms. During load intensification, AnAOB relative abundances in biofilm and flocs reached 18.8% and 35.3%, respectively, and removal load increased to (0.64±0.11) kg/(m³·d). Stable influent quality is a prerequisite for efficient and stable nitrogen removal; a surge in influent ammonium concentration caused nitrite accumulation imbalance and deteriorated performance. Adding an equalization tank before the aeration tank mitigates water quality fluctuations, and a 'dilution-reconstruction' strategy for low-ammonia wastewater facilitates rapid recovery after performance deterioration.

### 661. [Systematic Governance Framework for Quality and Efficiency Improvement of Sewage Pipeline Networks in Rainy Cities of Southern China](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/systematic-governance-framework-for-quality-and-efficiency-improvement-of-sewage-pipeline-networks-in-rainy-ci) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605004]
To address the decline in operational performance of sewage pipeline networks in rainy cities of southern China caused by structural defects, stormwater-sewage cross-connections, and external water intrusion, a systematic governance framework comprising precise investigation, dynamic regulation, graded rehabilitation, and smart operation and maintenance was established. A zoned priority evaluation model was developed with comprehensive problem severity (P) and governance contribution (B) as core indicators, based on which differentiated governance strategies were formulated. Supported by a digital platform, monitoring, assessment, rectification, and verification data were integrated to develop a digital twin system for the pipeline network, and a correlation-based analysis and closed-loop operation and maintenance mechanism linking rainfall, groundwater level, and network hydraulic load was established. A typical urban area in Jiangxi Province was selected as the case study. After implementation, the mean COD concentration of terminal sewage in the study area increased steadily to above 230 mg/L, the average daily external water volume in the dry season decreased by 27.64%, and the sewage collection rate increased to 76%. The results indicate that the proposed framework can effectively support the quality and efficiency improvement of sewage pipeline networks in rainy cities of southern China, and provide a technical reference for similar cities.

### 662. [Fe2O3-Based Microbial Hybrids for Enhancing Dark Fermentation Hydrogen Production: Performance and Mechanistic Insights](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/fe2o3-based-microbial-hybrids-for-enhancing-dark-fermentation-hydrogen-production-performance-and-mechanistic) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605003]
Dark fermentation offers a sustainable route for hydrogen production, yet its yield is often limited by inefficient electron transfer and low microbial metabolic activity. This study engineered a mixed microbial biohybrid system incorporating Fe2O3 nanoparticles to overcome these bottlenecks. At an optimal Fe2O3 concentration of 300 mg/L (S300), the hydrogen yield reached 2.94 mol H2 per mol glucose, equivalent to 73.5% of the theoretical maximum and 1.59 times higher than the control (S0). Mechanistic analyses revealed that Fe2O3 nanoparticles stimulated microbial metabolism, as evidenced by a 4.09-fold increase in ATP content and a 1.30-fold rise in total protein concentration. Hydrogenase and dehydrogenase activities were enhanced by 24.62% and 63.11%, respectively, while electron transfer system activity increased by 3.44-fold, accompanied by a significant reduction in charge transfer resistance. Notably, the gradual release of Fe2+ ions from Fe2O3 reduction by dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria (DIRB) was identified as a key factor in stimulating enzyme activity and electron transfer. Microbial community analysis showed that the relative abundance of Clostridium, a key hydrogen-producing genus, increased by 9.75 percentage points to 42.60% in S300. This study demonstrates that Fe2O3-based biohybrids offer a promising strategy to enhance dark fermentation hydrogen production, providing both performance improvements and mechanistic insights into nanomaterial-microbe synergies.

### 663. [Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics of Phytoplankton Communities in Baiyangdian Lake and Their Driving Factors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/spatiotemporal-distribution-characteristics-of-phytoplankton-communities-in-baiyangdian-lake-and-their-driving) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605011]
Phytoplankton are highly sensitive to environmental changes and respond rapidly, making their community dynamics crucial early warning indicators of lake ecosystem health. Previous studies have qualitatively analyzed the combined effects of multiple physicochemical water quality factors on phytoplankton communities, but few have quantitatively distinguished direct from indirect effects. This study employed correlation analysis, redundancy analysis, and structural equation modeling to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of phytoplankton communities in Baiyangdian Lake and their driving factors. A total of 113 species belonging to 57 genera and 7 phyla were recorded. Phytoplankton density exhibited significant seasonal and spatial variability, peaking in summer. Diatoms and green algae dominated in spring, transitioning to cyanobacterial dominance in summer and autumn, and reverting to green algae in winter. Structural equation modeling revealed that water temperature had a total positive effect on phytoplankton biomass (β = 0.96), comprising a direct positive effect (β = 0.94, P < 0.05) and an indirect positive effect via increased abundance (β = 0.02). Total nitrogen (TN) had a negative total effect on biomass (β = -0.98), with a direct negative effect (β = -0.97, P < 0.05) and an indirect negative effect via reduced abundance (β = -0.01). TN also negatively affected abundance (β = -0.15, P < 0.05). These findings provide a scientific basis for ecosystem health assessment, eutrophication control, and biodiversity protection in Baiyangdian Lake.

### 664. [Dynamic Simulation of Water Levels in Large-Scale Infiltration Galleries Using a Surface Water-Groundwater Coupled Model](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dynamic-simulation-of-water-levels-in-large-scale-infiltration-galleries-using-a-surface-water-groundwater-cou) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605012]
The extraction process of large-scale infiltration galleries significantly alters surface water-groundwater exchange dynamics. Existing models often simplify the gallery as a boundary condition or adopt loosely coupled schemes, constrained by iterative exchange algorithms, failing to capture dynamic water flux interactions and transient responses. This study focuses on the large riverbed infiltration and purification water supply project in Shijiazhuang, China, establishing an integrated three-domain fully coupled numerical model—encompassing surface water, groundwater, and the infiltration gallery—using the dual-node coupling approach in HydroGeoSphere. The model sets two upstream inflow scenarios (wet and dry seasons) and simulates groundwater level evolution and water exchange processes under two operational modes: single-pump extraction at 1000 m³/h and no pumping. Results show that groundwater levels decline markedly under pumping, with the most pronounced response in the dry season, where maximum drawdown reaches approximately 1.24 m. Monitoring wells near the gallery show an earlier hydraulic response to pumping, reaching peak drawdown rates about 2–3 days sooner than wells farther away. At steady-state balance, surface water contributes more recharge to groundwater during the wet season than in the dry season, and water exchange between the gallery and aquifer is substantially enhanced under pumping. Spatially, water exchange concentrates primarily around transverse and longitudinal gallery sections, consistent with localized permeability enhancement from the perforated structure. These findings reveal groundwater dynamics and multi-domain interaction mechanisms under operational conditions, providing a theoretical basis for planning, design, and management of similar riverbed infiltration projects.

### 665. [Colonization Requirements of Submerged Macrophytes Based on Underwater Light Environment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/colonization-requirements-of-submerged-macrophytes-based-on-underwater-light-environment) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605010]
The underwater light environment is a critical limiting factor for the colonization of submerged macrophytes and the ecological restoration of shallow lakes. Previous studies rarely quantified the contribution of aquatic environmental factors to the water quality–underwater light–macrophyte relationship, nor did they comprehensively consider factor correlations or establish thresholds for macrophyte colonization. This study, conducted in a typical national wetland nature reserve (Hongze Lake), measured photosynthetically active radiation, light attenuation coefficient (Kd), euphotic depth (Zeu), water transparency (SD), total suspended solids (TSS), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). A simulation model for Kd was developed, spatial distributions of environmental factors were analyzed, and contribution rates to light attenuation were quantified. Results showed that the mean Kd was 10.31±3.76 m⁻¹, and the mean Zeu (0.53±0.24 m) was lower than the mean water depth (0.94±0.29 m), with a spatial pattern of shallower Zeu in the west and deeper in the east. TSS and Chl-a were the primary direct influencing factors, while TN acted mainly indirectly. To achieve effective macrophyte colonization under average water depth conditions, thresholds were determined: Zeu ≥ 0.94 m, SD ≥ 0.41 m, Kd ≤ 4.95 m⁻¹, and Chl-a ≤ 3.8 μg/L. These findings provide quantitative guidance for lake restoration and water quality management.

### 666. [Effects of pH and Initial DOC Concentration on Ferrihydrite-Mediated Adsorption of Algal-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter under Eutrophication](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-of-ph-and-initial-doc-concentration-on-ferrihydrite-mediated-adsorption-of-algal-derived-dissolved-org) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605013]
The escalating eutrophication of aquatic systems has intensified algal blooms, leading to substantial release and accumulation of algal-derived dissolved organic matter (ADOM), which profoundly influences carbon cycling and pollutant transport. Iron minerals, particularly ferrihydrite, are recognized as critical mediators of DOM sequestration, yet the adsorption fractionation of ADOM under varying environmental conditions remains poorly understood. This study systematically investigated the effects of pH (2.0–10.0) and initial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration (2–100 mg C/L) on the adsorption capacity and selectivity of ADOM onto ferrihydrite, employing UV-Vis spectroscopy and excitation-emission matrix fluorescence with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). Results demonstrated that adsorption capacity increased with pH from 2.0 to 7.0, reaching a maximum of 21.59 mg C/g at pH 7.0, followed by a decline at pH > 7.0 due to enhanced electrostatic repulsion. Within the environmentally relevant pH range of 3.0–9.0, selective fractionation intensified with increasing pH, favoring highly aromatic, high-molecular-weight chromophoric DOM (CDOM) and protein-like/aromatic amino acid fluorescent DOM (FDOM) with high humification and autochthonous characteristics. With increasing initial DOC concentration, adsorption exhibited non-linear growth, with preferential uptake of low-aromaticity, high-molecular-weight CDOM and protein-like FDOM of lower humification and stronger autochthonous features. These findings elucidate that ferrihydrite can effectively sequester reactive ADOM components via pH- and concentration-dependent selective adsorption, potentially altering DOM composition and reactivity in eutrophic waters, thereby providing fundamental data for understanding iron mineral-mediated internal carbon sequestration.

### 667. [Carbon Dioxide Emission Forecasting for Medium and Large Reservoirs in China](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/carbon-dioxide-emission-forecasting-for-medium-and-large-reservoirs-in-china) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605009]
Reservoir CO2 emissions are a critical component of the global carbon cycle, yet existing prediction models often neglect reservoir size stratification, mixing data from large, medium, and small reservoirs. This study addresses this gap by constructing a training dataset exclusively for large and medium reservoirs in China and developing a neural network-based CO2 flux prediction model. The model revealed significant latitudinal zonation, with CO2 fluxes in southern low-latitude basins (e.g., Yangtze, Pearl) substantially higher than in northern high-latitude basins (e.g., Yellow, Songliao). Statistical analysis identified total phosphorus (TP) content as the strongest driver, exhibiting a positive exponential correlation with CO2 flux (p < 0.01). Reservoir age and latitude showed significant negative correlations, while physical parameters such as reservoir area, pre-impoundment submersion ratio, and average water depth showed no significant national-scale correlation. The study underscores the heterogeneity of dominant drivers across basins and proposes differentiated carbon mitigation strategies: for southern high-emission basins, controlling phosphorus inputs through wastewater treatment and restricting aquaculture; for northern basins, enhancing soil conservation to reduce carbon-rich sediment influx; and for new reservoirs, implementing vegetation clearance before impoundment and optimizing flood discharge schedules. These findings provide a theoretical basis for carbon emission characterization and support low-carbon management of large and medium reservoirs in China.

### 668. [Analysis and Research Prospects of Military Ecological and Environmental Problems](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/analysis-and-research-prospects-of-military-ecological-and-environmental-problems) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605006]
Military ecological and environmental protection is a critical component of national ecological and environmental protection. Military activities and operations, such as training and drills, weapons and equipment testing, and combat, are prone to triggering a series of ecological and environmental problems, including greenhouse gas emissions, deterioration of water resources and water quality, vegetation destruction, land degradation, and typical physical and chemical pollution, which have attracted extensive global attention. This study systematically analyzed the eco-environmental impacts of military activities on multiple environmental media (atmosphere, water, and soil) across different periods, and conducted pollution source tracing in multi-media and representative regions. It reviewed the current status of ecological and environmental protection technologies for the three major environmental media, i.e., atmosphere, water, and soil, and summarized the characteristics and constraints of military ecological and environmental research. Finally, it proposed the research trends and key development directions for military ecological and environmental protection from four dimensions: data monitoring and sharing, research and development of in-situ remediation technologies for military-civilian integrated combined pollution, green construction practices for military facilities, and optimization of management systems.

### 669. [Carbon Footprint and Driving Factors of Vegetable Production in China: A Life Cycle Assessment at Provincial Scale](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/carbon-footprint-and-driving-factors-of-vegetable-production-in-china-a-life-cycle-assessment-at-provincial-sc) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605008]
Vegetable production is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions, yet national-scale assessments comparing cultivation modes remain scarce. Using life cycle assessment (LCA) and provincial statistical data from 2018–2022 across 27 provinces, we quantified the carbon footprint (CF) per unit yield for 10 typical vegetables under open-field and facility farming. Results show annual average CFs range from 65.5 to 293.8 g CO2-eq/kg, with open-field radish lowest and open-field green bean highest. Spatial heterogeneity is pronounced, especially for facility eggplant and open-field green bean. CF exhibits distinct clustering: fruit vegetables emit more in central-southern open-field and northern facility systems, while leafy vegetables follow a 'south-high, north-low' pattern. Fertilizer production and field N2O emissions dominate, contributing up to 80.4% of total CF. In facility systems, irrigation electricity and agricultural film inputs become significant, reaching 57.87% contribution. These findings support region- and crop-specific mitigation strategies for China's agricultural dual-carbon goals.

### 670. [Pilot-scale Study on Enhanced In-situ Anaerobic Bioremediation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Groundwater in a Low-Permeability Bedrock Fracture Zone](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pilot-scale-study-on-enhanced-in-situ-anaerobic-bioremediation-of-chlorinated-hydrocarbon-contaminated-groundw) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605014]
Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) are prevalent groundwater contaminants at industrial sites in China. This pilot-scale study evaluated in-situ anaerobic bioremediation of CAHs-contaminated groundwater in a low-permeability bedrock fracture zone at depths up to 40 m. A self-developed anaerobic dechlorinating culture (BS-1), containing Dehalococcoides, Desulfitobacterium, and Dehalogenimonas, was injected alongside carbon sources (sodium citrate and emulsified vegetable oil) and nutrients. Pressurized nitrogen gas injection enhanced the distribution of amendments, achieving a radius of influence of 5.0 m. Over 399 days of monitoring, the combined use of slow-release and soluble carbon sources maintained anaerobic conditions (ORP < -100 mV) for over one year, providing sustained electron donors. The emulsified vegetable oil reduced injection frequency and operational costs. The BS-1 culture effectively dechlorinated vinyl chloride, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and chloroform, achieving removal efficiencies exceeding 95%. At times, groundwater quality met the Class IV standard of GB/T 14848-2017. This study demonstrates a green, economical, and effective solution for CAH-contaminated site remediation, with significant engineering application potential.

### 671. [Assessment of Emission Reduction Potential and Economic Feasibility for China's Offshore Wind Power Industry Based on the CCER Mechanism](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/assessment-of-emission-reduction-potential-and-economic-feasibility-for-chinas-offshore-wind-power-industry-ba) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605015]
The national greenhouse gas voluntary emission reduction trading market was relaunched in 2023, with China Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) as the trading unit, serving as a crucial supplement to the national carbon market. The initial phase includes the offshore wind power sector. This study evaluates the CO2 and air pollutant emission reduction effectiveness and economic feasibility of China's offshore wind power industry under the CCER mechanism. Using CCER methodology, baseline scenario analysis, and empirical data from 2020 and projections for 2025, we quantify reductions in CO2 and principal air pollutants (particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides) across coastal provinces. Emission inventories are constructed using authoritative grid emission factors. Economic viability is assessed by integrating levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), additional revenues from CCER transactions, and external environmental benefits. Results provide four policy insights: (1) The sector shows a positive trend in emission reduction and economic-environmental contribution, but faces financial deficit risk by 2025 without CCER subsidies; (2) Economically developed coastal provinces exhibit greater development potential; (3) Profitability analysis for 2020 and 2025 indicates sustainable economic returns with appropriate policy support; (4) Among air pollutants, nitrogen oxides reduction is largest, while sulfur dioxide reduction yields the most significant co-benefits. This study offers evidence-based recommendations for strategic planning and policy formulation in China's offshore wind industry.

### 672. [Preparation of BiOX Visible-Light Photocatalytic Materials and Optimization of Their NO Degradation Performance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/preparation-of-biox-visible-light-photocatalytic-materials-and-optimization-of-their-no-degradation-performanc) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605016]
BiOX (X=Cl, Br, I) photocatalytic materials were synthesized via a chemical precipitation method. Their structures and properties were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Results showed that BiOBr exhibits a flower-like nanomicrosphere structure composed of nanosheets, providing a more three-dimensional morphology, larger specific surface area, and moderate light absorption range, resulting in superior visible light absorption. Consequently, BiOBr demonstrated the best photocatalytic degradation of NO under xenon lamp irradiation. The study further investigated the effects of light intensity, NO flow rate, and oxygen presence on the NO degradation performance of BiOBr. Optimal NO removal rate of 58% was achieved under conditions of a light source distance of 15 cm, NO flow rate of 15 mL/min, and in the presence of oxygen. The degradation rate constant for BiOBr was 11×10⁻⁴ min⁻¹, significantly higher than that of BiOCl and BiOI. BiOBr also exhibited good reusability and stability. These findings provide an important experimental basis for the application of BiOBr in the photocatalytic degradation of NO.

### 673. [Study on Net Cross-Zone Flow Characteristics of Composite Tridimensional Rotational Flow Sieve Tray](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/study-on-net-cross-zone-flow-characteristics-of-composite-tridimensional-rotational-flow-sieve-tray) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225222]
The composite tridimensional rotational flow sieve tray (CTRST) integrates a packing zone and a swirl zone to enhance gas-liquid contact, yet its application range and structural optimization are hindered by unclear cross-zone flow distribution mechanisms. This study experimentally investigates gas-liquid cross-zone distribution and flow loss in both zones, introducing net cross-zone flow proportions for gas and liquid phases to quantify inter-zone flow. Under tested conditions, the net liquid cross-zone flow proportion ranged from -0.325 to -0.370, indicating net liquid flow from the swirl zone to the packing zone, while the net gas flow proportion ranged from 0.022 to 0.310, indicating net gas flow from the packing zone to the swirl zone. Analysis of loss flow ratios revealed that liquid spray density and gas kinetic energy factor had minor influence on net liquid loss flow proportion (always less than -0.037), suggesting low resistance to liquid exchange. Conversely, gas loss flow proportion varied significantly from -0.047 to -0.319, indicating substantial resistance to gas cross-zone interaction. This gas loss ratio initially increased then decreased with liquid spray density, peaking at 92.26 m3/(m2·h), and increased with gas kinetic energy factor. A predictive model for net cross-zone flow proportions was developed, correlating operational parameters with flow loss intensity, providing theoretical support for optimizing tray design and operation.

### 674. [Local Adaptation of Hourly Allocation Coefficients for VOCs Emissions from Oil Depots and Calculation of Atmospheric Environmental Protection Distances](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/local-adaptation-of-hourly-allocation-coefficients-for-vocs-emissions-from-oil-depots-and-calculation-of-atmos) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605018]
To address the inadequacy of existing temporal emission allocation coefficients for oil storage, transportation, and sales sources in regions with distinct seasonal temperature variations, this study focused on a large oil depot in Northwest China. A method for establishing temperature-dependent hourly allocation coefficients for VOCs emissions was proposed, revealing a positive correlation between ambient temperature and emission coefficients. The coefficient peaked at 0.068 when temperatures exceeded 14 °C and dropped to a minimum of 0.007 below 8.5 °C. Annual VOCs emissions totaled 256.13 t, with summer contributing 108.89 t (42.51% of annual total) and winter only 12.54 t (4.90%), making summer emissions approximately 8.68 times higher than winter. Using CALPUFF dispersion modeling, dynamic source strength scenarios produced a maximum hourly concentration of 2242.7 μg/m³, a 55.12% increase over the constant source strength scenario (1445.8 μg/m³). The area of exceedance increased by 0.03 km², and the atmospheric environmental protection distance extended by 450 m, from 0 m to 450 m. These results demonstrate that conventional constant emission assumptions underestimate peak concentrations and protection distances, posing health risks to nearby residents. The study provides a scientific basis for localized emission regulation and improved environmental protection distance calculations.

### 675. [Research Progress on CO2 Hydrogenation to Aromatics: Catalyst Design, Kinetic Modeling, and Reactor Engineering](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-co2-hydrogenation-to-aromatics-catalyst-design-kinetic-modeling-and-reactor-engineering) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225241]
Amid the global pursuit of carbon neutrality, the catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into high-value-added aromatics represents a critical frontier in sustainable chemistry. This process offers the dual benefit of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions while establishing a non-petroleum route for the production of indispensable platform chemicals. However, the practical realization of CO2 conversion is hindered by formidable challenges originating from the thermodynamic stability of CO2 and the kinetic challenges in C-C bond formation. This review provides a critical and comprehensive analysis of recent progress on CO2 hydrogenation to aromatics, focusing on the development of catalyst design, reaction kinetics, and reactor engineering, with the goal of accelerating industrial application. The two dominant reaction pathways, i.e., the methanol-intermediate and the olefin-intermediate routes, are summarized and progress in the design of efficient multifunctional catalysts for each pathway is given. A key point in bifunctional catalyst development is the challenge of balancing the synergy and separation of hydrogenation sites and acidic aromatization active sites. Synergy is crucial for driving the reaction equilibrium forward by rapidly consuming intermediates, whereas separation, often achieved through sophisticated architectures like core-shell structures, is vital for preventing deactivation, such as the migration of alkaline promoters into the zeolite (the aromatization component). Also, this review analyzes the kinetic modeling progress proposed for this complex, multi-step reaction system. For the initial CO2 conversion step, the authors highlighted the evolution of kinetic models, particularly the ongoing efforts to accurately quantify the critical water inhibition effect in methanol synthesis. For the subsequent aromatization stage, this review critically compares two distinct modeling strategies: the use of lumping models, which simplify the reaction network for robust engineering simulations, and the single-event microkinetic (SEMK) models, which offer profound mechanistic insights by considering elementary reaction steps. Furthermore, it is pointed out that these kinetic models serve as indispensable inputs for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, which guide the design, optimization, and scale-up of industrial reactors. These simulations can address practical engineering challenges such as thermal management to control hotspots and fluid dynamics to mitigate excessive pressure drop. By systematically bridging the conceptual gap from atomic-level catalyst design to macro-scale reactor optimization, this review provides theoretical guidance aimed at accelerating the engineering scale-up of this vital carbon utilization technology.

### 676. [Efficacy and Mechanism of Lactic Acid Production from Food Waste Fermentation Regulated by Magnesium Ions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/efficacy-and-mechanism-of-lactic-acid-production-from-food-waste-fermentation-regulated-by-magnesium-ions) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605019]
The utilization of food waste as a fermentation substrate can effectively reduce the substrate cost of lactic acid production industrialization, and synergistic fermentation with leachate could promote lactic acid production. However, the effect of magnesium ions in leachate on lactic acid production, metabolic processes, and key functional bacterial communities remains unclear. This study investigated the effect of adding magnesium ions on lactic acid fermentation using food waste as substrate. Results showed that the optimal magnesium ion dosage was 750 mg/L, achieving a lactic acid yield of (37.4±0.5) g COD/L and L-lactic acid optical activity of (96.3±0.9)%. Mechanistic studies revealed that magnesium ions accelerated substrate dissolution, significantly enhanced the activities of key hydrolytic enzymes (α-glucosidase, amylase, protease) and L-lactic acid producing enzymes, thereby increasing hydrolysis and lactate production rates. Simultaneously, the relative activity of lactate-consuming enzymes decreased, slowing lactate consumption. At 750 mg/L Mg2+, the relative abundances of Enterococcus and Streptococcus were 65.0% (2.2 times the Blank) and 18.7% (37.8% of the Blank), respectively, with a total of 83.7%, enhancing lactic acid yield and L-lactic acid optical activity. Metabolic pathway prediction and functional gene analysis further indicated that magnesium ions increased the relative abundance of carbohydrate metabolism pathways and genes encoding lactate dehydrogenase. This study provides technical support for food waste resource utilization.

### 677. [Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from kitchen waste biogas slurry by ZnCl₂-modified biogas residue biochar in FCDI](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nitrogen-and-phosphorus-removal-from-kitchen-waste-biogas-slurry-by-zncl2-modified-biogas-residue-biochar-in-f) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605021]
The digestate from anaerobic digestion of food waste is separated into solid residue and liquid filtrate. The filtrate retains high nutrient and carbon content, making it a viable resource for recovery. This study prepared biochar from food waste digestate residue and employed it as an electrode active material in a flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) system, with activated carbon as a control, to assess nitrogen and phosphorus removal from kitchen waste biogas slurry. ZnCl₂ modification significantly enhanced the biochar's specific surface area, adsorption capacity, capacitance, and conductivity. The optimal mass fraction of modified biochar in the electrode liquid was 7.5%. In simulated digestate, the FCDI system achieved removal efficiencies of 47.7% for NH₄⁺-N and 55.2% for reactive phosphorus (RP) over 12 hours. Performance ranking of electrode materials was activated carbon > ZnCl₂-modified biochar > unmodified biochar. In continuous operation with actual anaerobic digestion filtrate, maximum removal efficiencies were 32.2% for NH₄⁺-N and 26.2% for RP. The reduced performance in real digestate is attributed to organic foulants such as peptides and amino acids, which block ion-exchange membrane channels, increase membrane resistance, and impede ion transfer and charge transport, thereby diminishing deionization efficiency.

### 678. [Research Progress of CO2 Mineralization Using Carbide Slag](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-of-co2-mineralization-using-carbide-slag) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605022]
Carbide slag (CS), an alkaline industrial solid waste from acetylene production in the chlor-alkali industry, poses severe ecological risks due to long-term stockpiling. This review systematically examines CO2 mineralization pathways and applications of CS, leveraging its high reactivity dominated by Ca(OH)2. Direct gas-solid and liquid-solid carbonation mechanisms, alongside indirect ammonium salt cyclic leaching-carbonation, are elaborated. Process optimization via parameter regulation, amino acid modification, and multi-solid waste coordination significantly enhances reaction efficiency and product performance, enabling controlled synthesis of high-value calcium carbonate. Environmental and economic analyses confirm that CS mineralization achieves CO2 fixation with good economic feasibility, simultaneously addressing solid waste resource utilization and carbon emission reduction. Derived lightweight fillers and low-carbon cementitious materials exhibit both environmental and economic potential, providing theoretical and application support for a 'waste-to-waste' carbon reduction technology system.

### 679. [Magnetic Field-Enhanced Electrostatic Dust Collector Coupled with Wire Mesh Filtration](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/magnetic-field-enhanced-electrostatic-dust-collector-coupled-with-wire-mesh-filtration) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605017]
In response to the escalating challenge of industrial dust pollution, this study introduces a magnetic field-enhanced electrostatic dust collector integrated with wire mesh filtration. By applying an external magnetic field, the conventional electrostatic precipitation process is physically intensified. Systematic experiments compared discharge characteristics and dust removal efficiency with and without magnetic field intervention. The influence of wire mesh structural parameters was investigated, focusing on pore size (1, 2, 3 mm), number of stacked layers (1, 2, 3), and surface composite filtration materials (polyethylene filter mesh, polyamide mesh). Additionally, the effects of airflow velocity (1–5 m/s), inlet flow direction (forward/reverse), and dust type (fly ash, coal combustion dust, cement ash) on removal efficiency were tested. Results demonstrate that the optimized magnetic field-wire mesh coupling significantly enhances the charging and capture of fine dust. Specifically, smaller mesh apertures improve efficiency, with 1 mm yielding the best performance. Increasing the number of mesh layers effectively enhances efficiency at discharge voltages of 13–17 kV. Coating the mesh with either polyethylene or polyamide further improves efficiency, with negligible difference between the two materials. Reverse airflow direction results in lower effective gas velocity due to opposing gravity and drag forces, yet the combined magnetic and electric fields stabilize particle charging and enhance trajectory deflection, leading to improved overall performance. Dust resistivity is a critical factor: lower resistivity facilitates charging, while higher resistivity induces back corona, reducing efficiency. Magnetic field enhancement mitigates back corona and improves removal, particularly for high-resistivity cement ash. These findings offer a viable technical solution for efficient industrial flue gas dedusting.

### 680. [Measurement and Correlation of Rheological Properties of Molten Plastics and Their Blends](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/measurement-and-correlation-of-rheological-properties-of-molten-plastics-and-their-blends) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225225]
The non-Newtonian rheological properties of plastic melts are critical for regulating plastic processing, molding, and recycling processes, ensuring processing stability and product performance. However, rheological data for commonly used plastics and their blends remain incomplete. This study combined experimental testing and theoretical modeling to investigate the rheological behaviors of four pure plastics—polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS)—and three binary blend systems: PE/ABS, PP/ABS, and PS/ABS. Rheological tests were conducted using a rheometer over a shear rate range of 0.1–100 s⁻¹ and temperatures from 180°C to 250°C. Results showed that the flow behavior index n was less than 1 for all samples, and apparent viscosity decreased significantly with increasing shear rate, indicating clear shear-thinning behavior. The consistency coefficient K followed the Arrhenius relationship with temperature, and melt viscosity decreased as temperature increased. The study quantitatively characterized the relationship between the mass fraction m (0.5 < m ≤ 1) of the main component in binary blends and melt viscosity. Based on experimental data, a component correction term was introduced into the traditional power-law model to construct a constitutive equation that simultaneously describes the effects of shear rate, temperature, and component fraction on melt viscosity. The average relative error between model predictions and experimental values was only 5.90%. These rheological data and the modified constitutive equation provide important theoretical support and data reference for optimizing process parameters in waste plastic recycling and injection molding.

### 681. [Spatiotemporal Heterogeneities of Carbon Emissions and Driving Factors of Railway Sector in China](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/spatiotemporal-heterogeneities-of-carbon-emissions-and-driving-factors-of-railway-sector-in-china) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605023]
Identifying the characteristics of carbon emissions and driving forces of the railway sector is essential for formulating effective measures to develop a green and low-carbon railway industry. This study systematically evaluated the direct and indirect carbon emissions from 2016 to 2021 generated by the railway sector of China, and analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamic changes of the carbon emissions. On this basis, by adopting the LMDI model, the key factors affecting the carbon emissions of railway sector were discerned. Moreover, the variations in the dominant factors of the carbon emissions over time, and the spatial heterogeneities in the dominant factors of the carbon emissions of the 18 railway bureaus, were analyzed. The results show that: 1) During the periods from 2016 to 2021, the carbon emissions of China's railway sector showed an overall upward trend, increasing from 57.7486 million tons to 64.2084 million tons, by 11.2%. The Shanghai Bureau, Beijing Bureau, Zhengzhou Bureau, Chengdu Bureau and Guangzhou Bureau substantially contributed to the increases of railway carbon emissions. In spatial, the carbon emissions of the 18 railway bureaus were characterized by lower emissions in the west and higher emissions in the east, mainly due to the regional differences in the socio-economic development, industrial structure and population density; 2) During 2016 to 2021, the decline in energy consumption intensity reduced the carbon emissions of the railway sector by 18.8654 million tons, while the changes in carbon emission intensity, economic benefits of per unit passenger and freight turnover, and operating capacity led to an increase of a sum of 25.3252 million tons of carbon emissions. When decomposing the contributions of each factor by sub-periods, it can be found that the impacts of these factors on the carbon emissions changed over time. Only the factor of carbon emission intensity showed a promoting effect in all sub-periods, the other three factors, as energy consumption intensity, economic benefits of per unit passenger and freight turnover, and operating capacity, had a conversion between promoting and inhibiting effects. 3) The dominant factors of carbon emissions across the 18 railway bureaus exhibited spatial heterogeneity. For instance, operating capacity was the main promoting factor for bureaus like Taiyuan, Beijing, Lanzhou, Nanning, Hohhot, Urumqi, and Qinghai-Tibet, while energy consumption intensity was the main inhibiting factor. For Shanghai, Kunming, Wuhan, Chengdu, Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Jinan, Shenyang, Nanchang, and Guangzhou, economic benefits per unit turnover was the main promoting factor, with energy consumption intensity as the main inhibiting factor. For Harbin, energy consumption intensity was the main promoting factor, while economic benefits per unit turnover was the main inhibiting factor. 4) The railway sector can reduce carbon emissions by optimizing transport organization to reduce empty car rates, optimizing energy structure, and retrofitting infrastructure for energy efficiency, while implementing differentiated emission reduction strategies tailored to each bureau's characteristics.

### 682. [Synergistic Effect of Hierarchical Pores and Amine Functionalization on CO2 Adsorption Performance by Distillers' Grains-Derived Biochar Spheres](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-effect-of-hierarchical-pores-and-amine-functionalization-on-co2-adsorption-performance-by-distille) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605020]
To address the high CO2 emission proportion in the industrial sector, distillers' grain waste was converted into biochar for CO2 adsorption from flue gas. Raw biochar suffers from weak pore adsorption and poor selectivity at elevated temperatures. This study employed ash self-templating and particle self-assembly to create hierarchical pores and simultaneously load amine groups onto distillers' grains-derived biochar, yielding amine-functionalized hierarchical porous carbon spheres. The amine loading significantly increased, providing more CO2 adsorption sites, while retaining macroporosity (total pore volume 0.0030–0.0066 cm3/g after amine loading), which enhanced morphological stability and CO2 mass transfer. The optimal sample, 0.2PW-K-CNF-PEI, exhibited a CO2 adsorption capacity of 1.03 mmol/g at 100 °C, a CO2 diffusion coefficient of 0.0495 min−1, and a selective adsorption capacity of 44 mg/g at 80 °C. This work offers a solution for valorizing distillers' grain by-products and capturing CO2 from low-temperature flue gas.

### 683. [Research Progress and Intelligent Trend of Slag Foaming Prediction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-and-intelligent-trend-of-slag-foaming-prediction) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225250]
Slag foaming is a critical phenomenon in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking, enhancing thermal efficiency, suppressing metal splashing, and stabilizing the refining process. Accurate prediction and control of slag foaming are essential for green and efficient steelmaking. This review systematically examines research progress on slag foaming prediction, clarifying the applicability, advantages, and limitations of different predictive methods to support intelligent control of foamy slags. Following the framework of 'influencing factors-prediction methods-development trends', the study summarizes the coupling effects of multiple variables such as basicity, viscosity, surface tension, suspended particles, gas parameters, and temperature on foam formation and stability. It compares five major prediction approaches: empirical formulas, dimensionless modeling, thermodynamic calculations, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, and machine learning models, analyzing their core concepts, merits, and constraints. Results indicate that single models often struggle to balance real-time capability and accuracy, particularly under multi-variable coupling and complex operating conditions. Therefore, a hybrid prediction framework combining mechanism-based and data-driven models is proposed, emphasizing physical constraints, multi-scale coupling, and multi-source data fusion. This integrated approach is expected to advance slag foaming prediction from 'computable' to 'controllable and adjustable', offering methodological insights for the development of green and intelligent EAF steelmaking.

### 684. [Construction and Empirical Study of a Panoramic Carbon Flow Model for High-Speed Railway Bridge Construction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/construction-and-empirical-study-of-a-panoramic-carbon-flow-model-for-high-speed-railway-bridge-construction) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202605024]
The refined quantification of carbon footprint in engineering construction projects is critical for formulating targeted carbon reduction strategies during the materialization phase. This study integrates material flow analysis (MFA) with the emission factor method to establish a panoramic carbon flow model for engineering projects. Construction activities are categorized into processing and construction, and office and daily operations, clarifying material and carbon flow relationships within the system boundary and with external systems. Empirical analysis was conducted on the Hejiawan Bridge of Section 11 of the Xiyu High-Speed Railway. Results show that the total carbon flow amounts to 27,482,432.11 kg CO2eq, with direct carbon flow (fuel oil, gasoline) accounting for 7.6% and indirect carbon flow (products, transportation, electricity) accounting for 92.4%. From the material flow perspective, the total carbon flow comprises product carbon flow (72.88%), resource and energy carbon flow (25.73%), transportation carbon flow (1.04%), waste carbon flow (0.35%), and service carbon flow (0.01%). In terms of activity scope, construction-related carbon flow accounts for 99.17%, while office and daily operations account for 0.46%. Two indicators, material consumption carbon flow rate and energy consumption carbon flow rate, are proposed for the first time. Comparative analysis of five girder bridges reveals that the Hejiawan Bridge has a material consumption carbon flow rate of 3.91 kg CO2eq/kg, ranking highest among similar bridges, while its energy consumption carbon flow rate is 13.40 kg CO2eq/kg ec, at a medium level. The assessment indicates relatively high material consumption, suggesting potential for carbon reduction through structural and geological optimization.

### 685. [Effect of the Number of Clogged Bottom-Blowing Elements on the Flow Characteristics of Liquid Steel in Converter](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-the-number-of-clogged-bottom-blowing-elements-on-the-flow-characteristics-of-liquid-steel-in-convert) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225141]
This study established a three-dimensional transient gas-liquid two-phase flow model based on a 150-tonne converter to investigate the influence of the number of clogged bottom-blowing elements on the stirring efficiency of the molten pool. The numerical simulation results were validated against actual converter operating conditions. The findings revealed that the primary reason for deteriorated flow characteristics under multiple clogged tuyeres was the overall reduction in stirring energy input from the bottom-blowing gas. Specifically, when the number of clogged tuyeres reached three, the numerically simulated mixing time increased from 150.6 s to 219.3 s, a significant increase of 45.62%. This numerical result was in good agreement with water model experiments, indicating that prompt furnace bottom maintenance and tuyere replacement should be considered under such circumstances. At the same bottom-blowing intensity, the effective stirring area of a single inner-ring tuyere was 0.919 m2, while that of a single outer-ring tuyere was 1.651 m2. The combined effective area achieved through the synergy of inner and outer ring tuyeres was 2.940 m2, which was 14.4% greater than the sum of their individual areas. Clogging disrupted this synergistic stirring effect. A single clogged tuyere had a negligible impact on the distribution of dead zones. However, when tuyeres in both the inner and outer rings were clogged, dead zones became more numerous and concentrated. With 3 and 4 clogged tuyeres, the dead zone volume reached 3.703 and 5.946 m3, accounting for 17.31% and 27.79% of the total molten pool volume, respectively. An industrial plant trial conducted based on the numerical simulation scheme showed that key performance indicators deteriorated as the number of clogged tuyeres increased. With three clogged tuyeres, the average end-point oxygen content reached 0.0669wt%, which was 22.1% higher than that under non-clogged conditions. Concurrently, the total iron content in the slag reached 19.44%, a 24.5% increase compared to the non-clogged baseline.

### 686. [Numerical Simulation of Lean Fuel Combustion Characteristics of CH4/H2/CO2](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/numerical-simulation-of-lean-fuel-combustion-characteristics-of-ch4h2co2) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225215]
CO2 dilution is a recognized strategy for combustion control, yet its detailed effects on CH4/H2 combustion under lean conditions remain insufficiently characterized. This study numerically investigated jet diffusion flames in a triangular nozzle burner, varying CO2 mixing ratios from 0% to 40%, equivalence ratios from 0.4 to 0.9, at 300 K and 101325 Pa. The standard k-ε turbulence model and non-premixed combustion model were employed, with grid independence verified. Results showed that increasing CO2 blending reduced peak flame temperature, flame height, and average furnace temperature from 1688 K (0% CO2) to 1344 K (40% CO2). CO2 inhibited forward reactions of CO with O and OH, reducing O2 consumption. NOx emissions decreased by up to 95.5% at φ=0.7 (from 6.7×10-5 to 3.03×10-6) and 94.3% at φ=0.9, compared to pure methane. Conversely, H2 enrichment (0% to 40%) raised peak temperature from 2018 K to 2199 K and shifted the peak location closer to the burner (from 1.16 m to 0.82 m), promoting more compact flames. In CH4/H2 mixtures, CO2 still effectively reduced NOx, though the effect slightly weakened with higher CO2 ratios. Controlling CO2 blending below 30% balances NOx reduction and combustion stability. The CH4/H2/CO2 ternary strategy enables coordinated regulation of temperature and pollutant emissions, offering a technical pathway for hydrogen-rich fuel applications.

### 687. [Study on Anti-poisoning Property and Mechanism of Rare Earth Superlattice Hydrogen Storage Alloys](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/study-on-anti-poisoning-property-and-mechanism-of-rare-earth-superlattice-hydrogen-storage-alloys) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225264]
The high cost of high-purity hydrogen necessitates the utilization of low-cost industrial by-product hydrogen as an alternative gas source to reduce hydrogen storage costs. Industrial by-product hydrogen typically contains impurities such as H2S and CO, yet the poisoning mechanisms of these gases on superlattice hydrogen storage alloys during hydrogen absorption/desorption remain poorly understood. This study systematically investigates the poisoning effects and regeneration behavior of La0.65Mg1.32Ca1.03Ni9Y0.17 superlattice hydrogen storage alloy in atmospheres containing 10^-3 H2S and CO. The experimental protocol comprised 10 poisoning cycles followed by 1 regeneration, repeated to total 20 poisoning cycles and 2 pure hydrogen regenerations. Results show that in pure hydrogen, the alloy's hydrogen storage capacity gradually decreases after 22 cycles but is effectively restored after dehydrogenation at 473 K. In the presence of impurity gases, the hydrogen storage capacity retention rates after 10 poisoning cycles with H2S and CO are 3.56% and 2.71%, respectively; after 20 cycles, these decrease to 3.68% and 1.73%, respectively. After dehydrogenation at 473 K, retention rates recover to 40.35% and 98.27%, respectively. This indicates that poisoning severity follows the order CO > H2S, while regeneration difficulty follows H2S > CO. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that after poisoning, the main phase transforms from AB3 to AB3H, but reverts to AB3 after high-temperature dehydrogenation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that after H2S poisoning, CaS and CaSO4 form on the alloy surface, indicating irreversible chemical adsorption. In contrast, after CO poisoning, no new substances are detected, indicating reversible adsorption. This study clarifies the differentiated poisoning mechanisms of impurity gases and provides theoretical support for the application of rare-earth superlattice hydrogen storage alloys in complex atmospheres.

### 688. [Preparation and Oil-Water Separation Performance of PVDF Membranes Co-modified with Dopamine and Polyvinyl Alcohol](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/preparation-and-oil-water-separation-performance-of-pvdf-membranes-co-modified-with-dopamine-and-polyvinyl-alc) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225172]
The increasing discharge of oily wastewater from oil extraction and anthropogenic activities necessitates the development of efficient oil-water separation technologies to safeguard ecological and environmental safety and ensure sustainable resource utilization. Membrane separation technology, owing to its high efficiency and operational convenience, has emerged as a viable solution for treating oily wastewater. To enhance the hydrophilic and oleophobic properties of hydrophobic separation membranes, this study employed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hydrophobic microfiltration membranes with robust mechanical properties as substrates. Through a biomimetic coating approach, dopamine (DA) was first polymerized to form polydopamine (PDA) on the membrane surface, which subsequently reacted with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to construct a dense hydrophilic layer, yielding modified membranes with hydrophilic/oleophobic surface characteristics. The morphology and chemical composition of the modified membranes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Oil-water separation performance was comprehensively evaluated by measuring water contact angle, underwater oil contact angle, emulsion flux, and oil rejection. Under optimal conditions, the modified membrane M3 exhibited a pure water flux of 4893.2 ± 70.2 L/(m²·h), an emulsion flux of 2138.1 ± 29.4 L/(m²·h) for toluene-in-water emulsion, and an oil rejection of 98.5% ± 0.1%. Simulated fouling and regeneration tests using bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution demonstrated a flux recovery rate of 92.0% for M3, indicating excellent antifouling performance. Immersion tests in acid, alkali, and salt solutions confirmed the modified membrane's outstanding chemical stability. The designed PVDF modified membrane offers advantages of simplicity, environmental friendliness, and high efficiency, showing significant application potential in oil-water separation and providing a novel strategy for membrane development.

### 689. [Effect of Tempering Temperature on Precipitates, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Quenched Cu-Cr-Ni Ultra-High Strength Weathering Steel](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-tempering-temperature-on-precipitates-microstructure-and-mechanical-properties-of-quenched-cu-cr-ni) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225162]
The effects of tempering temperature on the microstructure, strength-toughness balance, and precipitates of a quenched Cu-Cr-Ni ultra-high strength weathering steel were systematically investigated. The steel was austenitized at 920°C, quenched, and then tempered at 500°C, 550°C, and 600°C. Microstructural characterization was performed using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while mechanical properties were evaluated via tensile and low-temperature impact tests. Results showed that as the tempering temperature increased from 500°C to 600°C, the microstructure transformed from lath-shaped tempered sorbite to a non-lath morphology. The fraction of rod-like cementite decreased, while spheroidized cementite increased, and the size of MC (M = Ti, Nb, V, Mo) precipitates decreased from an average of 12.2 nm to 9.9 nm. Consequently, yield strength and tensile strength decreased from 935 MPa and 958 MPa to 866 MPa and 888 MPa, respectively, whereas total elongation and impact energy at -40°C increased continuously, reaching maximum values of 5.0% and 280 J at 600°C. When tempered at 550°C, the steel exhibited a yield strength of 895 MPa, tensile strength of 921 MPa, elongation of 4.3%, and impact energy of 271 J at -40°C, demonstrating an optimal combination of strength and toughness. This improvement is primarily attributed to the spheroidization of cementite and the uniform dispersion of fine MC precipitates, which alleviate stress concentration, along with the softening of the acicular ferrite matrix during tempering.

### 690. [Hydrogen-bonded networks and N2O/N2 adsorption separation performance of pyridinecarboxylate guanidinium HOFs](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/hydrogen-bonded-networks-and-n2on2-adsorption-separation-performance-of-pyridinecarboxylate-guanidinium-hofs) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.226111]
Efficient capture of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) is critical for climate change mitigation and resource recovery. In this study, two guanidinium-based hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) with pyridyl nitrogen site isomerism, namely G-5,5'-BPyDC and G-4,4'-BPyDC, were constructed using 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid and 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid as ligands. The effects of ligand structure on hydrogen-bonded network, pore environment, and N2O/N2 adsorption separation performance were systematically investigated via single-crystal X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, and gas adsorption experiments. Both frameworks are built via N-H...O hydrogen bonds. The asymmetric unit of G-5,5'-BPyDC contains two methanol molecules, resulting in larger free volume and surface area compared to G-4,4'-BPyDC, which exhibits more compact packing. Both materials show decomposition temperatures above 290°C, indicating good thermal stability. Hirshfeld surface analysis reveals that the total contribution of O-H/H-O and N-H/H-N hydrogen bonds in G-5,5'-BPyDC (32.0%) is higher than that in G-4,4'-BPyDC (29.7%). At 25°C and 4.0 MPa, the N2O adsorption capacity of G-5,5'-BPyDC is 2.32 mmol/g, surpassing that of G-4,4'-BPyDC (2.02 mmol/g). IAST calculations show that the selectivities of G-5,5'-BPyDC for N2O/N2 (50:50 and 10:90) mixtures reach 29.26 and 111.32, respectively, significantly superior to those of G-4,4'-BPyDC (6.61 and 17.03). Pyridyl nitrogen site isomerism effectively optimizes N2O/N2 adsorption and separation by modulating pore polarity and hydrogen-bonded network, offering a new strategy for isomer design.

### 691. [Unraveling the Origin of Circularly Polarized Luminescence by First-Principles Calculations](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/unraveling-the-origin-of-circularly-polarized-luminescence-by-first-principles-calculations) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3973-9]
Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is a phenomenon where chiral molecules emit light with distinct left or right circular polarizations upon excitation. Unlike conventional luminescent materials, chiral materials produce light with inherent helicity, leading to unique applications in chiral optoelectronics, quantum technologies, and biophotonics. This review systematically explores the theoretical and computational foundations of CPL, focusing on the interplay between molecular chirality, transition dipole moments, and photoluminescence quantum yield. A major challenge in designing efficient CPL-active materials is optimizing the luminescence dissymmetry factor (g_lum) while maintaining high photoluminescence efficiency. This review comprehensively summarizes how first-principles computational methods, by establishing robust predictive frameworks, have significantly advanced the design of CPL molecules. Even though significant progress has been made in modeling monomeric systems, the effective integration of first-principles calculations to describe CPL in aggregated states remains an ongoing challenge. The review also highlights the promising synergy between computational models, experimental validation, and emerging data-driven techniques such as machine learning (ML) for guiding the design of novel high-performance CPL materials. In conclusion, further research is needed to overcome current computational limitations and develop more effective strategies for CPL material design.

### 692. [Chiral Inorganic Materials for Asymmetric Catalysis: Mechanistic Origins and Design Principles](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chiral-inorganic-materials-for-asymmetric-catalysis-mechanistic-origins-and-design-principles) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3734-7]
Asymmetric catalysis, which directs a reaction preferentially toward one enantiomer over its non-superimposable mirror image, is crucial for synthesizing chiral molecules with defined stereochemistry. Such selectivity is indispensable in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and advanced materials, where opposite enantiomers often display markedly different properties and functions. Conventional asymmetric catalysis primarily relies on molecular catalysts, yet these often suffer from stability, recovery, and reaction scope, while chiral inorganic catalysts have recently gained attention as robust alternatives capable of tolerating demanding conditions and offer new routes to stereocontrol. In this review, we propose a mechanism-based classification of chiral inorganic catalysts into six categories: chiral ligand-induced catalysis, spin-polarized catalysis through the chiral-induced spin selectivity effect, photoinduced asymmetric catalysis, chiral confinement-driven catalysis, nanozyme-like catalysis, and chiral lattice-induced catalysis. This review shifts the focus from material type to mechanistic origin, enabling a clearer connection between chirality and catalytic function. We suggest that mechanistic understanding will support the rational design of efficient, selective, and long-lasting chiral inorganic catalysts, and open new directions in asymmetric catalysis.

### 693. [Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Chiral Functional Materials Design](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/artificial-intelligence-enabled-chiral-functional-materials-design) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3827-3]
Chiral functional materials, characterized by intrinsic spatial asymmetry, hold transformative potential in photonics, enantioselective synthesis, quantum technologies, and biomedicine. However, their rational design and discovery are impeded by the vast chemical space and complex structure-property relationships, rendering traditional trial-and-error approaches inefficient and costly. This review critically examines the paradigm-shifting role of artificial intelligence (AI) in accelerating the discovery and optimization of chiral functional materials. We highlight recent AI-driven breakthroughs, emphasizing machine learning (ML) algorithms that excel in identifying patterns within high-dimensional data, thereby enabling rapid virtual screening and elucidation of intricate structure-property correlations. Key applications span from predicting enantioselectivity in asymmetric catalysis to designing circularly polarized luminescent materials and chiral metamaterials. Notably, ML models have achieved predictive accuracies exceeding 90% in classifying chiral structures and have reduced computational screening times by orders of magnitude. The integration of AI with automated synthesis platforms further enables closed-loop optimization, as demonstrated in the autonomous discovery of optically active chiral perovskite nanocrystals. This review underscores that AI not only accelerates materials discovery but also fosters cross-disciplinary innovation, positioning itself as an indispensable tool for the next generation of chiral functional materials. By synthesizing recent progress, we provide a roadmap for leveraging AI to navigate the complex landscape of chiral materials, ultimately expediting the translation of laboratory innovations into practical applications.

### 694. [Chiral Supramolecular Materials Based on Azobenzene Self-Assembly Systems: From Regulated Helix Structures to Chiral Functions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chiral-supramolecular-materials-based-on-azobenzene-self-assembly-systems-from-regulated-helix-structures-to-c) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3821-2]
Stimuli-responsive chiral materials hold significant potential for applications in smart photonic devices, chiral sensors, and data storage. Chiral supramolecular smart responsive materials based on azobenzene (Azo) self-assembly systems have attracted considerable attention due to their dynamic and reversible chirality regulation under external stimuli. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the construction, regulation mechanisms, and functional applications of chiral supramolecular helical structures derived from Azo-based materials. Starting from molecular structure, assembly modes, and external stimuli responsiveness (such as light, heat, solvent, and pH), we discuss precise control over supramolecular chirality, including chiroptical switching, inversion, and asymmetric amplification. Furthermore, the potential applications of assembly materials containing Azo building units in chiroptical properties, chiral recognition, and nanoscopic/macroscopic chiral functional materials are highlighted. We hope this review will provide helpful insights for the design and fabrication of the new generation of smart chiral functional materials.

### 695. [Non-Perovskite Ionic Metal Halide Hybrids: Emerging Platforms for High-Efficiency Circularly Polarized Luminescence](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/non-perovskite-ionic-metal-halide-hybrids-emerging-platforms-for-high-efficiency-circularly-polarized-luminesc) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3899-9]
Metal halide hybrids have emerged as a highly promising class of optoelectronic materials owing to their rich chemical and electronic diversity, high luminescence efficiency, and tunable photophysical properties. Incorporating chirality into these systems imparts pronounced circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) activity, creating new opportunities for advanced smart optoelectronic and spintronic applications. Although numerous reviews have been dedicated to CPL-active perovskites, their non-perovskite ionic counterparts have yet to be systematically and comprehensively reviewed. Given the rapid advancements in this burgeoning field, such a work is both timely and crucial to chart its future course. This review summarizes recent progress in non-perovskite ionic metal halide hybrids exhibiting CPL emission, highlighting four aspects: (1) the intrinsic correlations among different characterization techniques; (2) the strategic advantages of these materials for CPL applications; (3) methodologies for enhancing their CPL performance; (4) the prerequisites and mechanisms underlying CPL generation in achiral metal halide hybrids. Finally, we discuss their emerging applications in light-emitting devices, information encryption, anti-counterfeiting technologies, and scintillators, and provide perspectives on the remaining challenges and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.

### 696. [Advances in the construction, optical characteristics, and applications of chiral carbon dots](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/advances-in-the-construction-optical-characteristics-and-applications-of-chiral-carbon-dots) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3938-0]
Chirality is a fundamental property ubiquitous in nature, playing a pivotal role across physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science. With the advent of nanotechnology, chiral research has extended to the nanoscale, where chiral quantum dots have attracted attention due to high photoluminescence quantum yields and stability. However, conventional II–VI quantum dots often contain toxic heavy metals, exhibit poor water solubility and biocompatibility, and require complex preparation. Carbon dots (CDs), a novel class of carbon-based nanomaterials under 10 nm, offer low toxicity, straightforward synthesis, and excellent biocompatibility. Chiral carbon dots (Ch-CDs) combine the advantages of CDs with intrinsic chirality, endowing them with circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) and distinctive photophysical and chemical properties. This review systematically refines and summarizes construction strategies for Ch-CDs, including one-step synthesis, surface modification, and assembly methods. It comprehensively elaborates on recent advances in optical properties, focusing on tunable multicolor CPL, CPL enhancement, and triplet-state emission, addressing a gap in reviews on triplet-related chiral functionalities. The challenges and future perspectives for diversified applications are proposed. Ch-CDs have been extensively applied in photoelectric detection, optical devices, biomedicine, information anti-counterfeiting, and encryption. This review aims to summarize current achievements and stimulate further research, fostering rapid development in the Ch-CDs field.

### 697. [Simulation and optimization of pre-concentration extractive distillation for the separation of acetonitrile-n-propanol-water ternary azeotropic system](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/simulation-and-optimization-of-pre-concentration-extractive-distillation-for-the-separation-of-acetonitrile-n) [DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225195]
The separation of multicomponent azeotropic mixtures remains a persistent challenge in industrial wastewater treatment due to complex phase equilibrium behavior involving minimum/maximum boiling azeotropes and liquid-liquid phase separation. Pharmaceutical wastewater often contains a ternary mixture of acetonitrile, n-propanol, and water, which exhibits significant non-ideality and multiple azeotropic points, including binary azeotropes for acetonitrile-water, n-propanol-water, and acetonitrile-n-propanol pairs, as well as a ternary azeotrope. This study conducted a comprehensive investigation encompassing thermodynamic modeling, solvent screening, process design, and multi-objective optimization. A reliable thermodynamic framework was established using an activity coefficient model (NRTL), validated against experimental data. Systematic analysis of vapor-liquid equilibrium diagrams identified ethylene glycol as the optimal extractant due to its superior selectivity. Three distinct separation processes were developed: a conventional three-column distillation sequence (TCED), a four-column pre-concentration extractive distillation configuration (FCED), and an innovative three-column integrated pre-concentration extractive distillation system incorporating a thermally coupled column (TCED-IDC). Multi-objective optimization using the improved nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) targeted total annualized cost (TAC), CO2 emissions (ECO2), and thermodynamic efficiency (η), subject to stringent purity constraints (≥99.9 wt% for products and ≥99.99 wt% for extractant recycle). The integrated three-column configuration achieved 41.2% lower TAC, 50.4% lower CO2 emissions, and 102% higher thermodynamic efficiency compared to the conventional TCED process. This integrated pre-concentration extractive distillation process is established as an industrially viable, energy-efficient solution for acetonitrile-n-propanol-water separation, aligning with green chemistry principles.

### 698. [From Structural Chirality to Coined Biomedical Function: Recent Advances in Chiral Polyoxometalate-Based Materials](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/from-structural-chirality-to-coined-biomedical-function-recent-advances-in-chiral-polyoxometalate-based-materi) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3926-0]
Chirality is a fundamental determinant of molecular recognition and biological function, yet its integration into inorganic clusters remains a formidable challenge. Polyoxometalates (POMs), characterized by atomic precision, structural tunability, and versatile redox properties, provide an exceptional platform for investigating chirality at the interface of inorganic chemistry and biomedicine. Over the past two decades, substantial progress has been made in constructing chiral POM-based materials through diverse strategies, including chirality induction by external environments, intrinsic structural chirality, spontaneous symmetry breaking, and the design of self-assembled supramolecular architectures. The distinctive combination of redox activity, stability, and chirality in these systems has unlocked new avenues for biomedical applications, spanning antibacterial and anticancer therapies to potential interventions in neurodegenerative disorders. This review comprehensively overviews recent advances in the synthesis and biomedical applications of chiral POM-based materials, while outlining key challenges and opportunities that will guide future research in this emerging field.

### 699. [Editorial: Special Topic on Chiral Materials](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/editorial-special-topic-on-chiral-materials) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4190-y]
Chirality, a fundamental property of matter, underpins diverse phenomena across chemistry, biology, materials science, and physics. This editorial introduces a special topic on chiral materials, comprising 31 high-quality papers (12 reviews, 1 perspective, 18 original research contributions) that collectively advance the field from molecular to supramolecular chirality, chiral self-assembly, and chirality transfer across multiple length scales. The collection highlights recent progress in theoretical understanding, artificial intelligence-driven design, and applications in optoelectronics, catalysis, sensing, and biomedicine. Key contributions include first-principles calculations elucidating circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) origins, AI-accelerated discovery of chiral functional materials, and reviews on CPL-active non-perovskite halides, chiral inorganic catalysts, polyoxometalate-based materials, and chiral carbon dots. Organic, polymeric, and supramolecular systems are also featured, including stimuli-responsive azobenzene-based helices, aromatic foldamers, and folding-mediated chirality control. Original research spans helical wrapping, enantiomer purity regulation, optically active helical polymers, 2D assemblies, metal-organic frameworks, chiral hybrid halides, perovskites, Eu(III) enantiomers, co-assembled copolymers, polymer dots, ferroelectric liquid crystals, nanozymes, and homochiral MOFs. These works collectively address fundamental questions and demonstrate potential for advanced functional materials with programmable properties, pointing to promising innovation pathways for future technological development.

### 700. [Chiral Helical Aromatic Foldamers: Construction Strategies and Applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chiral-helical-aromatic-foldamers-construction-strategies-and-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3854-7]
The tertiary spatial structure of biological macromolecules determines their physiological functions. In the formation of the tertiary structure, the secondary structure serves as the assembly foundation, and interactions between secondary structures play a critical role in driving and stabilizing the tertiary architecture. Synthetic foldamers, characterized by their modifiability and structural diversity, can adopt various helical conformations, enabling them to mimic natural protein secondary structures such as the α-helix, while also providing chemical models for studying interactions between secondary structures. This review outlines recent advances in aromatic foldamers and supramolecular helical assemblies formed by helical polymers, with particular attention to unique chiral phenomena observed during the formation of helical secondary structures. It provides a detailed summary of their applications in molecular recognition, ion channels, and circularly polarized luminescence, among others, and discusses future challenges facing aromatic foldamers. The review emphasizes the hierarchical nature of chirality—from primary atomic asymmetry to quaternary higher-order structures—and highlights the importance of understanding non-covalent interactions between helical secondary structures for regulating chiral assembly. Key strategies for constructing chiral helical aromatic foldamers include the use of chiral side chains, terminal groups, and solvent effects, as well as the sergeants-and-soldiers effect and majority-rules principle for chirality amplification. The applications of these foldamers in asymmetric catalysis, chiroptical materials, and biomimetic ion transport are also discussed, underscoring their potential in advanced functional materials.

### 701. [Controlled Molecular Folding for Adaptive Chirality: From Stimuli Responsiveness to Structural Adaptability](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/controlled-molecular-folding-for-adaptive-chirality-from-stimuli-responsiveness-to-structural-adaptability) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3845-9]
The controlled regulation of molecular folding provides a fundamental pathway for constructing adaptive chiral materials with tunable optical and structural properties. This review summarizes recent progress in folding-mediated chirality control across four interrelated domains: stimuli-responsive regulation, host-guest and coordination interactions, halogen-bond driven modulation, and structural adaptability. Stimuli such as solvent polarity, temperature, pH, and light can reversibly reshape intramolecular hydrogen-bond networks to trigger chiroptical switching. Host-guest and coordination assemblies further enable cooperative chirality transfer through multicomponent interactions, while halogen bonding offers directional and programmable control over molecular helicity. Finally, intrinsic structural adaptability—integrating ferrocenyl frameworks, peptide folding, and diastereomeric design—demonstrates that molecular architecture itself can encode responsive behavior. By comparing these diverse yet convergent strategies, this review highlights the underlying principles of folding-regulated chirality and outlines future directions toward intelligent, multifunctional, and hierarchically organized chiral systems.

### 702. [Chemically Recyclable Chiral Polyesters Synthesis via Kinetic Resolution Polymerization Strategies](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chemically-recyclable-chiral-polyesters-synthesis-via-kinetic-resolution-polymerization-strategies) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3754-1]
Chiral polyester materials that integrate chemical recyclability with high performance have become a focal point in sustainable polymer research. Their thermal and mechanical properties are intrinsically linked to polymer microstructure, with stereoregular chiral polyesters typically exhibiting superior crystallinity and performance relative to atactic counterparts. Asymmetric kinetic resolution polymerization (AKRP) has emerged as a powerful method for synthesizing stereoregular chiral polyesters from racemic monomers, utilizing chiral catalysts to selectively recognize and polymerize one enantiomer while leaving the other unreacted. Recent advances have expanded AKRP scope to include targeted recognition of specific substrate sites based on chiral discrimination. This review summarizes recent progress in AKRP across representative monomer systems, categorized by ring size, highlighting breakthroughs in catalyst design, mechanistic understanding, and material properties. Key metrics such as kinetic resolution coefficient (k_rel) and selectivity factor (s-factor) are discussed as quantitative measures of stereoselective control. The review underscores the potential of AKRP to circumvent costly enantiomer separation, offering a promising route to advanced chiral polyesters with tailored properties for applications ranging from biodegradable plastics to biomedical materials.

### 703. [Molecular Design and Supramolecular Engineering of Chiral Organic Materials for Circularly Polarized Photodetection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/molecular-design-and-supramolecular-engineering-of-chiral-organic-materials-for-circularly-polarized-photodete) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3877-7]
Circularly polarized (CP) photodetectors are pivotal for optical communication, polarization imaging, and target recognition. Chiral organic materials offer structural tunability, solution processability, and compatibility with flexible substrates, yet their development is hindered by synthetic challenges, enantiomeric separation difficulties, and intrinsically weak chiroptical responses. Recent advances in molecular design and solid-state assembly have markedly enhanced device performance. This review summarizes developments in chiral organic materials for CP photodetection, focusing on molecular design and supramolecular engineering. It highlights strategies such as chiral non-fullerene acceptors, cooperative supramolecular polymerization, and chiral 2D supramolecular organization in single crystals, which amplify dissymmetry factors and enable high-performance detection across UV to near-infrared regions. Potential applications in spin-encoded communication, biological sensing, and quantum computing are discussed. The review aims to deepen understanding and foster interdisciplinary research in this emerging field.

### 704. [Catalyst Enantiomer Purity Regulation Strategy for Accessing Chiral Poly(2-hydroxybutyric-co-glycolic acid) with Tunable Properties](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/catalyst-enantiomer-purity-regulation-strategy-for-accessing-chiral-poly2-hydroxybutyric-co-glycolic-acid-with) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3718-3]
Chiral polymers, characterized by unique stereochemical features, are of significant importance in biomedical and related fields. Understanding their structure-property relationships is crucial for the rational design of functional materials with tailored performances. In this work, we employed a catalyst enantiomer purity regulation strategy to achieve regioselective ring-opening polymerization of chiral monomers. By systematically varying the enantiomer purity of chiral (BisSalen)Al catalysts, we successfully synthesized a series of chiral poly(2-hydroxybutyric-co-glycolic acid) (PHBGA) copolymers with varying regioselectivities and G–G linkage contents. Performance evaluations revealed that these polymers exhibited thermo-mechanical properties closely correlated with their microstructures. Specifically, the glass transition temperature (Tg) and mechanical moduli could be tuned over a wide range by adjusting the catalyst enantiomer purity, which directly influenced the polymer's chain regularity and crystallinity. This study not only provides an effective approach for the controlled synthesis of chiral polymers with tunable regioselectivities but also deepens the understanding of their structure-property relationships, laying a foundation for the development of chiral polymeric materials with on-demand functionalities for diverse applications.

### 705. [Tailoring 2D Assemblies from Anisotropic Hexagons to Chiral Vortices by Modulating Asymmetric Side Chains in Helical Poly(phenylacetylene) Derivatives](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/tailoring-2d-assemblies-from-anisotropic-hexagons-to-chiral-vortices-by-modulating-asymmetric-side-chains-in-h) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3992-y]
Two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibit excellent electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, yet precise control over chiral 2D materials remains a significant challenge. This work introduces asymmetric side chain engineering to prepare helically grooved poly(3,5-disubstituted phenylacetylene)s (PPAs) and investigates the effect of their asymmetric contour on tailoring 2D nanostructures. Post-polymerization modification of a common platform polymer efficiently produced a series of rigid helical PPAs with varying alkyl side chain lengths while maintaining identical degrees of polymerization and distribution. Increasing side chain asymmetry yielded anisotropic hexagonal platelets with progressively higher aspect ratios, whereas symmetric side chains formed regular 2D hexagonal sheets. Notably, the largest side chain asymmetry generated supramolecular structures with distinct chiral vortices. Computational simulations elucidated different self-assembly mechanisms, revealing that vortex-like assemblies are kinetically stabilized rather than thermodynamically stable. All 2D assemblies exhibited significantly enhanced circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) compared to discrete polymer solutions, with dissymmetry factors (g_lum) reaching as high as 0.1. This work establishes side chain asymmetry as a crucial factor for programming supramolecular chirality and opens new avenues for developing advanced chiroptical materials.

### 706. [Circularly Polarized Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence of a Pair of Eu(III) Enantiomers Based on Chiral Phosphine-Oxide Ligands](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/circularly-polarized-photoluminescence-and-electroluminescence-of-a-pair-of-euiii-enantiomers-based-on-chiral) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4105-8]
Chiral europium(III) (Eu(III)) complexes, characterized by their f-f transitions and allowed magnetic dipole transitions, exhibit narrowband emission and superior circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) with high luminescence dissymmetry factors (g_lum), making them promising for circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes (CP-OLEDs) and 3D displays. Here, we report a pair of R/S-Eu(TTA)3DFPO enantiomers, employing β-diketone 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-(2-thenoyl)acetone (TTA) as the main ligand and point-chiral R/S-tert-butyl(6-(diphenylphosphoryl)dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl)(phenyl)phosphine-oxide (R/S-DFPO) as ancillary ligands. In toluene, these enantiomers display characteristic narrowband red emission from the 5D0→7F2 transition of Eu(III), with a maximum emission wavelength of 617 nm, a full width at half maximum of 11 nm, a photoluminescence quantum yield of 43%, and pronounced chiroptical response, evidenced by |g_PL| values of 8.0 × 10^-3 around 590 nm (5D0→7F1 transition). Notably, CP-OLEDs fabricated via vacuum deposition achieve a maximum external quantum efficiency of 4.0% and exhibit obvious circularly polarized electroluminescence with |g_EL| values exceeding 1.0 × 10^-2. These results demonstrate that point-chiral phosphine-oxide ligands provide an effective strategy for achieving coordination-stable chiral Eu(III) complexes for high-performance CP-OLEDs.

### 707. [Chiral Bis- and Multi-Macrocycles Based on Pillararenes: Design Strategies, Chiral Inversion Mechanisms, and Emerging Properties](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chiral-bis-and-multi-macrocycles-based-on-pillararenes-design-strategies-chiral-inversion-mechanisms-and-emerg) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3945-8]
Pillar[n]arenes, macrocyclic hosts with unique pillar-shaped architectures, exhibit dynamic planar chirality arising from restricted rotation of their hydroquinone units. This review summarizes recent advances in constructing chiral bis- and multi-macrocycles by fusing additional rings onto pillararene backbones. These systems serve as privileged platforms for chiral inversion molecular machines, particularly molecular universal joints (MUJs), and for integrating pillararenes with other macrocycles to create chiral platforms with circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). The design strategies, chiral inversion mechanisms, and attractive properties of these materials are discussed, highlighting their potential in chiral recognition, asymmetric catalysis, and chiral luminescent materials.

### 708. [Helical wrapping and charge-transfer driven multi-stranded crystalline helices from a twisted figure-of-eight macrocycle](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/helical-wrapping-and-charge-transfer-driven-multi-stranded-crystalline-helices-from-a-twisted-figure-of-eight) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3830-6]
Controlled fabrication of artificial multiple-stranded helices is central to deciphering chirality complexity and hierarchical self-assembly processes. Inspired by biological helical nanostructures, we designed a twisted figure-of-eight chiral macrocycle (M1) from pyrene and benzene diimide subcomponents to direct hierarchical assembly of double- and quadruple-stranded superhelices. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that M1 undergoes charge-transfer and CH···π interactions-driven helical wrapping, forming right-handed (P) single strands that intertwine into quadruple π-helical superstructures. Crucially, the macrocycle's adaptive cavity and interstitial voids could bind electron-deficient naphthalene diimide (NDI) guests through charge transfer interactions, triggering transformation to left-handed (M) double helices. This structural shift induces helicity inversion and optical anisotropy changes, demonstrating a rare case of crystalline-state multiple-helix conversion with supramolecular chirality inversion. This work establishes a template-free methodology for synthesizing multiple-stranded π-helices and controlling their transformations through supramolecular engineering.

### 709. [Eugenol-based optically active helical polymers: from controlled synthesis to post-polymerization modification and chiral recognition](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/eugenol-based-optically-active-helical-polymers-from-controlled-synthesis-to-post-polymerization-modification) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3913-3]
The depletion of fossil resources necessitates the development of sustainable polymers from renewable feedstocks. Eugenol, a biomass-derived compound, serves as an ideal platform molecule due to its reactive allyl group and rigid aromatic scaffold. This study introduces a chiral Pd/Wei-Phos catalytic system for the helix-selective living polymerization of achiral eugenol-based diazo acetate monomer, delivering helical polycarbenes in high yield with controlled molecular weight (Mn), narrow dispersity (Đ), and optical activity. Post-polymerization functionalization was achieved via thiol-ene click chemistry, enabling efficient incorporation of diverse functional groups (carboxyl, ester, ketone, and diol) with high conversion (>99%). Additionally, an innovative pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionic acid) (PETMP) cross-linked eugenol-based polycarbene system has been constructed. By controlling the polymerization degree and cross-linking density of the polymer, the mechanical properties (tensile strength can reach 15 MPa) of the cross-linked materials can be easily adjusted. Moreover, the cross-linked films exhibit excellent chiral separation ability and can be used for the enantioseparation of enantiomers of various chiral alcohols, with enantiomeric excess (ee) up to 96%. This not only contributes an innovative strategy for designing high-performance functional materials, but also provides inspiring ideas for the development of biomass-derived high-performance materials.

### 710. [Near-infrared and visible dual-band circularly polarized luminescence from chiral hybrid indium halides co-doped with Yb3+ and Sb3+](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/near-infrared-and-visible-dual-band-circularly-polarized-luminescence-from-chiral-hybrid-indium-halides-co-dop) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3956-0]
Chiral organic-inorganic hybrid metal halides (OIHMHs) are multifunctional materials with structural diversity and chiroptical properties. However, current chiral OIHMHs predominantly exhibit circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) in the visible spectrum, while ultraviolet and near-infrared (NIR) CPL remains challenging. Here, we report lead-free chiral zero-dimensional (0D) OIHMHs, (R/S-DACH)2In2Br10:Sb3+/Yb3+ (DACH = 1,2-diaminocyclohexane), featuring spectrally tunable CPL emissions covering visible to NIR regions. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction, circular dichroism, and CPL spectroscopy revealed that robust hydrogen-bonding interactions between organic cations and inorganic emitters are crucial for chirality expression. Sb3+-doped (R/S-DACH)2In2Br10 single crystals exhibited intense broadband emission at 644 nm from the 3P1 to 1S0 transition of Sb3+, achieving a record photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 49.9% (two orders of magnitude higher than pristine crystals) and a luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) of ±7.1×10−3. Notably, Sb3+/Yb3+ co-doped crystals simultaneously generated dual-band CPL at 644 nm (glum = ±2.1×10−2) and 994 nm (glum = ±6.8×10−3), representing an important example of NIR-CPL in OIHMHs. An LED device based on (R-DACH)2In2Br10:2.7%Sb3+ exhibited bright orange emission with a color-rendering index of 78.4 and excellent spectral and operational stabilities. These findings establish a design strategy for broadband CPL and expand applications of chiral metal halides in advanced optoelectronics.

### 711. [Unravel Excited State Chirality Dynamics During Symmetry-Breaking Charge Separation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/unravel-excited-state-chirality-dynamics-during-symmetry-breaking-charge-separation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3784-9]
Symmetry-breaking charge separation (SB-CS) is a fundamental process in natural photosynthesis and holds promise for organic semiconductor applications. However, the influence of SB-CS on excited-state chirality has remained unexplored. Here, we employ femtosecond time-resolved circularly polarized luminescence (TRCPL) and transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy to investigate the excited-state chirality dynamics of a chiral perylenediimide bichromophore (Cy-PDI 2). Our results reveal that the locally excited (LE) state decays to a symmetry-breaking charge-separated (SB-CS) state within 88 ps in tetrahydrofuran (THF), while this process is strongly quenched in toluene (TOL). Time-dependent emission dissymmetry factor g_lum(t) extracted from TRCPL kinetics demonstrates a one-order-of-magnitude enhancement of circularly polarized luminescence after SB-CS, directly reflecting the asymmetry of electron cloud distribution on an ultrafast timescale. This work provides the first direct observation of excited-state chirality evolution during SB-CS and proposes a mechanistic framework. Our findings offer deeper insight into the origin of excited-state chirality, which is crucial for understanding efficient energy transfer, enantiospecific recognition, and asymmetric catalysis in biological and chemical systems.

### 712. [Overcoming the chiroptical activity-photoelectricity trade-off via the construction of multilayered Cs-based chiral-polar perovskite](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/overcoming-the-chiroptical-activity-photoelectricity-trade-off-via-the-construction-of-multilayered-cs-based-c) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3931-6]
Detection of circularly polarized light (CPL) is crucial for advancing next-generation chiral optoelectronic applications, where a large photocurrent dissymmetry factor (g_Iph) is essential for accurate polarization discrimination. Chiral hybrid perovskites (CHPs) have emerged as promising CPL-active materials owing to their intrinsic spin-orbit coupling and chiroptical properties. However, an intrinsic conflict between g_Iph and photocurrent response remains a major bottleneck in current CHP-based devices. Low-dimensional CHPs typically suffer from limited carrier mobility, while multilayered structures improve carrier transport but generally reduce the chiral component, thereby reducing chiroptical activity and g_Iph. Herein, we report a Cs-based multilayered chiral-polar perovskite, (R-β-MPA)PACsPb2Br7 (1R, MPA=methylphenethylammonium, PA=propylammonium). The distinctive chiral-polar photovoltaic effect in 1R benefits spin-selective carrier separation and collection, and the resulting device achieves self-powered CPL detection with a high g_Iph of 0.5 and maintains excellent polarization selectivity even at ultralow light intensities of 62 nW cm−2. Meanwhile, the multilayered framework enables high responsivity of 71 mA W−1 and detectivity of 6×10^12 Jones (1 Jones = 1 cm Hz^(1/2) W−1) even at zero bias. This work provides a rational design strategy to achieve chiral optoelectronic materials with a high dissymmetry factor and photocurrent response.

### 713. [Chiral electronic structures and their visualization in molecules and materials](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chiral-electronic-structures-and-their-visualization-in-molecules-and-materials) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3985-4]
Chiral electronic structures and their visualization in molecules and materials

### 714. [Global Chirality in Pillar-Layered Metal-Organic Frameworks Amplifies Circularly Polarized Luminescence](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/global-chirality-in-pillar-layered-metal-organic-frameworks-amplifies-circularly-polarized-luminescence) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3829-7]
Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is pivotal for advanced photonic applications, yet achieving concurrent high emission efficiency and large dissymmetry factors remains challenging. Here, we report a chiral reticular chemistry strategy to construct homochiral porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as efficient CPL-active materials. By co-assembling enantiopure R/S-binol with achiral luminescent ligands, three pairs of enantiomeric pillar-layered MOFs were synthesized. These frameworks exhibit significantly amplified CPL responses, with |g_lum| values enhanced by up to two orders of magnitude compared to free ligands, reaching levels comparable to state-of-the-art chiral assemblies, while maintaining high photoluminescence efficiencies (Φ_PL up to 67%). Mechanistic investigations reveal that CPL originates primarily from the global chirality of the hierarchical frameworks rather than the intrinsic chirality of the precursors. This work establishes a robust design principle for porous CPL-active materials, offering new insights into chirality transfer and opening avenues to integrate strong luminescence with stable chirality in extended frameworks.

### 715. [Improved circularly polarized electroluminescence achieved using self-assembled aggregation-induced emission active chiral polymer dots](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/improved-circularly-polarized-electroluminescence-achieved-using-self-assembled-aggregation-induced-emission-a) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3650-6]
Aggregation-induced emission active chiral polymer dots (AIE@CPdots) are emerging as high-performance emission layers (EMLs) for circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes (CP-OLEDs) due to their persistent emission stability, high photoluminescence quantum yields, excellent solution processability, facile functionalization, tunable bandgap-governed emission, and superior device processability. However, reports on such systems remain scarce. In this study, a pair of chiral conjugated polymer enantiomers (R/S-PFC) was synthesized via Suzuki polymerization using three monomers: a chiral binaphthalene moiety, a fluorenyl linker, and an AIE-active cyanostyrene dye. After annealing at 110 °C, the resulting R/S-PFC self-assembled into chiral nanoparticles (AIE@CPdots) in a chloroform/n-hexane mixed solvent (9:1 v/v), exhibiting enhanced circularly polarized luminescence with a luminescence dissymmetry factor (|g_lum|) of 4.4 × 10⁻³ at 462 nm. Notably, AIE@CPdots served as the EML in CP-OLEDs, achieving high-performance circularly polarized electroluminescence with an electroluminescence dissymmetry factor (|g_EL|) of 3.0 × 10⁻³ at 464 nm, a maximum luminance (L_max) of 6022 cd m⁻², and a maximum current efficiency (CE_max) of 1.10 cd A⁻¹. This work provides a novel strategy for designing superior EML materials for CP-OLEDs via chiral self-assembled AIE@CPdots.

### 716. [Controlling Supramolecular Chirality and Circularly Polarized Luminescence in Co-Assembled Copolymers via Fluorene-Content Engineering](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/controlling-supramolecular-chirality-and-circularly-polarized-luminescence-in-co-assembled-copolymers-via-fluo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3822-y]
Precise control over supramolecular chirality and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) is achieved through fluorene-content engineering of alkylated fluorene-quinoxaline copolymers. By systematically varying the fluorene ratio, three polymers (F8QX, F8QX-II, F8QX-III) are synthesized and co-assembled with a chiral inducer (R/S-5011). Thermal annealing induces highly ordered, crosslinked superstructures with strong chiroptical activity, where the dissymmetry factor (g_lum) decreases with increasing fluorene content. The optimal system, (F8QX)0.7-(R/S-5011)0.3, achieves a high |g_lum| of 0.52. Structural analyses and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveal that lower fluorene ratios facilitate tighter π–π stacking and more efficient chirality amplification. This system further serves as an excellent host for a narrowband multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter (DBN-ICZ) via Förster resonance energy transfer, yielding ternary co-assemblies with narrowband green emission (FWHM = 25 nm) and strong CPL with g_lum of 0.43. Circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes (CP-OLEDs) based on (F8QX)0.7-(R/S-5011)0.3-(DBN-ICZ)0.005 exhibit yellow circularly polarized electroluminescence with |g_EL| value of 0.12. This work provides a comprehensive strategy integrating molecular design, hierarchical assembly, and energy transfer toward high-performance chiral optoelectronic materials.

### 717. [Circularly polarized light activated chiral molybdenum-doped carbon dots for spatiotemporally synergistic antibacterial strategy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/circularly-polarized-light-activated-chiral-molybdenum-doped-carbon-dots-for-spatiotemporally-synergistic-anti) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3850-3]
Chiral nanomaterials have attracted considerable attention for antibacterial applications due to their unique chiroptical properties. Here, we report a novel spatiotemporally precise synergistic photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) strategy using circularly polarized light (CPL)-activated chiral molybdenum-doped carbon dots (L-Mo-CDs and D-Mo-CDs). These chiral carbon dots were synthesized using chiral tartaric acid as a precursor. Notably, D-Mo-CDs selectively respond to left-handed CPL (LCP), while L-Mo-CDs respond to right-handed CPL (RCP). Under CPL irradiation, D-Mo-CDs exhibit enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and a higher photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to L-Mo-CDs. In vitro antibacterial assays demonstrate that D-Mo-CDs possess excellent bactericidal efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In vivo wound healing studies in a mouse model reveal remarkable therapeutic efficacy, attributed to reduced inflammation, accelerated angiogenesis, and enhanced collagen deposition. This work introduces a paradigm for utilizing chiral carbon dots in precision antibacterial therapy, addressing the limitations of conventional chiral nanomaterials such as poor biocompatibility and low photothermal conversion. The findings underscore the potential of metal-doped chiral carbon dots for advanced biomedical applications, offering a spatiotemporally controllable approach to combat bacterial infections without promoting resistance.

### 718. [Dimensionally Extended Homochiral Metal-Organic Frameworks for Catalysis and Enantioselective Sensing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dimensionally-extended-homochiral-metal-organic-frameworks-for-catalysis-and-enantioselective-sensing) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4046-6]
The deliberate control of framework dimensionality represents a powerful yet underexplored strategy for tailoring the functionality of homochiral metal-organic frameworks (HMOFs). Herein, we report a logical dimensional evolution from 1D and 2D to 3D HMOFs, achieved by tuning the connectivity of the auxiliary ligand. Employing a planar, three-connected ligand, 2,4,6-tri(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (Tpt), together with enantiopure tetracarboxylate of cyclohexane diamide linkers ((1R,2R/1S,2S)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarbonyl bis(azanediyl)diisophthalate) (R,R/S,S-CHCAIP) and Zn2+ salts, a pair of 3D porous HMOFs (P/M-HMOF-5) was successfully constructed. The 3D framework features unique heart-shaped channels and a novel 4-(3,3,3,6)-connected topology. Structural analyses reveal trinuclear Zn3(μ3-O) clusters that, upon activation, generate open metal sites. These Lewis acid sites, synergizing with Lewis basic sites from the framework, confer efficient acid-base bifunctional heterogeneous catalysis for the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolinones in excellent yields (90%–98%). Furthermore, P/M-HMOF-5 serve as highly sensitive and enantioselective fluorescent sensors for amino acids and α-hydroxy carboxylic acids, with the highest discrimination observed for phenylalanine (KBH(D-Phe)/KBH(L-Phe) = 5.85 for M-HMOF-5). This work demonstrates how rational ligand connectivity steers dimensional evolution, enabling the integration of distinct catalytic and sensing functions within a single chiral platform, thereby providing a blueprint for the design of advanced multifunctional materials.

### 719. [Cascade-Controlled Porous Composite Membranes: Pore-Supporting Synergy Enabling High-Flux Enantioseparation of Amino Acids and Pharmaceuticals](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cascade-controlled-porous-composite-membranes-pore-supporting-synergy-enabling-high-flux-enantioseparation-of) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3936-8]
The precise separation of enantiomers is essential for developing effective chiral drugs, yet conventional membranes are constrained by the ubiquitous selectivity-permeability trade-off and low flux, limiting scalable production of single-enantiomer drugs. Herein, we present a cascade reaction strategy integrating Sonogashira-Hagihara coupling and Friedel-Crafts alkylation to fabricate porous conjugated microporous polymer membranes (CCMP-M P1–4/SiO2). This approach enhances specific surface area by 400-fold compared to the product from the Sonogashira-Hagihara coupling reaction alone, creating interconnected porous networks that facilitate mass transport. This hypothesis was confirmed by pore-size gradient experiments, which revealed a critical size-matching effect: matched molecular dimensions enable high-speed mass transfer with 97% enantioselectivity, while mismatch reduces selectivity to 9%, as visualized in a separation performance matrix across four chiral molecules. Precise chiral recognition is programmable via absolute configuration control of chiral monomers, with the mechanism of “preferential adsorption–interfacial enrichment–promoted diffusion” confirmed by static adsorption and density functional theory calculations. This strategy achieves breakthrough performance: Naproxen flux reaches 37 mmol m−2 h−1, surpassing literature values, and enables membrane-based separation of Raceanisodamine (89% selectivity of 6S, 2′S and 6R, 2′R-isomer after cascade enrichment) for the first time. This work provides a new paradigm for designing high-performance chiral separation membranes, facilitating scalable and sustainable production of single-enantiomer drugs.

### 720. [Lewis-Acid Fluorides: Unlocking High-Performance Solid-State Polymer Electrolytes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/lewis-acid-fluorides-unlocking-high-performance-solid-state-polymer-electrolytes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3590-8]
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are promising for safer, high-energy solid-state lithium batteries, yet they suffer from low ionic conductivity (10^-5–10^-6 S/cm) and low lithium-ion transference numbers (t_Li+ ≈ 0.2) due to sluggish Li+ diffusion and incomplete salt dissociation. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) hosts exhibit high crystallinity, restricting conduction to amorphous domains, and a narrow electrochemical stability window (~3.6–3.8 V), limiting compatibility with high-voltage cathodes. This study introduces nanoscale Lewis-acid fluorides (e.g., AlF3, 5–10 wt%) into PEO–LiTFSI to address these limitations. The additive preferentially binds TFSI− anions, enhancing salt dissociation and transference number; disrupts PEO crystallinity, increasing amorphous content and segmental mobility; and forms a LiF-rich interphase that suppresses dendrites and parasitic reactions. Symmetric Li|Li cells with AlF3 cycled >3600 h without short-circuit, versus ~550 h for neat PEO. The approach extends to other polymers (polycarbonates, PVDF-HFP) and metal systems (Na, Zn, Mg), promising room-temperature conductivities beyond 10^-4 S/cm, near-unity cation transport, and dendrite-free cycling. This work establishes Lewis-acid fluorides as a versatile strategy to transform polymer electrolytes into actively engineered media for high-performance solid-state batteries.

### 721. [Dual-mode electrotunable near-infrared chiral organic synaptic photodiodes for intelligent cancer detection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dual-mode-electrotunable-near-infrared-chiral-organic-synaptic-photodiodes-for-intelligent-cancer-detection) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3786-8]
Conventional cancer diagnostic techniques, such as tissue sampling and microscopy, are invasive and prone to misdiagnosis, driving the need for non-invasive, precise alternatives. Chiral biophotonics, exploiting circularly polarized light (CPL), offers unique polarization-selective interactions with biological tissues, enabling higher imaging contrast and molecular-level discrimination. However, current CPL detection technologies are passive and single-mode, lacking dynamic tunability and parallel processing capabilities. Meanwhile, AI-assisted diagnostics rely on separated sensing and computing units, suffering from poor integration and transmission inefficiency. Here, we report a near-infrared (NIR) chiral organic synaptic photodiode with electrically tunable dual-mode operation, enabling simultaneous CPL detection and neuromorphic processing. Under negative bias, the device operates as a highly sensitive CPL detector for chiroptical signal acquisition. Under positive bias, it exhibits history-dependent synaptic behavior with photocurrent dissymmetry factor (g_ph) dynamically tunable up to -0.06. By integrating this device into an optical convolutional neural network (OCNN), we achieved intelligent cancer detection with CPL-based imaging. Experimental results demonstrate that CPL detection accuracy reaches 83%, approaching the theoretical 87%, significantly outperforming natural light detection at 65%. The device enhances image contrast and feature extraction, laying a foundation for intelligent, adaptive diagnostic systems.

### 722. [Efficient photocatalytic Minisci-type cross-coupling over ultra-thin graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/efficient-photocatalytic-minisci-type-cross-coupling-over-ultra-thin-graphitic-carbon-nitride-nanosheet) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3756-5]
Photochemical organic synthesis exploits the distinctive redox properties of excited-state photocatalysts to avoid stoichiometric redox reagents, enabling green and sustainable transformations. However, the conversion efficiency of light-to-chemical energy remains a key bottleneck for large-scale application. Here, we synthesize ultra-thin graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets by regulating precursor types and thermal protocols. In photochemical Minisci-type cross-couplings, this ultra-thin carbon nitride exhibits high catalytic efficiency, achieving rates of 40 mmol g_cat−1 h−1 under LED irradiation and 10.9 mmol g_cat−1 h−1 under natural sunlight. The photocatalyst's high specific surface area (120 m2 g−1) enhances substrate adsorption capacity and accelerates surface electron transfer, boosting photocatalytic efficiency. Furthermore, the material demonstrates excellent recycling stability, and the reaction system was successfully scaled to gram-level, highlighting its potential for industrial applications. This work provides a typical case for solar-driven organic synthesis and inspires further developments in heterogeneous photocatalysis.

### 723. [Constructing built-in electric field in crystalline-amorphous heterostructure bifunctional electrocatalysts for highly efficient overall water splitting at high current density](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/constructing-built-in-electric-field-in-crystalline-amorphous-heterostructure-bifunctional-electrocatalysts-fo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3802-0]
Exploring efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions is key to water electrolysis. However, the inherently slow reaction kinetics of electrocatalysis are constrained by mass transfer limitations and unsuitable adsorption/desorption dynamics. Herein, a Fe-doped-Ni3S2/NiFeCoCeIn oxide hydroxide (FNS/HEOXY) crystalline–amorphous heterostructure electrocatalyst with a large work function difference (ΔΦ) and strong built-in electric field (BEF) is successfully designed and synthesized. Benefiting from the electron transfer behavior from FNS to HEOXY, the FNS/HEOXY shows outstanding catalytic activity for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution, along with ultra-high stability in an alkaline medium at an industrial-level current density. Moreover, the anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) assembled by the FNS/HEOXY requires only a minimal cell voltage of 1.83 V to reach 1 A cm−2 at 80 °C. Both experimental and theoretical results confirm the interfacial charge redistribution induced by the strong BEF, thus finely optimizing the adsorption energy. This work proposes a new design principle toward efficient electrocatalysts for energy conversion.

### 724. [Spatially Decoupled Redox Pathways in 2D/2D g-C3N4/ZnIn2S4 Enable Highly Selective Aerobic Photooxidation of Biomass](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/spatially-decoupled-redox-pathways-in-2d2d-g-c3n4znin2s4-enable-highly-selective-aerobic-photooxidation-of-bio) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3819-7]
Selective solar-driven aerobic oxidation of biomass derivatives into valuable chemicals under ambient conditions is pivotal for sustainable chemical manufacturing but faces challenges from the conflict between O2 activation kinetics and selective C–H bond cleavage. This work demonstrates a spatial decoupling strategy in a precisely-engineered 2D/2D g-C3N4/ZnIn2S4 architecture, where ZnIn2S4 domains selectively activate O2, while adjacent g-C3N4 modulates electron transfer to O2 and tailors 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) binding configuration for selective C–H bond cleavage. This enables efficient selective conversion of HMF to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) via ambient aerobic photooxidation. When used alone, ZnIn2S4 produces mixed reactive oxygen species (·O2−/·OH) due to uncontrolled electron transfer during O2 activation. In-situ spectroscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the 2D/2D heterojunction, driven by its directed electric field, selectively activates O2 into ·O2− at ZnIn2S4 domains while suppressing ·OH generation by moderate electron transfer, mitigating over-oxidation. Adjacent g-C3N4 domains precisely anchor HMF via –OH group interactions, steering selective DFF formation. This spatial decoupling achieves a remarkable HMF-to-DFF photo-conversion rate of 1517.5 μmol g−1 h−1 with 99.4% selectivity under ambient air, outperforming many reported state-of-the-art catalysts and maintaining durable cycling performance. The work establishes a spatial decoupling principle to overcome O2 activation kinetics and site competition thermodynamics, paving the way for advanced catalyst design for sustainable energy and the environment.

### 725. [Single-Stimulus Modulation of Multimodal Circularly Polarized Luminescence in Helical Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/single-stimulus-modulation-of-multimodal-circularly-polarized-luminescence-in-helical-ferroelectric-liquid-cry) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3879-5]
Stimuli-responsive circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials are pivotal for investigating excited-state chirality and advancing optoelectronic applications. However, achieving comprehensive modulation of chiroptical properties within a single system under a single external stimulus remains a significant challenge. Here, electric-field-responsive helical ferroelectric liquid crystals are developed by incorporating diverse chiral emitter dopants into the prototypical liquid crystal mesogen 2,3′,4′,5′-tetrafluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl 2,6-difluoro-4-(5-propyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)benzoate (DIO), known for its high dielectric anisotropy and multiple mesophases. By co-doping different types of chiral molecules with opposite handedness, a competitive chiral field is generated that responds differentially to the applied voltage, enabling continuous modulation of the helical pitch and reversible inversion of handedness. This work provides the integrated demonstration of single-stimulus regulation of on/off gating, magnitude tuning, and reversible sign inversion in a single liquid-crystal system, opening a pathway toward intelligent chiroptical materials.

### 726. [Chiral Afterglow Materials for Imaging: High Dissymmetry Factor and Long Visualization Time via Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Polymers and Inorganic Phosphors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chiral-afterglow-materials-for-imaging-high-dissymmetry-factor-and-long-visualization-time-via-cholesteric-liq) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3928-4]
Circularly polarized afterglow (CPA) materials provide an advanced optical signature to light emission, offering great potential for advanced photonic technologies. However, practical implementation remains challenging due to the lack of satisfactory performance, that is, high luminescence dissymmetry factor (g_CPA), long visualization time, and good processability. Here, we develop processable, full-color CPA materials composed of cholesteric liquid crystal polymers (CLCPs) and inorganic phosphors embedded in polymers, achieving a high g_CPA value of up to 0.74 and a long visualization time of 7 min. The materials are constructed with a bilayer structure comprising CLCPs and inorganic luminophors such as Y2O2S:Eu,Mg,Ti, SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy, and Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu. The CLCPs are synthesized from polymerizable liquid crystal monomer RM257, chiral dopants R/S5011, dipropylamine, photoinitiator Irgacure 651, cross-linker PETMP, and chain extender. The resulting materials exhibit excellent circularly polarized optics, enabling the implementation of circular polarization differential imaging (CPDI), where images are generated by subtracting two images captured through left- and right-handed circularly polarized filters. This work demonstrates the unique application of CPA in imaging, opening a new pathway for the use of purely inorganic solid-state luminophors in chiral functional materials.

### 727. [Decoding the true active site in cobalt single-atom catalysts: pyridinic nitrogen-dominated electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide in acidic media](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/decoding-the-true-active-site-in-cobalt-single-atom-catalysts-pyridinic-nitrogen-dominated-electrosynthesis-of) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3897-6]
Decoding the nature of catalytically active sites is an essential prerequisite for the rational design of catalysts for electrochemical H2O2 synthesis, but faces significant challenges, particularly for controversial cobalt single-atom catalysts (Co SACs). Herein, we report trace Co single-atom sites embedded within pyridinic N-rich carbon nanospheres (Co1-NNH3-C), synthesized via a self-assembly coupled surface-coating strategy. The Co1-NNH3-C catalyst demonstrates remarkable H2O2 selectivity (99%) and activity at current density of −3.5 mA cm−2 in 0.1 M H2SO4. Through a combined approach of molecular probe experiments, surface modification, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we disclose that pyridinic N, rather than Co single atoms, serves as the direct active site for 2e− oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The trace Co (0.05 wt%) indirectly facilitated pyridinic N formation during pyrolysis but exhibits negligible direct catalytic involvement. DFT reveals pyridinic N sites optimize OOH intermediate adsorption (ΔG*OOH = 4.0 eV) and minimize reaction overpotential of 0.20 V, enabling scalable H2O2 production (907.5 mmol gcat−1 h−1). This work redefines the role of trace metal in SACs, providing a paradigm for designing metal-induced carbon catalysts for sustainable electrosynthesis for H2O2.

### 728. [InO6X (X = Cl, Br): Distinct Functional Motif Family for Nonlinear Optical Materials](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ino6x-x-cl-br-distinct-functional-motif-family-for-nonlinear-optical-materials) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3741-3]
Functional motifs are essential microscopic units that govern the second harmonic generation (SHG) response in nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. While nonmetal-centered motifs have been extensively studied, metal-centered motifs with outstanding comprehensive performance remain scarce. Here, we report the successful synthesis of the first seven-coordinated indium oxy-chloride and oxy-bromide polyhedra, InO6X (X = Cl, Br), by leveraging the chelating and structure-directing properties of SeO3 groups. The InO6Br polyhedra exhibit the highest polarization anisotropy and hyperpolarizability among all reported indium oxy-chloride and oxy-bromide groups. Consequently, the first non-centrosymmetric halogenated indium selenites, In2(OH)(SeO3)2Cl (ISOC) and In2(OH)(SeO3)2Br (ISOB), were obtained. Both compounds demonstrate strong SHG intensity exceeding six times that of KDP (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) and wide band gaps greater than 4.0 eV, a combination rarely observed in inorganic selenites. This work presents a viable strategy for developing new NLO functional motifs and offers valuable insights for designing novel SHG materials with enhanced performance.

### 729. [Chiral Supramolecular Helical Nanozymes with Tunable Screw Pitch and Catalytic Enantioselectivity](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chiral-supramolecular-helical-nanozymes-with-tunable-screw-pitch-and-catalytic-enantioselectivity) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3804-7]
Supramolecular helical architectures hold promise for enantioselective catalysis, yet the influence of screw pitch on catalytic performance remains underexplored. Here, we report the construction of right-/left-handed helical nanoribbons (P/M-DAIPA) based on 5-aminoisophthalic acid dimer (DAIPA). Through an alcohol-mediated self-assembly strategy, the average screw pitch was tuned from 360 to 3152 nm. Mechanistic studies revealed that hydrogen-bonding interactions between DAIPA, modulated by alcohol identity and alcohol/water ratios, dictate helical morphology and pitch. Encapsulation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles yielded P-DAIPA-Fe3O4 and M-DAIPA-Fe3O4 nanozymes, which exhibited higher catalytic efficiency toward S-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and R-DOPA, respectively. Notably, catalytic enantioselectivity inversely correlated with screw pitch, achieving selectivity factors from 1.52 to 2.01. Experimental evidence demonstrated that shorter screw pitch enhances adsorption enantioselectivity of R/S-DOPA on the nanozymes, providing mechanistic insight into pitch-dependent asymmetric catalysis. This work deciphers solvent-driven control of supramolecular screw pitch and establishes a framework for engineering chiral nanozymes with tunable enantioselectivity, advancing enantioselective synthesis.

### 730. [Interphasial Li+ flux engineering for uniform lithium deposition toward high-areal-capacity and anode-less lithium metal batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/interphasial-li-flux-engineering-for-uniform-lithium-deposition-toward-high-areal-capacity-and-anode-less-lith) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3834-x]
Lithium metal anodes face critical barriers to practical application due to dendritic growth and interfacial instability, which cause short cycle life and safety hazards. This work introduces a highly stable and ultrahigh-rate lithium metal anode using a lithiophilic Sm2S3-modified carbonaceous host. The in situ formation of a Li2S-reinforced interphase layer enables highly reversible lithium plating/stripping and uniform deposition. The modified anode achieves an ultrahigh rate capability of 20 mA cm−2 and ultralong cycling stability of 7440 cycles with dendrite-free morphology. In a 4.5 V anode-less Li||LiCoO2 cell with an areal capacity of ~1.93 mA h cm−2, the system sustains over 1100 cycles with 87.2% capacity retention under harsh conditions: an ultralow negative-to-positive capacity ratio (N/P) of ~0.26 and lean electrolyte of ~5 g Ah−1. Furthermore, an anode-less pouch cell with an ultrahigh areal capacity of ~6.01 mA h cm−2 delivers superior cycling performance even at an ultra-low N/P ratio of ~0.71 and ultra-lean electrolyte of ~1 g Ah−1, achieving a high energy density of 505 Wh kg−1. This work provides a scalable and effective strategy for advancing reliable, practical lithium metal batteries.

### 731. [Efficient CO2 Electroreduction to Multi-Carbon Products by Nanoconfinement Strategy over Cu Catalyst at Industrial Current Density](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/efficient-co2-electroreduction-to-multi-carbon-products-by-nanoconfinement-strategy-over-cu-catalyst-at-indust) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3818-4]
The electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR) to multi-carbon (C2+) products is of significant interest due to its implications for chemical manufacturing and carbon neutrality. However, the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and sluggish C–C coupling kinetics impede selectivity at industrial current densities. Here, we report an interfacial nanoconfinement strategy using N-(2-acetamido)iminodiacetic acid (ADA) to engineer a series of capping layer-covered Cu catalysts (Cu@ADA-x). A volcano-type correlation between capping layer thickness and C2+ selectivity is observed. The optimized Cu@ADA-m catalyst achieves a maximum Faradaic efficiency for C2+ products (FE C2+) of 86.8% and maintains over 80% of its initial FE C2+ after 42 hours at 200 mA cm−2, with an energy efficiency of 38.5%. In-situ Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the capping architecture stabilizes metastable Cu species and optimizes gas adsorption, enhancing *CO intermediate utilization and lowering C–C coupling energy barriers. This work provides a catalyst design principle for industrial-scale carbon-neutral electrochemical production of multi-carbon products.

### 732. [Nucleation and growth mechanisms of TiB2 particles in copper matrix composites prepared by melt dispersion-turbulent mixing in-situ reaction method](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nucleation-and-growth-mechanisms-of-tib2-particles-in-copper-matrix-composites-prepared-by-melt-dispersion-tur) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3993-y]
Conventional liquid-phase in-situ synthesis of Cu-TiB2 composites often suffers from coarse and non-uniformly distributed reinforcements, stemming from insufficient understanding and control over the in-situ nucleation and growth mechanisms of TiB2 particles. This study introduces a novel melt dispersion-turbulent mixing (MDTM) in-situ reaction technology to fabricate high-performance Cu-TiB2 composites. The MDTM strategy synergistically refines reaction micro-regions by reducing the initial melt droplet size via melt dispersion while enhancing solute convection via turbulence, promoting high-density nucleation and refinement of TiB2 particles. Based on turbulence characteristics and in-situ reaction kinetics, we optimized the melt disperser parameters and established a quantitative model linking particle size to disperser rotation speed and reactant solute concentration. It was found that disperser rotation speed governs three distinct nucleation and growth mechanisms for TiB2 particles. Low-density nucleation at low disperser rotation speeds (0–50 r/min) leads to coarse TiB2 particles. At medium rotation speeds (100–150 r/min), the refinement of micro-regions in the dual-melt reaction achieves high-density TiB2 nucleation. Conversely, at high rotation speeds (150–200 r/min), intense turbulence weakens the nucleation driving force and induces TiB2 particle coarsening. This work provides new insights into liquid-phase in-situ reaction mechanisms and offers a novel, controllable route for fabricating high-performance micro/nano particle-reinforced metal matrix composites.

### 733. [Lesion-targeted probiotic delivery via ROS-activated gelation and mucoadhesion for transanal treatment of colitis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/lesion-targeted-probiotic-delivery-via-ros-activated-gelation-and-mucoadhesion-for-transanal-treatment-of-coli) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3798-x]
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the colorectal mucosa, where conventional enema therapies suffer from poor retention and limited inflammation modulation. Here, we report a highly fluid probiotic-containing enema solution (s-BSA-Fe+EcN) integrating bovine serum albumin (BSA), Fe2+, and probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN). The solution's high fluidity enables comprehensive coverage of irregular colorectal mucosa. Upon encountering reactive oxygen species (ROS)-rich inflamed lesions, Fe2+ mediates H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl radical generation, triggering BSA crosslinking and in situ gelation into a conformal hydrogel (h-BSA-Fe+EcN). This targeted adhesion mitigates oxidative damage to host tissues and preserves probiotic viability. In a porcine model, endoscopic imaging confirmed inflammation-targeted gelation in vivo. In a dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse colitis model, h-BSA-Fe+EcN demonstrated excellent therapeutic efficacy, reducing disease activity index and restoring colonic architecture. This strategy addresses the dual challenges of fluid perfusion and rapid ROS-responsive gelation, offering an advanced transanal treatment for UC.

### 734. [Asymmetric interchain interaction enables stable all-solid-state PEO-based Li batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/asymmetric-interchain-interaction-enables-stable-all-solid-state-peo-based-li-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3717-6]
Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based all-solid-state polymer electrolytes (SPEs) hold significant promise for high-specific-energy and high-safety Li batteries, yet suffer from poor mechanical robustness and low Li+-conducting efficiency. Aramid nanofibers (ANFs), with exceptional mechanical strength and abundant intramolecular/intermolecular interactions, are effective additives, but their strictly symmetric interchain interactions generate a highly ordered hydrogen-bond network, producing inert aggregates that compromise electrolyte stability. Here, we construct a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-mediated asymmetric interaction between ANF chains. PEG chains introduce weaker H-bonding acceptor sites, higher steric hindrance, and abundant lithiophilic groups, simultaneously disrupting strong symmetric ANF-ANF interactions and creating rapid Li-ion channels. The resulting electrolyte maintains excellent mechanical properties (yield stress of 3.25 MPa) and enables stable cycling of Li||Li symmetric cells for over 1600 h with low polarization voltage. In LCO||Li cells, the electrolyte achieves a capacity retention of 82.7% after 300 cycles at 1 C, markedly higher than the unmodified counterpart (35.5%). This synergistic optimization of interfacial compatibility and mechanical performance demonstrates a practical route toward safe, high-energy-density all-solid-state polymer batteries.

### 735. [Directional Micro-Grooved Fibers with Theoretical Infinite-Length Toward Liquid Self-Transport](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/directional-micro-grooved-fibers-with-theoretical-infinite-length-toward-liquid-self-transport) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3814-2]
Micro-structured surfaces have attracted increasing attention due to their great potential applications. However, it is still a challenge to continuously fabricate micro-structured surfaces based on thermoplastics by a facile, low-cost, and environmentally-friendly method. Herein, with the help of the extrusion molding method and an elaborately designed mold, micro-grooved fiber (MGF) based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) is continuously prepared. Theoretically, infinitely long MGFs with feature sizes down to a few microns can be efficiently fabricated because of the continuous fabrication characteristic of the melt extrusion method. Interestingly, left- and right-handed micro-grooves with different helix angles can be produced by applying twisting at the die exit, and the macroscopically MGF springs can be further fabricated via a self-designed three-dimensional helical enwind device. By regulating wettability, MGF can achieve liquid self-transport on predefined paths. In addition, MGF fabric exhibits rapid evaporation behavior, whose evaporation rate is about 4 times higher than that of the Smooth fiber (SMF) fabric and 2 times higher than that of the most popular commercial quick-drying fabric (i.e., Cool-max fabric). This work proposes a facile and environmentally-friendly method for continuously preparing low-cost and flexible MGF, opening a new pathway to develop fiber-based microfluidic systems following the concept of "functionalized processing for thermoplastics".

### 736. [MOF-Based Hierarchical Bilayer Membranes for Radiative Evaporative Cooling in Fruit Preservation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mof-based-hierarchical-bilayer-membranes-for-radiative-evaporative-cooling-in-fruit-preservation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3933-9]
The global cold chain consumes vast amounts of energy and emits greenhouse gases, while many regions lack proper refrigeration. To address this, we developed a dual-layer electrospun membrane (PZ-PML) for energy-free fruit preservation. The top PVDF-HFP/ZIF-8 layer offers 97.64% solar reflectance and 92.5% mid-infrared emissivity, providing 70 W/m2 radiative cooling. The bottom PAN/MIL-101/LiCl layer, with 2.18 g/g water uptake at 80% RH, delivers ~156 W/m2 evaporative cooling, lowering surface temperature by 6.1 °C under ~400 W/m2 irradiation. The membrane also shows ≥99% antibacterial efficiency against E. coli and S. aureus. Applied to strawberries, it reduced dehydration to 20.2% after 9 days, compared to 68.2% and 74.4% in controls. Additionally, it demonstrates durability, superhydrophobicity, and UV stability. This scalable solution offers energy-free fruit cooling, reducing postharvest losses while maintaining quality and safety.

### 737. [Achieving high thermoelectric performance in n-type polycrystalline SnSe via carrier mobility enhancement](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/achieving-high-thermoelectric-performance-in-n-type-polycrystalline-snse-via-carrier-mobility-enhancement) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3750-6]
SnSe is a promising thermoelectric material for medium-temperature applications due to its ultralow lattice thermal conductivity. However, the poor electrical conductivity of n-type polycrystalline SnSe significantly hinders its practical application. Here, we propose a dual-functional strategy employing InBr3 doping to synergistically enhance electrical transport while suppressing lattice thermal conductivity. For the first time, we demonstrate the successful construction of a Br-enriched conductive network within the SnSe matrix. The incorporation of In3+ and Br− introduces high-density charge carriers, while Br forms percolative conductive networks, resulting in a remarkable enhancement of carrier mobility to ~20.64 cm2 V−1 s−1. Simultaneously, the lattice thermal conductivity is substantially reduced to ~0.25 W m−1 K−1 through the formation of multi-scale defects, including dislocations and Br-rich nanowires, which effectively enhance phonon scattering. As a result, we achieve a peak figure of merit of ZT ~1.41 at 823 K, with an average figure of merit of ~0.42 over the temperature range of 323–823 K. This work provides a universal paradigm for decoupling electron-phonon interactions in thermoelectric materials, offering new insights for the optimization of thermoelectric performance.

### 738. [Au@TiN Hybrid Nanostructures with Geometric, Compositional, and Optical Tunability](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/autin-hybrid-nanostructures-with-geometric-compositional-and-optical-tunability) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3833-1]
Developing plasmonic nanomaterials with compositions beyond noble metals is crucial for expanding their applications. Transition metal nitrides, such as titanium nitride (TiN), exhibit excellent plasmonic optical properties and photothermal conversion efficiency, showing promise in catalysis, photothermal therapy, and seawater desalination. However, the structure-property relationship governing their plasmonic optical properties remains unclear. Here, we constructed Au@TiN core-shell nanostructures and systematically investigated the tunability of their geometry, composition, and optical properties. By varying the Au core size and TiN shell thickness, we achieved precise control over the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) from visible to near-infrared wavelengths. Single-particle scattering spectroscopy revealed distinct plasmon hybridization modes, with experimental spectra matching theoretical simulations. The Au@TiN nanostructures exhibited enhanced photothermal conversion efficiency (η = 78.5%) under 808 nm laser irradiation, significantly outperforming pure TiN nanoparticles (η = 45.2%). This work demonstrates multi-factor control over plasmonic effects in TiN, providing insights for designing TiN-based plasmonic nanomaterials for catalysis and sensing.

### 739. [Photocleavable Gel Platforms for Time-Gated Information Encryption and Decryption](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/photocleavable-gel-platforms-for-time-gated-information-encryption-and-decryption) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3801-1]
Traditional phase transition gel platforms face significant challenges in achieving time-gated information encryption and decryption. Here, we report a photocleavable gel that enables time-gated information encryption and decryption, enhancing information storage security. The gel is synthesized by copolymerization of hydrophobic ortho-nitrobenzyl acrylate (NA) and acrylamide. Upon ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hydrophobic NA units partially cleave to yield orange-colored o-nitrosobenzaldehyde (NSBA) molecules and hydrophilic acrylic acid groups, altering local color and hydrophilicity. Information is spatially encoded using a photomask. The written information is encrypted by dissolving NSBA molecules in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Upon aqueous immersion, differential hydrophilicity between irradiated and non-irradiated zones triggers localized phase separation, facilitating decryption. Notably, photolysis kinetics is time-gated, ensuring decryption only within a specific time window in water. This method surpasses traditional gel constraints, offering a novel paradigm for secure information storage.

### 740. [Functional Micro-Defect Modified Plasma-Induced Physical Unclonable Function Wrinkle Labels Exhibiting Dual-Mode Luminescence and Angle-Tunable Structural Colors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/functional-micro-defect-modified-plasma-induced-physical-unclonable-function-wrinkle-labels-exhibiting-dual-mo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3752-0]
Counterfeit products have become widespread, necessitating advanced anti-counterfeiting solutions. Inspired by random wrinkles on peanut surfaces, we propose a biologically physical unclonable function (PUF) label with all-optical anti-counterfeiting. Using spatially selective plasma etching, a single-material random wrinkling strategy overcomes limitations of traditional double-layer wrinkling, such as low entropy and complex processes, enabling selective wrinkling in fixed areas. Innovative introduction of dual-modal luminescent micron defects in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films enables orthogonal control and coordination of the frequency domain of unpredictable wrinkles at the mesoscopic scale, promoting transition from long-range anisotropy to short-range isotropy. Verification requires only simple optical equipment, providing cost-effectiveness and ease of detection. This anti-counterfeiting system incorporates three collaborative security mechanisms: (i) high-entropy PUF encoded wrinkle fingerprints, (ii) angle-sensitive Bragg-like structural colors, and (iii) spatially segmented dual-mode fluorescence. The label exhibits near-ideal cryptographic properties: uniformity close to 0.5, Shannon entropy close to 1, Hamming distance approximately 0.5, and robust environmental stability (similarity >84% after storage at 2°C and 50°C for 48 h). Plasma parameter modulation enables continuous tuning of wrinkle wavelength from 6.1 to 25.0 μm. The system's straightforward preparation, portable verification, and anti-spoofing capabilities position it for real-world applications in secure packaging, high-value product labels, and smart encryption, with potential extension to flexible electronics and wearable security systems.

### 741. [Function block combination in light-driven cholesteric liquid crystal elastomer actuator](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/function-block-combination-in-light-driven-cholesteric-liquid-crystal-elastomer-actuator) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3742-5]
Nematic liquid crystal elastomers (NLCEs) exhibit excellent mechanical properties and diverse deformation modes, while cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers (CLCEs) as photonic crystals (PCs) possess superior optical performance and intelligent response characteristics. Combining these two elastomers into a monolithic material is a challenging yet promising endeavor. Here, we designed and synthesized a new diselenide-bonded molecule (DSeAc), whose lower bond energy between selenium atoms endows it with excellent bond exchange ability. Consequently, two LCE matrices containing DSeAc molecules can achieve seamless bonding under mild conditions via dynamic diselenide bond exchange. By integrating a CLCE film and an NLCE actuator into a monolithic film, we enable the integration of two functional components, whose functional characteristics can be tailored as required. This function block combination strategy offers a promising pathway for developing smart materials with complex functions, showing great potential in information storage, anti-counterfeiting, and biomimetics.

### 742. [Multifunctional Molecule-Aided Intercalation of Metal Ions into Graphene Oxide Membrane for CO2 Capture](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multifunctional-molecule-aided-intercalation-of-metal-ions-into-graphene-oxide-membrane-for-co2-capture) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3835-0]
The development of high-performance CO2 separation membranes is critical for advancing carbon capture technologies. Two-dimensional (2D) material membranes, with tunable interlayer nanochannels functionalized by nanomaterials (e.g., metal ions), are promising for CO2 capture. However, achieving uniform nanomaterial distribution without compromising separation performance remains a challenge. Here, we propose a multifunctional molecular immobilization strategy to fabricate a metal ion intercalated graphene oxide (GO) membrane with enhanced CO2 capture performance. The multifunctional molecule sodium p-aminobenzenesulfonate (SPABS) enables in situ and uniform distribution of Na+ in the interlayer channels of the GO membrane. The amino groups of SPABS undergo nucleophilic addition reactions with epoxy groups on GO sheets, resulting in stable interlayer channels. Meanwhile, the hydrophilic sulfonic acid groups enhance water adsorption capacity in the GO interlayer channels, synergizing with Na+ to form active sites that facilitate fast and selective transport of CO2 over N2. The resulting membrane exhibits enhanced CO2 capture performance. A large-sized membrane (15 cm × 20 cm) fabricated by scalable blade-casting shows reproducible performance. This work provides insights and a tool for tailoring nanochannels of 2D material membranes for molecular separation.

### 743. [Supramolecular Damping Materials with High Energy Dissipation and High Toughness Derived from Side-Chain-Mediated Hydrogen Bonds](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/supramolecular-damping-materials-with-high-energy-dissipation-and-high-toughness-derived-from-side-chain-media) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3768-8]
Damping materials are critical for mitigating vibrations and noise across various frequencies by converting mechanical energy into thermal energy. However, achieving a simultaneous high damping capacity and high toughness remains a formidable challenge. Here, we report a supramolecular polymer (SMP) that integrates high damping and toughness through the synergistic action of dynamic hydrogen bonds and side-chain relaxation. The polymer exhibits exceptional mechanical properties: a Young's modulus of 47.08 MPa, elongation at break of 605%, and toughness of 15.24 MJ m−3. The dynamic hydrogen bonds confer dual responsiveness to strain rate and temperature, with a 6.7-fold variation in Young's modulus under different stretching rates and a five-order-of-magnitude change in storage modulus across a temperature range. Under mechanical force, the interpenetrating side chains undergo mutual friction, enabling repetitive energy dissipation. This mechanism yields superior damping ability with a loss factor (tanδ) of 1.6 at 1 Hz, demonstrating outstanding performance in vibration absorption and noise reduction. The material's design offers a promising strategy for developing high-performance damping materials that balance energy dissipation and mechanical robustness, suitable for applications in wearable electronics, protective equipment, and structural vibration control.

### 744. [Azobenzene/UV absorber dual-protected thermochromic elastomeric fibers toward enhanced light-resistance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/azobenzeneuv-absorber-dual-protected-thermochromic-elastomeric-fibers-toward-enhanced-light-resistance) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3766-0]
Leuco dye-based thermochromic fibers suffer from poor light fastness, limiting their cyclability. Here, a hydrogen bond dissociation/structural isomerization-based dual ultraviolet (UV)-shielding strategy is proposed to develop enhanced light-resistant thermochromic elastomer fibers (Azo/TCM@Abs/TPU) employing UV absorbers and 4-dodecyloxyazobenzene (C12-Azo) through a coaxial wet-spinning process. The integration of UV absorbers and C12-Azo enhances UV protection, effectively blocking nearly the entire UV spectrum. The light fastness of Azo/TCM@Abs/TPU has been improved to Grades 3–4, enabling a stable thermochromic function to withstand several months of sunlight exposure. Additionally, the absorbed UV light is stored as chemical energy within C12-Azo via trans-to-cis photoisomerization. This stored energy can be released as heat on demand. The coaxial dual-protection concept using photoisomerization offers an efficient method to enhance light resistance in thermochromic fibers.

### 745. [Ultra-robust Y-doped hafnium oxide ferroelectric memristors for intelligent edge computing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ultra-robust-y-doped-hafnium-oxide-ferroelectric-memristors-for-intelligent-edge-computing) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3817-3]
The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data-driven edge intelligence applications has created an urgent demand for highly efficient computing hardware. Ferroelectric memristors have emerged as promising candidates for edge hardware due to their multi-level conductance tunability and high integration potential. In this work, we fabricated yttrium-doped hafnium oxide (YHO) memristors with a remanent polarization of ~30 μC/cm2, a multi-level resistive state retention time of approximately 10^5 s, and an endurance of up to 10^9 cycles. Based on this device, we constructed a real-time path-tracking system for intelligent vehicles—which achieves 100% path recognition accuracy—and a traffic sign denoising network optimized for hardware mapping via a hierarchical mixed-precision quantization strategy; this network yields denoised images with a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 27.04 and a structural similarity index measure (SSIM) of 0.80. This work paves an innovative pathway for the practical application of hafnium-based ferroelectric memristors, accelerating the development of highly efficient hardware for edge intelligence.

### 746. [Antimicrobial Peptide Microneedles with Endogenous ROS-Generating Capacity for the Treatment of Anaerobic Propionibacterium acnes Infection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/antimicrobial-peptide-microneedles-with-endogenous-ros-generating-capacity-for-the-treatment-of-anaerobic-prop) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3812-5]
Anaerobic bacterial infections, prevalent in oxygen-deprived tissues, are recalcitrant to conventional antibiotics due to slow bacterial metabolism and the generation of nutrient-rich niches that foster polymicrobial biofilms. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a skin commensal, exemplifies this challenge, causing acne vulgaris and implant-associated infections, with rising antibiotic resistance. This study introduces an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), WRK (sequence: WRKFRRFKFRW-NH2), which induces endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in anaerobic bacteria, exploiting their inherent low ROS tolerance. WRK exhibited potent antibacterial activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 μg mL−1 against planktonic P. acnes and a minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of 64 μg mL−1. To enable dermal delivery, WRK was encapsulated in layered dissolving microneedles (MNs), which demonstrated adequate mechanical strength for skin penetration. In a mouse back acne model, AMP MNs significantly reduced P. acnes infection and inflammation, outperforming commercial clindamycin gel. Histological analysis confirmed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue hyperplasia in the AMP MN group. This strategy offers a promising approach for treating anaerobic infections without promoting drug resistance, addressing a critical unmet need in clinical dermatology and implant surgery.

### 747. [Intrinsic Cyclic Boron Dipyrromethene Nanoparticles with Tumor-Activated Disassembly for Enhanced Phototherapeutic Stability and Efficacy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/intrinsic-cyclic-boron-dipyrromethene-nanoparticles-with-tumor-activated-disassembly-for-enhanced-phototherape) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3826-9]
Cyclic molecular architectures offer unparalleled functional diversity and assembly advantages, holding significant promise for applications in nanomedicine. Here, we propose a cyclic molecular engineering strategy designed to address the hydrophobicity of organic dyes while simultaneously enhancing their phototherapeutic efficacy. Through esterification of the boron dipyrromethene (BDP) core with adipic acid (CB-c) or dithiodiacetic acid (CB-s), we developed self-assembling nanoparticles (NPs) with exceptional colloidal stability (>60 d) and microenvironment-responsive dissociation. CB-s NPs exhibited unique antiparallel dimeric packing in crystallographic studies, enabling robust H-aggregation. The redox-sensitive disulfide bonds in CB-s NPs conferred tumor-selective disassembly (90% dissociation within 30 h), facilitating spatiotemporally controlled therapeutic activation. In vivo studies demonstrated superior synergistic photodynamic/photothermal therapy (PDT/PTT) efficacy, achieving 92% tumor suppression. This work establishes cyclic architecture-driven supramolecular organization as a paradigm-shifting approach for developing multifunctional nanomaterials.

### 748. [Acceptor Planarization and Donor Rotation Strategy Balances Radiation and Nonradiation Decay for Achieving Highly Efficient Phototheranostic Agents](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/acceptor-planarization-and-donor-rotation-strategy-balances-radiation-and-nonradiation-decay-for-achieving-hig) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3763-9]
Developing near-infrared (NIR) organic phototheranostic agents with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is crucial for precise diagnosis and synchronous cancer treatment by regulating excited-state energy dissipation. However, the distorted molecular configuration of AIE systems poses a challenge to achieving both high fluorescence quantum yield (QY) and large molar extinction coefficient (ε). Herein, a series of donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) AIE small molecules with bright NIR emission and high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) were developed through an acceptor planarization and donor rotation molecular engineering strategy. Upon encapsulation into water-dispersible nanoparticles (NPs), SVD NPs exhibited strong molar absorptivity (ε = 3.92 × 10^4 M^-1 cm^-1), high QY of 4%, and improved photothermal performance (PCE × ε = 2.2 × 10^4), enabling effective NIR fluorescence imaging-guided phototherapy for successful ablation of subcutaneous tumors. This study offers valuable insights into the simultaneous enhancement of bright NIR luminescence and exceptional photothermal performance in AIE phototheranostic agents, propelling advancements in tumor diagnosis and treatment.

### 749. [Research Progress on Recycling Technologies for Retired Photovoltaic Modules](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-recycling-technologies-for-retired-photovoltaic-modules) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509078]
The rapid expansion of photovoltaic (PV) installations and the impending retirement of early-stage modules have made the recycling of end-of-life PV modules an urgent issue. This review systematically examines the types and structures of retired PV modules, with a focus on crystalline silicon (c-Si) and thin-film technologies. It critically evaluates the principles, processes, and pros and cons of physical, chemical, pyrolysis, biological, combined, and emerging methods for recovering c-Si modules. The current status of silicon, metal, and valuable component recovery processes is summarized. For thin-film modules, the core technologies for recovering valuable components via pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, biological, and novel approaches are analyzed in depth. Results indicate that conventional methods (physical, chemical, pyrolysis) remain dominant but suffer from high energy consumption, pollution, and chemical usage. Emerging technologies such as biological and green leaching are identified as key research directions, though they face challenges of low technical maturity and high costs. Finally, policy orientations and existing challenges are discussed, and future development directions are proposed, providing significant guidance for the sustainable and large-scale green development of the PV industry.

### 750. [Comparative Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Recyclables from Municipal Solid Waste](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/comparative-analysis-of-greenhouse-gas-emission-factors-for-recyclables-from-municipal-solid-waste) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509051]
Recyclables constitute a significant fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) and hold substantial potential for resource utilization and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction, contributing to carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals. However, reported GHG emission factors (EFs) for various recyclables vary widely across databases and literature, ranging from -19,110 to -125 kgCO2-eq·t⁻¹, with significant differences both among categories and within the same category, complicating accurate accounting. This study systematically integrates literature data on EFs for different recyclable categories, focusing on identifying factors causing intra-category variability. Data were collected from global databases (ecoinvent, WARM, CPCD, NAEI) and peer-reviewed studies over the past two decades, normalized to a functional unit of 1 tonne of recyclable. Statistical analysis (mean ± standard deviation) provided reference ranges for each category. Results show paper recyclables EFs range from -3,140 to 270 kgCO2-eq·t⁻¹, with corrugated cardboard and writing paper exhibiting higher absolute values than packaging paper due to structural strength and resource value. Plastic recyclables EFs range from -3,096 to -566 kgCO2-eq·t⁻¹, with EPS showing the highest reduction potential, followed by PET and PVC, then HDPE, LDPE, PP, and other plastics. Key influencing factors include functional unit definition, accounting scenario, system boundary, electricity emission factor selection, and calculation assumptions. The study recommends selecting EFs matching the specific accounting scenario and performing error analysis. Data gaps remain for LDPE, EPS, and other plastics, necessitating further experimental or field data. To enhance accuracy, calibration methods such as process-level and life-cycle inventory data calibration are proposed. This work provides a scientific basis for EF selection and calibration in GHG accounting of recyclables.

### 751. [Recycling Pathways and Carbon Benefit Reconfiguration of Decommissioned Wind Turbine Blades](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/recycling-pathways-and-carbon-benefit-reconfiguration-of-decommissioned-wind-turbine-blades) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509039]
Under the dual-carbon strategic goal, China's wind power installed capacity continues to grow rapidly, making the low-carbon recycling of decommissioned wind turbine blades increasingly prominent. This study systematically reviews material recovery pathways, policy support systems, and life-cycle carbon benefits of decommissioned blades. It first analyzes regional distribution and unit characteristics of wind power installations, identifying differentiated challenges in dismantling, transportation, and reuse across regions. Subsequently, it compares mechanical/physical, pyrolysis, chemical, and combined recycling technologies. Results show that mechanical/physical methods are low-cost but yield fiber retention rates of only 10%–78%; pyrolysis has reached industrial scale but exhibits high carbon emission intensity; chemical methods achieve higher fiber retention (55%–96%) with potential carbon reduction advantages; combined methods overcome single-technology limitations, achieving fiber retention exceeding 95%, demonstrating potential for high-value utilization and low-carbonization. At the policy level, China has proposed a two-stage target: initially establishing a blade recycling responsibility mechanism by 2025 and forming industrial clusters by 2030, with gradual improvements in standards and incentives. Life-cycle assessment indicates that wind power has slightly higher global warming potential (GWP) than photovoltaics, but its emissions are mainly concentrated in component manufacturing; if efficient recycling is achieved, wind power could surpass photovoltaics in full life-cycle carbon benefits. In summary, promoting efficient recycling and policy coordination for decommissioned wind turbine blades can achieve dual benefits of resource recycling and carbon reduction, providing strong support for reconstructing a sustainable renewable energy development paradigm.

### 752. [Heat-Shrinkable Thermoplastic Films Enable Universal Conformal Electronics via Semi-Liquid Metal Circuits](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/heat-shrinkable-thermoplastic-films-enable-universal-conformal-electronics-via-semi-liquid-metal-circuits) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4041-1]
Conformal electronics that seamlessly adhere to three-dimensional (3D) surfaces are critical for wearable devices, bio-integrated sensing, and human-machine interfaces. However, existing methods—such as in-situ printing on curved surfaces or planar fabrication followed by lamination—struggle with high costs, complex motion control, or poor adhesion on irregular geometries. Here, we highlight a recent breakthrough by Jiang et al. (Nature Electronics, 2026) that employs heat-shrinkable thermoplastic films to achieve precise conformal mapping of electronic circuits onto arbitrary 3D surfaces. The method involves printing a semi-liquid-metal composite ink—comprising silver-coated copper particles dispersed in eutectic gallium-indium alloy (EGaIn)—onto pre-stretched polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films. Upon heating to approximately 70 °C, the film shrinks, generating compressive strain that drapes the circuit onto the target substrate. The composite ink maintains metal-level conductivity (9.5×10^6 S m^-1) and exhibits roughly doubled viscosity relative to neat EGaIn, preventing fracture and agglomeration during shrinkage. A poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMA) interfacial layer ensures stable adhesion. Finite element simulation enables pre-deformation pattern design, accurately predicting post-shrinkage layouts. The process is rapid (~5 s) and simple, successfully conforming to diverse surfaces including ceramics, metals, fruit peels, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and wet wood, with minimal resistance change. This strategy departs from reliance on intrinsic material stretchability, offering a cost-effective, universal route for conformal electronics with broad application potential in healthcare, environmental sensing, and intelligent interaction.

### 753. [Ion Association in Nanoconfinement for Precision Separation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ion-association-in-nanoconfinement-for-precision-separation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3868-y]
Selective ion transport in spatial confinement is central to environmental and energy sustainability, including desalination, energy conversion, and resource recovery. While biomimetic nanochannel membranes often rely on size exclusion or fixed ion-channel interactions, real-world separation systems involve multicomponent ionic mixtures where ion-ion interactions, such as dynamic pairing and competition, play a decisive yet underexplored role. Pan and coworkers address this gap by developing a functionalized membrane enabling dynamic manipulation of ion-ion interactions triggered by external ionic stimuli, achieving precise and reversible control over target ion transport. The membrane is constructed from aligned MXene nanosheets functionalized with γ-PGA through covalent and hydrogen bonding, establishing well-defined spatial confinements and adjacent amino and carboxyl groups that serve as anion-cation binding sites. This design enhances ion-pair formation, yielding ion selectivity and stimulus-responsive performance rivalling biological channels. Notably, when K+ and Mg2+ co-permeate, anions preferentially associate with K+ within the nanochannel, disrupting Mg2+ transport despite Mg2+'s higher affinity for channel walls. The MLM–γ-PGA membrane exhibits uniform channel architecture and remarkable aqueous stability. Ion transport characterization using a U-shaped diffusion cell with chloride salt solutions shows that with 0.2 M MgCl2 feed, Mg2+ permeation rate is 3.16 × 10−3 mol m−2 h−1. Introducing 0.2 M KCl suppresses Mg2+ permeation by two orders of magnitude to 3.2 × 10−5 mol m−2 h−1, with full reversibility over multiple cycles. This work highlights the potential of exploiting ion-ion interactions in nanoconfinement for precision separation.

### 754. [Three-dimensional microchannel design redefines strain-insensitive multifunctional liquid metal yarns](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/three-dimensional-microchannel-design-redefines-strain-insensitive-multifunctional-liquid-metal-yarns) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3720-2]
The emergence of smart textiles and wearable electronics demands conductive fibers that maintain stable electrical performance under dynamic mechanical deformation. Conventional conductive yarns, based on carbon nanomaterials, metallic coatings, or hybrids, suffer from a trade-off between conductivity and stretchability, often exhibiting resistance fluctuations or failure under strain. Liquid metals (LM) offer high conductivity and intrinsic deformability but suffer from interfacial instability, such as dewetting and leakage, without structural guidance. This work presents a hierarchical design strategy integrating capillary-guided infiltration and interfacial anchoring of LM within yarn microstructures. Electrospun poly(styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene) (SBS) microfibers onto commercial spandex (PU) yarns create a porous base with three-dimensional microchannels. These channels are functionalized with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to enhance wettability and provide reactive sites for alloying with LM. Upon immersion, LM is drawn into the porous network via capillary action, forming stable intermetallic bonds (Ag9In4 and AgIn2) with the AgNP-modified fibers. Encapsulation with a second SBS layer yields the final SBS-LM/Ag-SBS (SLMAS) yarn. The resulting yarns exhibit exceptional electrical conductivity, with resistance as low as 0.082 Ω/cm at an LM loading of 6.88 mg/cm. They demonstrate strain-invariant performance, long-term durability, and functional convergence, supporting Joule heating and electrochromic display within a single fiber. Joule heating tests show a temperature rise from 86.4 to 122.7°C, following Ohm's and Joule's law. Integration of thermochromic microcapsules enables voltage-triggered color change, laying groundwork for electrothermally responsive textiles. Challenges remain in material costs, multi-step fabrication, and durability under environmental stressors. This work establishes a new paradigm for stretchable fiber electronics, reconciling conductivity with extreme mechanical compliance.

### 755. [Re-entrant Phase Behavior of Organic Semiconductors: A Thermodynamic Framework for Designing Stable Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/re-entrant-phase-behavior-of-organic-semiconductors-a-thermodynamic-framework-for-designing-stable-non-fullere) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3735-x]
The stability of organic solar cells (OSCs) is a critical bottleneck for their commercialization. This study introduces a low-free-energy, two-state (LF-TSB) model to describe the re-entrant phase behavior observed in blends of small molecule acceptors (SMAs) and semiconducting polymers. The model integrates molecular rigidity (glass transition temperature, T_g), side-chain architecture (effective monomeric volume), and molecular symmetry (configurational entropy) to predict phase diagrams. Experimental validation using SMA:polymer blends demonstrates that suppressed driving force for phase separation, achieved by modulating these molecular parameters, leads to superior thermal stability. For instance, blends with reduced molecular rigidity and optimized side-chain volume exhibit stable morphology over extended thermal stress. The model also explains the re-entrant phase transition, where a homogeneous blend becomes unstable at intermediate temperatures but re-stabilizes at higher temperatures, enabling multi-step annealing strategies to trap beneficial morphological states. While the LF-TSB model shows predictive potential, challenges remain in determining new parameters (e.g., effective monomeric volume, flexing energy) a priori for novel systems, and its applicability to other blend types (polymer-polymer, small molecule-small molecule, hydrogels) requires further exploration. This work provides new guidelines for designing stable OSCs by rationally tailoring molecular parameters to achieve desired phase morphology.

### 756. [Correction to: Gene Silencing-Mediated Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Tumor Therapy Boosted by Dendrimer-Entrapped Gold Nanoparticles](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/correction-to-gene-silencing-mediated-immune-checkpoint-blockade-for-tumor-therapy-boosted-by-dendrimer-entrap) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3609-0]
This correction addresses an inadvertent duplication error in Fig. 4d of the original article published in Sci China Mater 2021, 64(8): 2045–2055. The TUNEL staining image of tumor tissue in the PBS group was mistakenly duplicated with the Vector/siNC group during figure assembly. The corrected Fig. 4 is provided, which includes the timeline for in vivo tumor immunotherapy, relative tumor volume changes (n=6 per group; **p<0.01, ***p<0.001), relative mouse body weight variations, and H&E and TUNEL staining of tumor sections on day 14. The correction does not alter the overall results, interpretation, or conclusions of the study. The original research demonstrated that dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au DENPs) can effectively deliver siRNA for gene silencing, thereby boosting immune checkpoint blockade for tumor therapy. The study highlighted the potential of this nanoplatform for combined gene therapy and immunotherapy in cancer treatment.

### 757. [Insights from the EU Green Claims Directive and Related Policies for Carbon Dioxide Removal in China](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/insights-from-the-eu-green-claims-directive-and-related-policies-for-carbon-dioxide-removal-in-china) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509093]
Amid intensifying global warming, carbon emission reduction and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) have become central to climate governance. In March 2023, the European Commission proposed the Green Claims Directive (GCD) to combat greenwashing and enhance the reliability, comparability, and verifiability of environmental claims. The GCD, together with the Empowering Consumers for the Green Transition Directive, the Carbon Removal Certification Framework, and the European Sustainability Reporting Standards, forms a policy cluster supporting the EU's green transition and CDR deployment. China, as a major greenhouse gas emitter, has made progress in renewable energy and national carbon market construction, yet its total emissions remain high, CDR technologies are nascent, and CCUS deployment is economically oriented, mainly in enhanced oil recovery. This study systematically reviews the legislative background, core objectives, and synergistic logic of the GCD and related policies, focusing on requirements for CDR certification, third-party verification, and carbon credit regulation. It compares Chinese and EU carbon markets in coverage, allowance allocation, and MRV systems. The analysis indicates that EU experience in policy integration, technical standardization, and market maturity can inform China's policy framework, technology pathways, and market efficiency, supporting large-scale CDR and the 'dual carbon' goals.

### 758. [Comparative Optimization and Equipment Development of Enrichment and Concentration Methods for SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater from Inbound Flights](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/comparative-optimization-and-equipment-development-of-enrichment-and-concentration-methods-for-sars-cov-2-in-w) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509049]
This study systematically compared three virus enrichment and concentration methods—polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, aluminum salt coagulation, and centrifugal ultrafiltration—for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in high-turbidity, high-strength wastewater from inbound flights. The aluminum salt coagulation method exhibited the best overall performance, achieving an average recovery rate of 25.95% for SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, significantly higher than PEG precipitation (12.91%) and centrifugal ultrafiltration (0.22%) (P<0.05). Its detection limit reached 10 copies·mL⁻¹, whereas centrifugal ultrafiltration suffered severe membrane fouling, limiting detection to 1,000 copies·mL⁻¹. Considering the high pH buffering of flight wastewater, the aluminum salt method was optimized by adjusting pH to 6.00±0.4, employing rapid magnetic stirring, and reducing mixing time to 1 minute, yielding an average recovery of 27.56% (not significantly different from the original 25.95%, P>0.05). An automated enrichment device was developed based on the optimized method, reducing processing time per sample from 115 min to 60 min while maintaining comparable recovery and improved repeatability. Applied to 1,309 wastewater samples from inbound flights between January 2024 and May 2025, the average detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 was 45.45%, with trends consistent with national COVID-19 epidemiological data. The automated device demonstrates suitability for routine surveillance, providing technical support for port epidemic prevention.

### 759. [A dual enzyme-mimicking COF sonosensitizer potentiates cancer sonodynamic therapy via cascade oxygenation and ROS storm](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-dual-enzyme-mimicking-cof-sonosensitizer-potentiates-cancer-sonodynamic-therapy-via-cascade-oxygenation-and) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3806-0]
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) faces critical limitations from inefficient sonosensitizers and the hypoxic tumor microenvironment, which curtail reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Here, we report a dual enzyme-mimicking sonosensitizer, termed sonozyme, engineered by integrating platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) with a tailored covalent organic framework (Y-COF). The spatially separated donor-acceptor architecture optimizes the band position of Y-COF, conferring intrinsic sonodynamic activity. Pt NPs further enhance ultrasound-triggered ROS generation by promoting exciton separation and transfer. Notably, sonozyme exhibits catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) mimetic activities, converting endogenous H2O2 into O2 and ·OH, thereby alleviating hypoxia and augmenting oxidative stress. In vitro assays demonstrated significantly enhanced ROS production and cancer cell death under ultrasound irradiation. In vivo studies confirmed that sonozyme effectively suppresses tumor progression without observable systemic toxicity. This work presents a paradigm for designing high-performance multifunctional sonosensitizers, offering a promising strategy for cancer therapy.

### 760. [Ultrathin and flexible electromagnetic interference shielding films by interface-confinement strategy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ultrathin-and-flexible-electromagnetic-interference-shielding-films-by-interface-confinement-strategy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3876-5]
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding technology is evolving from traditional bulky metal enclosures toward ultrathin, conformable, and flexible films. However, as the thickness of the shielding layer decreases, the electromagnetic wave absorption efficiency significantly deteriorates, leading to a marked decline in overall shielding performance. To overcome this intrinsic 'thickness–performance dilemma', porous structural designs are often employed to enhance multiple internal reflections and absorption. Nevertheless, such strategies typically suffer from uncontrollable thickness, poor spatial uniformity, and low process compatibility. To address these challenges, a joint team from the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology and Seoul National University proposed an embedded MXene-in-metal (EXIM) shielding strategy. By embedding a non-porous MXene layer within a metallic film, a metal–MXene–metal heterolamellar architecture was constructed. Remarkably, this ultrathin structure achieves an EMI shielding effectiveness of ~70 dB at only ~1 μm thickness (up to 80 dB at 1.9 μm), breaking the conventional trade-off between reduced thickness and performance degradation. The superior performance originates from the conductivity contrast between the metal and MXene layers, which forms electromagnetic confinement wells. The localized electromagnetic waves undergo multiple polarization losses induced by interfacial dipoles, resulting in efficient energy absorption at thin thicknesses. The study further reveals that the EMI shielding performance of EXIM films primarily depends on the number of metal–MXene heterointerfaces rather than the total thickness. Multilayer stacking (e.g., Cu/Ti3C2Tx/Cu) notably enhances absorption efficiency while imparting excellent isotropy and flexibility. Moreover, introducing a Cr–Al dual-metal passivation layer effectively suppresses MXene oxidation, ensuring long-term operational reliability. The EXIM films are compatible with conventional fabrication and packaging techniques, including physical vapor deposition and spray coating, enabling scalable and large-area production. Practical demonstrations in USB 3.0 chips and flexible Schottky diodes confirm their outstanding capability in mitigating Bluetooth interference and blocking electromagnetic noise. This work is pioneering in that it introduces a new shielding mechanism based on conductivity contrast-induced electromagnetic confinement, achieves ultrahigh shielding effectiveness and mechanical flexibility within an ultrathin (<2 μm) structure, and elucidates a dipole-dominated interfacial polarization loss mechanism that provides theoretical insights into the design of 2D-material-based heterostructured shielding systems. Moreover, it opens up a new path for EMI shielding to shift from 'thick structure reflection' to 'heterogeneous interface confined absorption', providing a novel solution for realizing free-form, interference-free intelligent electronic packaging.

### 761. [Life-Cycle Carbon Footprint Assessment and Emission Reduction Strategy Analysis of Ship Supply Chains](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/life-cycle-carbon-footprint-assessment-and-emission-reduction-strategy-analysis-of-ship-supply-chains) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510039]
The shipping industry's carbon emissions have drawn increasing attention. This study quantifies the carbon footprint of ship supply chains across their life cycle to identify key emission stages and reduction potentials, promoting green transformation. Based on life-cycle theory and using process analysis, a carbon footprint assessment model was constructed covering raw material acquisition, construction and assembly, transportation and distribution, and scrapping and recycling. The model was applied to a case ship, followed by multi-scenario and sensitivity analyses. Results show that the transportation and distribution stage is the dominant source of positive emissions, accounting for 88.73% of the total, while the scrapping and recycling stage provides a carbon offset benefit of 6.77%. Among five emission reduction scenarios—low-carbon materials, green energy, green logistics, circular economy, and comprehensive low-carbon—the reduction efficiencies are 2.02%, 0.06%, 18.44%, 0.42%, and 20.95%, respectively, indicating that green logistics is the core pathway for decarbonizing ship supply chains. Under the green logistics scenario, optimizing the LNG carbon emission factor yields more significant reduction effects. This study provides a life-cycle perspective on the carbon footprint structure of ship supply chains, offering theoretical references for identifying key reduction links and optimizing low-carbon technology pathways.

### 762. [Electrocatalytic Oxidation Performance and Mechanism of Porous Active Metal Oxide Coated Anode for Congo Red Degradation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electrocatalytic-oxidation-performance-and-mechanism-of-porous-active-metal-oxide-coated-anode-for-congo-red-d) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202506064]
To address the challenges of high salinity, recalcitrance, limited mass transfer, and coating detachment in traditional anodes for textile wastewater treatment, a porous RuO2@r-TiO2 nanotube array (NTA) anode was fabricated via anodic oxidation, electrochemical reduction, and thermal decomposition. A flow-through electrochemical oxidation system was constructed using this anode and a graphite felt cathode. The material's morphology and physicochemical properties were characterized by SEM, XRD, and XPS. Congo red (CR) was used as a model pollutant to evaluate degradation performance under various conditions. Optimal conditions were identified as current density 5 mA·cm−2, permeate flux 480 L·(m2·h)−1, initial CR concentration 0.15 mmol·L−1, and NaCl concentration 75 mmol·L−1. Under these conditions, the system achieved 91% decolorization within 20 min and 82% mineralization within 60 min. Mass transfer tests showed a rate constant of 2.23×10−4 m·s−1 in flow-through mode, three times higher than conventional mode, with active chlorine and H2O2 production increased by 32.8% and 66.7%, respectively. Radical quenching experiments indicated that singlet oxygen (1O2) was the primary reactive species. The degradation mechanism was proposed based on quenching and UV spectral analysis. The system achieved >90% decolorization for five typical dye pollutants with an energy consumption of only 0.16 kWh·m−3. Cyclic voltammetry confirmed long-term stability. These findings provide theoretical support for applying electrochemical advanced oxidation to high-salinity textile wastewater.

### 763. [Effect of Three-Stage Reflux Ratio on the Performance of AAOA-MBR Process for Municipal Wastewater Treatment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-three-stage-reflux-ratio-on-the-performance-of-aaoa-mbr-process-for-municipal-wastewater-treatment) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509020]
The AAOA-MBR (anaerobic-anoxic-oxic-anoxic membrane bioreactor) process is widely used in municipal wastewater treatment, but its multi-stage internal recirculation complicates sludge retention time (SRT) and carbon source distribution. This study systematically regulated three reflux ratios (R1: membrane tank to oxic tank; R2: oxic tank to anoxic I tank; R3: anoxic II tank to anaerobic tank) in a pilot-scale system (0.24 m3·d−1) to reveal their effects on nutrient removal and membrane fouling. When R1:R2:R3 = 300%:200%:100%, effluent COD, TN, TP, and NH3-N met discharge standards. Reducing R1 and R2, thereby decreasing total reflux ratio from R=6 to R=3, shortened SRT, which suppressed nitrifier accumulation and increased effluent COD and TN, but decreased TP. High-throughput sequencing of anoxic I and oxic tanks showed that denitrifying bacteria (Thauera and Ottowia) relative abundances decreased from 0.68% to 0.42% and 0.51% to 0.24%, respectively, while the phosphorus-accumulating organism Candidatus_Accumulibacter increased from 0.78% to 1.12%, enhancing phosphorus removal. Additionally, lowering R1 to 200% caused sludge accumulation in the membrane tank, exacerbating membrane fouling. Thus, internal recirculation ratios must be adjusted based on influent characteristics to balance nutrient removal and membrane performance.

### 764. [Spatiotemporal Distribution of Nutrients and Chlorophyll-a in Dongping Lake Based on Delft3D Modeling](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/spatiotemporal-distribution-of-nutrients-and-chlorophyll-a-in-dongping-lake-based-on-delft3d-modeling) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510013]
To investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of nutrients and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in Dongping Lake, a coupled hydrodynamic-water quality-ecological model was developed using Delft3D. The model simulated total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N), total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and Chl-a. After validation, the model systematically analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns and influencing factors, revealing nitrogen and phosphorus transformation pathways. Results showed three temporal phases: relatively stable concentrations from January to April, significant fluctuations from May to August, and gradual stabilization from September to December, with peak timing varying among indicators. Spatially, concentrations were generally higher in the south and lower in the north, but NH4-N, TP, and Chl-a exhibited reverse patterns (higher in north) during certain periods. External inputs, primarily from the Dawen River, dominated the overall distribution, while water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and hydrodynamic conditions further modulated internal variability. Nitrogen and phosphorus showed distinct fates: nitrogen was primarily removed via denitrification and anammox, whereas phosphorus tended to transform into particulate forms and remained in the lake for extended periods. These findings provide scientific support for precise water quality management in Dongping Lake.

### 765. [Mechanistic Study on Photosynthetic Bacteria Granulation under Synergistic Hydraulic and Organic Loading](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mechanistic-study-on-photosynthetic-bacteria-granulation-under-synergistic-hydraulic-and-organic-loading) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511051]
Photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) wastewater treatment technology is promising for simultaneous pollutant removal and resource recovery (e.g., single-cell protein, hydrogen). However, poor cell hydrophobicity and aggregation lead to low biomass retention and short sludge retention time, hindering engineering application. This study investigated the driving role and mechanism of upflow velocity as a key hydraulic selection pressure on PSB granulation under stepwise increasing organic loading rate (OLR). In laboratory up-flow photobioreactors (UPBR), comparative experiments were conducted with macro-index monitoring and micro-mechanism analysis. Results showed that under high upflow velocities of 3.00–6.30 m·h−1, PSB granular sludge with an average diameter of 285.58 μm and excellent settleability (sludge volume index, SVI = 22.73 mL·g−1) was successfully formed within approximately 60 days. Compared to the control, the granules in the experimental group were larger, with clear boundaries and compact structure, and significant enrichment of filamentous bacteria was observed. Mechanism analysis indicated that OLR provided nutritional driving force for microbial growth, while upflow velocity supplied high hydraulic shear force, physically screening and enriching settleable aggregates, and specifically inducing secretion of hydrophobic tryptophan-like proteins and humic acids (key extracellular polymeric substances, EPS). Additionally, core genera such as Xanthobacteraceae, possessing stress tolerance and EPS secretion functions, were enriched. This study reveals a chain mechanism of 'physical selection–biological response' centered on hydraulic selection, demonstrating that upflow velocity is a key controllable factor for PSB granulation, providing theoretical basis and technical pathway for solving PSB biomass washout and promoting resource-oriented treatment of high-strength organic wastewater.

### 766. [Low-Temperature Thermal Remediation of Naphthalene-Contaminated Soil Using Cu–CeOx/TiO2 Trimetallic Catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/low-temperature-thermal-remediation-of-naphthalene-contaminated-soil-using-cuceoxtio2-trimetallic-catalysts) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202508081]
Traditional soil thermal remediation requires high temperatures (>300 °C), which can damage soil structure, increase energy consumption, and elevate carbon emissions. This study developed a Cu–CeOx/TiO2 trimetallic catalyst to enable low-temperature thermal remediation of naphthalene-contaminated soil. Using nano-TiO2 as a support, catalysts with varying Cu/Ce ratios were prepared via impregnation-calcination. Material characterization (XRD, TEM, XPS, etc.) revealed that Cu and Ce incorporation induced crystal defects in TiO2, enhancing lattice oxygen activity and electron mobility, thereby generating more oxygen vacancies and hydroxyl radicals. Performance evaluation using a TGA-GC-FTIR-MS platform showed that the catalyst with Cu:Ce = 1:1 achieved the best remediation efficiency, reducing the thermal remediation temperature from 250 °C to 211.5 °C and increasing the removal rate by an average of 19.49% compared to the non-catalyst group at the same temperature. The catalyst facilitated stepwise degradation of naphthalene into smaller organic molecules (alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes) and ultimately into H2O and CO2. This work demonstrates that Cu–CeOx/TiO2 significantly lowers the energy demand of thermal remediation, offering a promising approach for low-carbon remediation of organic-contaminated soils.

### 767. [Simulation and Prediction of Vegetation Carbon Flux under SSP Scenarios in Beijing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/simulation-and-prediction-of-vegetation-carbon-flux-under-ssp-scenarios-in-beijing) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509047]
To reveal the dynamic characteristics of ecosystem carbon flux and its response to meteorological factors, this study employed the Biome-BGC model to simulate gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation in Beijing for historical (2001–2014) and future (2051–2070) periods under SSP126 and SSP585 scenarios, using multi-source data including regional meteorology, vegetation type, and soil texture. The Mann-Kendall (M-K) test and Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis were applied to examine spatiotemporal patterns and carbon use efficiency (CUE). Results indicate that Biome-BGC accurately reproduces historical carbon flux characteristics. Temporally, annual mean GPP and NPP exhibited fluctuating upward trends, ranging from 584 to 777 g C m−2 a−1 and 238 to 388 g C m−2 a−1, respectively. Spatially, GPP and NPP displayed both same-phase and opposite-phase distribution patterns. Annual mean temperature was the dominant factor influencing GPP and NPP trends, followed by solar radiation and precipitation. Under future scenarios, both GPP and NPP are projected to increase, with SSP585 showing greater enhancement. By 2070, GPP is expected to rise by 171 and 376 g C m−2 a−1 under SSP126 and SSP585, respectively, while NPP increases by 71.8 and 137 g C m−2 a−1. The spatial distribution of GPP and NPP exhibits a 'low-center, high-periphery' pattern, with multi-year means of 969 and 425 g C m−2 a−1. Future CUE is approximately 0.45, indicating substantial carbon sequestration potential of Beijing's vegetation under climate change.

### 768. [Enhanced Performance of Bioelectrochemical Systems Using Natural Source Materials for Methyl Orange Wastewater Treatment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/enhanced-performance-of-bioelectrochemical-systems-using-natural-source-materials-for-methyl-orange-wastewater) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509019]
To enhance the electricity generation and decolorization efficiency of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) for azo dye wastewater, this study introduced pomelo peel biochar as anode material and flavonoid-rich Chinese herbal medicines as electron mediators (EMs) into microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The anodes were prepared by chemical activation with KOH, ZnCl2, and H3BO3, followed by polypyrrole (PPy) modification. Among the modified anodes, PPy-PPCH3BO3-CC exhibited the best electrochemical performance. The EMs were derived from aqueous extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis (Huangqin), Ginkgo biloba leaves, and Pueraria lobata (Gegen). The extract from Scutellaria baicalensis showed the highest electron transfer capability. In the MFC system equipped with the optimal anode and Scutellaria baicalensis extract, the maximum output voltage reached (587±10) mV, power density increased to 423.12 mW·m−2, Coulombic efficiency was (57.85±1.06)%, COD removal efficiency was (77.45±0.92)%, charge transfer resistance (Rct) decreased to 7.15 Ω, and methyl orange decolorization rate reached (95.86±1.12)%. These results were significantly superior to the control group, demonstrating that natural source materials can effectively enhance the performance of BES for methyl orange wastewater treatment.

### 769. [Continuous Performance of Permeable Reactive Columns Combining ZVI/FeS2 with Microorganisms for Removal of Nitrate and Ofloxacin from Water](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/continuous-performance-of-permeable-reactive-columns-combining-zvifes2-with-microorganisms-for-removal-of-nitr) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509086]
Groundwater contamination by nitrate and antibiotics has become a global concern. This study evaluated the continuous performance of permeable reactive barrier (PRB) columns packed with zero-valent iron (ZVI) and pyrite (FeS2) combined with denitrifying microorganisms (ZFM) for simultaneous removal of nitrate and ofloxacin (OFL). Control columns included soil (S), microorganisms (M), and ZVI/FeS2 (ZF). Over 30 days of continuous operation, the ZFM column achieved average removal efficiencies of 88% for nitrate and 78% for OFL, significantly higher than controls. The ZFM system maintained higher active iron concentration (0.68 mg·L−1) compared to ZF (0.48 mg·L−1), mitigated pH increase, and sustained lower oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), favoring stable performance. XRD and XPS analyses revealed that microbial involvement promoted FeS formation (2θ=30.1°) and reduced ZVI passivation, extending material lifespan. High-throughput sequencing showed that while overall microbial diversity remained stable, key functional populations including norank_f_Fermentibacteraceae, norank_f_Anaerolineaceae, Longilinea, and Anaerolinea increased in abundance by 2.93%, 0.55%, 1.53%, and 0.62%, respectively, enhancing nitrate and OFL removal. These findings demonstrate that integrating microorganisms with ZVI/FeS2 in PRB systems offers a promising approach for remediating combined nitrate and antibiotic contamination in groundwater.

### 770. [Occurrence Characteristics, Source Analysis, and Beach Quality Assessment of Marine Litter in Daya Bay](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/occurrence-characteristics-source-analysis-and-beach-quality-assessment-of-marine-litter-in-daya-bay) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509067]
Marine litter poses a significant threat to coastal ecosystems globally, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its multi-compartment distribution and driving mechanisms for effective management. This study investigated the occurrence, composition, and sources of beach, sea surface, and seafloor litter in the northeastern Daya Bay, a semi-enclosed bay, during August–October 2024. Sampling included 11 beach transects, 6 surface transects, and 25 seafloor transects. Results showed that the mean density of large and very large beach litter was 4.41×10^5 items·km−2, while medium beach litter reached 5.39×10^6 items·km−2. Surface litter densities were 5.82×10^2 and 9.90×10^3 items·km−2 for large/very large and medium fractions, respectively. Seafloor litter averaged 5.20×10^3 items·km−2. Plastics dominated all compartments, accounting for 74.0% (beach), 96.0% (surface), and 78.8% (seafloor) of total litter. Source apportionment using NOWPAP methodology indicated that beach and surface litter primarily originated from coastal recreational activities, whereas seafloor litter was mainly derived from shipping and fishing. Beach quality assessment revealed that 63.6% of beaches were moderately clean or better (grade II–IV), and 90.9% were moderately safe or better (grade I–III). Hotspots included tourism beaches, tidal gyre areas, coral reef zones, and fishing grounds. The study underscores the need for targeted management, including improved waste collection on tourist beaches, dynamic cleaning protocols, and port reception facilities for fishing waste.

### 771. [Elimination of Matrix Effects in Ionizing Radiation Treatment of Cephalosporin Wastewater by Pretreatment Coupling](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/elimination-of-matrix-effects-in-ionizing-radiation-treatment-of-cephalosporin-wastewater-by-pretreatment-coup) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511034]
Ionizing radiation (IR) is an emerging advanced oxidation process for degrading recalcitrant organic pollutants in water, but its efficiency is often hampered by matrix effects from coexisting substances in real wastewater. This study coupled three pretreatments—coagulation sedimentation, adsorption, and biological oxidation—with electron beam IR to treat a model cephalosporin wastewater containing cefotaxime sodium (CTX) and typical coexisting components. The results showed that all coupled systems significantly improved treatment performance compared to direct IR: COD removal increased by 19%–42% and CTX removal by 8.4%–19%. Under the tested conditions, the optimal coagulant was polymeric ferric sulfate (PFS), the optimal adsorbent was activated carbon, and the optimal aeration time for biological oxidation was 6 h. All three pretreatments reduced matrix effects, with adsorption, biological oxidation, and coagulation sedimentation lowering the matrix effect by 17%, 11%, and 9%, respectively. Quantum chemical calculations and LC-MS analysis predicted radical reaction sites on CTX and revealed five possible degradation pathways. The study demonstrates that pretreatment-IR coupling is an effective strategy to mitigate matrix effects and enhance the targeted degradation of antibiotics in complex wastewater matrices.

### 772. [Water Quality Assessment and Driving Mechanism Analysis of the Hanjiang River Basin Based on WQI-PCA-OPGD](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/water-quality-assessment-and-driving-mechanism-analysis-of-the-hanjiang-river-basin-based-on-wqi-pca-opgd) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509124]
To reveal the spatiotemporal evolution and driving mechanisms of water quality in the Hanjiang River Basin, this study utilized monthly water quality monitoring data from 54 sections from January 2021 to April 2024. Methods including single-factor index, comprehensive water quality index (WQI), principal component analysis (PCA), and optimal parameters-based geographical detector (OPGD) were employed. Results indicated significant spatiotemporal differences, with total nitrogen (TN), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and permanganate index (CODMn) as major pollutants, TN being the most critical. Temporally, agricultural non-point source organic pollution dominated in wet season, while comprehensive organic pollution with industrial point source characteristics prevailed in dry season. Spatially, water quality deteriorated along the main stream, with tributary downstream areas showing severe pollution, forming a pattern of 'mountainous areas good, plains poor'. OPGD revealed combined effects of natural conditions and human activities, proposing a 'zonal control and targeted treatment' strategy.

### 773. [Adaptive Characteristics of Paulownia fortunei to Rocky Desertification Habitats and Its Effects on Soil Properties](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/adaptive-characteristics-of-paulownia-fortunei-to-rocky-desertification-habitats-and-its-effects-on-soil-prope) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509026]
Rocky desertification poses a severe threat to ecosystem function in karst regions of southern China. This study, conducted in Jianghua Yao Autonomous County, Hunan Province, investigated the adaptive responses of Paulownia fortunei to rocky desertification habitats and its subsequent effects on soil properties. Leaf structural and physiological parameters were measured, alongside soil physicochemical properties. Results demonstrated that P. fortunei enhanced its adaptability through increased leaf thickness (upper epidermis +50%, total +27.38%), palisade tissue thickness (+22.45%), elevated chlorophyll a (+3.55 mg·g−1) and chlorophyll b (+1.39 mg·g−1) contents, and upregulated activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase. Planting P. fortunei significantly improved soil structure and fertility: soil bulk density decreased by 0.57 g·cm−3, total porosity increased by 2.41% (0–5 cm) and 3.35% (5–10 cm), field water capacity rose by 18.63% and 18.87%, capillary porosity increased by 11.45% and 14.19%, and soil organic matter content improved from Grade IV to Grade II. These findings indicate a synergistic 'plant adaptation–soil improvement' feedback mechanism, highlighting the potential of P. fortunei for ecological restoration of rocky desertification areas.

### 774. [Comparative Carbon Emission Assessment of Waste Plastic Valorization Pathways](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/comparative-carbon-emission-assessment-of-waste-plastic-valorization-pathways) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509053]
The escalating global generation of waste plastics necessitates robust recycling strategies to mitigate environmental impact and advance low-carbon development. This study employs life cycle assessment (LCA) and emission factor methodologies to quantify the carbon footprints of six distinct waste plastic valorization pathways: mechanical recycling, pyrolysis, alcoholysis, co-coking, solid fuel production, and direct incineration. The functional unit is one tonne of waste plastic, with system boundaries encompassing transportation, pretreatment, and resource utilization. The model accounts for indirect emissions from energy consumption, direct emissions from plastic decomposition, and carbon offsets from material or energy recovery. Results indicate that pyrolysis yields the highest carbon offset of approximately -3,024 kgCO2e per tonne, while mechanical recycling achieves an 88% material recovery rate and a net carbon offset of -991.4 kgCO2e. Net carbon emissions per tonne of waste plastic rank as follows: direct incineration (1,104 kgCO2e) > co-coking (185.8 kgCO2e) > solid fuel (115.4 kgCO2e) > alcoholysis (-259.5 kgCO2e) > mechanical recycling (-991.4 kgCO2e) > pyrolysis (-2,592 kgCO2e). These findings demonstrate that pyrolysis offers superior carbon reduction benefits compared to incineration, exhibiting a net-negative carbon footprint across its life cycle. The study provides a scientific basis for selecting low-carbon waste plastic valorization routes and informs carbon trading and emission reduction strategies in the solid waste sector.

### 775. [Multi-stage thermally assisted alkali activation for simultaneous self-solidification of multiple heavy metals in lithium slag](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multi-stage-thermally-assisted-alkali-activation-for-simultaneous-self-solidification-of-multiple-heavy-metals) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510084]
The rapid expansion of lithium battery industries has elevated lithium resources to strategic importance, yet lithium extraction generates 8–10 tons of slag per ton of lithium salt, with complex heavy metal content and high leaching risks. This study improves conventional alkali activation by employing a composite activator and multi-stage thermal assistance to achieve self-solidification of lithium slag, simultaneously immobilizing multiple heavy metals while producing high-strength materials. Under full slag conditions, the mechanical strength of solidified materials ranged from 3.48 to 8.25 MPa; after optimization, strength increased by 137.07%. Average immobilization rates for various heavy metals rose from 97.26% to 99.77%. In simulated acidic, alkaline, neutral, high-salt, acid rain, and leachate environments, efficient immobilization was maintained, with leachate concentrations below regulatory limits. The improved activator and thermal process reduced structural defects, promoted formation of the key Si-O-Al framework, and ensured structural integrity, enhancing both mechanical strength and heavy metal immobilization. The cost of slag solidification was approximately 185–200 CNY per ton, significantly lower than conventional methods, with low energy consumption, no high-temperature calcination, and reduced equipment and reagent requirements, supporting scalability.

### 776. [Catalytic Pyrolysis of LDPE over Low-Cost Metal-Modified ZSM-5 Zeolites: Performance and Product Distribution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/catalytic-pyrolysis-of-ldpe-over-low-cost-metal-modified-zsm-5-zeolites-performance-and-product-distribution) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509080]
Plastic pollution poses a global environmental challenge, and developing efficient, low-cost pyrolysis catalysts is crucial for resource recovery from plastic waste. This study investigates ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) over ZSM-5 (Si/Al = 25) modified with Zn and Fe at loadings of 5% and 10% via impregnation. Catalysts were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, XPS, SEM, TEM, and BET. TGA was used to assess thermal behavior, and catalytic pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a tube furnace at 450 °C, with product analysis by GC-MS. Results show that metal incorporation preserved the ZSM-5 framework while modifying acid site distribution and surface morphology, enhancing cracking and dehydrogenation. All modified catalysts increased light gasoline-range hydrocarbon yield and reduced heavy fractions compared to non-catalytic runs. Among them, 10% Zn/ZSM-5 exhibited the best performance, boosting light gasoline hydrocarbons to 74.77%, approximately three times that of the non-catalytic case, significantly improving oil quality. This study demonstrates the potential of low-cost metal-modified zeolites for efficient and economical plastic waste pyrolysis.

### 777. [Advances in Catalytic Pyrolysis of Lignin toward Aromatic Hydrocarbon Production](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/advances-in-catalytic-pyrolysis-of-lignin-toward-aromatic-hydrocarbon-production) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60618-9]
Aromatic hydrocarbons, essential chemical feedstocks for fuels, synthetic fibers, and pharmaceuticals, are predominantly derived from petroleum refining. The catalytic conversion of lignin, a major lignocellulosic component, offers a renewable route to these chemicals. This review systematically examines the influence of pyrolysis methods, catalysts, and reaction conditions on the catalytic pyrolysis of lignin to aromatic hydrocarbons. Key parameters include catalyst acidity and pore structure, which govern selectivity and yield. Reaction temperature, catalyst-to-lignin ratio, and residence time critically affect product distribution. The review outlines catalytic mechanisms, such as deoxygenation, cracking, and aromatization, and highlights the role of zeolite catalysts, particularly HZSM-5, in enhancing monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon yields. Metal modification (e.g., Fe, Ni, Ga) and pretreatment strategies (e.g., torrefaction) are discussed for improving efficiency. Challenges remain in catalyst deactivation due to coking and the complexity of lignin structure. Future research directions include developing robust catalysts, optimizing reactor designs, and integrating processes for industrial viability. This review provides theoretical and technological guidance for advancing lignin-to-aromatics conversion.

### 778. [Preparation and Performance of Piezoelectric Hydrogels for Accelerating Wound Healing in Damaged Plants](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/preparation-and-performance-of-piezoelectric-hydrogels-for-accelerating-wound-healing-in-damaged-plants) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511090]
In ecological restoration projects such as wetland reconstruction and mine reclamation, seedling transplantation or mechanical damage often leads to slow healing, reducing survival rates and weakening carbon sequestration and soil-water conservation functions. To address secondary pollution from traditional chemical remediation, this study developed a self-powered piezoelectric hydrogel for green electrical stimulation of plant wounds. The hydrogel, based on polyacrylamide/polyethylene glycol (PAM/PEG) with CaCl2, formed a microporous, locally ordered piezoionic network. Characterization included microstructure, piezoionic response, and water retention. At 30 °C and 55% relative humidity, the hydrogel retained about 70% mass after 80 h of continuous water loss. Under simulated environmental mechanical forces, the hydrogel generated a peak voltage of approximately 6 mV. In tomato seedling stem models, wound callus area ratios reached approximately 49.50%, 64.87%, and 86.13% at 3, 5, and 10 days, respectively, when the hydrogel was attached and driven by environmental forces. The PAM/PEG/CaCl2 hydrogel efficiently converts environmental mechanical energy into mild electrical signals, promoting plant wound healing, reducing exogenous chemical use, and offering a low-carbon, environmentally friendly material pathway for ecological restoration and urban green space management.

### 779. [Mechanistic Insights into Biochar@PVA-SA Composite Fillers for Enhanced Biopurification of Isohexane in Biotrickling Filters](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mechanistic-insights-into-biocharpva-sa-composite-fillers-for-enhanced-biopurification-of-isohexane-in-biotric) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509095]
Biotrickling filtration (BTF) is a promising technology for treating volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but its application to hydrophobic alkanes like isohexane is hindered by mass transfer limitations, low degradation efficiency, and high operational costs. To address these bottlenecks, this study developed composite fillers by incorporating biochars derived from coffee grounds (CG), coconut shells (CS), corn cobs (CC), and activated carbon (AC) into a polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate (PVA-SA) hydrogel matrix. The fillers were systematically characterized for water retention, pore structure, surface functional groups, crystalline phase, and acid-base resistance. Adsorption capacity, biofilm formation, and isohexane degradation were evaluated using the strain Rhodococcus ruber ZYH-ZY. Among the composites, CG@PVA-SA exhibited superior performance: water retention of 358 mg·g−1 (vs. 280 mg·g−1 for control), enhanced mesoporosity (specific surface area 4.77 m2·g−1, pore volume 11.46 cm3·kg−1, 10–30% higher than control), and robust acid-base stability (mass loss 21.37% at pH 2 and 31.98% at pH 10). Its saturated adsorption capacity reached 201.02 mg·kg−1 (vs. 114.24 mg·kg−1 for control), and it promoted bacterial colonization with a survival rate of 79.0% (vs. 37.2% for control). Static degradation tests showed 96.59% removal of 10 μL isohexane within 24 h. The abundant polar functional groups and suitable mesoporous structure of coffee ground biochar synergized with the PVA-SA matrix, enhancing water retention, mass transfer, and microbial colonization, thereby significantly improving isohexane purification. CG@PVA-SA is an ideal filler for BTF treatment of alkane VOCs, offering a cost-effective and efficient solution for industrial VOC control.

### 780. [Identification of Coal Characteristics by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Machine Learning Predictions and Experimental Validations](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/identification-of-coal-characteristics-by-near-infrared-spectroscopy-machine-learning-predictions-and-experime) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60611-6]
Rapid and accurate determination of coal properties is critical for process optimization, quality control, and supply chain management in the coal industry. This study integrates near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy with machine learning algorithms to develop a fast and reliable framework for predicting coal components. Five algorithms—support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), temporal convolutional network (TCN), one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN), and gated recurrent unit (GRU)—were employed for regression modeling. Among these, the TCN model achieved the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.505, while the RF model exhibited the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.618, indicating robust predictive accuracy on the test set. The TCN model also demonstrated superior generalization with the lowest coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.042. Single-output models revealed differential performance: TCN was optimal for ash content prediction, while RF excelled for fixed carbon and low calorific value. Considering model parameters, computation time, and accuracy, RF, 1D CNN, and TCN were identified as the most efficient. SHAP value analysis identified key spectral peaks influencing predictions, with peak 52 (1141.35–1157.65 nm) showing the highest impact across all models. Distinct peaks were associated with specific components: peak 46 (1173.89–1179.23 nm) for ash, peak 18 (1382.19–1388.10 nm) for moisture, and peaks 5 and 28 (1914.79–1920.46 nm and 1267.38–1270.48 nm) for fixed carbon. This research provides a novel method for rapid coal testing and offers insights applicable to component analysis in other fields.

### 781. [Alcoholysis of Waste Polycarbonate Plastic by Methanol into Bisphenol A under Mild Conditions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/alcoholysis-of-waste-polycarbonate-plastic-by-methanol-into-bisphenol-a-under-mild-conditions) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60641-X]
Polycarbonate (PC) is a widely utilized engineering plastic, but its accumulation in waste streams poses environmental and health risks due to the leaching of toxic bisphenol A (BPA). This study presents a catalyst-free methanolysis route for the chemical recycling of waste PC into BPA under mild conditions. At 160 °C, complete depolymerization of PC (100.0% conversion) was achieved with a high BPA yield of 95.0% without any catalyst or auxiliary solvent. A scaled-up experiment with 10 g PC demonstrated a facile separation process, recovering BPA with over 85.0% yield. The method proved effective for various commercial PC grades and mixed plastics, including ABS-PC blends, as well as other polyesters such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and polyethylene terephthalate. Based on SEM and GPC analyses, a probable alcoholysis depolymerization mechanism was proposed, involving initial swelling and gradual breakdown of PC into soluble macromolecules with broad molecular weight distribution, ultimately yielding BPA. This work offers a facile, green, and efficient approach for the alcoholysis recovery of polyester plastics, addressing both environmental concerns and sustainable resource utilization.

### 782. [Direct Oxidation of Methanol to Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers over Sulfuric Acid-Modified Molybdenum-Doped NASICON Catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/direct-oxidation-of-methanol-to-polyoxymethylene-dimethyl-ethers-over-sulfuric-acid-modified-molybdenum-doped) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60636-6]
Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (DMMx) are promising clean diesel additives. Compared to the traditional aldol condensation route, the one-step oxidative method for producing DMMx directly from methanol is a green synthesis route offering significant advantages. However, due to the complexity of the reaction, a balance must be struck between oxidation depth and C–O chain growth efficiency. This imposes specific requirements on the design of catalysts with multifunctional active sites: the catalyst should possess appropriate oxidative activity, suitable acid strength distribution, and effective synergy between these two functions. To address these challenges, this study designed a sulfuric acid-modified molybdenum-doped NASICON catalyst, which demonstrated favorable catalytic performance in the one-step oxidative synthesis of DMMx from methanol. Over the NSC-Mo-0.5-30% catalyst, methanol conversion rate of 81.3% and the DMMx selectivity of 58.7% were achieved, along with the formation of heavier molecules, as evidenced by the DMM2–6 selectivity of 11.3%. The NH3-TPD, Py-IR and XPS results indicate that the introduction of molybdenum increases the number of weak Lewis acid sites, while sulfuric acid impregnation not only generates gradient-distributed Brønsted acid sites but also promotes the formation of Mo5+/Mo6+ redox pairs. The cooperation of the two types of active sites significantly enhances catalyst performance.

### 783. [Mechanisms and Pilot-Scale Validation of Iron-Loaded Biochar-Based Tidal Flow Constructed Wetlands for Enhanced Deep Nitrogen Removal from Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mechanisms-and-pilot-scale-validation-of-iron-loaded-biochar-based-tidal-flow-constructed-wetlands-for-enhance) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509001]
To address low nitrogen removal efficiency in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent due to insufficient carbon sources and weak reoxygenation in conventional constructed wetlands (CWs), a tidal flow-subsurface flow integrated CW using iron-loaded biochar (BC-TF) as substrate was developed, with zeolite-based CW as control. Simulated wastewater experiments, water quality monitoring, nitrification/denitrification intensity assays, and high-throughput sequencing were employed. Results showed that tidal flow operation significantly enhanced removal of total nitrogen (TN) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), and increased nitrification intensity. Addition of iron-loaded biochar significantly improved TN and nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) removal, with BC-TF achieving an average TN removal of 86.03%, significantly higher than other groups (P<0.001). Microbial analysis revealed Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes as key phyla; iron-loaded biochar increased microbial abundance and diversity in tidal flow wetlands, while tidal flow alone reduced bacterial diversity. Pilot-scale experiments confirmed that tidal flow increased dissolved oxygen and nitrogen removal. This study is the first to combine iron-loaded biochar with tidal flow-subsurface flow CWs, systematically revealing the synergistic nitrogen removal mechanism of 'iron-loaded biochar-tidal flow-microorganisms', clarifying the role of iron-nitrogen coupling, and validating engineering applicability via pilot tests. The combination enhances reoxygenation, supplements carbon sources, and optimizes microbial community structure, effectively improving deep nitrogen purification of WWTP effluent, providing technical reference for tailwater treatment.

### 784. [Assessment Methodology and Application for Stabilization Process of Aged Municipal Solid Waste Landfills](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/assessment-methodology-and-application-for-stabilization-process-of-aged-municipal-solid-waste-landfills) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510018]
Scientific assessment and prediction of the stabilization process in aged municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are critical for reliable risk evaluation and remediation decision-making. Existing methods often fail under data-scarce conditions and lack temporal predictive capability. This study establishes a 'spatial characterization–temporal prediction' framework to address these gaps. The methodology integrates grid-based sampling, laboratory analysis of biological stability indicators (AT4), and LandGEM model simulations to assess current stabilization states and predict completion timelines. Applied to a landfill in southwest China, results reveal significant spatial heterogeneity in waste stabilization, strongly correlated with waste age and influenced by leachate recirculation of membrane concentrate. None of the landfill zones had reached full stabilization; predicted times to completion were: Zone D (17 years), Zone C (13 years), Zone B (8 years), and Zone A (1 year). Based on these findings, a systematic management strategy is proposed, including zoned gradient management, targeted control of lag zones, and dynamic planning. This study provides a theoretical basis for site-specific management and serves as a reference for similar landfills.

### 785. [Performance and Mechanism of MnO2/γ-Al2O3 for Gaseous Thallium Capture from Cement Kiln Flue Gas](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/performance-and-mechanism-of-mno2-al2o3-for-gaseous-thallium-capture-from-cement-kiln-flue-gas) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202506080]
Thallium (Tl) is a highly toxic trace heavy metal, posing severe risks to human health and the environment. Cement kilns are significant sources of gaseous Tl emissions, with concentrations up to 25 μg·m−3, which can poison SCR catalysts and cause environmental contamination. This study developed MnO2/γ-Al2O3 adsorbents via wet impregnation with varying Mn loadings (0–15 wt%) to capture gaseous TlCl. Fixed-bed adsorption experiments at 300 °C with 20% O2 revealed that capture capacity initially increased with Mn loading, peaking at 10 wt% MnO2 (10MnO2/γ-Al2O3), then declined at 15 wt%. Characterization (XRD, O2-TPD, H2-TPR) indicated that Mn species enhanced redox properties, oxidizing Tl+ to Tl3+ and immobilizing it on the surface. DFT calculations showed that TlCl forms stronger Al–Cl and Mn–Cl bonds on MnO2/γ-Al2O3 than on γ-Al2O3, with higher adsorption energy and greater charge transfer, corroborating experimental results. The optimal adsorbent, 10MnO2/γ-Al2O3, demonstrates superior Tl capture performance, offering a promising upstream solution for protecting SCR catalysts and reducing atmospheric Tl emissions from cement kilns.

### 786. [Investigation of the synergistic mechanism during biomass and coal gangue co-gasification](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/investigation-of-the-synergistic-mechanism-during-biomass-and-coal-gangue-co-gasification) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60637-8]
Biomass is a sustainable green coal alternative, and its thermochemical conversion, particularly hydrogen-rich gasification, offers an effective pathway for high-value utilization. Co-gasification of biomass with coal gangue enables synergistic utilization of carbon resources, with significant potential for emission reduction and efficiency enhancement. To elucidate how typical biomass components govern the gasification process, three feedstocks with distinct dominant characteristics were selected: pine stick (high cellulose), soybean straw (high nitrogen), and corn stover (high ash with abundant K+). Under fixed conditions (850 °C, steam flow 2 mL/min, N2 flow 75 mL/min), co-gasification with coal gangue was investigated. Results indicated that compositional differences led to distinct synergistic patterns and product distributions. All systems achieved the highest hydrogen yield at a 5:5 raw material mass ratio. The high-cellulose pine stick system yielded the most H2 (9.06 mmol/g) and H2+CO yield (15.25 mmol/g), exhibiting a 'three high, three low' advantage due to efficient volatile reforming. In contrast, the high-ash/K+ corn stover system showed the strongest synergy for CO (SI = 1.22), promoted by the catalytic Boudouard reaction. The high-nitrogen soybean straw system achieved an optimal H2/CO ratio (2.00) but suffered from suppressed syngas yield due to inhibitory nitrogenous tars. This study confirms that biomass composition—specifically cellulose, ash/K+, and nitrogen content—differentially regulates syngas production and synergy by steering dominant reaction pathways, providing a theoretical basis for targeted conversion of waste resources.

### 787. [Quantitative Evaluation and Coupling Analysis of Purging Performance in Regenerative Thermal Oxidizers Based on CFD Simulation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/quantitative-evaluation-and-coupling-analysis-of-purging-performance-in-regenerative-thermal-oxidizers-based-o) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510004]
Ammonium salt crystallization-induced blockage of the regenerative heat exchanger in regenerative thermal oxidizers (RTOs) remains a critical operational challenge, particularly in pharmaceutical applications where NH4Cl constitutes up to 70% of the fouling deposits. This study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to systematically simulate six purging configurations, varying injection angle and pipe arrangement, and quantifies purging effectiveness via a novel evaluation method based on characteristic observation planes. Using the Realizable k-ε turbulence model coupled with a porous media model, we analyze the velocity distribution and low-velocity failure zones at the gas chamber–regenerator interface. Results demonstrate that a single-pipe 45° oblique injection achieves the highest effective purging area of 57.6%, a 35.7% improvement over conventional horizontal purging. Increasing pipe diameter significantly enhances flow uniformity, yielding an efficiency gain of approximately 40%, outperforming mere increases in gas velocity. A synergistic optimization strategy is proposed, prioritizing high-performance purging structures with coordinated parameter tuning. The recommended configuration—single-pipe 45° injection, 280 mm pipe diameter, and 14 m·s−1 gas velocity—achieves 88.2% purging efficiency without additional fan power, representing a 45.6% improvement over conventional modes. These findings provide a theoretical basis and engineering solution for RTO purging system design and operational optimization.

### 788. [Robust Microwave Catalytic Oxidative Coupling of Methane over Mn2O3-TiO2-Na2WO4/SiO2+SiC](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/robust-microwave-catalytic-oxidative-coupling-of-methane-over-mn2o3-tio2-na2wo4sio2sic) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60623-2]
Oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) is a promising route for direct conversion of methane to C2–C3 hydrocarbons, but conventional thermal catalysis suffers from insufficient conversion and selectivity. Here, we report a novel Mn2O3-TiO2-Na2WO4/SiO2+SiC microwave catalyst prepared by ball-milling, which enables efficient OCM under microwave irradiation. At 700 °C, the microwave catalytic reaction mode (MCRM) achieves a CH4 conversion of 26.6%, a C2–C3 selectivity of 76.5%, and a C2–C3 yield of 20.4%, significantly outperforming the conventional reaction mode (CRM) under identical conditions (12.3%, 61.9%, and 7.5%, respectively). The catalyst exhibits stable performance for 20 h in MCRM, maintaining CH4 conversion above 25% and C2–C3 selectivity above 76%. Characterization (XRD, XPS, O2-TPD, Raman) reveals that calcination promotes Mn–Ti interaction, increasing peroxy species and lattice oxygen (Oγ), which enhance reactivity and selectivity. Notably, microwave irradiation reduces the apparent activation energy from 173 kJ/mol (CRM) to 27.5 kJ/mol, facilitating free radical coupling and suppressing deep oxidation. These findings provide a low-temperature, energy-efficient strategy for methane valorization, contributing to sustainable chemical manufacturing.

### 789. [Precision Source Parameter Inversion for Typical Air Pollutant Emissions at Microscale: An Integrated PSO-NM Algorithm and Gaussian Dispersion Model Approach](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/precision-source-parameter-inversion-for-typical-air-pollutant-emissions-at-microscale-an-integrated-pso-nm-al) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509072]
Accurate identification of pollutant emission source parameters is critical for effective pollution response. This study evaluates the performance of genetic algorithm (GA), Nelder-Mead simplex (NM), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and their coupled variants on multi-dimensional, multi-extremum benchmark functions, and develops a source parameter inversion technique integrating PSO-NM with a Gaussian dispersion model. Validation via sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) single-point and multi-point release experiments demonstrates that PSO-NM achieves mean values closest to theoretical optima on Shubert, Hartmann, and Shekel functions, with superior stability and precision. In single-point source experiments, the relative deviation of source strength (Q) inversion ranges from -27.1% to 38.5%, with positional errors below 10 m, indicating robust convergence and repeatability. Multi-point source inversion exhibits stability across two scenarios but with reduced accuracy compared to single-point cases. When source strength is unknown, inversion accuracy for low-release sources (relative deviation 37.3%-70.4%) surpasses that for high-release sources; when position is unknown, positional deviations generally remain below 50 m, with low-release sources yielding better x0 deviations (-1.6 to 8.2 m) but slightly worse y0, z0, and distance parameters. Inversion errors primarily stem from meteorological non-stationarity, inter-source interference, algorithmic local optima, low-concentration measurement noise, and model assumptions. Future improvements may incorporate real-time meteorological correction and source-specific constraints to enhance accuracy and robustness in complex scenarios. The findings provide technical support for precise source tracing, monitoring, and refined management of pollutant emissions at microscale in industrial parks and enterprises.

### 790. [Ten-Thousand-Ton Scale Engineering Practice of Retrofitting a UASB Reactor into an Aerobic Granular Sludge Process](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ten-thousand-ton-scale-engineering-practice-of-retrofitting-a-uasb-reactor-into-an-aerobic-granular-sludge-pro) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510041]
This study presents a full-scale engineering practice of retrofitting an idle upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor into an aerobic granular sludge (AGS) system for treating low-strength municipal wastewater. The design capacity was 20,000 m3/d (maximum 24,000 m3/d), achieving separate treatment of industrial and domestic wastewater to reduce operational costs. Systematic analysis covered hydraulic capacity enhancement, effluent quality, pollutant removal efficiencies, sludge granulation progress, and operational costs. Results showed rapid start-up: the system reached 75% of design capacity by day 10 and 90% by day 26. During a 4-month operation, average removal efficiencies for COD, NH4+-N, TN, and SS were 83.2%, 97.0%, 75.9%, and 94.4%, respectively, even under low influent BOD5/TN ratios (typically below 4). Granulation progressed quickly: by day 44, average particle size was 2.6 times that of the inoculum and over 4 times that of flocs, with granules (>200 μm) accounting for 17.3%; by day 110, these values increased to 3.2 times and 5 times, with granule proportion reaching 33.4%. Compared to the previous year (June–August), the AGS process reduced electricity consumption, chemical consumption, and sludge production by 77.3%, 25.4%, and 30.4%, respectively, while saving 65.6% of footprint. This ten-thousand-ton case provides a practical basis for AGS technology application in China.

### 791. [Desulfurization of Lead-Zinc Molten Slag and Synergistic Oxidation of NOx with NaClO2](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/desulfurization-of-lead-zinc-molten-slag-and-synergistic-oxidation-of-nox-with-naclo2) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202508101]
The emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from fossil fuel combustion and metal smelting industries poses severe risks to environmental and human health. This study utilized depleted lead-zinc molten slag as a desulfurizer for wet flue gas desulfurization, and the resulting desulfurization slurry was further employed for NOx removal, achieving resource utilization. The desulfurization efficiency of the slag was determined, and NaClO2 was identified as the most effective oxidant when combined with the slag slurry for NOx removal. The effects of NaClO2 concentration, reaction temperature, flue gas flow rate, oxygen concentration, NOx concentration, and pH on removal efficiency were investigated. Optimal conditions were found at NaClO2 concentration of 2.5 mmol·L−1, temperature 45 °C, flue gas flow 200 mL·min−1, O2 volume fraction 10%, NOx volume fraction 0.03%, and pH 6, achieving a NOx removal efficiency of 97.24%. Metal ion experiments revealed that Fe3+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and K+ exhibited synergistic effects with NaClO2, with Fe3+ showing the most significant enhancement. Fe3+ promoted the decomposition of NaClO2 to generate stronger oxidants such as ClO2, thereby enhancing NOx oxidation and absorption. This approach offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional selective catalytic reduction, avoiding ammonia slip and secondary pollution.

### 792. [Research progress on solid acid catalysts for enhanced CO2 desorption from alkanolamine solutions in the past five years](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-solid-acid-catalysts-for-enhanced-co2-desorption-from-alkanolamine-solutions-in-the-past) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0001]
The escalating global demand for carbon reduction has positioned chemical absorption using alkanolamine solvents as the predominant post-combustion CO2 capture technology, owing to its high absorption efficiency and process maturity. However, the regeneration of CO2-rich solvents is energy-intensive, with the desorption step accounting for 40.0%–60.0% of total energy consumption. Traditional amine-based methods suffer from high energy penalties, solvent degradation, and equipment corrosion, limiting scalability. Catalytic CO2 desorption, employing solid acid catalysts (SACs), has emerged to address these challenges by lowering the activation energy for CO2 release, enhancing reaction kinetics, and enabling efficient regeneration at lower temperatures (110–130 °C reduced). This review systematically examines research from the past five years on key catalyst materials, focusing on structure-activity relationships, synergistic mechanisms of Lewis acid, Brønsted acid, and basic sites, and their influence on desorption pathways. It highlights that SACs not only improve desorption dynamics but also facilitate catalyst recovery, avoiding adverse effects on absorption. The paper analyzes current scientific and technological challenges, including catalyst stability, selectivity, and scale-up, and provides an outlook on industrial application in low-cost carbon capture. Key findings indicate that catalysts such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), heteropolyacids, and waste-derived materials can reduce regeneration energy by up to 30%–40% while maintaining high desorption efficiency. The review underscores the potential of catalytic regeneration to significantly lower operational costs and enhance the viability of amine-based CO2 capture in industrial settings.

### 793. [Fluorescence Nanoscopy Unveils the Black Box of Industrial Zeolite Catalysts: Mechanisms and Optimization of Mass Transfer-Acidity-Coke Formation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/fluorescence-nanoscopy-unveils-the-black-box-of-industrial-zeolite-catalysts-mechanisms-and-optimization-of-ma) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60652-4]
The performance of industrial zeolite catalysts, exemplified by fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts, is governed by microscopic behaviors including mass transfer, acidity, and coking. Conventional characterization techniques such as XRD, N2 physisorption, and TPD provide bulk-averaged or static ex situ information, failing to resolve dynamic processes under realistic reaction conditions. Recent advances in super-resolution fluorescence imaging enable nanoscale visualization of these key processes. This review systematically summarizes three critical applications: (1) Mass transfer diffusion: heterogeneous diffusion of reactant molecules within hierarchical pore networks is revealed, quantifying diffusion barriers and tortuosity. (2) Acid site accessibility: nanoscale localization of acid sites and their accessibility is achieved, correlating with catalytic activity. (3) Coking behavior: spatiotemporal evolution of coke species is identified, linking coke precursors to deactivation. The review elaborates how super-resolution imaging deepens understanding of fundamental catalytic mechanisms, providing theoretical support for rational design of high-performance catalysts through pore structure optimization, acid site regulation, and coking suppression. Current challenges and future directions are discussed, emphasizing the need for in situ correlation with catalytic performance.

### 794. [High-Temperature Ash Behavior of Biomass: A Comparative Study of Corn and Wheat Straw](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/high-temperature-ash-behavior-of-biomass-a-comparative-study-of-corn-and-wheat-straw) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0031]
The high-temperature behavior of biomass ash critically influences gasifier operational efficiency. This study investigates the differential high-temperature behaviors of corn straw ash (CSA) and wheat straw ash (WSA) using an intelligent ash fusion analyzer, high-temperature rotating viscometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM-EDS, and FactSage thermodynamic simulations. Both ashes contain high K2O (>30%) and exhibit flow temperatures below 1300 °C. Despite higher K2O and lower SiO2, CSA exhibits a higher flow temperature (1241 °C) than WSA, attributed to elevated CaO (10.39%) and MgO (7.33%) that promote formation of high-melting silicates (K2MgSiO4, K2Ca2Si2O7, CaSiO3). In contrast, WSA with lower CaO (4.92%) and MgO (2.82%) tends to form low-melting potassium silicates. At high temperatures, both slags are typical crystalline slags, with viscosity rising sharply below a critical temperature. For CSA, rapid nucleation and coarsening of silicate crystals (e.g., KAlSiO4 grain size increases from 20.5 nm at 1350 °C to 192.9 nm at 1050 °C) cause abrupt viscosity increase. For WSA, a high P2O5 content (10.05%) induces a 'chemical dilution effect', leading to persistent KAlSiO4 during cooling and elevated viscosity, especially at the final cooling stage. This study elucidates how ash chemical composition governs high-temperature phase equilibrium and non-equilibrium kinetics, thereby macroscopically affecting ash fusion and rheological behavior, providing a theoretical basis for deeper understanding of biomass ash high-temperature characteristics.

### 795. [Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignin-Derived Phenolic Compounds Catalyzed by NiCo Bimetallic Catalyst Supported on N-Doped Biochar and Al2O3](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/hydrodeoxygenation-of-lignin-derived-phenolic-compounds-catalyzed-by-nico-bimetallic-catalyst-supported-on-n-d) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60649-4]
To achieve efficient conversion of lignin-derived phenolic compounds into high-value hydrocarbon fuels, a series of NiCo bimetallic catalysts with N-doped biochar and Al2O3 composite supports (NiCo/NC-Al2O3) were designed and synthesized. Comprehensive characterizations (XRD, TEM, XPS, H2-TPD) revealed the superior catalytic activity in the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of lignin-derived phenolic compounds. The optimized Ni8Co2/NC-Al2O3 catalyst exhibited good metal dispersion and excellent hydrogen dissociation adsorption capacity. Under mild reaction conditions (240°C, 1 MPa H2, 4 h), it achieved complete conversion of guaiacol and 99.9% selectivity to cyclohexane, significantly outperforming monometallic Ni10/NC-Al2O3 and Co10/NC-Al2O3 catalysts. Comparative studies indicated a synergistic effect between Ni and Co, where the introduction of Co effectively promoted aromatic ring hydrogenation and C−O bond cleavage. The catalyst maintained high activity after four reuse cycles, demonstrating outstanding structural stability. This study elucidates the regulatory mechanism of the Ni-Co synergistic effect on catalytic performance, providing new insights for the development of efficient non-noble metal HDO catalysts.

### 796. [Selective Oxidation of Aromatic Alcohols to Aldehydes Catalyzed by HKUST-1-Derived Cu-Based Carbon Material and TEMPO](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/selective-oxidation-of-aromatic-alcohols-to-aldehydes-catalyzed-by-hkust-1-derived-cu-based-carbon-material-an) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60635-4]
A Cu-based carbon catalyst (H-Cu/C) with octahedral morphology was synthesized by pyrolyzing the metal-organic framework (MOF) precursor HKUST-1 under inert N2 atmosphere. Characterization via XPS, XRD, SEM, and HRTEM revealed that Cu(0) nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in a carbon matrix, with island-like Cu2O structures serving as active sites. The carbon matrix effectively stabilized the metal nanoparticles, suppressing migration and sintering during reaction. Combined with TEMPO and using molecular oxygen as a green oxidant, the H-Cu/C catalyst exhibited high efficiency in the selective oxidation of aromatic alcohols to corresponding aldehydes under alkali-free conditions. Using benzyl alcohol as a model substrate, an alcohol conversion of 99.2% and a benzaldehyde yield of 94.1% were achieved under mild conditions (100 °C, 0.5 MPa O2, 1 h). The catalytic system demonstrated excellent universality for various mono- and ortho/para-disubstituted aromatic alcohols, affording conversions over 99% and aldehyde yields above 95%. The catalyst could be regenerated via H2 reduction and reused without significant loss of activity. This work provides a new strategy for designing green and efficient non-noble metal catalytic systems for oxidation reactions.

### 797. [Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risks of Microplastics in Surface Waters of Coastal Area and Rivers Entering the Sea on Hainan Island](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pollution-characteristics-and-ecological-risks-of-microplastics-in-surface-waters-of-coastal-area-and-rivers-e) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030501]
Coastal areas serve as critical ecological interfaces for the migration of terrestrial microplastics (MPs) into the ocean, and characterizing their pollution is essential for integrated coastal management. This study investigated the occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of MPs in surface waters of nearshore areas and river estuaries around Hainan Island, a typical tropical tourist island. MPs abundance ranged from 316.67 to 1300 n·m−3 in seawater and from 400 to 5416.67 n·m−3 in river water. In seawater, the dominant polymer was polyethylene terephthalate, with fibers being the predominant shape, size class 500–1000 μm, and white/transparent color. In river water, polypropylene-ethylene copolymer dominated, also as fibers, but with size class 100–500 μm and white/transparent color. Seawater MP abundance showed a significant positive correlation with tourist numbers, and distribution across functional areas followed: tourism areas > natural areas > aquaculture areas > residential areas. Multiple correspondence analysis identified household plastic waste, laundry wastewater, aquaculture, and fishery products as primary sources of seawater MPs. Principal component analysis indicated homologous characteristics between seawater and river MPs, suggesting rivers are a major pathway for terrestrial MP transport to coastal zones. Ecological risk assessment revealed low pollution loads, with potential ecological risks moderate for seawater and medium-low for river water. Notably, 15% of seawater sampling sites exhibited polymer risk level Ⅳ, primarily driven by polyacrylonitrile's high biological toxicity. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing MP pollution control strategies in Hainan Island.

### 798. [Structural Evolution of χ-Fe5C2 and θ-Fe3C in the Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/structural-evolution-of-fe5c2-and-fe3c-in-the-reverse-water-gas-shift-reaction) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0035]
Iron-based catalysts in CO2/H2 atmospheres undergo dynamic carburization and oxidation phase transitions, complicating active-phase identification and stability control. This study prepared high-purity single-phase χ-Fe5C2 (Hägg carbide) and θ-Fe3C (cementite) via gas-solid carburization, with purity confirmed by XRD and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Fixed-bed reactor tests (H2/CO2 = 1, 0.1 MPa, 270–420 °C), pulse experiments (270 °C), and in situ XRD (10% CO2/He, 340 °C) were employed to investigate catalytic performance and structural evolution in the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction. Results show that χ-Fe5C2 exhibits higher RWGS activity but is more susceptible to oxidation, whereas θ-Fe3C demonstrates superior oxidation resistance but lower activity. Under RWGS conditions with H2, θ-Fe3C partially transforms into χ-Fe5C2; however, in 10% CO2 atmosphere, both carbides directly oxidize to Fe3O4 without inter-carbide transformation. In situ XRD at 340 °C and 0.1 MPa revealed that χ-Fe5C2 fully oxidizes within 11 h, while θ-Fe3C retains residual phase after 18.3 h, confirming its higher oxidation stability. These findings elucidate the atmosphere-dependent evolution mechanisms of χ-Fe5C2 and θ-Fe3C, providing experimental basis for phase-structure regulation and operational stability optimization in iron-based Fischer-Tropsch and RWGS catalysts.

### 799. [Negative-Carbon Electrochemical CO2 Capture Technology Powered by Green Electricity](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/negative-carbon-electrochemical-co2-capture-technology-powered-by-green-electricity) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60654-8]
The declining costs of renewable energy are progressively improving the economic viability of employing electrochemical techniques for carbon dioxide capture. Electrochemical carbon capture (ECC) technology utilizes electrical energy to drive electrode reactions, enabling the selective separation of CO2. The vigorous development of ECC powered by renewable energy offers a promising alternative route to conventional carbon capture methods, overcoming limitations associated with thermally driven capture and release cycles. This approach provides a promising alternative route that is more efficient, flexible, scalable, low-energy-consuming and low-polluting for traditional carbon capture technologies. This review begins by introducing established, large-scale carbon capture technologies, such as pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture, oxy-fuel combustion, adsorption, membrane separation and the calcium looping process. It then transitions to several rapidly developing ECC technologies, including electrochemically mediated amine regeneration (EMAR), pH-swing-mediated systems, and methods involving redox-active molecules. The pH-swing systems are further categorized into bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED), proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). For each method, the underlying principles, technological advancements, advantages, as well as current problems and challenges, are systematically elucidated. It is anticipated that with the widespread deployment of green electricity and persistent innovation in electrochemical materials, ECC technology will emerge as a highly efficient and low-carbon strategy, contributing significantly to the global goal of achieving carbon neutrality.

### 800. [Research Progress on Catalyst Design and Reaction Mechanisms for Heterogeneous Oxygen Oxidation of Light Hydrocarbons](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-catalyst-design-and-reaction-mechanisms-for-heterogeneous-oxygen-oxidation-of-light-hydro) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60660-3]
Catalytic oxidation is a pivotal technology for the valorization of light hydrocarbons, with oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) and epoxidation using molecular oxygen attracting significant interest due to high atom economy and environmental friendliness. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes (ethane, propane) and aerobic epoxidation of light olefins (ethylene, propylene). For rational catalyst design, it elaborates on performance regulation strategies for metal oxide catalysts such as MoVNbTeOx mixed oxides, NiO-based, and V-based systems, as well as carbon/boron-based non-metal catalysts in alkane ODH, and silver- and copper-based catalysts in alkene epoxidation. Strategies include regulating the oxidation state of active sites, exploiting strong metal-support interactions, engineering particle size and crystal facets, and promoter modification. At the mechanistic level, combining density functional theory calculations with in situ characterization, the review examines C–H bond activation and alkene desorption pathways in ODH, and oxygen insertion routes and competing side reactions in epoxidation. Special attention is given to the dynamic evolution of electrophilic and nucleophilic oxygen species and their decisive role in selectivity. Persistent challenges include suppressing over-oxidation and overcoming the conversion–selectivity trade-off. Future directions propose precise design of active centers, development of inherently safer processes, and in-depth analysis of complex reaction networks, supporting the green transition of the chemical industry.

### 801. [Accumulation and Occurrence of Microplastics in Different Feeding Species of Wild Fish in Baiyangdian Lake](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/accumulation-and-occurrence-of-microplastics-in-different-feeding-species-of-wild-fish-in-baiyangdian-lake) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021005]
Microplastic pollution in freshwater environments has escalated, leading to increased accumulation in wild fish. This study investigated the occurrence characteristics of microplastics (MPs) in the gills, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and muscle of four wild fish species with different feeding habits from Baiyangdian Lake, China. MPs were detected in all tissues. The average abundance was highest in the GIT (11.63 ± 10.76 items/individual), followed by gills (7.44 ± 6.79 items/individual), and lowest in muscle (3.91 ± 3.16 items/individual). The majority of MPs were transparent and black fibers smaller than 0.5 mm. Polymer analysis identified polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) as dominant components. Significant differences in MP abundance were observed among species, with carnivorous and herbivorous fish (e.g., snakehead and grass carp) showing higher total MPs than omnivorous and planktivorous fish (e.g., mosquitofish and topmouth gudgeon). However, when normalized by body weight, smaller fish exhibited higher MP concentrations in the GIT, suggesting a greater risk per unit mass. This study provides baseline data on tissue-specific MP distribution in wild freshwater fish with varying feeding behaviors and habitats, highlighting the influence of trophic level and body size on MP accumulation.

### 802. [Research Progress on Bifunctional Catalysts for Hydrogenation of COx to Liquefied Petroleum Gas](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-bifunctional-catalysts-for-hydrogenation-of-cox-to-liquefied-petroleum-gas) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0036]
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a clean fuel and essential chemical feedstock. This review summarizes recent advances in the hydrogenation of CO and CO2 (COx) to LPG, focusing on the design and optimization of bifunctional catalysts. The adsorption and activation of COx on various metal oxide surfaces, as well as the influence of zeolite pore structure and acidity on LPG selectivity, are critically evaluated. The synergistic effects between metal oxide and zeolite components in promoting LPG production and enhancing catalyst stability are elucidated. Key catalyst systems, including GaZrOx/H-SSZ-13 and InZrOx-Beta composites, demonstrate high selectivity to propane and isobutane-enriched C4 alkanes, respectively. The review highlights the importance of balancing methanol synthesis and hydrocarbon conversion functionalities to achieve high LPG yields while suppressing undesired methane and CO formation. Challenges such as catalyst deactivation and the need for precise control of acid site density are discussed. This work provides theoretical guidance for the rational design of highly efficient catalytic systems for COx hydrogenation to LPG, contributing to carbon resource utilization and emission reduction.

### 803. [Design Strategies and Recent Advances in Cellulase-Mimetic Solid Acid Catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/design-strategies-and-recent-advances-in-cellulase-mimetic-solid-acid-catalysts) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60626-8]
The dense crystalline structure and limited accessibility of cellulose severely hinder its efficient catalytic conversion. In response, biomimetic solid acid catalysts inspired by cellulase binding domains (CBDs) have emerged as a promising strategy to enhance cellulose hydrolysis by mimicking the substrate recognition and enrichment functions of natural enzymes. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the design of CBD-mimetic solid acids based on four representative strategies: electrostatic anchoring, hydrophobic microenvironment engineering, spatial confinement, and covalent lock-and-key mechanisms. The underlying principles of these approaches, including substrate-specific recognition, local concentration enhancement, and synergistic “adsorption-catalysis” effects, are critically discussed to elucidate their contributions in improving catalytic affinity, selectivity, and durability. Despite significant progress, challenges such as mass-transfer resistance and insufficient structural robustness remain in complex biomass conversion systems. Looking forward, the integration of sub-enzymatic materials, such as carbon quantum dots (CQDs), into biomimetic catalysts offers new opportunities to achieve efficient, recyclable, and hierarchically organized catalytic systems, thereby providing a powerful route for the sustainable valorization of cellulose and other lignocellulosic resources.

### 804. [Construction of electron-rich active sites in the metallic active phase of iron-based hydrogenation catalysts and their regulation on HDN pathway selectivity](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/construction-of-electron-rich-active-sites-in-the-metallic-active-phase-of-iron-based-hydrogenation-catalysts) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60701-3]
Hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) is an effective method for removing nitrogen-containing heteroatom compounds from inferior feedstocks, with the core challenge being the development of catalysts that combine low cost and high performance. In this study, a FeZn-supported catalyst was modified by introducing six different metal promoters (La, Ti, Ce, Mn, Mg, and Cr). It was found that Cr exhibited a pronounced promotional effect on HDN performance. The promoting effect of Cr on the FeZn catalyst's activity originates from its electronic interaction with sulfided Fe species, rather than functioning as an independent active site. Specifically, Cr and Zn species act synergistically as electron donors, transferring electron density to the sulfided Fe species, thereby modulating the electronic structure of Fe to render it in an electron-rich state. This increased electronic density weakens the Fe–S bonds in the active phase, promoting their cleavage and facilitating the formation of hydrogenation active sites known as coordinated unsaturated sulfur vacancies (CUS). After introducing 3% Cr, under conditions of 340–380 °C, 4 MPa pressure, and a high weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 8.7 h−1, the catalyst's HDN conversion rate for the basic nitrogen compound quinoline increased by 14.5%–19.7% compared to the unmodified catalyst, reaching 81.9% at 380 °C. Furthermore, Cr introduction increased the number of medium-strength Lewis acid sites, which work synergistically with the increased CUS sites to enhance overall hydrogenation activity. Cr addition effectively governs the selectivity of the HDN pathway, with the reaction rate constant for the deep hydrogenation pathway over the FeZn3Cr@GA catalyst reaching 3.2 times that of the unmodified FeZn@GA catalyst. In summary, using Fe as the primary active metal component and regulating its electronic structure through promoters represents an effective approach for designing low-cost, high-performance HDN catalysts.

### 805. [Research Progress on the Impact of Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure on Pregnancy Complications and Adverse Birth Outcomes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-the-impact-of-organophosphate-pesticide-exposure-on-pregnancy-complications-and-adverse-b) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022102]
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs), the most extensively used insecticides globally, are ubiquitous in environmental matrices and agricultural products, leading to widespread human exposure. This systematic review evaluates the impact of OP exposure on pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes, synthesizing evidence from 58 epidemiological studies published between January 2001 and July 2024. Exposure assessment methods, including biomarkers such as urinary dialkyl phosphates, are critically examined. The review finds significant associations between OP exposure and increased risks of spontaneous abortion, gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, preterm birth, and adverse birth outcomes such as low birth weight and reduced head circumference. Potential mechanisms include paraoxonase 1 (PON1) genotype polymorphisms affecting detoxification capacity, oxidative stress, inflammation, metabolic disruption, and altered placental gene networks. The review highlights inconsistencies across studies due to variability in exposure assessment, timing, and population susceptibility. Future research should prioritize longitudinal designs, repeated biomarker measurements, and consideration of PON1 genetic variants to clarify causal relationships and susceptible windows. This comprehensive synthesis provides critical insights for regulatory policies and clinical interventions aimed at mitigating maternal and child health risks from OP exposure.

### 806. [Metabolomics Study of Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to PFOS and 6:2 FTSA](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/metabolomics-study-of-zebrafish-embryos-exposed-to-pfos-and-62-ftsa) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022301]
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a typical perfluorinated compound, has been restricted from production and use due to its adverse effects on organisms and ecosystems. It has been replaced by various emerging alternatives, including 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA). Recently, 6:2 FTSA has been widely detected in aquatic environments; however, studies on its toxicity to aquatic organisms remain limited. To compare the toxic effects of PFOS and 6:2 FTSA on aquatic organisms, zebrafish embryos were exposed to each compound for 72 h. Toxic effects were evaluated, and alterations in endogenous metabolites and metabolic pathways in zebrafish embryos were analyzed using metabolomics. The study demonstrated that both PFOS and 6:2 FTSA induced malformations in zebrafish embryos, with 61 and 33 endogenous differential metabolites identified respectively, predominantly involving lipids and amino acid derivatives. PFOS induces immunotoxicity primarily by disrupting lipid metabolism pathways, thereby interfering with normal embryonic development. In addition, 6:2 FTSA exhibited neurotoxicity by affecting metabolic pathways such as dopaminergic synapses. This study elucidates the differential metabolic responses induced by PFOS and 6:2 FTSA in zebrafish embryos, providing a theoretical basis for assessing the health risks of PFOS alternatives.

### 807. [Catalytic Properties of Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) Materials in CO2 Cycloaddition](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/catalytic-properties-of-ionic-covalent-organic-frameworks-cofs-materials-in-co2-cycloaddition) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025112603]
The cycloaddition of carbon dioxide (CO2) to epoxides (CCE) is a 100% atom-economical transformation yielding cyclic carbonates, which are valuable chemical products. This reaction valorizes CO2 as a carbon feedstock, mitigating the greenhouse effect and aligning with carbon neutrality goals. Conventional covalent organic framework (COF) catalysts often require co-catalysts to achieve high efficiency. To address this, we designed and prepared a series of ionic COFs, denoted EB-BT(nOH), that simultaneously incorporate acid (hydroxyl), base (nitrogen), and nucleophilic bromide (Br−) functionalities. These materials efficiently catalyze the CCE reaction without any co-catalyst. Among them, EB-BT(OH) exhibited the highest catalytic activity, achieving a 99% yield of the target product at 120 °C and 2.0 MPa CO2 pressure. By systematically varying the hydroxyl content in the COF backbone, we investigated the critical role of hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) in the CCE reaction. This work provides new design principles for COF-based catalysts for CCE, eliminating the need for co-catalysts and enhancing process sustainability.

### 808. [Determination of Trace Phthalates in Foods by C18-SiO2@C-Tip Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/determination-of-trace-phthalates-in-foods-by-c18-sio2c-tip-solid-phase-microextraction-coupled-with-gas-chrom) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030302]
A novel core-shell composite adsorbent, C18-SiO2@C, was synthesized for the determination of five phthalates in food samples. The adsorbent was prepared by assembling hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) into γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) cavities via saturated solution method, followed by hydrothermal oxidation to form SiO2@C, and subsequent C18 modification on the inner SiO2 core. The outer hydrophilic amorphous carbon shell enables effective extraction, while the inner C18 layer provides hydrophobic interactions. Using tip-based solid-phase microextraction (SPME), the adsorbent (10 mg) efficiently enriched phthalates from water, milk, and cola. Under optimized conditions (pH, eluent type/volume, sample volume, salt concentration), the method coupled with GC/MS exhibited linearity in the range of 0.5–10 ng·mL−1 (R² > 0.99), limits of detection (S/N ≥ 3) of 0.04–0.15 μg·L−1, and spiked recoveries of 74%–100% (RSD 1.32%–3.49%). For real samples, recoveries were 84.6%–102.3% for tap water, 80.7%–104.6% for cola, and 80.2%–101.4% for milk. The method offers simplicity, rapidity, low sample consumption, high enrichment efficiency, and strong matrix interference resistance, demonstrating significant potential for trace phthalate monitoring in foods.

### 809. [Heavy Metal Speciation and Ecological Risk Assessment of Biochar from Co-pyrolysis of Livestock Sludge and Calcium Carbide Slag](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/heavy-metal-speciation-and-ecological-risk-assessment-of-biochar-from-co-pyrolysis-of-livestock-sludge-and-cal) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030305]
The rapid expansion of livestock and poultry farming has intensified the challenge of managing sludge, which contains heavy metals (primarily Cu and Zn), antibiotics, and pathogens. Calcium carbide slag (CCS), an alkaline industrial waste rich in Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, and other minerals, poses environmental risks due to its high alkalinity. This study investigates the speciation transformation of heavy metals in biochar derived from co-pyrolysis of livestock sludge and CCS under varying temperatures (400–700 °C) and mixing ratios (sludge:CCS = 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1). The results demonstrate that at 600 °C and a 2:1 mixing ratio, calcium-based compounds and SiO2 in CCS effectively immobilize heavy metals through crystal solid solution and complexation, reducing their ecological risk. Sequential extraction indicated a shift from exchangeable and reducible fractions to residual fractions, with the residual fraction of Cu and Zn increasing by up to 45% and 38%, respectively, compared to sludge-only pyrolysis. The formation of apatite phosphorus (Ca5(PO4)3OH and Ca3(PO4)2) enhances the bioavailability of phosphorus in the biochar, making it a potential slow-release fertilizer. The study provides a novel strategy for the synergistic treatment of livestock sludge and CCS, offering environmental and economic benefits by producing stable, nutrient-rich biochar while mitigating heavy metal toxicity.

### 810. [Distribution Characteristics, Sources, and Risks of Organophosphate Triesters and Diesters in the Qiantang River, Hangzhou](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/distribution-characteristics-sources-and-risks-of-organophosphate-triesters-and-diesters-in-the-qiantang-river) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021401]
This study investigated the occurrence, distribution, sources, and ecological risks of 19 organophosphate triesters (OPEs) and 8 diesters (di-OPEs) in surface water and sediments from the Hangzhou section of the Qiantang River. Samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Concentrations of ΣOPEs in water ranged from 31.5 to 98.9 ng/L, and in sediments from 10.8 to 341 ng/g dry weight (dw). Σdi-OPEs ranged from 2.19 to 104 ng/L in water and 0.437 to 106 ng/g dw in sediments, indicating moderate to low contamination. TCIPP and TCEP dominated OPEs in water, while TEHP was the predominant OPE in sediments. DBP was the major di-OPE in water, and DPHP in sediments. Source apportionment via correlation and principal component analysis identified industrial production and human activities, including household, tire, plastic manufacturing, and agricultural practices, as primary sources. Ecological risk assessment revealed negligible risks for most OPEs in water, but notable risks in sediments: TEHP and EHDPP posed risks to crustaceans, and TPHP to algae. Moreover, combined toxicity at multiple sediment sampling sites raised concern, warranting further attention.

### 811. [Toxic Effects of Benzo[a]pyrene on Pancreatic Development and Function in Offspring Rats](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/toxic-effects-of-benzoapyrene-on-pancreatic-development-and-function-in-offspring-rats) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021101]
This study investigated the toxic effects of intrauterine benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) exposure on pancreatic development and glucose metabolism in first-generation offspring rats. Pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and treatment groups receiving 200, 800, or 1600 μg·kg−1 BaP via daily oral gavage during gestation until delivery. Pancreatic histology was assessed in offspring at postnatal day 2 and week 12. Protein and mRNA expression of pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) were quantified. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTT) and insulin tolerance tests (IPITT) were performed at week 12. Results showed that exposure to 800 and 1600 μg·kg−1 BaP caused dose-dependent pancreatic damage, with more severe islet morphological disruption and reduced islet area, which did not improve with age. PDX-1 and TFAM expression levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner at both time points. At week 12, the 1600 μg·kg−1 group exhibited pre-diabetic symptoms, including elevated blood glucose and insulin levels, and impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. These findings indicate that intrauterine BaP exposure leads to persistent pancreatic developmental impairment and glucose metabolism disorders, potentially mediated by downregulation of PDX-1 and TFAM, with no recovery over time.

### 812. [Electrochemical Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide for Disinfection of Toilet Bowl Seal Water](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electrochemical-synthesis-of-hydrogen-peroxide-for-disinfection-of-toilet-bowl-seal-water) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021702]
Bacteria and microorganisms in toilets can enter the air via aerosol plumes generated during flushing, posing potential health risks. This study evaluates the feasibility of electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for household toilet disinfection. Disinfection experiments showed that at H2O2 concentrations of 50–200 mg·L−1, bacteria in toilet bowl seal water were completely inactivated within 4–24 h without generating harmful disinfection by-products. By installing a gas diffusion electrode in the toilet tank and utilizing oxygen from air to electrochemically synthesize H2O2 in situ, the total bacterial count in the seal water was reduced by more than 90% during normal toilet use, thereby lowering the risk of disease transmission via toilet aerosols. The results suggest that electrochemical H2O2 synthesis offers a safe, healthy, and environmentally friendly disinfection method for household toilets.

### 813. [Effect of Hematite Morphology on the Photosensitive Response of Microplastic-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-hematite-morphology-on-the-photosensitive-response-of-microplastic-derived-dissolved-organic-matter) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025120801]
The interaction between microplastic-derived dissolved organic matter (PSDOM) and iron oxides in soil environments can modulate its photosensitization effects, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study investigated the influence of hematite with distinct morphologies—flake-shaped (HNPs) and cubic (HNCs)—on the photosensitization of polystyrene-derived dissolved organic matter (PSDOM). Under 500 W mercury lamp irradiation, both hematite morphologies promoted PSDOM degradation, with HNCs exhibiting superior performance: total organic carbon (TOC) decreased from 18.4 mg·L−1 to 12.3 mg·L−1 within 90 min, compared to 13.3 mg·L−1 for HNPs. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that hematite alters the humification process, thereby modifying photosensitization. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy identified the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and carbon-centered radicals (CH3C(=O)OO·). HNCs significantly enhanced 1O2 production, while HNPs favored ·OH generation; both inhibited CH3C(=O)OO· formation. Quantitative analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that the steady-state concentration of 1O2 was highest with HNCs, reaching 2.80 times that of the PSDOM control, whereas ·OH concentration peaked with HNPs at 1.98 times the control. Notably, the steady-state concentration of 1O2 was approximately three orders of magnitude higher than that of ·OH. These findings elucidate the morphology-dependent role of hematite in PSDOM photosensitization, providing mechanistic insights into the environmental fate of microplastic-derived organic matter in complex soil systems.

### 814. [Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics Using BiVO4/TiO2 Array Anode](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/photoelectrocatalytic-degradation-of-sulfonamide-antibiotics-using-bivo4tio2-array-anode) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030404]
The photoelectrocatalytic degradation of seven sulfonamide antibiotics—sulfathiazole (STZ), sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfisoxazole (SIA), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfapyridine (SPD), sulfadimidine (SMT), and sulfaguanidine (SG)—was investigated using a bismuth vanadate-loaded titanium dioxide array (BiVO4/TiO2) as the anode under visible light irradiation. Systematic evaluation of BiVO4 loading, solution pH, current density, electrolyte type, and electrolyte concentration revealed optimal conditions of 50 mmol·L−1 Na2SO4, a current density of 1.67 mA·cm−2, and pH 2. Under these conditions, STZ removal and total organic carbon (TOC) removal reached 95.7% and 76.7%, respectively. Removal efficiencies for SDZ, SIA, SMZ, SPD, SMT, and SG were 94.9%, 80.9%, 79.1%, 57.7%, 52.3%, and 52.0%, with TOC removal ranging from 50% to 76.7%. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) identified hydroxyl radicals (·OH), singlet oxygen (1O2), and sulfate radicals (SO4−·) as dominant reactive species. The BiVO4/TiO2 composite exhibited a valence band edge at EVB = 2.775 V vs. RHE, enabling oxidation of H2O, OH−, and SO4^2− to generate these radicals. The heterostructure narrowed the bandgap to 2.12 eV and enhanced visible light response, facilitating efficient charge separation and transfer. Degradation pathways involved oxidation of aniline moieties to nitro groups, followed by hydroxylation and cleavage of S–N, N–C, or S–C bonds, ultimately mineralizing to CO2, H2O, SO4^2−, and NO3−. The system demonstrated high stability and catalytic efficiency across acidic and alkaline conditions, offering a promising approach for antibiotic removal from environmental waters.

### 815. [Molecular Dynamics Simulation in the Mechanism Exploration Research of Environmental Remediation: Current Status and Challenges](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/molecular-dynamics-simulation-in-the-mechanism-exploration-research-of-environmental-remediation-current-statu) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026010502]
Environmental pollution severely impacts ecosystems, human health, and socio-economic development, necessitating efficient removal and detoxification of pollutants. Traditional trial-and-error approaches are inadequate for developing high-performance environmental materials and remediation technologies. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have emerged as essential tools for elucidating pollutant removal and toxicity mechanisms at the atomic-molecular level. This review summarizes core computational methods of MD simulations, including force fields, ensemble settings, and enhanced sampling techniques. It then discusses applications in novel adsorbent materials, bioremediation (enzyme catalysis), membrane separation, and membrane fouling, highlighting how MD reveals microscopic interaction mechanisms. Current limitations, such as force field accuracy, timescale constraints, and system size, are critically assessed. Future integration with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning is explored for accelerating simulations, improving force field parameterization, and enabling high-throughput screening. The review aims to promote mechanism-based design and diversified development of environmental pollution control materials and remediation technologies.

### 816. [Degradation of Emerging Organic Pollutants in Water Matrix over Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitride Based Photocatalytic Coupling Systems](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/degradation-of-emerging-organic-pollutants-in-water-matrix-over-modified-graphitic-carbon-nitride-based-photoc) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030303]
Emerging organic pollutants (EOPs) represent a class of toxic and hazardous chemicals characterized by ecotoxicity, environmental persistence, and bio-accumulation. Conventional water treatment processes have proven inadequate in eliminating these EOPs, leading to their accumulation in aquatic ecosystems and posing severe threats to the health and safety of aquatic organisms. Consequently, the development of efficient technologies for the complete elimination of EOPs from water matrix is of great importance. Recently, carbon nitride (CN)-based photocatalytic degradation technologies have been extensively utilized for the efficient treatment of organic pollutants in water environments due to their advantages of being green, efficient, and cost-effective. Furthermore, the catalytic activity of CN-based photocatalytic systems can be significantly improved and energy recovery can be achieved via coupling these systems with other advanced oxidation technologies. This review provides a critical review of the modification strategies for CN photocatalytic materials and their application in photocatalytic coupling systems toward EOPs elimination. Moreover, the opportunities and challenges on the photocatalytic coupling systems have been discussed.

### 817. [Electroactive Bacteria Accelerate the Degradation of Gallic Acid by Nano Iron Minerals and Its Mechanism](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electroactive-bacteria-accelerate-the-degradation-of-gallic-acid-by-nano-iron-minerals-and-its-mechanism) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021602]
Iron-based catalysts are widely used in water pollution treatment due to their high stability and redox capabilities. However, conventional single-component iron-based catalytic systems face challenges such as slow reaction kinetics and low efficiency in generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) during organic pollutant degradation. In this study, three electroactive bacteria (Bacillus megaterium, Lactococcus lactis, and Shewanella putrefaciens) were selected to interact with nano-Fe3O4 to construct bacterial/Fe3O4 hybrid materials, accelerating the degradation of gallic acid. The results showed that bacterial interaction with Fe3O4 facilitated rapid electron transfer, enhancing gallic acid degradation. The bacterial/Fe3O4 hybrid materials exhibited significantly higher gallic acid degradation rates compared to Fe3O4 alone. This improvement was mainly attributed to the ability of electroactive bacteria to promote the formation of oxygen vacancies (OVs) on the Fe3O4 surface, accelerating electron transfer and subsequently enhancing the generation of ROS, including hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, and singlet oxygen. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship between OVs and ROS generation, with hydroxyl radicals showing the highest correlation with the gallic acid degradation rate constant (r = 0.98), indicating its dominant role in gallic acid degradation; the hydroxyl radicals quenching experiment also verified its dominant role. Additionally, due to the temperature sensitivity of bacteria, the degradation rate of gallic acid reached its peak in the temperature range of 30–40 °C. This study reveals the mechanism by which electroactive bacteria enhance the catalytic activity of Fe3O4, providing a new strategy for its application in advanced oxidation technology for water pollution treatment.

### 818. [Adsorption Pathways and Differential Mechanisms of Typical Organic/Inorganic Pollutants on Microplastics: A Case Study of Sulfamethoxazole and Cr(VI) on Aged Polypropylene](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/adsorption-pathways-and-differential-mechanisms-of-typical-organicinorganic-pollutants-on-microplastics-a-case) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030403]
Microplastics (MPs) act as vectors for co-migrating antibiotics and heavy metals, forming complex pollution systems with potential joint toxicity. However, the differential adsorption behaviors and underlying mechanisms of MPs toward organic versus inorganic pollutants remain insufficiently understood. This study selected polypropylene (PP) microplastics, a major component of agricultural plastic films, and investigated the adsorption of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and Cr(VI) onto aged PP under varying environmental conditions. Results demonstrated that aging increased the maximum adsorption capacity by 2–3 times for both pollutants. Notably, aged PP exhibited approximately 30 times higher adsorption capacity for SMX than for Cr(VI). Characterization revealed that aging introduced oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g., carbonyl) on the MP surface, enhancing adsorption. Mechanistic analysis indicated that hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions dominated SMX adsorption, while Cr(VI) adsorption was primarily governed by electrostatic interactions and pore-filling. The stronger intermolecular forces for SMX compared to reversible pore-filling for Cr(VI) explained the observed differences. Increasing pH induced electrostatic repulsion, reducing adsorption of both pollutants. High concentrations of Na+ and Mg2+ caused charge shielding, potentially enhancing Cr(VI) adsorption but inhibiting SMX adsorption due to competition for active sites. The presence of organic matter (humic acid) had negligible effects on Cr(VI) adsorption but reduced SMX adsorption, likely due to complexation. These findings elucidate distinct molecular-level pathways for organic versus inorganic pollutant adsorption on aged MPs, highlighting the roles of hydrogen bonding and pore-filling in driving differential behaviors.

### 819. [Preparation of Fe1-xS@CNT Composite Nanozyme and Its Application in Colorimetric Detection of Hg2+](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/preparation-of-fe1-xscnt-composite-nanozyme-and-its-application-in-colorimetric-detection-of-hg2) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022302]
The escalating environmental contamination by mercury ions (Hg2+) poses severe risks to ecosystems and human health, necessitating the development of rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection methods. In this study, Fe1-xS@CNT composite nanozymes were synthesized via a straightforward solvothermal approach. The nanozymes exhibit uniform morphology, structural stability, and significant peroxidase (POD)-like activity. The incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNT) facilitates electron transfer, enhancing the Fenton reaction between Fe2+/Fe3+ to generate abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide anions (·O2−). The synergistic action of these ROS and photogenerated holes (h+) promotes the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to a blue-colored product (oxTMB), establishing a colorimetric system of Fe1-xS@CNT + H2O2 + TMB. The specific binding of S2− on the nanozyme surface to Hg2+ inhibits POD activity, reducing the absorbance of the system. This principle was harnessed to develop a colorimetric method for Hg2+ quantification in environmental water samples. The method demonstrates a linear range of 0.1–500 μg·L−1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.04 μg·L−1. Validation in real water samples (campus and tap water) showed recoveries between 94.4% and 111.1% with relative standard deviations (RSD) below 3.0%, comparable to atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The method offers advantages of simplicity, rapid analysis, and naked-eye visibility, providing a novel approach for on-site monitoring of heavy metal pollutants.

### 820. [Preparation and Performance of Anti-fouling Polyacrylonitrile Ultrafiltration Membranes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/preparation-and-performance-of-anti-fouling-polyacrylonitrile-ultrafiltration-membranes) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021902]
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration membranes are widely used in water treatment, yet their anti-fouling performance remains a challenge. In this work, PAN was first reacted with sodium azide via click chemistry to synthesize 1,2,3,4-tetrazolium polyacrylonitrile (PAN-N). Subsequently, PAN-N was reacted with iodoacetamide (IAM), 2-iodoethanol (IH), iodoacetic acid (IA), and chlorosulfonic acid (CSA) to introduce hydrophilic groups, and anti-fouling PAN ultrafiltration membranes were fabricated via phase inversion. The membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle measurements. Results showed that the PAN-N membrane exhibited superior performance to pristine PAN, with water flux increasing from 0.9233 to 1.232 L·(m2·h·kPa)−1 and bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection from 69.23% to 82.4%. Hydrophilic modification further enhanced performance; the PAN-N-IA membrane achieved the highest water flux of 1.7347 L·(m2·h·kPa)−1 and rejection of 93.57%. Anti-fouling tests revealed that modified membranes followed the order: PAN-N-CSA > PAN-N-IA > PAN-N-IH > PAN-N-IAM > PAN-N > PAN. PAN-N-CSA and PAN-N-IA showed comparable anti-fouling performance, with total fouling indices of 56.1% and 58.47%, reversible fouling indices of 47.17% and 46.97%, and irreversible fouling indices of 8.97% and 11.47%, respectively. This work demonstrates that PAN-N-IA membranes combine high flux, high rejection, and excellent anti-fouling properties, making them promising for water treatment applications.

### 821. [Comparison and Optimization of Pretreatment Methods for Emerging Contaminants and Application in Industrial Wastewater Samples](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/comparison-and-optimization-of-pretreatment-methods-for-emerging-contaminants-and-application-in-industrial-wa) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022501]
The pretreatment of trace emerging contaminants in environmental matrices is challenging due to diverse methods and uncertain applicability. This study compared solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) for extracting endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), particularly phthalate esters (PAEs), using laboratory-spiked blank samples. LLE achieved satisfactory recoveries for PAEs at spike levels below 4 μg·L−1, enabling detection of five PAEs including diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), with improved efficiency via repeated extraction. SPE offered lower detection and quantification limits, higher accuracy and sensitivity, and achieved high recoveries for 12 EDCs and 10 antibiotics at spike levels ≥0.2 μg·L−1, with detection limits as low as 0.1–6.4 ng·L−1. The developed SPE coupled with liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-Orbitrap MS) method was applied to industrial wastewater samples. Across five industrial sectors (coatings, rubber, pharmaceuticals, inks, and materials technology), five antibiotics and ten EDCs were detected, with total concentrations ranging from 0.03–0.56 μg·L−1 and 0.07–1.91 μg·L−1, respectively. Sector-specific profiles emerged: rubber industry effluent was dominated by dibutyl phthalate (DBP) at 1.07 μg·L−1, while pharmaceutical effluent featured sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) at 0.34 μg·L−1. This systematic evaluation demonstrates that SPE-LC-Orbitrap MS is robust for complex matrices, providing a technical foundation for accurate quantification of emerging contaminants in industrial wastewater.

### 822. [Molecular Regulation of Sulfur Metabolisms Induced by Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids on the Diffusion of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances at the Water–Soil Interface in Paddy Fields](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/molecular-regulation-of-sulfur-metabolisms-induced-by-low-molecular-weight-organic-acids-on-the-diffusion-of-p) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026011902]
The migration of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) at the water–soil interface in paddy fields is a critical determinant of their environmental fate and crop safety. This study investigated the influence of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) on PFASs mobility under waterlogged conditions. Four LMWOAs—oxalic, citric, lactic, and acetic acids—were individually enriched in paddy soils, and the migration of 15 PFASs was monitored. Acetic acid enrichment most strongly suppressed PFASs release into overlying water. Mechanistic analyses using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy, microbial amplicon sequencing, and metagenomics revealed that acetic acid reshaped the microbial community, enriching sulfate-reducing bacteria and upregulating sulfur reduction genes (SULT1A) and nitrogen transformation genes (nifN, nirI, nthB). This drove sulfate reduction to sulfite and sulfide. ABT modeling identified sulfur metabolism as the dominant factor controlling PFASs immobilization (26.06% contribution). Experiments under varying sulfur redox conditions confirmed that sulfite (SO3^2−) oxidation indirectly altered dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition, weakening PFASs–DOM binding and reducing PFASs in overlying water. These findings demonstrate that LMWOAs accumulation, particularly acetic acid, can effectively impede PFASs migration at the paddy water–soil interface via microbial sulfur cycling and associated DOM structural changes, offering a potential strategy for PFASs remediation in agricultural systems.

### 823. [Seasonal Variations of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) in Urban Riverine Outfall Water and Its Association with Water Quality: A Case Study of the Nanfei River and Banqiao River in Hefei](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/seasonal-variations-of-dissolved-organic-matter-dom-in-urban-riverine-outfall-water-and-its-association-with-w) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025092801]
Urban river water quality is critically influenced by outfall discharges, yet the seasonal dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its linkage to water quality remain poorly constrained. This study collected outfall water samples seasonally during 2023–2024 along the Nanfei River and Banqiao River in Hefei, Anhui Province. Parallel factor analysis of excitation-emission matrices identified three fluorescent components: fulvic acid-like C1, tryptophan-like (protein-like) C2, and terrestrial humic-like C3. Seasonal variations were pronounced: protein-like C2 dominated in winter and spring, whereas summer and autumn showed lower C2 proportions due to rainwater dilution and urban nonpoint source runoff inputs. Water quality indices decreased in summer and autumn, primarily attributed to dilution by rainfall runoff. Fluorescence index (FI > 1.9) and biological index (BIX > 1.0) indicated predominantly autochthonous DOM sources. During summer and autumn, humification index (HIX) and specific UV absorbance (SUVA) increased, while spectral slope ratio (SR) decreased, suggesting enhanced terrestrial and urban runoff influence. Significant positive correlations were observed between protein-like C2 and terrestrial humic-like C3 with water quality parameters, indicating their utility as precise indicators of pollution sources and seasonal water quality variations. These findings provide a scientific basis for integrated management of urban outfalls.

### 824. [Characteristics and Meteorological Causes of PM2.5-O3 Compound Pollution in Typical Cities of the Yangtze River Delta Region](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/characteristics-and-meteorological-causes-of-pm25-o3-compound-pollution-in-typical-cities-of-the-yangtze-river) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025030602]
In the context of accelerated urbanization, regional air composite pollution in medium and large urban agglomerations is primarily characterized by PM2.5-O3 compound pollution. To elucidate the meteorological causes of PM2.5-O3 compound pollution in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region over the recent seven years (2017–2023), this study analyzed monitoring data from typical cities (Nanjing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Hefei) using Pearson and partial correlation coefficients. Results indicate: (1) PM2.5 pollution exhibited a significant downward trend across all four cities, with notable improvement during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, underscoring the effectiveness of air pollution control measures. Conversely, O3 pollution remained elevated or increased in some cities, indicating persistent challenges in O3 control. (2) During O3 pollution episodes, PM2.5 and O3 concentrations were positively correlated, whereas during PM2.5 pollution episodes, they were negatively correlated. (3) Compound pollution days were predominantly observed from February to October, with the highest frequency (20 days) occurring from April to June. (4) The significant reduction in PM2.5 weakened the aerosol 'umbrella effect', enhancing surface radiation and promoting near-surface O3 formation. Concurrently, changes in the NOx/VOCs ratio weakened O3 titration, and climate warming accelerated O3 precursor generation and potentially altered boundary layer structure, collectively contributing to O3 accumulation in the cold season and an increasing frequency of compound pollution during that period. (5) The formation mechanisms of PM2.5 and O3 are driven by distinct meteorological conditions, with low overall concentration correlation; however, under compound meteorological conditions such as high temperature, stagnant air, and weak diffusion, both pollutants tend to rise synchronously, indicating that compound pollution events are typically driven by multiple adverse meteorological factors. This study demonstrates that from 2017 to 2023, PM2.5 pollution significantly decreased while O3 pollution showed an increasing trend. Compound pollution was concentrated in April–June and influenced by high temperature, stagnant air, and weak diffusion. With effective PM2.5 control, enhanced surface radiation and changes in O3 precursors led to O3 accumulation in the cold season, increasing compound pollution frequency. Overall, compound pollution is driven by multiple meteorological factors, posing complex challenges for control.

### 825. [Bioavailability and Desorption Kinetics of Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Soil Assessed by Diffusive Gradients in Thin-Films](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bioavailability-and-desorption-kinetics-of-sulfonamide-antibiotics-in-soil-assessed-by-diffusive-gradients-in) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031001]
The diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique has emerged as a promising tool for assessing the desorption kinetics and bioavailability of organic contaminants in soil. This study compared DGT, soil solution, and organic solvent extraction methods for evaluating the bioavailability of four sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) in soil using pot experiments with Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis and Lactuca sativa. Results demonstrated that plant uptake of SAs depended on compound properties and plant species, with roots as the primary accumulation site. DGT-measured concentrations (CDGT) showed significant linear correlations with SA concentrations in both roots and leaves, and effective concentrations (CE) were positively correlated with plant tissue levels (P < 0.05). The soil solution method also showed predictive ability but with lower stability. The mass of SAs adsorbed by DGT increased non-linearly with deployment time, indicating that solid-phase resupply sustained long-term DGT uptake. DIFS model-derived soil-water partition coefficients (Kdl) ranged from 0.23 to 1.25 mL·g−1, with higher Kdl values corresponding to greater bioavailability. Response times (Tc) ranged from 2307 to 7523 seconds, with sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) exhibiting the highest Tc, indicating its release was most constrained. Meta-analysis of desorption parameters for other organic contaminants revealed that soil pH and particle size were key determinants of Kdl, while molecular volume and hydrophobicity influenced resupply rates. This study confirms the reliability of DGT for assessing antibiotic bioavailability in soil and provides fundamental data on their migration and fate.

### 826. [Optimized Simulation of HONO Sources and Its Impact on Nitrate Formation in Guangzhou](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/optimized-simulation-of-hono-sources-and-its-impact-on-nitrate-formation-in-guangzhou) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025081103]
Nitrous acid (HONO) is a critical precursor of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in the atmosphere, influencing oxidative capacity and secondary pollutant formation. However, model simulations often underestimate HONO concentrations, and its role in nitrate formation remains unclear. This study investigates a typical winter haze episode in Guangzhou (January 2021, peak PM2.5: 243.0 μg·m−3) using observational data and a box model to quantify HONO sources and assess their impact on ·OH and particulate nitrate. HONO concentrations increased from (1.0±1.0) μg·m−3 during clean periods to (9.2±3.8) μg·m−3 during polluted periods, while nitrate rose from (6.4±3.4) to (43.3±20.0) μg·m−3 (6.8-fold). Incorporating seven additional HONO sources improved simulated daytime HONO from (0.3±0.1) to (6.5±2.3) μg·m−3, matching observations. Source apportionment showed direct vehicle emissions dominated (49.7%), followed by heterogeneous photosensitized reaction of NO2 on aerosol surfaces (23.0%), ground surface reaction (10.7%), and nitrate photolysis (8.7%). With optimized HONO, simulated daytime ·OH increased from (0.6±0.3)×10^6 to (1.5±0.8)×10^6 molec·cm−3 (1.2-fold), and nitrate production via ·OH+NO2 increased from (3.4±1.2) to (15.3±8.5) μg·m−3·h−1 (3.5-fold). The simulated-to-observed nitrate ratio improved from 21% to 81%. Sensitivity tests indicated that setting nitrate photolysis enhancement to 100 times gaseous nitric acid yielded better HONO and nitrate simulations. This study underscores the importance of refining HONO sources for accurate simulation of atmospheric oxidation and nitrate formation, aiding pollution control strategies.

### 827. [Evolution of Water-Soluble Ions in PM2.5 in the Northern Suburbs of Nanjing During Summer Before and After the Implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/evolution-of-water-soluble-ions-in-pm25-in-the-northern-suburbs-of-nanjing-during-summer-before-and-after-the) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021901]
To assess the impact of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan (APPCAP) on the chemical composition of PM2.5, this study analyzed the concentrations, existing forms, and sources of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 collected during summer (June–August) in the northern suburbs of Nanjing for the years 2012, 2013, 2017, and 2019. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in total water-soluble ion concentrations in 2017–2019 compared to 2012, indicating the effectiveness of APPCAP in mitigating PM2.5 pollution. Sulfate (SO4^2−), nitrate (NO3^−), and ammonium (NH4^+) (collectively SNA) were the dominant ionic species, contributing 69.98%–92.58% of the total ion mass, with SO4^2− being the most abundant. In the summers of 2013 and 2017, PM2.5 exhibited alkaline properties, and SNA primarily existed as NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4. Conversely, in 2019, PM2.5 became acidic, with SNA present as NH4NO3 and NH4HSO4. The nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) and sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) indicated that NO3^− and SO4^2− predominantly originated from secondary reactions, with SO2 undergoing secondary conversion more readily than NO2, and the degree of secondary conversion increasing annually. Source apportionment revealed a shift from long-range transport in 2013 to local and regional sources by 2017. These findings underscore the success of APPCAP in reducing primary emissions and altering the chemical speciation of secondary inorganic aerosols, while highlighting the persistent dominance of sulfate and the need for continued SO2 emission controls.

### 828. [Comprehensive Evaluation of Soil Quality under Different Vegetation Types in the Green Heart Area of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City Cluster](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/comprehensive-evaluation-of-soil-quality-under-different-vegetation-types-in-the-green-heart-area-of-the-chang) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2024122406]
The effects of different vegetation types on soil quality in the Green Heart Area of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan City Cluster were evaluated to provide a reference for selecting suitable afforestation species and improving forest soil quality. Seven vegetation types (mixed forest, broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, economic forest, shrub forest, grassland, and abandoned cropland) with similar site conditions were studied. Eleven soil physicochemical indicators were measured, and soil quality was assessed using principal component analysis (PCA), Pearson correlation, total data set (TDS), minimum data set (MDS), and entropy-weighted TOPSIS methods. Results showed no significant differences in soil water content, soil bulk density, and C:N ratio among vegetation types, while significant differences were found in total porosity, capillary porosity, saturated water content, field water holding capacity, total carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus. Compared with abandoned cropland, soil water content, total porosity, field water holding capacity, saturated water content, total carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, and available phosphorus were significantly higher, and soil bulk density was significantly lower. Mixed forest soil exhibited the highest values for field water holding capacity, total porosity, saturated water content, total nitrogen, total carbon, available potassium, and available phosphorus. Correlation analysis revealed that soil bulk density was extremely significantly negatively correlated with soil water content, total porosity, and saturated water content, and significantly negatively correlated with field water holding capacity, total carbon, and total nitrogen. Soil capillary porosity, field water holding capacity, total porosity, and saturated water content were extremely significantly positively correlated with soil nutrients, while soil bulk density showed varying degrees of negative correlation with soil chemical nutrients. Soil chemical properties and stoichiometric ratios showed varying degrees of significant positive correlation. The order of soil quality under different vegetation types was mixed forest > broad-leaved forest > shrub forest > economic forest > grassland > coniferous forest > abandoned cropland. Mixed forest soil quality was the best and significantly higher than other vegetation types, with significant differences among vegetation types. Mixed forest soil quality was clearly superior. In vegetation restoration and plantation establishment in the Green Heart Area, the principle of matching tree species to site conditions should be followed, with a focus on mixed forests to improve overall soil quality and enhance ecological benefits of artificial vegetation restoration.

### 829. [Phosphorus-Enriched Biochar Promotes Brassica napus L. Growth under Cadmium Stress by Immobilizing Cadmium and Sustained Phosphorus Release](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/phosphorus-enriched-biochar-promotes-brassica-napus-l-growth-under-cadmium-stress-by-immobilizing-cadmium-and) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025011002]
Cadmium (Cd) contamination in farmland soils poses a threat to food security, necessitating effective remediation strategies. This study prepared three types of phosphorus-enriched biochar (PBC) from rice straw and different phosphorus sources (fused calcium magnesium phosphate, citric acid-activated fused calcium magnesium phosphate, and monocalcium phosphate) to evaluate their potential in stabilizing Cd(II), releasing phosphorus, and enhancing plant resistance to heavy metal stress. Under Cd stress, PBC amendments significantly improved soil physicochemical properties and reduced Cd bioavailability through direct immobilization (adsorption, precipitation) and indirect mechanisms. Specifically, CBC and MBC treatments reduced DTPA-extractable Cd by 45.73% and 48.92%, respectively. The porous structure of biochar facilitated sustained phosphorus release, influencing soil solution phosphorus dynamics. In pot experiments with Brassica napus L., PBC application significantly improved agronomic traits and reduced oxidative stress markers. The C5 treatment increased leaf area by 100%, M7 increased plant height by 26.8%, and M3 reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents by 72.5% and 61.2%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that PBC effectively alleviates Cd toxicity, promotes plant growth, and enhances stress resistance, offering a feasible strategy for remediating Cd-contaminated soils while providing a sustainable phosphorus source.

### 830. [Advances in Computational Simulation of Autoxidation Reactions of Atmospheric Peroxyalkyl Radicals](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/advances-in-computational-simulation-of-autoxidation-reactions-of-atmospheric-peroxyalkyl-radicals) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021903]
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key precursors of secondary organic aerosols (SOA), and their oxidation reactions are regulated by reactive intermediates. A deep understanding of the reaction mechanisms of VOCs-derived reactive intermediates is crucial for evaluating SOA formation. Atmospheric peroxyalkyl radicals (RO2·) are important intermediates produced during VOCs oxidation and can generate highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) through a unique atmospheric autoxidation mechanism, contributing significantly to SOA formation. This article reviews recent advances in computational studies on the autoxidation mechanisms of RO2· with different functional groups, focusing on the autoxidation reactions of RO2· derived from alkanes, alkenes, carbonyl compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, heteroatom-containing compounds, and other substances. The review highlights the commonalities and differences in autoxidation mechanisms across these functional groups, emphasizing the role of intramolecular hydrogen shifts and subsequent O2 addition steps. Furthermore, we emphasize that future research should focus on the autoxidation of second-generation RO2· and autoxidation mechanisms driven by different intramolecular reactions. Quantum chemical calculations, often combined with kinetic modeling, provide molecular-level insights into reaction pathways and rate constants, which are essential for predicting HOM formation and SOA yields. This review aims to guide further theoretical investigations and support the development of more accurate atmospheric chemistry models.

### 831. [Chemical Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Typical High Mountain Precipitation in the Hengduan Mountains Area](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chemical-characteristics-and-source-apportionment-of-typical-high-mountain-precipitation-in-the-hengduan-mount) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021805]
This study analyzed 75 precipitation samples collected from August 2017 to August 2018 in the Meili Snow Mountain region of the Hengduan Mountains. The chemical characteristics of inorganic ions and their seasonal variations between monsoon and non-monsoon periods were examined. The volume-weighted mean total ion concentration was 246.2 μeq·L–1, with higher concentrations in the non-monsoon season and lower in the monsoon season. The dominant water chemistry type was HCO3–-Ca2+. Principal component and partial correlation analyses indicated that Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3–, and SO42– mainly originated from local sedimentary rock dust, while Na+ and Cl– were primarily marine during the monsoon, with reduced marine influence in the non-monsoon period. NO3– was largely attributed to South Asian pollution emissions, with significant contributions from biomass burning to K+, Na+, and Cl– in the pre-monsoon phase. PMF source apportionment confirmed that during the monsoon, approximately 70% of Cl– and Na+ were from sea salt, whereas in the non-monsoon, over half came from biomass burning. NO3– was almost entirely from fossil fuel combustion during the monsoon (96%), decreasing to 72% in the non-monsoon. Ca2+ and Mg2+ were mainly from carbonate dust in the monsoon and weathered dust in the non-monsoon. Backward trajectory analysis showed that the non-monsoon period was dominated by westerly transport (60%), while the monsoon was dominated by southwest monsoon transport (81%). These findings provide scientific basis for understanding atmospheric pollution and background values in the region.

### 832. [Combined Effects of Biochar and Dissolved Organic Matter Surrogate AQDS on Methane Emissions from Paddy Soil](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/combined-effects-of-biochar-and-dissolved-organic-matter-surrogate-aqds-on-methane-emissions-from-paddy-soil) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022801]
Paddy soils are a major source of agricultural methane (CH4) emissions. Biochar is widely applied to paddy soils, while dissolved organic matter (DOM) is ubiquitous; both can regulate CH4 emissions by mediating electron transfer processes, yet their synergistic mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the individual and combined effects of biochar and the DOM model compound anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid (AQDS) on CH4 emissions from paddy soil during incubation. Biochar amendment increased DOM concentration and accelerated extracellular electron transfer, resulting in a maximum cumulative CH4 emission of (66.23±16.20) μmol, four-fold higher than the control (15.14±0.18) μmol. In contrast, AQDS addition markedly suppressed CH4 accumulation to (1.04±0.09) μmol, attributed to sulfate introduction as a competitive electron acceptor, despite enhanced electron exchange. The combined biochar-AQDS treatment yielded intermediate CH4 accumulation of (12.71±0.32) μmol. Although DOM availability increased, sulfate-driven electron competition inhibited methanogens, and the combined treatment favored the acetoclastic methanogenesis pathway, which produces less CH4 per unit acetate, resulting in lower emissions than biochar alone but higher than AQDS alone, indicating an additive effect. These findings elucidate the mechanisms by which biochar and DOM jointly regulate CH4 emissions from paddy soils, providing a theoretical basis for agricultural management.

### 833. [Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Volatile Organic Compounds at a Roadside Site in a Tropical City during Summer](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/characteristics-and-source-apportionment-of-volatile-organic-compounds-at-a-roadside-site-in-a-tropical-city-d) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026012804]
This study conducted online monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at a roadside site on a main arterial road in Haikou, a tropical city, during summer 2023 (June 25–September 30). A total of 56 VOCs were measured. The mean total VOC concentration (φ(TVOCs)) was (9.05 ± 6.24) nmol·mol−1, with concentrations in the order: alkanes > alkenes > aromatic hydrocarbons > alkynes, dominated by light alkanes. Alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons contributed significantly to atmospheric chemical reactivity, while secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) was limited, influenced by both VOC concentrations and temperature. VOC concentrations exhibited a pronounced bimodal diurnal pattern, consistent with traffic peaks. Ratio analysis indicated a Toluene/Benzene (T/B) ratio slightly higher than typical vehicle exhaust values, and an iso-Pentane/n-Pentane (i/n) ratio suggesting fuel evaporation influence. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified four sources: gasoline/LPG vehicle exhaust (49.9%), solvent use or vehicle evaporation (26.1%), diesel vehicle exhaust (14.9%), and biogenic sources (9.1%). SOAFP was mainly contributed by solvent use/evaporation (35.7%), gasoline/LPG exhaust (34.6%), diesel exhaust (22.0%), and biogenic sources (7.7%). These findings indicate that under tropical summer high-temperature conditions, roadside VOC pollution is predominantly traffic-related, with vehicle evaporation sources non-negligible, providing insights for evaluating vehicular impacts on particulate pollution.

### 834. [Electronic Synergy Modulation of Fe-Based Bimetallic Oxides Catalysts for Enhanced Ozonation in Industrial Wastewater Treatment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electronic-synergy-modulation-of-fe-based-bimetallic-oxides-catalysts-for-enhanced-ozonation-in-industrial-was) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022502]
The design of stable and efficient O3 catalysts is critical for advancing heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (HCO) in industrial wastewater treatment. In this study, various iron-based bimetallic oxides were synthesized, and Fe-Co bimetallic oxide (FeCo-O) was identified as the optimal catalyst through degradation experiments and structural characterization. FeCo-O exhibits a single spinel structure with abundant metal valence states and synergistic effects between Fe and Co. Compared to conventional O3 oxidation, the FeCo-O/O3 system enhanced organic pollutant degradation by 2–3 times, demonstrating broad applicability under neutral or weakly acidic/alkaline conditions. Characterization revealed that FeCo-O promotes O3 activation via enhanced inter-metal electron transfer on the catalyst surface, increasing the generation of highly oxidative free radicals (·OH, ·O2−) and thereby improving pollutant degradation efficiency. In treating real industrial wastewater, the FeCo-O/O3 system achieved excellent COD removal, indicating its potential for both pre-treatment and advanced treatment applications. This study provides theoretical and practical guidance for designing efficient catalytic ozonation catalysts.

### 835. [Formation Mechanisms of Secondary Inorganic Components in Fine Particulate Matter in a Typical City of the Fenwei Plain](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/formation-mechanisms-of-secondary-inorganic-components-in-fine-particulate-matter-in-a-typical-city-of-the-fen) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025022704]
Secondary inorganic aerosols (SNA), comprising sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium, are critical contributors to PM2.5 pollution in the Fenwei Plain, yet their formation mechanisms remain poorly characterized. Wintertime observations in Taiyuan revealed SNA as the dominant PM2.5 component, with a mean mass concentration of 33.19 ± 18.72 μg m−3, accounting for 47.13% of total PM2.5 mass. SNA concentrations increased markedly with pollution severity, but even under relatively clean conditions, SNA maintained a high mass fraction. Diurnal variation and correlation analyses indicated that nitrate formation pathways differed between day and night, largely governed by relative humidity (RH). During daytime, high RH (>55%) facilitated the partitioning of gaseous HNO3 to particulate nitrate. At night, RH positively correlated with nitrate concentration and nitrogen oxidation rate (NOR), with increased aerosol liquid water content (AWC) promoting NO2-to-nitrate conversion. The PM2.5 pH ranged from 4.3 to 5.2, and sulfate formation was primarily driven by H2O2 oxidation, with NO2 oxidation as a secondary pathway. These findings enhance understanding of SNA formation in the Fenwei Plain and provide a scientific basis for air quality policy.

### 836. [Distribution and Risk Assessment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Source Water to Tap Water in the Hubei Section of the Yangtze River Mainstream](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/distribution-and-risk-assessment-of-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-from-source-water-to-tap-water-in-the-h) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025100102]
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging contaminants of concern in China, and drinking water is a major exposure pathway. This study investigated 17 PFAS in surface water from 12 drinking water sources along the Hubei section of the Yangtze River mainstream during dry, normal, and wet seasons. Total PFAS concentrations ranged from 10.84 to 41.05 ng/L (dry), nd to 62.60 ng/L (normal), and 6.77 to 29.00 ng/L (wet). Predominant compounds were PFBS, PFOA, PFHxA, PFBA, and PFOS. Lake-type sources exhibited significantly higher concentrations than river-type sources, and dry and normal seasons showed higher levels than wet season. Compared to other Chinese sources, PFAS levels in Hubei were moderate, with fluorochemical plant inputs and population density as likely influencing factors. Ecological and health risk assessments indicated acceptable risks. In four selected water supply systems, PFAS distribution from source to tap was examined; PFOA, PFBA, PFHxA, and PFBS were dominant, and secondary water supply did not significantly introduce or remove PFAS. Health risks from tap water were within acceptable limits.

### 837. [Adsorption Behavior of Microplastics for Typical Psychoactive Drugs](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/adsorption-behavior-of-microplastics-for-typical-psychoactive-drugs) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606014]
Microplastics, as emerging environmental pollutants, can adsorb psychotropic drugs in aquatic environments, facilitating their migration and transformation, ultimately posing ecological risks. This study investigated the adsorption behavior and mechanisms of four common microplastics—polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)—each with a particle size of 50 μm, toward three psychoactive drugs: diazepam, fluoxetine, and mianserin. Adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and the effects of pH and salinity were examined. Kinetic data fitted well to a pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. Isotherm analysis using Langmuir and Freundlich models revealed that PE exhibited the highest affinity for fluoxetine, PP for mianserin, and PVC for diazepam, while PS showed linear adsorption for fluoxetine, suggesting partitioning. The adsorption of diazepam was maximal at pH 6.5–8.5, typical of natural surface waters, and increased with NaCl concentration, indicating that non-electrostatic interactions dominate and that higher ionic strength enhances adsorption. Mechanistic insights suggest that hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions (for PS), and halogen bonding (for fluoxetine) contribute to adsorption. These findings highlight the potential of microplastics to act as vectors for psychoactive drugs, necessitating further research on their environmental fate and ecological implications.

### 838. [Research Advances in Resin-Enhanced Electrosorption for Water Treatment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-advances-in-resin-enhanced-electrosorption-for-water-treatment) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606008]
Resin-enhanced electrosorption for water treatment significantly improves ion adsorption efficiency and selectivity through synergistic effects, making it a research hotspot in the water treatment field. This technology provides an innovative solution to the bottlenecks of kinetic lag and insufficient selectivity by modulating electrode-solution interface behavior in multiple dimensions. Current technological advances include the following: a simple integration method enables desalination efficiency to exceed 92.3%; resin-coated composite electrodes eliminate the co-ion effect and achieve a 42% increase in total salt adsorption capacity; resin-derived porous carbon electrodes with tunable pore structures possess three to five times the adsorption capacity of commercially available activated carbon; and by enhancing solution convection and electrophoretic convection, the resin-filling strategy achieves a high desalination rate of (670 ± 20) mg/(L·h). Studies have demonstrated that different material combinations can achieve targeted optimization of adsorption performance based on specific water quality characteristics. Future research directions may focus on: developing intelligent resin materials with electromagnetic responsiveness; constructing a multi-scale structural design theory for resin-electrode systems; and establishing a cross-scale model integrating electrochemistry, fluid dynamics, and interface science for comprehensive analysis. In particular, in-depth studies are needed on the dynamic behavior of resin-based flow electrodes under electric/magnetic field regulation, as well as the precise construction of catalytic sites on the resin surface. This review aims to promote the widespread application and efficient practice of this technology in water treatment, providing a theoretical foundation and scientific basis for the future development of high-efficiency, selective, and stable electrosorption technologies.

### 839. [Performance and Mechanism of Cobalt-Aluminum Spinel Catalyzed Oxidation of Nitric Oxide](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/performance-and-mechanism-of-cobalt-aluminum-spinel-catalyzed-oxidation-of-nitric-oxide) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606007]
Cobalt-aluminum spinel metal oxides derived from hydrotalcite were synthesized via hydrothermal, coprecipitation, and sol-gel methods, and their catalytic performance for NO oxidation was systematically evaluated. Characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), O2 temperature-programmed desorption (O2-TPD), H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the synthesis method significantly influences the surface Co2+/Co3+ ratio, which in turn modulates the formation of surface oxygen vacancies. The hydrothermally synthesized catalyst (CoAlO-H) exhibited the highest density of surface oxygen vacancies, leading to enhanced adsorption and activation of gaseous oxygen and superior NO oxidation activity compared to coprecipitation (CoAlO-C) and sol-gel (CoAlO-S) counterparts. Mechanistic studies using NO-TPD, NO+O2-TPD, and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (in situ DRIFTS) identified nitrates as key intermediates. Notably, CoAlO-C and CoAlO-S followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanism, whereas CoAlO-H operated via both L-H and Mars-van Krevelen (MvK) mechanisms. The exceptional performance of CoAlO-H is attributed to its abundant surface oxygen vacancies, high surface oxygen mobility, and low decomposition temperature of reaction intermediates. These findings provide a rational basis for designing efficient non-precious metal catalysts for NO oxidation in diesel exhaust aftertreatment.

### 840. [Comparative Analysis of CH4 and N2O Generation and Emission Characteristics in A2/O and A2/O-MBR Wastewater Treatment Plants](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/comparative-analysis-of-ch4-and-n2o-generation-and-emission-characteristics-in-a2o-and-a2o-mbr-wastewater-trea) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606013]
The A2/O-MBR process, owing to its superior effluent quality and smaller footprint, is increasingly adopted in newly built and upgraded wastewater treatment plants. However, systematic studies on its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions remain scarce, and direct comparisons with the conventional A2/O process are lacking. In this study, two full-scale wastewater treatment plants employing the A2/O and A2/O-MBR processes under identical influent conditions, climate, and discharge standards were investigated. A high-frequency monitoring system covering the entire treatment train was established, and combined with measurements of dissolved CH4 and N2O, water quality parameters, and operational parameters, to elucidate the differences in GHG emission characteristics. Results showed that the daily average CH4 emission intensities were not significantly different between the two plants [(0.67 ± 0.22) and (0.65 ± 0.18) g/m3, respectively]. CH4 emissions mainly originated from sewer-derived anaerobic production and subsequent release in the pretreatment units (accounting for over 70% of the total emissions), with partial in-plant oxidation by methanotrophs. Temperature and aeration-induced stripping were identified as key driving factors, as CH4 emissions were positively correlated with ambient temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO). In contrast, more than 90% of N2O emissions occurred in the biological treatment units. The A2/O-MBR plant exhibited significantly higher daily N2O emission intensity [(0.132 ± 0.055) g/m3] than the A2/O plant [(0.060 ± 0.046) g/m3], largely due to intensive aeration and oxygen-enriched internal/external recirculation in the membrane tank, which enhanced N2O production and stripping. Correlation analysis further revealed that N2O emissions in the A2/O plant were positively related to influent COD and BOD5, indicating dominance of heterotrophic denitrification, whereas in the A2/O-MBR process they were mainly driven by NH3-N loading and DO, reflecting a nitrification-based pathway. Importantly, both processes exhibited CH4 and N2O emission factors that were significantly lower than the reference values recommended by the IPCC and industry guidelines, underscoring the necessity of localizing emission factors for accurate carbon accounting.

### 841. [Oxygen-Loaded Porous Materials Inhibit Phosphorus Release at the Sediment-Water Interface in Eutrophic Waters](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/oxygen-loaded-porous-materials-inhibit-phosphorus-release-at-the-sediment-water-interface-in-eutrophic-waters) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606010]
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a critical factor controlling endogenous phosphorus (P) migration in eutrophic waters. Existing oxygenation technologies suffer from high energy consumption and sediment disturbance, necessitating low-disturbance, pH-stable strategies that avoid additional nitrogen and P loads. This study evaluated an oxygen-loaded porous material (OLPM) for inhibiting sediment P release using laboratory microcosms with natural eutrophic water samples. DO microprofiles across the sediment-water interface (SWI) were measured with microelectrodes; diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) resolved Fe, S, and P distributions; and sequential extraction quantified sediment P fractions. Results showed that OLPM coverage increased surface sediment DO concentration by 6.58-fold and DO penetration depth by 1.33-fold (16.8 mm). Overlying water total phosphorus (TP) decreased by 93.79%, and sediment interstitial phosphate (PO4-P) decreased by up to 45.75%. The SWI TP exchange flux reversed from +0.0068 mg/(m2·d) to -0.014 mg/(m2·d), shifting the system from a P source to a P sink. Sediment P fractionation revealed a 5.22% increase in stable Res-P and a 4.48% decrease in labile NaHCO3-P. Mechanistically, OLPM enhanced iron oxidation (Fe2+ reduced by 59.62%) and suppressed sulfate reduction (S2- homogenized at low levels), promoting P immobilization via Fe-S coupling. The material effectively inhibits endogenous P release through interfacial DO regulation without altering pH, offering a promising approach for eutrophication management.

### 842. [Preparation of Dispersed Iron-Sulfur-Based Nanoparticle Slurry and Its Application in Remediating Cr(VI) Contamination](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/preparation-of-dispersed-iron-sulfur-based-nanoparticle-slurry-and-its-application-in-remediating-crvi-contami) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606011]
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) contamination in chromite ore processing residue (COPR) and associated soils poses a persistent environmental challenge. This study developed a dispersedly stabilized iron-sulfur-based slurry (DSS-ISB) modified with an inorganic dispersant to enhance nanoparticle suspension stability and interfacial reactivity. The slurry, with a particle size of approximately 200 nm, efficiently reduced and immobilized Cr(VI) without pH adjustment. Under optimal conditions (liquid-to-solid ratio of 5 mL:10 g, DSS-ISB dosage of 1.8 mg/g, reaction time of 20 h), the removal efficiency exceeded 97%, reducing the leaching concentration from 15.03 mg/L to 0.03 mg/L, well below the GB 5085.3—2007 limit of 5 mg/L. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses revealed a synergistic mechanism of chemical reduction (Fe2+/S2- as dual electron donors) and surface adsorption, converting toxic Cr(VI) to stable Cr(III). Compared with traditional reductants ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and sodium sulfide (Na2S), DSS-ISB increased removal efficiency by 28.24% and 6.23%, respectively, and unit mass removal capacity by 92.43% and 77.08%. The reagent cost per ton of COPR was reduced to RMB 36.40, achieving savings of 33.82% and 26.02% versus FeSO4 (RMB 55.00) and Na2S (RMB 49.20). The process eliminates pH adjustment and subsequent passivation, simplifying remediation. DSS-ISB offers an economical and green solution for Cr(VI) remediation in both industrial residues and contaminated soils.

### 843. [Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Acidogenic Performance in Anaerobic Fermentation of Chemical-Biological Sewage Sludge](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/machine-learning-based-prediction-of-acidogenic-performance-in-anaerobic-fermentation-of-chemical-biological-s) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606001]
Municipal sludge anaerobic resource recovery efficiency in China lags behind developed countries. Widespread chemical phosphorus removal increases iron and aluminum salt precipitates in waste activated sludge, forming chemical-biological sludge that reduces acidogenic efficiency. This study identified key factors and developed a high-precision prediction model. Integrating literature and experimental data, acidogenic performance indicators under various conditions were compiled. Five machine learning models—Backpropagation Neural Network, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System, Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Random Forest—were systematically compared. Random Forest achieved the best predictive performance with a test set coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9463, significantly outperforming others with minimal overfitting risk, demonstrating strong capability for high-dimensional, nonlinear, multi-factor coupled problems. Feature importance analysis revealed pH and Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) as primary drivers, with aluminum salts exerting greater influence than iron salts. Engineering optimization should follow the pathway: 'adjust pH, stabilize organic matter, control aluminum salts'. This study provides an intelligent predictive tool and clarifies optimization directions, advancing precision and intelligent sludge treatment.

### 844. [Recent Progress in Chitosan-Based Microsphere Composites for Phosphorus Removal from Aqueous Environments](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/recent-progress-in-chitosan-based-microsphere-composites-for-phosphorus-removal-from-aqueous-environments) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606006]
Chitosan-based microsphere composites have attracted considerable attention for phosphorus adsorption due to their facile preparation, low cost, environmental friendliness, and high uptake capacity. This review summarizes the physicochemical properties and preparation methods of chitosan microspheres for phosphate removal, outlines common modification strategies to enhance adsorption capacity, and discusses their applications in aqueous environments. Adsorption mechanisms, regeneration, and resource recovery of spent microspheres are analyzed. Challenges and recommendations are proposed, including streamlined preparation, enhanced phosphorus recovery, removal of multiple phosphorus forms, and practical implementation. The review aims to guide the development of high-performance chitosan-based microspheres for phosphorus removal.

### 845. [Environmental Impact and Cost Analysis of Ecological Buffer Zones from an LCA-LCC Perspective](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/environmental-impact-and-cost-analysis-of-ecological-buffer-zones-from-an-lca-lcc-perspective) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606004]
To identify optimal watershed remediation pathways under environmental and economic dimensions, an integrated environmental-economic impact assessment framework combining life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) based on openLCA was established, using 1 m³ of treated wastewater as the functional unit. This framework comprehensively evaluated the environmental impacts and economic costs of three ecological buffer measures—constructed wetlands, ecological intercepting ditches, and vegetation restoration projects—in non-point source pollution control. The results indicated that constructed wetlands offer the optimal environmental-economic profile, featuring the lowest comprehensive cost (¥1.01 yuan/m³) and the lowest load across most environmental impact categories, with only slightly higher land resource consumption intensity. Ecological intercepting ditches exhibited higher impacts in areas such as metal resource consumption due to the use of rebars and base fertilizer inputs, resulting in a moderate comprehensive cost (¥1.57 yuan/m³). Vegetation restoration projects incurred the highest comprehensive cost (¥61.14 yuan/m³) and produced the most significant environmental impacts, with elevated indicators such as human carcinogenic toxicity. This primarily stemmed from the extensive use of concrete grass pavers and base fertilizer in rural river sections. These findings provide quantitative references for environmental-economic integrated evaluation and decision-making regarding ecological buffer zone engineering schemes in similar watersheds.

### 846. [High-Temperature Dechlorination Performance of Solid Waste-Based Dechlorination Agents](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/high-temperature-dechlorination-performance-of-solid-waste-based-dechlorination-agents) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606009]
The escalating volume of municipal solid waste in China necessitates effective disposal strategies. Industrial kiln co-processing offers a promising route, but high-temperature decomposition of chlorinated components releases HCl and Cl2, causing severe equipment corrosion and operational issues. This study investigates the high-temperature dechlorination performance of fly ash and red mud, two abundant industrial solid wastes, as potential dechlorination agents. Using a high-temperature tube furnace system, dechlorination efficiencies were evaluated across 600–900 °C. At 700 °C, fly ash achieved a peak dechlorination efficiency of 93.33%, while red mud reached 88.61%. However, efficiencies declined with further temperature increase, dropping to 65.6% and 58.27% at 900 °C for fly ash and red mud, respectively. To enhance performance at higher temperatures, fly ash was modified via alkali (NaOH) treatment. The modification increased surface roughness and porosity, disrupted Si-O-Si and Si-O-Al networks, and exposed active sites. Consequently, the alkali-modified fly ash exhibited a peak dechlorination efficiency of 94.98% at 800 °C, a 23.08% improvement over unmodified fly ash (71.9%). These findings demonstrate the technical feasibility of utilizing solid wastes as dechlorination agents, offering a dual benefit of waste valorization and cost-effective high-temperature gas purification. The study provides a foundation for scaling up this approach in industrial kiln applications, contributing to sustainable waste management and reduced environmental impact.

### 847. [Establishment of a Carbon Emission Balance Model and Analysis of Carbon Neutrality Pathways for Urban Reclaimed Water Plants](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/establishment-of-a-carbon-emission-balance-model-and-analysis-of-carbon-neutrality-pathways-for-urban-reclaime) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606005]
In the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, urban reclaimed water plants must adopt measures such as energy conservation, consumption reduction, and enhanced resource and energy utilization to achieve carbon neutrality. This study developed a carbon emission balance model and accounting method for such plants, incorporating strategies of carbon emission reduction, carbon substitution, and carbon sink. The optimal pathway towards carbon neutrality was evaluated based on the carbon emission balance ratio. Using a 1×10⁵ m³/d urban reclaimed water plant as a case study, the results showed total carbon emissions of 20,934 t CO2e. The carbon emission reduction from reclaimed water source heat pumps for heating and cooling was 21,701 t CO2e, yielding a carbon emission balance ratio of 103.7%. In contrast, other carbon reduction measures contributed 15,424 t CO2e, with a balance ratio of 73.7%, highlighting the pivotal role of reclaimed water source heat pumps. When the heat pump extracted 27% and 36% of residual thermal energy, coupled with reclaimed water reuse or sludge anaerobic digestion-cogeneration, respectively, both pathways achieved a 100% balance ratio. Assuming year-round extraction, the balance ratio reached 213%. The carbon reduction ratio between utilizing residual thermal energy and chemical energy was 8.76:1. This study demonstrates that urban reclaimed water plants can achieve carbon neutrality through multiple pathways, with residual thermal energy recovery exhibiting significant potential.

### 848. [Whole-Process Management and Intelligent Monitoring System for VOCs Emissions in Rubber Paste Preparation Workshops: Design, Implementation, and Field Validation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/whole-process-management-and-intelligent-monitoring-system-for-vocs-emissions-in-rubber-paste-preparation-work) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606002]
Industrial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions are a major contributor to regional air pollution, and the rubber paste preparation process is a significant source. This study developed an intelligent monitoring system for whole-process VOCs management in a rubber paste preparation workshop, integrating software engineering and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. The system architecture combines a hybrid database (MySQL relational and InfluxDB time-series), MQTT-based low-power wide-area communication, role-based access control, and containerized microservices. Field deployment at a large rubber enterprise enabled real-time monitoring of adsorption/desorption centrifugal fans and data fusion analysis. Under typical operating conditions, the extraction and ventilation systems achieved volume flow rates of 40,000 m³/h and 30,000 m³/h, respectively, maintaining a continuous micro-negative pressure environment that effectively suppressed fugitive emissions. The purification process, comprising zeolite rotor adsorption and regenerative thermal catalytic oxidation, reduced non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) concentrations to below 10 mg/m³, meeting the GB 27632—2011 emission standard. The system's multi-level permission management module precisely allocated operational responsibilities across production, environmental, and management roles, reducing response time to abnormal conditions. An online evaluation model for purification efficiency was constructed based on the actual process. The system demonstrates potential for extension to other high-VOCs industries such as coatings and printing. This research provides theoretical and practical references for applying computer technology to VOCs reduction and whole-process management in typical industries.

### 849. [Machine Learning-Driven Development of Membrane Materials for Optimized Lithium Recovery Performance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/machine-learning-driven-development-of-membrane-materials-for-optimized-lithium-recovery-performance) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606003]
Membrane separation technology, offering high separation efficiency, low energy consumption, and operational flexibility, is promising for lithium recovery. However, selective lithium extraction from complex matrices such as salt lake brines and battery leachates remains challenging. Traditional membrane development relies on empirical trial-and-error, suffering from low efficiency and the permeability-selectivity trade-off. This review systematically delineates machine learning (ML)-based frameworks for membrane material development, including high-throughput rational screening, inverse design of synthesis protocols, and high-fidelity performance prediction. We elucidate how advanced ML algorithms decipher structure-activity relationships at the molecular level, enabling breakthroughs in performance ceilings and guiding bottom-up fabrication of next-generation membranes. Critical challenges are assessed: scarcity of high-quality standardized datasets, limited model interpretability, and poor generalizability to industrial scales. Future directions emphasize physics-informed hybrid models, open-source global databases, and full-process system optimization to bridge laboratory innovation and industrial deployment.

### 850. [Pollution Status of River and Lake Sediments and Research Progress in In-situ Remediation Technologies](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pollution-status-of-river-and-lake-sediments-and-research-progress-in-in-situ-remediation-technologies) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606012]
River and lake sediments, as both sources and sinks of water pollutants, significantly impact overlying water quality and aquatic ecosystems. In pollution treatment and ecological restoration, managing contaminated sediments is critical. Remediation technologies are categorized into ex-situ and in-situ methods; in-situ techniques have gained prominence due to lower costs and minimal environmental disturbance. This review summarizes sediment pollution status, comprehensively examines physical, chemical, biological, and combined in-situ remediation technologies, and discusses their mechanisms, applications, and future research needs. It proposes optimization strategies for emerging technologies, material improvements, and pathways for sustainable development, emphasizing interdisciplinary integration to enhance remediation efficacy. Key pollutants include heavy metals (e.g., Cd, Hg), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and emerging contaminants like antibiotics and microplastics. In-situ methods such as capping, chemical oxidation, and bioremediation show promise but face challenges in long-term stability and scalability. The paper underscores the need for sustainable, cost-effective solutions and highlights recent advances in combined technologies, offering a reference for future research and engineering applications.

### 851. [Resource Recovery of Corn Stover in Water Treatment: Nitrate Removal from Simulated Groundwater](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/resource-recovery-of-corn-stover-in-water-treatment-nitrate-removal-from-simulated-groundwater) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606015]
This study evaluated the sustainability and tissue-specific mechanisms of corn stover as a solid-phase carbon source for nitrate removal from groundwater. Cyclic heterotrophic denitrification experiments were conducted using leaf, stem pith, stem bark, stem node, husk, and mixed tissues as carbon sources. Denitrification efficiency, sustainability, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release, carbon utilization efficiency, intermediate accumulation, and environmental parameters were systematically assessed. Kinetic modeling, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were applied to elucidate regulatory mechanisms. Results demonstrated that mixed tissues and husk achieved the highest denitrification efficiency, with nitrate removal rates consistently above 98% across four repeated cycles. Total nitrogen removal reached 39.30 mg/g for mixed tissues and 39.95 mg/g for husk, while byproduct concentrations (NO2-N and NH4-N) remained below 2 mg/L. DOC release profiles indicated stable carbon release and high carbon utilization efficiency (203.99 mg TN/g organic carbon for mixed tissues; 182.41 mg/g for husk). Correlation and SEM analyses revealed that carbon source type indirectly governed total nitrogen removal by modulating DOC release, which subsequently influenced pH, electrical conductivity, and nitrogen transformation pathways. Significant differences among tissues were observed in denitrification efficiency, carbon utilization, and micro-environmental regulation. Mixed tissues and husk emerged as superior carbon sources due to their combined efficiency and stability. However, husk released odorous compounds during operation, posing sensory challenges for practical application. The findings support the potential of corn stover tissues as cost-effective carbon sources for in-situ groundwater nitrate remediation, though further optimization is required for field-scale implementation.

### 852. [Review on in-situ active modulation technology in metal additive manufacturing processes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/review-on-in-situ-active-modulation-technology-in-metal-additive-manufacturing-processes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3963-5]
Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) enables integrated one-piece fabrication of parts, high material utilization efficiency, and unparalleled design freedom. However, problems such as low production efficiency, difficulties in ensuring quality stability and defect control limit the large-scale industrial application of AM. In-situ active modulation for AM enables dynamic regulation of parts during the fabrication process, thereby enhancing the quality of the final fabricated parts without introducing extra processing steps. In-situ active regulation enables direct intervention during defect nucleation, providing better effectiveness than post-printing repairs while avoiding performance degradation risks associated with post-processing. Based on the difference of core factors directly affected during regulation, in-situ active regulation is categorized into the following. (1) Process and path parameter optimization, where regulation directly impacts manufacturing-related procedural rules. It is the simplest method of control and the preferred approach, with widespread attention focused on its effects on microstructure and mechanical properties. (2) Laser beam shaping, where regulation directly influences the energy carrier morphology. To address issues such as edge over-melting and localized energy deficiency caused by non-uniform energy distribution, laser beam shaping should be employed. (3) Additional physical field modulation achieved by superimposing supplementary physical fields. When optimal process and path parameters still fail to obtain the desired microstructure and mechanical properties, additional physical field control may be considered. Meanwhile, this work summarized the effects of different additional physical fields on the mechanical properties of various metallic base materials. The future trends of in-situ modulation in additive manufacturing are also discussed.

### 853. [Emerging g-C3N4-Based Piezo-Photocatalysis: Synergistic Mechanisms, Modification Strategies, and Applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/emerging-g-c3n4-based-piezo-photocatalysis-synergistic-mechanisms-modification-strategies-and-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3837-1]
The escalating energy crisis and environmental pollution necessitate sustainable catalytic technologies. Piezo-photocatalysis, coupling light and mechanical energy via the piezoelectric effect, has emerged as a promising platform for energy conversion and environmental remediation. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in g-C3N4-based piezo-photocatalysis, addressing the intrinsic limitations of pristine g-C3N4, including weak piezoelectric response, poor low-frequency mechanical response, rapid carrier recombination, and insufficient mechanical stability. Modification strategies such as heterojunction construction, morphology engineering, and element doping are detailed, emphasizing their roles in amplifying internal electric fields and promoting charge separation. The review highlights applications in H2 evolution, H2O2 generation, pollutant degradation, and CO2 photoreduction. Despite achievements, challenges remain in mechanistic understanding and performance optimization. This review provides guidance for rational design of g-C3N4-based piezo-photocatalytic systems, accelerating their deployment in sustainable technologies.

### 854. [Thriving In-Memory Computing and Neuromorphic Applications of Ferroelectric-Based Devices](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/thriving-in-memory-computing-and-neuromorphic-applications-of-ferroelectric-based-devices) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3874-1]
The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) model sizes to trillions of parameters has intensified the demand for computational paradigms that overcome the von Neumann bottleneck. Emerging memory technologies, while advancing, fall short of meeting the massive requirements of large-scale models. Ferroelectric materials, with their continuous tunability of domain patterns, offer a promising route to emulate synaptic weights in biological learning. This review systematically examines four fundamental ferroelectric-based device architectures: ferroelectric capacitors, ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs), ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs), and ferroelectric domain wall memories. We analyze their latest progress, application domains, and inherent advantages, while critically assessing the challenges impeding their commercialization. Key issues include scalability, endurance, retention, and integration with CMOS technology. We also highlight optimization strategies for material and device performance, array-level design, and neuromorphic computing architectures. Future research directions are proposed, emphasizing the expansion of novel applications and the realization of energy-efficient, high-density in-memory computing systems. This review provides a comprehensive framework for researchers and engineers aiming to harness ferroelectric devices for next-generation computing.

### 855. [Organic donor-acceptor cocrystal ferroelectrics: advances and perspectives](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/organic-donor-acceptor-cocrystal-ferroelectrics-advances-and-perspectives) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3986-2]
Organic/molecular ferroelectrics exhibiting spontaneous polarization have attracted increasing attention due to their flexibility, light weight, low-temperature processability, environmental friendliness, and biocompatibility. Among them, organic donor-acceptor cocrystals, self-assembled from two or more components, offer new insights into ferroelectricity. This review systematically examines recent progress in organic donor-acceptor cocrystal ferroelectrics, focusing on microscopic origins of ferroelectricity, structure modulation strategies, and underlying mechanisms. Ferroelectric origin mechanisms, including intermolecular charge transfer, proton transfer, and order-disorder transitions, are analyzed in detail. Structure-property relationships in crystal engineering are summarized, and recent advances in theoretical simulations, experimental characterization techniques, and practical applications are introduced. Finally, current challenges and future research perspectives are outlined. The review highlights that weak intermolecular interactions often lead to low Curie temperatures (Tc), limiting practical applications. Strategies to enhance Tc involve introducing stronger molecular interactions to increase transition energy barriers. Notably, room-temperature ferroelectricity in organic cocrystals has been achieved, as demonstrated by Wiscons et al. (Angew Chem Int Ed, 2018, 57: 9044–9047). The review underscores the potential of organic cocrystal ferroelectrics for flexible and wearable electronics, while addressing the need for higher Tc and robust switching performance.

### 856. [Ultrasound-Activated Nanomaterials for Sonothermal Therapy: Mechanistic Insights and Biomedical Applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ultrasound-activated-nanomaterials-for-sonothermal-therapy-mechanistic-insights-and-biomedical-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3813-y]
Sonothermal therapy (STT) is an emerging noninvasive energy-based modality that leverages deeply penetrating ultrasound to activate engineered nanomaterials, converting acoustic energy into localized heat. This review systematically delineates four coupling routes between ultrasound and nanomaterials: thermoelastic, thermoviscous, and plasmonic heating; nonradiative recombination and acousto-electric coupling; thermal vibrations in carbon and conjugated systems; and cavitation heating. Design principles for STT nanomaterials are established, with guidance for pre-, intra-, and post-treatment phases, and linked to applications in tumor ablation, wound infection and healing, and implant-associated infection and regeneration. Hybrid platforms integrating STT with sonodynamic or sonocatalytic reactive oxygen species generation are discussed. Key translational barriers include the lack of quantitative and standardized metrics for conversion efficiency, the need for scalable and reproducible manufacturing aligned with Good Manufacturing Practice, limited in vivo biodistribution and biosafety data, and weak links from preclinical models to clinical endpoints. An integrated framework connecting mechanism, material design, and therapeutic outcome is proposed to guide the development of next-generation STT nanoplatforms for treatment-resistant disease.

### 857. [Characterization of Dust Characteristics from Sludge Co-combustion in Coal-fired Units and Experimental Study on Retrofit of Pneumatically Rapped ESP](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/characterization-of-dust-characteristics-from-sludge-co-combustion-in-coal-fired-units-and-experimental-study) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606019]
Sludge co-combustion in coal-fired power plants generates flue gas dust with high viscosity, causing severe dust deposition on downstream environmental protection equipment. This study analyzed the dust deposition mechanism in electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and characterized the dust layer properties. Results indicated that sludge co-combustion increased flue gas moisture content, altered particle morphology, and elevated dust viscosity. To address these issues, an anode pneumatically rapped ESP technology was developed to enhance anode plate cleaning. This technology was retrofitted on a 1000 MW unit at Zhejiang Jiahua Power Plant, and performance tests under sludge co-combustion conditions were completed in February 2025. At a specific dust collection area of 118 m²·s/m³ and a unit load of 987 MW, the ESP outlet dust concentration decreased from 25.32 mg/m³ before retrofit to 7.95 mg/m³ after retrofit. Analysis revealed that sludge co-combustion caused excessive dust deposition on the first electric field anode plates, inducing back corona, high-voltage power supply flashover, and low secondary voltage and current. After retrofit, regions with low rapping acceleration were eliminated, achieving effective dust cleaning. Secondary voltage and current were significantly improved, and overall ESP efficiency was remarkably enhanced. The proposed technology provides a reference for ESP retrofitting of coal-fired units under biomass (sludge) co-combustion and low-load conditions.

### 858. [High-purity alloys for enhanced service performance: processing, mechanisms and prospects](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/high-purity-alloys-for-enhanced-service-performance-processing-mechanisms-and-prospects) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3870-9]
High-purity (HP) alloys are critical for next-generation technologies requiring extreme reliability, yet trace impurities at parts-per-million levels can severely degrade mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and long-term stability. This review comprehensively examines recent advances in HP alloy development, covering purification approaches, processing strategies, and performance optimization. It details how trace impurities influence microstructural evolution and material properties, and discusses techniques for achieving ultralow impurity levels, including vacuum melting, zone refining, and chemical vapor deposition. The review highlights impurity sensitivity across major alloy systems—such as aluminum, titanium, zirconium, copper, and steels—and summarizes strategies to mitigate impurity-induced degradation, including advanced alloy design, grain refinement, and surface treatments. Advanced characterization techniques for detecting and quantifying impurities are also outlined. The review emphasizes the essential role of HP alloys in advanced structural and functional materials, and identifies key challenges and future directions, including the need for standardized purity definitions and cost-effective purification methods. This synthesis provides a roadmap for researchers and engineers aiming to harness the full potential of high-purity alloys in demanding applications.

### 859. [Operational Efficiency and Fouling Mechanism of a Novel Swinging Ultra-Fine Screen](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/operational-efficiency-and-fouling-mechanism-of-a-novel-swinging-ultra-fine-screen) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606020]
Municipal wastewater treatment plants in China face excessive influent grit loads and carbon source deficiencies, while conventional pretreatment (screening, grit chambers, primary sedimentation) exhibits low fine grit removal and poor carbon retention. A novel swinging ultra-fine screen with a screening precision of 0.1 mm was developed and tested at a pilot scale of 1000 m³/d. Systematic evaluation of screens with apertures from 0.05 to 0.4 mm was conducted, with mechanisms analyzed via particle size distribution, COD fractionation, and fouling layer characterization. The 0.1 mm screen achieved an SS removal efficiency of 89.3%, significantly higher than 57.4% for conventional processes, while COD removal was only 9.5% versus 28.6%, corresponding to a carbon source retention of 93%. The device nearly completely retained particles >0.1 mm and achieved >98% removal for particles in the 0.075–0.1 mm range. Performance remained stable under fluctuating COD and SS conditions. A three-stage fouling theory for micro-screens was proposed. This work represents the first application of 0.1 mm screening precision in pretreatment, markedly improving fine grit retention and carbon source preservation, with strong resilience to water quality variations.

### 860. [Mechanism of Desulfurization Pretreatment of Barium-Containing Waste Slag by Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Method](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mechanism-of-desulfurization-pretreatment-of-barium-containing-waste-slag-by-calcium-carbonate-precipitation-m) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606016]
Barium slag, a solid waste from barium salt production, poses environmental risks due to high sulfur and soluble barium content. This study investigated the desulfurization of barium slag using sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as a precipitating agent. The effects of reaction temperature, time, and Na2CO3 concentration on desulfurization efficiency were systematically evaluated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were employed to analyze phase transformations and microstructural evolution. Results showed that desulfurization primarily proceeds via the reaction of ettringite (Ca6(Al(OH)6)2(SO4)3·26H2O) with Na2CO3, forming calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitates. However, the precipitated CaCO3 accumulates on ettringite surfaces, hindering further reaction. Under optimal conditions (60 °C, 5 h, 2 mol/L Na2CO3), the desulfurization efficiency reached 91.21%, reducing sulfur content in the slag to 0.27%, meeting the HJ 662—2013 standard for cement kiln co-processing. This work provides a mechanistic basis for efficient and environmentally sound treatment of barium slag, supporting its resource utilization in cement production.

### 861. [Numerical Simulation of Airflow Distribution and Structural Optimization of a VOCs Catalytic Combustion Reactor](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/numerical-simulation-of-airflow-distribution-and-structural-optimization-of-a-vocs-catalytic-combustion-reacto) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606022]
This study presents a numerical simulation of the internal flow field in a volatile organic compounds (VOCs) catalytic combustion reactor used in an enameled wire enterprise. Using ANSYS Fluent, the effects of inlet expansion section length, inlet expansion section angle, and catalyst bed spacing on the velocity field were systematically investigated. Additionally, the influence of heating tube configuration on the temperature field was analyzed. The results indicate that an expansion section length of 250 mm is optimal, balancing spatial constraints and the avoidance of recirculation zones. A zero-degree expansion angle yields the most uniform velocity distribution, though practical considerations necessitate case-specific angle selection. A catalyst bed spacing of 0.05 m satisfies the engineering requirement of maintaining pressure drop across a single catalyst layer below 200 Pa while significantly improving gas distribution within the bed. Alternating heating tubes on both sides of the reactor enhance temperature uniformity and elevate the overall catalyst bed temperature, thereby promoting efficient VOCs catalytic combustion. These findings provide quantitative guidance for reactor design optimization, contributing to improved catalytic performance and extended catalyst lifespan.

### 862. [Comparative Study on Hydrogen Production Characteristics of Pre-treated Swine Wastewater in ASBR Process](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/comparative-study-on-hydrogen-production-characteristics-of-pre-treated-swine-wastewater-in-asbr-process) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606018]
Swine wastewater, a high-strength organic effluent, offers a viable substrate for anaerobic biohydrogen production, aligning with clean energy recovery. This study compared hydrogen production in three anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (ASBRs) treating: raw wastewater (R1), supernatant after MAP (magnesium ammonium phosphate) precipitation for nitrogen and phosphorus recovery (R2), and the same supernatant with anaerobic sludge heat-treated at 75°C for 0.5 h (R3). Without pH adjustment, hydrogen production in R1 remained below 0.50 mmol/(kg·d). At an influent COD of 1800 mg/L, R2 and R3 achieved hydrogen production rates of 48.17 and 71.44 mmol/(kg·d), respectively. At COD 2400 mg/L, methane concentrations in R1, R2, and R3 were 10.8%, 14.2%, and 9.1%, respectively, indicating MAP pretreatment enhanced both hydrogen and methane production. As COD increased, R1's methane concentration rose to 14.6%, while average COD removal efficiencies for R1, R2, and R3 were 78.9%, 70.8%, and 52.5%, respectively. Under pH adjustment, all reactors peaked at pH 4.0, with hydrogen production rates of 0.10, 7.74, and 8.83 mol/(kg·d) for R1, R2, and R3, respectively. These findings demonstrate that MAP pretreatment combined with sludge heat treatment significantly enhances biohydrogen production, offering a promising strategy for swine wastewater valorization.

### 863. [Interpretation of the Revision to the Regenerated Zinc Raw Material Standard: A Perspective on Resource Circulation and Low-Carbon Development](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/interpretation-of-the-revision-to-the-regenerated-zinc-raw-material-standard-a-perspective-on-resource-circula) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606017]
Against the backdrop of global green transition and tightening resource constraints, China's Dual Carbon Goals and Zero-Waste City initiative have positioned waste valorization as a critical pathway for sustainable development. Zinc, a fundamental metal, faces high external dependence and nearing primary resource limits, making the regenerated zinc industry essential. However, the previous standard YS/T 1093-2015 lagged in classification, technical indicators, and environmental requirements. This paper analyzes the revision to YS/T 1093-2024, which renames the standard to 'Recycled Zinc Raw Materials' and clarifies its role as front-end smelting intermediate feedstock. The new standard establishes a classification system covering six typical zinc-bearing materials, expanding utilization of low-grade complex materials (zinc content 5%-15%). It tightens limits on harmful elements (fluorine, chlorine, lead, arsenic) and introduces moisture control and appearance evaluation indicators, enhancing operability and environmental risk control. Compared with EU standards, it shows systematic improvements in raw material coverage, process adaptability, and environmental risk prevention. The revision is expected to drive the regenerated zinc industry toward intensification, high-value utilization, and clean production, improving resource recycling efficiency and supporting China's zinc resource strategic security and low-carbon development.

### 864. [Dynamic Hydrogels with Independently Tunable Stress Relaxation for Stem Cell Fate Regulation and Regenerative Engineering](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dynamic-hydrogels-with-independently-tunable-stress-relaxation-for-stem-cell-fate-regulation-and-regenerative) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3749-3]
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a viscoelastic material that dissipates energy through stress relaxation, a time-dependent mechanical property crucial for directing cellular processes such as spreading, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Dynamic hydrogels with reversible cross-links mimic this viscoelasticity, offering a promising platform for 3D cell culture and regenerative medicine. However, independently controlling stress relaxation without altering stiffness remains a major challenge. This review summarizes strategies for designing dynamic hydrogels that decouple stress relaxation from elastic modulus, and examines the effects of stress relaxation on stem cell fate and organoid self-organization. Key approaches include adjusting cross-linker kinetics, using guest-host interactions, and incorporating hydrolytically degradable units. Studies show that faster stress relaxation enhances cell spreading, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation, while slower relaxation supports chondrogenesis. These findings underscore the importance of viscoelastic cues in stem cell regulation and provide design principles for biomimetic matrices. The review also discusses challenges in translating these materials to clinical applications, such as scalability and long-term stability. Ultimately, dynamic hydrogels with tunable stress relaxation hold significant potential for advancing in vitro stem cell culture models and regenerative therapies.

### 865. [Construction and Application Analysis of Overall Energy System for Regenerative Thermal Oxidizers (RTOs)](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/construction-and-application-analysis-of-overall-energy-system-for-regenerative-thermal-oxidizers-rtos) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202606021]
To provide a theoretical basis for energy-saving combustion of regenerative thermal oxidizers (RTOs), this study analyzes energy nodes during RTO operation, refines heat balance accounting, and establishes an overall energy system. Taking a three-chamber RTO as the research object, the enthalpy of exhaust gas at different stages is calculated, and a whole-process heat balance model is developed to systematically analyze exhaust gas preheating, combustion, heat recovery, and heat loss transfer. An improved energy accounting method is proposed to address dynamic heat exchange inside heat accumulators, coupling of multiple gas streams, and boundary heat loss under complex conditions. The longitudinal temperature distribution function of heat accumulators is introduced to overcome difficulties in heat accounting within the accumulator chamber. A thermodynamic system covering 11 key internal energy nodes is constructed. Combined with design characteristics of RTO operation across industries, the application scope of the overall energy system is analyzed; equilibrium terms can be adjusted according to actual conditions, ensuring wide applicability. Validation via an RTO energy system for a glove manufacturing plant demonstrates that outlet temperature prediction accuracy improves from 14.3% to 2.8%, providing a theoretical foundation for future intelligent energy-saving combustion research.

### 866. [Anti-swelling hydrogels: from preparation strategies to biomedical applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/anti-swelling-hydrogels-from-preparation-strategies-to-biomedical-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3929-4]
Hydrogels are extensively utilized in biomedical fields such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound dressings due to their excellent biocompatibility, high water content, and tunable physicochemical properties. However, conventional hydrogels often undergo uncontrolled swelling in physiological environments, leading to mechanical degradation, structural destabilization, and functional failure, which severely restricts their long-term applicability. Recent advances have focused on developing anti-swelling hydrogels with equilibrium swelling ratios typically below 150%, achieved through strategies including the introduction of hydrophobic interactions, enhancement of cross-linking density, and incorporation of nanocomposite structures. These approaches significantly improve dimensional stability and mechanical integrity under physiological conditions. This review systematically summarizes the common preparation strategies for anti-swelling hydrogels and highlights their latest progress in biomedical applications, including wound dressings, tissue adhesives, and implantable devices. The advantages and future directions, such as smart responsiveness and multifunctional integration, are critically discussed. The review aims to provide theoretical guidance and technical references for the development of next-generation high-performance medical hydrogel materials.

### 867. [Rigid Oxygen-Bridged Boron NHC-Based Homoleptic Phosphorescent Iridium Complexes: Structures, Photophysics and OLED Application](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/rigid-oxygen-bridged-boron-nhc-based-homoleptic-phosphorescent-iridium-complexes-structures-photophysics-and-o) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3820-5]
Two novel N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-based ligands featuring rigid boron-oxygen (BO) fused-ring units, named Bpmi and Bpmb, and the two corresponding homoleptic meridianal iridium complexes, namely mer-Ir(Bpmi)3 and mer-Ir(Bpmb)3, were designed and synthesized. Single-crystal structures revealed a meridional coordination geometry for both complexes. Shorter Ir–C carbene bond lengths and rigid planar BO-fused ring units contribute to enhanced stability. Both complexes exhibit efficient green phosphorescence (λem = 536/521 nm in toluene, ΦPL > 78%) with short lifetimes (τ = 846/1083 ns), leading to high radiative rate constants (Kr = 10.04 × 10^5 and 7.29 × 10^5 s−1, respectively). Theoretical calculations indicate significantly increased metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) character (21.69% for mer-Ir(Bpmi)3; 17.30% for mer-Ir(Bpmb)3) compared to reference complexes (13.01% for mer-Ir(pmi)3; 15.99% for mer-Ir(pmb)3). Both complexes exhibit exceptional thermal stability with decomposition temperatures of 491°C (mer-Ir(Bpmi)3) and 540°C (mer-Ir(Bpmb)3). OLED devices using mer-Ir(Bpmb)3 and mer-Ir(Bpmi)3 as emitters demonstrate maximum external quantum efficiencies of 20.0% and 15.6%, respectively. This research pioneers boron-fused ring-containing NHCs and their phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes, establishing a novel design strategy for high-performance NHC-based OLED phosphorescent emitters.

### 868. [Oxygen modification optimizes hydrogen/hydroxyl binding energy and interfacial water structure for enhanced hydrogen evolution and oxidation reactions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/oxygen-modification-optimizes-hydrogenhydroxyl-binding-energy-and-interfacial-water-structure-for-enhanced-hyd) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3898-7]
Platinum (Pt) is the benchmark catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in acidic electrolytes, but its performance in alkaline media is limited by excessively strong hydrogen binding energy (HBE). Here, we report oxygen-modified ultrasmall RuCu nanocrystals (RuCu/C-200) as an efficient catalyst for both alkaline HER and HOR. The RuCu/C-200 catalyst exhibits excellent HER activity with an overpotential of 9 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 19.7 mV dec−1. For HOR, it achieves a 4.2-fold higher exchange current density than the unannealed sample. Mechanistic studies reveal that the optimized HBE, hydroxyl binding energy (OHBE), and strongly hydrogen-bonded interfacial water, induced by oxygen modification, are the intrinsic determinants of the improved catalytic activity. This work underscores the potential of combining nanoscale structural design with oxygen modification to develop high-performance Ru-based electrocatalysts for both alkaline HER and HOR.

### 869. [Full-color transparent display with red/green/blue-emitting lanthanide-doped nanoparticles heavily embedded in separated polyvinyl alcohol film](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/full-color-transparent-display-with-redgreenblue-emitting-lanthanide-doped-nanoparticles-heavily-embedded-in-s) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3794-0]
Luminescent transparent display technology is widely used in emerging fields such as augmented reality glass, head-up vehicle display, and commercial retail windows. While electroluminescent display is well established, the photoluminescent transparent screen of full-color rendering ability remains elusive due to the severe crosstalk between emitters. Herein, a full-color transparent screen of an orthogonal red/green/blue (R/G/B) luminescence is reported. Lanthanide fluoride nanocrystals are used as the emitters, where the color is tuned by a deliberate choice of doping activators including Tb3+, Eu3+, and Tm3+. Polyvinyl alcohol, with an identical refractive index to nanocrystals, is employed as the host matrix, enabling a high transparency up to 86% in the visible region upon a high loading content (~78 wt%) of nanocrystals. It should be noted that the nanocrystals are embedded in separate monolayers before integration by a UV-selective absorber, i.e., epoxy resin, which absorbs 254-nm UV to block cross-excitation between Tb3+ and Eu3+ layers, providing an asymmetric luminescent property from both sides of the screen. In a proof-of-concept experiment, a full-color prototype is showcased in real time for its potential applications in advanced displays of immersive experience.

### 870. [Elucidating the distinct roles of metal ion doping and alloying in MOF reconstruction toward enhanced oxygen evolution reaction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/elucidating-the-distinct-roles-of-metal-ion-doping-and-alloying-in-mof-reconstruction-toward-enhanced-oxygen-e) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3810-y]
Amorphous metal-organic frameworks (aMOFs), with abundant defects and unsaturated coordination sites, are ideal precursors for investigating electrocatalytic reconstruction mechanisms. However, systematic understanding of how different modulation strategies affect reconstruction pathways and final active species remains lacking. Here, an amorphous MOF constructed from 3,4,9,10-pyrene-tetracarboxylic acid (PTA) serves as a controllable precursor to compare doping and alloying effects on structural reconstruction and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. Doping promotes preferential reconstruction into Fe-rich (oxy)hydroxides with more exposed active sites, whereas alloying yields Fe-Co mixed (oxy)hydroxides with limited site exposure. The doped system FeCo0.05-PTA exhibits outstanding OER activity in alkaline conditions, with overpotentials of 208 and 248 mV at 50 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively, and a low Tafel slope of 36.2 mV dec−1. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) captures the OOH* intermediate, confirming the adsorbate evolution mechanism. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show the doped system has the lowest free-energy barrier (ΔG = 0.59 eV) at the rate-determining step. This study underscores the decisive role of precursor design, elucidates distinct effects of doping and alloying on reconstruction pathways and final properties of amorphous MOF-derived (oxy)hydroxides, and provides insights for designing related electrocatalysts.

### 871. [Lattice-Engineered High-Quality β-Ga2O3 Membranes for Memristive Applications Towards Image Encryption, Decryption, and Edge Detection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/lattice-engineered-high-quality-ga2o3-membranes-for-memristive-applications-towards-image-encryption-decryptio) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3858-8]
High-quality β-Ga2O3 membranes are pivotal for fabricating high-performance memristive devices. Here, vertical Ag/β-Ga2O3/Pt memristors built on high-crystalline-quality β-Ga2O3 membranes via lattice epitaxy engineering and a sacrificial-layer-assisted exfoliation strategy are reported. The resulting β-Ga2O3-based device demonstrates a high ON/OFF ratio exceeding 10^8, low SET/RESET voltages of 0.13 V/−0.11 V, low programming current of 10^-10 A, stable data retention beyond 4 × 10^4 s, and excellent subthreshold characteristics of ~0.47 mV/dec. Adjustable compliance current enables the coexistence of volatile and non-volatile switching modes. Additionally, the resistive switching versatility is predominantly governed by the migration of Ag ions, as supported by electrical characterizations and first-principles calculations. Furthermore, a β-Ga2O3 memristor-based circuit that functions as a reconfigurable and non-volatile exclusive OR (XOR) logic gate has been designed and simulated, enabling both image encryption/decryption and edge detection. This work not only demonstrates lattice-engineered, high-quality β-Ga2O3 membranes for fabricating advanced memristors but also extends their applicability to digital logic and reconfigurable image processing.

### 872. [Dark Triplet State Activation to Construct Near-Infrared Host–Guest Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence Materials for In Vivo Bioimaging](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dark-triplet-state-activation-to-construct-near-infrared-hostguest-organic-room-temperature-phosphorescence-ma) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3864-4]
Organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials, particularly those emitting in the near-infrared (NIR) region, hold great promise for bioimaging due to their deep-tissue penetration and minimal autofluorescence interference. However, achieving efficient NIR RTP with long lifetimes remains challenging due to inefficient triplet exciton utilization. Herein, we propose a dark triplet state activation strategy to achieve efficient NIR RTP by leveraging host–guest energy transfer. Using benzophenone derivatives (BP, OBP, MBP, PBP) as rigid host matrices with high intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiency and an NIR fluorophore (MPTCF) as the guest, we achieve efficient Dexter-type triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET) that converts non-emissive host triplets into guest-centered NIR phosphorescence. Systematic optimization of the host–guest system has shown that PBP/MPTCF exhibits exceptional performance, including long phosphorescence centered at 705 nm, an ultralong phosphorescence lifetime (210.3 ms), and high ISC efficiency (44.4%). When fabricated into nanoparticles (NPs), PBP/MPTCF exhibits superior performance, featuring prolonged phosphorescence signals (>120 s), deep tissue penetration capability (>2 mm), and excellent biocompatibility (cell viability >95% at 300 μM). In addition, this system enables high-contrast subcutaneous imaging with excellent dispersibility and stable in vivo imaging capability. More importantly, PBP/MPTCF NPs demonstrate precise lymph node mapping through time-gated phosphorescence imaging and efficient tumor visualization within 4 h post-injection with a high tumor-to-liver ratio of 2.8. The successful activation of dark triplet states through this host–guest approach provides a general design principle for developing high-performance NIR RTP materials, while the demonstrated biomedical applications highlight their significant potential for advanced bioimaging and precision diagnostics.

### 873. [Advanced Cathode Design: Ordering LiMn6 Functional Units in Li-Rich Layered Oxides](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/advanced-cathode-design-ordering-limn6-functional-units-in-li-rich-layered-oxides) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3799-4]
Li-rich layered oxides (LLOs) xLi2MnO3·(1−x)LiTMO2 (0 < x < 1, TM = Mn, Ni, Co, etc.) are promising high-energy cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries, capable of achieving energy densities up to 1000 Wh kg−1. However, their practical application is hindered by limited cycle life and voltage decay, primarily stemming from structural instability of Li2MnO3 and LiTMO2 domains during cycling, which manifests as transition metal cation migration, oxygen release, and TM dissolution. This review establishes a comprehensive design and modification scheme based on the fundamental structural unit of LLOs: the LiMn6 hexatomic-ring. In this unit, each Li atom in the TM layer is surrounded by six Mn atoms, forming a π-type hybridization between Mn 3d(t2g) and O 2p orbitals, creating an intact π-bond ring that acts as a distributed redox center. Ordering these functional units into specific spatial configurations can enhance capacity, voltage, and structural stability. However, substituting Mn with other elements breaks the symmetry of the π-bond ring, altering redox behavior and reversibility. The spatial arrangement of LiMn6 rings, representing the arrangement of π-bond rings, is critical for redox activity. In Li2MnO3, the typical honeycomb superstructure of LiMn6 rings is discussed. This review highlights the importance of functional unit ordering in material design, drawing parallels from other systems, and proposes a systematic approach to engineer LLOs for improved electrochemical performance.

### 874. [Interfacial hydrogen spillover and coherent lattice matching in ZnIn2S4/ZnCo2S4 enable synchronized electron-proton delivery for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/interfacial-hydrogen-spillover-and-coherent-lattice-matching-in-znin2s4znco2s4-enable-synchronized-electron-pr) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3889-6]
Photocatalytic hydrogen production is fundamentally limited by inefficient charge separation and asynchronous supply of electrons and protons to active sites. Here, we designed a ZnIn2S4/ZnCo2S4 (ZIS/ZCS) heterojunction with an atomically coherent interface achieved via an ultralow lattice mismatch of 0.05%. This unique structure promotes rapid electron transfer through a built-in electric field and facilitates continuous proton migration via a hydrogen spillover effect, thereby synchronizing electron and proton delivery at the catalytic interface. This dual regulation of electrons and protons synergistically promotes proton-coupled electron transfer, resulting in a high hydrogen evolution rate of 70.3 mmol g−1 h−1 and selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to aldehyde (39.3 mmol g−1 h−1) with 93.6% selectivity. This work demonstrates the critical importance of lattice match and dual charge-proton management in designing efficient photocatalysts for complex redox reactions.

### 875. [Autferroicity: Concept, Candidates, and Applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/autferroicity-concept-candidates-and-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3597-2]
Magnetism and electric polarity are fundamental physical phenomena whose coupling gives rise to magnetoelectric (ME) effects. Multiferroics, materials hosting simultaneous ferroelectric and magnetic orders, offer cross-control mechanisms but face inherent incompatibility due to the d0 rule versus partially filled d/f orbitals. Improper ferroelectricity, as in h-YMnO3, circumvents this but yields weak polarization (<10 μC/cm2). Type-I multiferroics like BiFeO3 exhibit strong polarization (~100 μC/cm2) but weak ME coupling. This paper introduces autferroicity, a novel ferroic state where ferroelectric and magnetic orders are mutually exclusive, leveraging their repulsive coupling to achieve field-selective switching and strong ME response. Autferroics encode logic states in the identity of the active ferroic phase, enabling high-contrast, low-crosstalk nonvolatile memory. Their bistable energy landscape, reshaped by strong ME coupling, facilitates true random number generation (TRNG) with reduced energy barriers and higher switching frequencies. Practical realization demands advances in synthesis and phase control. Autferroicity offers a paradigm shift, exploiting ferroic exclusivity rather than coexistence, promising robust bistability and intrinsically strong ME coupling for next-generation devices.

### 876. [Facile Ball-Milling Synthesis of Highly Efficient Manganese Halides Toward White Light-Emitting Display and X-Ray Imaging](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/facile-ball-milling-synthesis-of-highly-efficient-manganese-halides-toward-white-light-emitting-display-and-x) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3886-1]
Organic-inorganic hybrid Mn(II) halides have attracted considerable attention for optoelectronic applications due to their environmental friendliness and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) originating from the d-d transition (4T1(G) → 6A1) of Mn2+. However, complex synthesis processes restrict their potential for low-cost, large-scale production. In this study, the Mn(II) halide (C22H22O2P)2MnBr4 was synthesized via a simple and efficient mechanochemical ball-milling approach, achieving high photoluminescence efficiency and production yield. The halide exhibits intense green emission centered at 520 nm with a PLQY of up to 96.1%. Combined experimental and theoretical characterizations confirm that the strong light emission originates from the synergistic interaction between organic cations and inorganic framework components. A white light-emitting diode (WLED) device based on (C22H22O2P)2MnBr4 was fabricated, exhibiting bright white light emission and a wide color gamut of 113% NTSC. Furthermore, a scintillation screen based on (C22H22O2P)2MnBr4 was fabricated and utilized to investigate internal structures of various objects. The screen demonstrates a high relative light yield of 70546 photons MeV−1, a low detection limit of 33.8 nGy air s−1, and a spatial resolution of up to 12.36 lp mm−1. Finally, by integrating the scintillation screen with a thin-film transistor (TFT) backplane, the resulting X-ray detector successfully enables simulated medical imaging of dental caries. This work establishes a robust foundation for large-scale synthesis of highly efficient luminescent Mn(II) halides and highlights their potential in multifunctional light-emitting applications.

### 877. [Advancing lithium-air capacitor batteries through redox pair-enabled dual-cathode configurations](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/advancing-lithium-air-capacitor-batteries-through-redox-pair-enabled-dual-cathode-configurations) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3774-3]
Lithium-air capacitor batteries (LACBs) integrate the rapid charge-discharge capability of supercapacitors into conventional lithium-oxygen batteries, significantly enhancing power density. However, their cycling stability remains unsatisfactory. In this study, we incorporated redox mediators (RMs) into an LACB featuring a dual-cathode configuration. This design facilitates sustained electron transfer between the electrode and Li2O2/Oxygen, thereby delaying RM deactivation caused by electrode passivation and improving overall electrochemical performance. The RM-enhanced battery achieved over 250 cycles at 2 mA cm−2 with a limited capacity of 0.5 mAh cm−2, while exhibiting a 0.54 V reduction in charging voltage at 0.1 mA cm−2 compared to the RM-free system. Furthermore, application of an aluminum foil sealing technique enabled a power density of 13.8 mW cm−2 at 6 mA cm−2, overcoming mass transport limitations inherent in open-cell configurations. We also investigated the influence of oxygen barrier films with varying barrier capabilities on LACB performance. Results indicate that films with superior oxygen resistance better maintain a clean capacitor electrode surface, thereby providing more stable electron supply to the RMs and enhancing rate capability and cycling performance. These findings underscore the potential of redox mediators in improving the performance and longevity of LACBs, offering a promising strategy for their future development.

### 878. [Synergistic Top-Down Etching Coupled with In Situ Phase Transition: A Strategy for High-Precision Photolithographic Patterning of Perovskite Single Crystals](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-top-down-etching-coupled-with-in-situ-phase-transition-a-strategy-for-high-precision-photolithogra) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3893-y]
Perovskite photolithography, an emerging research frontier, combines the unique properties of perovskite materials with lithographic processes for advanced optoelectronic applications. Currently, bottom-up photolithography is preferred due to perovskites’ intrinsic characteristics, while top-down photolithography offers better compatibility with mature semiconductor manufacturing workflows. In this study, we innovatively propose an integrated technology that merges top-down photolithography with in situ phase-transition strategy. Utilizing non-emissive Cs4PbBr6 perovskite single crystals (SCs) as both structural templates and reaction sources, we achieve spatially selective patterning by precise wet and dry etching, followed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-induced Cs4PbBr6 to CsPbBr3 phase transition. This process facilitates the direct fabrication of highly emissive CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 microstructure patterns inside Cs4PbBr6 SCs. Such a synergistic approach simplifies perovskite photolithography procedures and enables rapid, large-scale manufacturability. Furthermore, its integration with machine learning optimization algorithms showcases promising application potential in intelligent anti-counterfeiting. This novel approach, integrating perovskite SCs homologous substrate with customized photolithography, provides a new strategy for fabricating high-performance perovskite optoelectronic devices and is expected to promote technological advancement.

### 879. [Defect and Crystal Field Engineering Enables High Efficiency and Anti-Thermal Quenching in Cr3+ Doped Rigid Garnet Phosphors for Multifunctional Optoelectronics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/defect-and-crystal-field-engineering-enables-high-efficiency-and-anti-thermal-quenching-in-cr3-doped-rigid-gar) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3790-5]
Near-infrared (NIR) phosphors with high quantum efficiency (QE) and thermal robustness are critical for phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (pc-LEDs). Here, a Cr3+-activated Lu2BaAl4SiO12 (LBASO) garnet phosphor is engineered via chemical unit cosubstitution of [Ba2+-Si4+] for [Lu3+-Al3+] in Lu3Al5O12 (LuAG), inducing a strong crystal field that yields NIR emission at 705 nm. The optimized LBASO:0.07Cr3+ exhibits an internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of 84.82% and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 46.02%. Notably, it demonstrates anti-thermal quenching (ATQ) with 126.03% of its initial intensity at 498 K under 442 nm excitation, attributed to a wide band gap, weak electron-phonon coupling, defect trap energy levels, high structural rigidity, and optimized electron population distribution. A NIR pc-LED fabricated with this phosphor achieves an output power of 134.99 mW and photoelectric conversion efficiency of 11.4% at 100 mA drive current. These results underscore the potential of LBASO:Cr3+ for applications in plant lighting, night vision, and nondestructive analysis.

### 880. [Efficient blue-light-excitable broadband NIR emission in Mo4+-doped double perovskite with robust thermal stability and efficient X-ray scintillation for pixel-level X-ray to NIR image fusion](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/efficient-blue-light-excitable-broadband-nir-emission-in-mo4-doped-double-perovskite-with-robust-thermal-stabi) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3863-x]
Lead-free double perovskites are promising for optoelectronic applications due to their tunable optical properties, stability, and non-toxicity. However, achieving efficient ultrabroadband near-infrared (NIR) emission and X-ray radioluminescence (RL) simultaneously remains challenging. Here, we report a Mo4+-doped Cs2(Na0.4Ag0.6)InCl6 double perovskite that exhibits efficient blue-light-excitable NIR emission with a near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield. The emitter demonstrates robust thermal stability, retaining 84% of its initial emission intensity at 420 K relative to 300 K. Under X-ray irradiation, the material shows bright NIR RL with a high light yield of 39,400 ± 1100 photons/MeV. A flexible film of Mo4+-doped Cs2(Na0.4Ag0.6)InCl6/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was fabricated and applied as an NIR light source and X-ray scintillator. A dual-functional platform for cooperative NIR and X-ray imaging was established using a bullfrog palm as the target, achieving pixel-level fusion of NIR and X-ray images without spatial mismatch or complex image processing. The fused image simultaneously visualizes blood vessels and skeleton textures under the skin tissue. This work provides a viable strategy for lead-free double perovskites in advanced optoelectronic devices, particularly for multispectral imaging.

### 881. [Tailoring Ni Clusters in Ordered Macroporous CeO2 for Efficient Photothermal Reverse Water Gas Shift Reaction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/tailoring-ni-clusters-in-ordered-macroporous-ceo2-for-efficient-photothermal-reverse-water-gas-shift-reaction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3890-6]
Photothermal catalysis offers a sustainable route for CO2 conversion to value-added chemicals, yet precise control of active sites and light-harvesting materials remains challenging. Here, we report the rational integration of three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) CeO2 with positively charged (Niδ+)n clusters to construct efficient photothermal catalysts for the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction. The 3DOM architecture enhances light absorption, improves access to active sites, and provides a confined environment for reactant enrichment. Engineering (Niδ+)n clusters within 3DOM CeO2 not only affords highly active sites for H2 adsorption and dissociation but also modulates the local structure of CeO2 to promote CO2 adsorption and activation. Furthermore, the (Niδ+)n clusters significantly enhance light-harvesting capability across the UV-vis-NIR spectrum, generating a pronounced photothermal effect that accelerates reaction kinetics. The optimized (Niδ+)n/CeO2 catalyst exhibits outstanding photothermal catalytic performance, achieving a CO production rate of 63.36 mmol g−1 h−1 in a flowing reaction with CO selectivity of 93% under simulated solar irradiation (2.6 W cm−2). Theoretical calculations reveal that the (Niδ+)n/CeO2 catalyst reduces the thermodynamic energy barrier for *COOH formation in CO2 hydrogenation. This study offers valuable insights into the design of photothermal catalysts, highlighting the significant potential of active-site engineering in promoting efficient CO2 conversion for practical solar-to-fuel production.

### 882. [Regulating the metal-support interactions of Ru on hollow nitrogen-doped carbon to enhance the hydrogen evolution reaction activity](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/regulating-the-metal-support-interactions-of-ru-on-hollow-nitrogen-doped-carbon-to-enhance-the-hydrogen-evolut) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3842-8]
The metal-support interactions (MSIs) play a significant role in regulating the electronic structure of metal species on oxide; however, they are often overlooked on carbon-based supports. In this work, hollow nitrogen-doped carbon (H-NC) supported Ru nanoparticles catalyst (Ru/H-NC) was prepared by a solvothermal method using H-NC as support and RuCl3 as precursor. Subsequently, Ru/H-NC was annealed at different temperatures (Ru/H-NC t °C) to adjust the effect of MSIs between H-NC support and Ru nanoparticles. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that the MSIs between Ru species and H-NC support increased with the increase of temperature, and more electrons were transferred from Ru species to H-NC support, thus regulating the valence state of Ru. In hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the as-synthesized Ru/H-NC 300 °C merely requires overpotential of 35.45 mV to achieve 10 mA/cm2 at low Ru mass loading of 24.03 μg/cm2 on the glassy carbon electrode. The cyclic voltammetry test revealed that the electrochemically active surface area increased first and then decreased with the increasing MSIs. Moreover, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results showed that HER kinetics of Ru/H-NC t °C catalysts increased first and then decreased with the MSIs enhancement. The density functional theory calculations confirmed that the MSIs effectively optimize the adsorption strength of the key intermediates (H*, HO*) on Ru clusters, and thus greatly improve the catalytic performance of Ru/H-NC in HER.

### 883. [Work-function-engineered high-entropy alloy/carbon nanofibers direct Na+ transport for stable anode-free sodium batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/work-function-engineered-high-entropy-alloycarbon-nanofibers-direct-na-transport-for-stable-anode-free-sodium) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3942-2]
Anode-free sodium metal batteries (AF-SMBs) are promising for high-energy, low-cost energy storage, but suffer from interfacial instability due to sluggish Na+ kinetics and non-uniform deposition. Here, we report a scalable electrospinning-pyrolysis route to anchor FeCoNiCuMn high-entropy alloy (HEA) nanoparticles on N-doped carbon nanofibers (HEANCF). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal high binding energy toward Na atoms, facilitating desolvation and adsorption. A built-in electric field (BIEF) arises from work function differences, driving electron redistribution and guiding uniform Na+ diffusion. The heterostructure also shows strong affinity for PF6− anions, promoting NaF-rich SEI formation that suppresses electron tunneling and parasitic reactions. Full cells with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathodes achieve 80% capacity retention after 600 cycles at 1 C. Ah-level pouch cells deliver ~200 Wh kg−1 and retain 87% capacity after 150 cycles at 0.5 C. This work establishes a coherent interfacial-kinetics framework for practical AF-SMBs.

### 884. [Novel CoS/ZnIn2S4 S-scheme heterojunction for efficient visible-light photocatalytic H2O2 production via dual-channel reactions in air](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/novel-cosznin2s4-s-scheme-heterojunction-for-efficient-visible-light-photocatalytic-h2o2-production-via-dual-c) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3894-9]
Photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using water and O2 offers an economical, environmentally friendly, and sustainable route for H2O2 synthesis. However, current photocatalytic systems suffer from poor charge carrier transport, narrow light absorption, and insufficient active sites, leading to unsatisfactory H2O2 production efficiency. In this study, a CoS/ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) composite was constructed by in-situ growing CoS nanoclusters on ZIS via a solvothermal method for photocatalytic H2O2 production. The integration of CoS with ZIS broadened the light absorption spectrum. The optimized CoS/ZIS-3 composite exhibited an exceptional H2O2 production rate of 2693.39 μmol g−1 h−1 under visible light in isopropanol, surpassing pristine ZIS and CoS by factors of 6.54 and 18.08, respectively. The S-scheme heterojunction and built-in electric field synergistically enhanced the separation and transportation of photogenerated charge carriers, thereby improving photocatalytic efficiency. The H2O2 synthesis mechanism involves dual-channel oxygen reduction and water oxidation reactions mediated by CoS/ZIS. The produced H2O2 effectively degraded organic pollutants and inhibited the growth of E. coli. This study presents a promising green strategy for enhancing ZIS-based photocatalysts through constructing S-scheme heterojunctions for efficient H2O2 synthesis.

### 885. [Solvation regulation with Janus solvates for sustainable aqueous Zn ion batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/solvation-regulation-with-janus-solvates-for-sustainable-aqueous-zn-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3808-x]
The uncontrollable Zn dendrites and serious parasitic side reactions of the zinc anode severely impede the practical application of aqueous zinc-ion batteries. In this work, a unique strategy of multipoint solvate coordination center is proposed, which anchors Zn2+ and H2O with complex sites to establish an intermolecular connection within the asymmetric solvation structure. A hydrated deep eutectic electrolyte based on multi-site methylurea (MU) with Janus properties is developed, in which Zn2+ and H2O interact with MU through Lewis acid-base and hydrogen bonding interaction, and the regulated asymmetric solvation configuration can guide the (002)-ordered Zn deposition. Simultaneously, a small amount of polyethylene glycol (PEG, Mw=20000) can facilitate homogenous (002) Zn deposition by suppressing Zn2+ transfer kinetics. Benefiting from the rationally regulated solvation structure and PEG molecules adsorbed onto Zn anodes, the side reactions and Zn dendrites are significantly inhibited. As a result, the Zn||Zn symmetric cell delivers outstanding cycling performance over 3900 h (1 mA cm−2, 0.5 mA h cm−2). In addition, the Zn||V2O5 battery maintains 79.2% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1. The results suggest a promising oriented regulation strategy for sustainable aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

### 886. [Interface Engineering of Cu/Cu2O Nanowires on Cu Foam: Boosting C–H Bond Cleavage and Suppressing OH− Adsorption for Efficient Formaldehyde Electrooxidation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/interface-engineering-of-cucu2o-nanowires-on-cu-foam-boosting-ch-bond-cleavage-and-suppressing-oh-adsorption-f) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3880-8]
Formaldehyde oxidation reaction (FOR) demonstrates significant potential in energy conversion and chemical synthesis, yet developing catalysts for efficient operation at high current densities remains a challenge. Herein, we fabricated a Cu/Cu2O heterostructure nanowire catalyst on copper foam (Cu/Cu2O@CF) via interface engineering and investigated its FOR performance. Electrochemical tests show that Cu/Cu2O@CF exhibits excellent activity: it achieves 100 mA cm−2 at an ultra-low potential of −0.05 V (vs. RHE), outperforming most reported catalysts. Notably, this catalyst overcomes the deactivation limitation of conventional Cu-based catalysts above 0.5 V, maintaining a current density of 735 mA cm−2 at 0.6 V with excellent stability during long-term electrolysis. SCN−-induced Cu0 poisoning experiments confirm that Cu/Cu2O@CF retains a Cu/Cu2O mixed structure at 0.6 V, where Cu0-Cu+ synergy dominates its high activity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal two key advantages of this structure: it weakens OH− adsorption to avoid active site occupation, and reduces C–H bond cleavage barriers while promoting H* combination into H2. Product analysis shows Faradaic efficiencies for formate and H2 production are both ~100%. When coupled with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the system's hydrogen production energy consumption is as low as 0.57 kWh m−3 H2, much lower than traditional water electrolysis. This work elucidates the regulatory mechanism of interface engineering on the FOR performance of Cu-based catalysts, expands the application of Cu-based heterostructures in high-current FOR, and guides the development of industrial-grade electrocatalysts.

### 887. [A Multifunctional Cerium-Based Metal-Organic Framework Coating for Dendrite-Free and Highly Stable Zinc Metal Anodes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-multifunctional-cerium-based-metal-organic-framework-coating-for-dendrite-free-and-highly-stable-zinc-metal) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3851-3]
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) face critical challenges from zinc anode instability, including corrosion, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), parasitic byproduct formation, and uncontrolled dendrite growth. To address these issues, we developed a multifunctional cerium-based metal-organic framework (Ce-MOF) coating for zinc anodes. The coating features an ordered porous structure and inherent properties that mitigate HER, suppress side reactions, and inhibit dendrite formation. Symmetric cells using Ce-MOF/Zn demonstrated exceptional cycling stability for over 2060 h at 0.5 mA cm−2 with a low hysteresis polarization of 26 mV. In full cells with an I2@AC cathode, the Ce-MOF/Zn||I2@AC achieved outstanding cycling stability of 28,550 cycles at 5 A g−1, with 91% capacity retention (109.6 mAh g−1). Through integrated characterization employing in-situ optical microscopy, ex-situ XRD, SEM, and DFT calculations, we elucidated the multifunctional mechanism: the Ce-MOF coating facilitates preferential (002)-oriented Zn deposition to suppress dendrites, reduces Zn2+ desolvation energy to enhance deposition kinetics, and modulates interfacial chemistry to mitigate HER and corrosion. This work establishes Ce-MOF coatings as a simple yet powerful strategy for developing high-performance zinc anodes, providing critical insights for advancing practical AZIB technologies.

### 888. [Bioinspired Reprocessable Dual Crosslinked Solid-Solid Phase Change Material for Solar-Assisted Thermal Energy Storage and Multi-Scenario Thermal Camouflage](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bioinspired-reprocessable-dual-crosslinked-solid-solid-phase-change-material-for-solar-assisted-thermal-energy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3934-1]
Solar energy, a clean and abundant resource, can be stored as latent heat in solid-solid phase change materials (SSPCMs) and subsequently utilized, offering great potential for advancing passive thermal management technologies such as thermal camouflage. Conventional SSPCMs often require active heating for high-temperature conditions, leading to additional energy consumption. Moreover, their permanent crosslinked structures limit reprocessability and increase environmental burden. Herein, we present a lizard-skin-inspired, solar-thermal-responsive, and reprocessable SSPCM (FTSPCM) featuring a dual crosslinked structure composed of dynamic phenol–carbamate bonds and Fe3+@Tannic acid (TA) coordination. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) functions as the phase change segment, while TA introduces both reversible covalent crosslinking and photothermal responsiveness. The FTSPCM exhibits a high latent heat of 102.9 J g−1, excellent shape stability, and maintains its thermal performance after three reprocessing cycles at 120 °C. The Fe3+@TA coordination network enables strong near-infrared absorption and efficient solar-thermal conversion, achieving a surface temperature of 62 °C and a conversion efficiency of 96.85% under 2 Suns irradiation. This dual-function design allows the material to achieve passive thermal camouflage via latent heat release at low temperatures and solar-assisted photothermal heating at high temperatures. This work presents a sustainable strategy for developing reprocessable, solar-responsive SSPCMs, showcasing the distinctive advantages of tannic acid-derived polyphenol chemistry in constructing passive thermal management systems for energy-efficient thermal camouflage and solar-driven thermal energy storage.

### 889. [Dual-Functional Chemical Pre-Sodiation of Carbon-Coated Hard Carbon Anodes with Initial Coulombic Efficiency up to 99.5% for Sodium-Ion Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dual-functional-chemical-pre-sodiation-of-carbon-coated-hard-carbon-anodes-with-initial-coulombic-efficiency-u) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3944-9]
Hard carbon (HC) is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) but suffers from low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Here, we report a dual-functional strategy combining surface engineering and solution chemical pre-sodiation. A graphitic carbon coating on HC acts as a conductive buffer network and shields surface defects, while sodium biphenyl (Na-Bp) pre-sodiation drives sodium ions into the material via a potential difference, inducing a pre-SEI layer that matures into a thin, dense, NaF-rich inorganic SEI during cycling. This approach compensates for irreversible sodium loss and enhances cycling stability. The pre-sodiated electrode (pCH4-HC) achieves an ICE of 99.5% and a reversible capacity of 321.7 mAh g−1, compared to 54.2% for untreated HC. Long-term cycling shows 74.0% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 300 mA g−1. In full-cells with NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 (NFM) cathode, pCH4-HC||NFM delivers 81.9 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles, demonstrating excellent stability and rate performance. This dual-strategy approach validates the adaptability of pre-sodiation technology for high-performance SIBs.

### 890. [A diketimine-linked metal covalent organic framework for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-diketimine-linked-metal-covalent-organic-framework-for-efficient-photocatalytic-co2-reduction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4140-9]
Metal covalent organic frameworks (MCOFs) are promising photocatalysts for carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). However, the synthesis of ketimine-linked COFs remains challenging due to the low reactivity of ketones. Here, we report a straightforward strategy to construct diketimine-linked MCOFs via the condensation of acenaphthenequinone (Ace) with 1,3,6,8-tetra(4-aminophenyl)pyrene (TAPPy). The metal-free COF (TACOF-AA) exhibits AA stacking, while the addition of NiCl2·6H2O under identical conditions yields an AB-stacked Ni-based MCOF (Ni-TACOF-AB). The coordinated Ni species serve as active sites for CO2RR and enhance electron-hole separation. Photocatalytic tests demonstrate that Ni-TACOF-AB achieves a CO evolution rate of 11.71 mmol g−1 h−1 with 99.9% selectivity, which is 7.6 times higher than that of TACOF-AA. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that Ni-TACOF-AB lowers the activation energy barrier of the rate-determining step by regulating local charge distribution, facilitating electron transfer to adsorbed CO2. This work provides a novel approach for synthesizing ketimine-based COFs and highlights the importance of interlayer stacking in modulating photocatalytic performance.

### 891. [Suppression of Schottky Effect with Highly Corrosion-Resistant Coating on Porous Transport Layers for Interface Optimization in Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/suppression-of-schottky-effect-with-highly-corrosion-resistant-coating-on-porous-transport-layers-for-interfac) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3769-2]
Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are pivotal for sustainable hydrogen production, yet the corrosion-induced TiOx on porous transport layers (PTLs) introduces Schottky contact barriers and pinch-off effects, severely impeding charge transfer and efficiency. Here, a cost-effective MoIrOx coating via spray deposition and thermal treatment on Ti felts is proposed. The coating forms a conductive interlayer that establishes a Schottky barrier staircase, reducing the effective electron transfer barrier and isolating TiOx from the ionomer to mitigate the pinch-off effect. The optimal PTL achieves a current density of 3.27 A cm−2 at 2 V, surpassing uncoated Ti felts by 59.5%. The MoIrOx interlayer suppresses localized electron accumulation at the interface, enabling stable operation with ultra-low catalyst loadings by preventing direct ionomer-TiOx contact. This work demonstrates a scalable strategy to enhance PEMWE efficiency and durability while minimizing precious metal reliance, offering critical insights into interface engineering for electrolyzers.

### 892. [Peripheral nitrogen microenvironment engineering of Cu–N4 single-atom catalysts enables selective electrochemical CO2 reduction to formate](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/peripheral-nitrogen-microenvironment-engineering-of-cun4-single-atom-catalysts-enables-selective-electrochemic) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4178-y]
Rational design of metal–nitrogen–carbon (M–N–C) single-atom catalysts (SACs) for selective CO2 electroreduction is still largely guided by first-shell coordination engineering, while the catalytic impact of the surrounding non-coordinated “second-shell” microenvironment remains underexplored. Here, we show that tailoring the peripheral nitrogen microenvironment can decisively switch product selectivity in Cu-based SACs, even with an identical Cu–N4 first-shell motif. Using a polymer coordination strategy, pyrrolic-N–regulated Cu–Npr–C and pyridinic-N–regulated Cu–Npy–C exhibit strikingly divergent behaviors: Cu–Npr–C selectively produces formate with 72.6% Faradaic efficiency (FE) at −0.7 V vs. RHE and sustains >67% FE over 10 h, whereas Cu–Npy–C predominantly drives H2 evolution (up to 69% FE). In situ attenuated total reflection surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy captures an earlier emergence of the key HCOO* intermediate on Cu–Npr–C, evidencing accelerated formate-pathway kinetics enabled by the pyrrolic microenvironment. Density functional theory calculations further support that pyrrolic second-shell regulation promotes the O-bound formate route while disfavoring hydrogen adsorption, whereas the pyridinic microenvironment renders H adsorption more competitive and biases the reaction toward hydrogen evolution reaction. Extending this second-shell strategy to Ni SACs confirms its generality: Ni–Npy–C achieves 96.8% CO selectivity, while Ni–Npr–C shows mixed CO/H2 production. This work establishes second-shell microenvironment regulation as a general and actionable design principle for steering selectivity in M–N–C SACs toward targeted CO2 reduction products.

### 893. [Promotion of efficient chlorine evolution reaction by d-p hybrid orbitals in hollow porous CoNiSe2/NiSe2 nanosheet arrays](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/promotion-of-efficient-chlorine-evolution-reaction-by-d-p-hybrid-orbitals-in-hollow-porous-conise2nise2-nanosh) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3823-4]
The global demand for chlorine gas continues to rise, driven by its indispensable role in chemical synthesis, disinfection, and wastewater treatment. Electrocatalytic chlorine evolution from seawater presents a promising alternative to the energy-intensive chlor-alkali process, yet it is hampered by the competing oxygen evolution reaction and the sluggish kinetics of chlorine evolution on conventional catalysts. Here, we report a novel hollow porous CoNiSe2/NiSe2 heterostructure nanosheet array synthesized via ion exchange and calcination, which exhibits exceptional catalytic activity and selectivity for the chlorine evolution reaction in acidic seawater-like electrolytes. The unique hollow porous morphology provides a high specific surface area, facilitating mass transport and exposing abundant active sites. Crucially, the heterointerface between CoNiSe2 and NiSe2 promotes d-p orbital hybridization between Co/Ni 3d and Se 4p states, which lowers the reaction energy barrier for chlorine evolution. The catalyst achieves a low overpotential of 108 mV to reach a current density of 100 mA cm−2 in 4.0 M NaCl acidic medium, with excellent stability and Cl2 selectivity. This work demonstrates the potential of non-noble metal selenides as efficient and durable catalysts for chlorine production, offering a pathway toward more sustainable chlor-alkali technology.

### 894. [A single-atom COF/CdS S-scheme photocatalyst for COF thickness-dependent CO2 photoreduction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-single-atom-cofcds-s-scheme-photocatalyst-for-cof-thickness-dependent-co2-photoreduction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3859-y]
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction is an attractive route to address sustainable energy crises and environmental issues, yet its efficiency is limited by poor charge separation, narrow light absorption, sluggish kinetics, and low CO2 adsorption/activation. Here, a series of Co SA-TT-COF/CdS S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts were synthesized by integrating Co single atoms (Co SA) decorated covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with CdS nanotubes via in situ condensation and post-modification. The TT-COF layer thickness on CdS was regulated to optimize active site density and accessibility. The optimal Co SA-TT-COF/15 wt% CdS heterojunction, with a TT-COF thickness of 50.5 nm, achieved a CO production rate of 14157 μmol g−1 h−1 and a selectivity of 90.9%, among the best COF-based photocatalysts reported. Theoretical calculations, experiments, and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that the S-scheme heterojunction enhances the built-in electric field, optimizes energy levels, narrows bandgaps, extends light harvesting, improves charge separation and transfer kinetics, and lowers energy barriers for CO2 adsorption/activation, directly contributing to superior performance.

### 895. [Isotope-Engineered Hexagonal Boron Nitride Films Synthesized by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition from Elemental Boron and Nitrogen Precursors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/isotope-engineered-hexagonal-boron-nitride-films-synthesized-by-plasma-enhanced-chemical-vapor-deposition-from) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3862-x]
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is indispensable for next-generation electronics and quantum technologies, yet controlled synthesis of isotopically engineered hBN with macroscopic scalability and atomic-level precision remains challenging. Here, we present a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method using elemental boron (B) and nitrogen (N) precursors to achieve wafer-scale growth and precise isotopic control of hBN films. High-quality hBN films are synthesized on Cu substrates via optimized B evaporation and N2 plasma activation. The growth mechanism involves an oxygen-mediated pathway for B transport and a layer-by-layer (Frank-van der Merwe) mode for multilayer formation. By employing isotopically enriched B powders (10B and 11B) and N2 gases (14N2 and 15N2), we demonstrate tunable isotopic compositions with phonon mode shifts quantitatively matching harmonic oscillator predictions. Furthermore, we realize unprecedented in-plane h10BN-h11BN heterostructures through dynamic B source switching during growth. This PECVD strategy establishes a transformative synthesis platform merging industrial-scale production capacity with atomic-scale isotopic precision, enabling new opportunities to engineer thermal transport, optical response, and quantum coherence in two-dimensional materials.

### 896. [Supercritical-Assisted Chain Engineering of Biodegradable Polyhydroxyalkanoates for Simultaneous Mechanical, Optical and Dielectric Enhancement](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/supercritical-assisted-chain-engineering-of-biodegradable-polyhydroxyalkanoates-for-simultaneous-mechanical-op) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3943-y]
Biodegradable polymers are promising for bioelectronic materials, yet simultaneously improving their mechanical, electrical, and optical performance remains a major challenge. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxyvalerate) (P34HB), a microbially synthesized polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), exhibits excellent biocompatibility and degradability but suffers from poor chain length control, limiting its functional performance. Here, we report a low-temperature, non-destructive supercritical ethyl alcohol-assisted polymerization (SEAP) strategy to enhance P34HB at the molecular level. Operating at 40 °C and 1500 psi, SEAP combines the permeability of supercritical CO2 with ethanol-mediated catalysis to promote in situ dehydration polymerization and efficiently remove impurities. Post-treatment, P34HB exhibits a 16% increase in number-average molecular weight, along with a record-high Young's modulus of 51.08 GPa and a 144% increase in elongation at break, overcoming the conventional trade-off between stiffness and ductility. Optical performance is also improved, with transmittance rising by 44% and refractive index increasing to 1.2. Material analyses confirm a higher ester group density and reduction of residual impurities. Electrical insulation is notably enhanced, with leakage current reduced by 50% to below 1 pA and reduced dielectric loss to 0.06. Cytotoxicity assays further verify excellent biocompatibility. This work establishes SEAP as a sustainable strategy for functionalizing P34HB, enabling its deployment in next-generation bioelectronics and flexible electronics.

### 897. [Solvent-Driven Dual-Network Entanglement for Organo-Hydrogels with High Strength and Toughness](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/solvent-driven-dual-network-entanglement-for-organo-hydrogels-with-high-strength-and-toughness) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3809-y]
The development of hydrogels that simultaneously achieve high strength and good toughness remains a critical challenge in soft material science, particularly for applications in flexible electronics, soft robotics, and biomedical devices. Conventional approaches often suffer from a trade-off between mechanical robustness and functional performance. In this work, we present a novel solvent-driven dual-network entanglement strategy to fabricate a strong and tough poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based organo-hydrogel by synergistically combining isopropanol (IPA) solvent substitution to induce dense polymer chain entanglement and a sodium alginate (SA) ionic crosslinked network as a dynamic energy-dissipation phase. The resulting organo-hydrogel exhibits excellent mechanical performance with a tensile strength of 3.18 MPa and a toughness of 16.65 MJ/m3, representing increases of approximately 17 and 49 times that of conventional PVA hydrogels, respectively. Furthermore, the organo-hydrogel displays superior swelling resistance and long-term stability in aqueous environments, enabling reliable operation in challenging conditions such as underwater motion sensing and wearable strain detection. Morphological analyses reveal the critical role of solvent-mediated chain reorganization and dual-network interactions in achieving these properties. This work not only provides a versatile platform for designing robust gel materials but also offers fundamental insights into solvent-network interactions for advanced soft material engineering.

### 898. [Collapsed nanomineral inducing oxidation-enhanced photoacoustic mechanical damage for elimination of solid tumor](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/collapsed-nanomineral-inducing-oxidation-enhanced-photoacoustic-mechanical-damage-for-elimination-of-solid-tum) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3787-x]
Circumventing the tumor's defensive antioxidant system and achieving precision cancer therapy remain major challenges in high-efficacy tumor treatments. Here, we propose a synergistic strategy integrating non-oxidative physical ablation and oxidative chemical intervention. An acid-responsive self-collapsing nanomineral PCSB is constructed, comprising poly(acrylic acid)-modified calcium sulfite (CaSO3) and a pH-responsive photoacoustic (PA) therapeutic molecule, aza-BDP. In the tumor acidic microenvironment, PCSB decomposes, releasing PA agents and SO2/Ca2+, thereby enabling combined non-oxidative mechanical damage from PA therapy and oxidative chemical damage from SO2 gas and Ca2+ ions. This dual-action approach effectively reduces resistance conferred by tumor antioxidant mechanisms and improves treatment precision. The study presents a synergistic physical-chemical strategy with significant potential for solid tumor elimination.

### 899. [Optimizing Oxygen and Water Affinity in Aliphatic Acylhydrazone Covalent Organic Frameworks for Efficient H2O2 Photosynthesis from Water and Air](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/optimizing-oxygen-and-water-affinity-in-aliphatic-acylhydrazone-covalent-organic-frameworks-for-efficient-h2o2) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3885-8]
Photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and water oxidation reaction (WOR) from water and air offers a sustainable alternative to conventional anthraquinone processes. However, the intrinsic kinetic mismatch—fast ORR (microseconds to milliseconds) versus sluggish WOR (seconds)—limits overall efficiency. Here, we report aliphatic acylhydrazone covalent organic frameworks (AA-COFs) synthesized by coupling aliphatic hydrazides with benzotrithiophene motifs via acylhydrazone linkages. The pore walls are decorated with abundant S, O, and N heteroatoms, enhancing affinity toward both O2 and H2O, thereby improving the kinetics of both half-reactions. Through single-carbon atomic engineering, the optimized AA-COF achieves a trade-off between ORR and WOR kinetics, enabling efficient overall H2O2 photosynthesis from water and air without sacrificial agents. The material exhibits a H2O2 production rate of 4777 μmol g−1 h−1 and an O2 utilization/conversion efficiency of 99.3%. This work demonstrates that rational design of heteroatom-rich COFs can synchronize ORR and WOR, overcoming a major bottleneck in artificial photosynthesis.

### 900. [Distributed and stretchable tactile sensing for dexterous robotic hands based on a crosslinked interpenetrating network](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/distributed-and-stretchable-tactile-sensing-for-dexterous-robotic-hands-based-on-a-crosslinked-interpenetratin) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3840-3]
Tactile sensing for dexterous robotic hands is essential for achieving human-like precision in manipulation. However, current tactile sensors face challenges such as insufficient durability, limited coverage, and poor conformability to curved, jointed surfaces. This study presents a stretchable distributed tactile sensor array designed for dexterous robotic hands. The array comprises 18 sensing units distributed across the hand, incorporating quasi-homogeneous functional layers interconnected by crosslinked interpenetrating networks, and composite electrodes combining high conductivity with stretchability. This design yields a thin, soft, transparent, and stretchable sensor array that integrates seamlessly with a commercial dexterous hand. The sensor array exhibits high interlayer tensile strength, high sensitivity, low hysteresis, and excellent long-term reliability over 10,000 loading cycles. Experimental results demonstrate accurate detection of tactile force across the entire robotic hand during object grasping. Using convolutional neural network algorithms, the sensor array identifies different object types with 90.1% accuracy, with results displayed in real time on a digital twin interface. The proposed sensor array holds significant potential for embodied intelligence and robotics in adaptive grasping, safe manipulation, and remote teleoperation.

### 901. [Multifunctional Permeable Electrodes for Synchronous Temperature-Electrophysiological Signals Monitoring and Intelligent Arrhythmia Diagnosis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multifunctional-permeable-electrodes-for-synchronous-temperature-electrophysiological-signals-monitoring-and-i) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3792-6]
The rapid expansion of home-based digital health monitoring necessitates electrodes capable of simultaneous, accurate acquisition of electrophysiological signals and body temperature. Conventional single-function electrodes, including metal block, gel, and Ag/AgCl types, suffer from limitations such as restricted movement, skin irritation, signal degradation over time, and poor permeability for prolonged use. To overcome these challenges, we developed a low-cost, multifunctional flexible electrode enabling concurrent body temperature and electrophysiological signal monitoring without cross-interference. Body temperature is assessed via visual colorimetric evaluation and precisely measured using a custom smartphone application. The electrode features high air permeability, ultra-thin architecture, superior flexibility, antibacterial properties, and strong skin adhesion, while maintaining low interfacial impedance for stable, long-term acquisition of high-fidelity signals such as electrocardiography (ECG) and surface electromyography (sEMG). Integrated with a Raspberry Pi platform and a hybrid convolutional neural network-long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) algorithm, the system achieves intelligent arrhythmia detection with 99.30% accuracy. This novel electrode provides a powerful tool for multifunctional sensing of temperature and physiological electrical signals, with significant potential for wearable physiological tracking applications.

### 902. [Concentration-Driven Ion Transport Regulated Perovskite Nanocrystal Memristors Enable Reliable Neuromorphic Sensing, Logic Gate Circuits, and Data Security](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/concentration-driven-ion-transport-regulated-perovskite-nanocrystal-memristors-enable-reliable-neuromorphic-se) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3900-8]
Memristors, which leverage ion migration for resistance switching, offer breakthroughs in bionic perception, information security, and edge computing but face bottlenecks in functional integration and stability. Herein, we explore all-inorganic Cu3SbI6 nanocrystals (NCs) & PMMA composite memristors (Ag/PMMA&Cu3SbI6/ITO) regulated by NCs doping (0–15 wt%). The devices operate via electric field-induced Ag+ ion migration and conductive filament dynamics, where NCs act as local electric field enhancers. At a doping concentration of 4 wt%, stable bipolar switching (Ron/Roff > 2 × 10^3, cycling endurance > 700 cycles) enables the simulation of biological nociception/Pavlovian reflexes and the construction of basic logic gates. At 2 wt%, sparse NCs induce random filament formation for encryption key extraction, which integrates with 4 wt% logic gates to enable efficient encryption/decryption of text/image data. This work provides a strategy for designing multifunctional memristors by regulating ion transport through nanocrystal concentration, offering references for related functional integration and cross-disciplinary applications.

### 903. [Bio-camouflaged nanoreactors with spatiotemporally controlled Cu2+-Fenton catalysis for enhanced starvation-augmented mild photothermal therapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bio-camouflaged-nanoreactors-with-spatiotemporally-controlled-cu2-fenton-catalysis-for-enhanced-starvation-aug) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3937-7]
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a formidable clinical challenge due to its high invasiveness and adaptive resistance. We report a bio-mimetic nanoplatform (HMPB-GOx@HSA-Cu2+) integrating starvation therapy, Fenton/Fenton-like catalysis, and mild photothermal therapy (mPTT) for synergistic TNBC treatment. The nanoreactor comprises a hollow mesoporous Prussian blue (HMPB) core loaded with glucose oxidase (GOx), encapsulated in a human serum albumin (HSA) shell covalently functionalized with Cu2+ ions. This design enables spatiotemporal control of Cu2+-mediated Fenton catalysis, responding to the tumor microenvironment (TME) to generate cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH). GOx catalyzes glucose depletion, elevating H2O2 levels and acidity, thereby enhancing catalytic efficiency. Concurrently, mPTT at ~43–45°C accelerates the Fenton reaction and suppresses heat shock protein (HSP) expression, overcoming thermal tolerance via ATP depletion. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate significant anti-tumor efficacy through reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and metabolic disruption, with excellent biocompatibility. This work presents a highly integrated strategy for precise TNBC therapy, addressing limitations of conventional monotherapies.

### 904. [Synergistic innate-adaptive chemo-immunotherapy through a high-payload nanoplatform](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-innate-adaptive-chemo-immunotherapy-through-a-high-payload-nanoplatform) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3783-x]
The synergistic strategy combining chemotherapy and immunotherapy has recently demonstrated significant promise in cancer treatment. However, the substantial physicochemical disparities between chemotherapeutic agents and small-molecule immune adjuvants pose considerable challenges for co-delivery strategies. In this study, we designed a reactive oxygen species-responsive paclitaxel prodrug, PTX-PBA, which markedly enhanced drug encapsulation stability and dual-drug loading efficiency by various polymeric delivery systems. The resultant nanosystem (NanoPR) exhibited excellent physicochemical properties and ROS-triggered release profiles, effectively inducing immunogenic cell death in tumor cells while promoting dendritic cell maturation and CD8+ T cells activation. In murine models of 4T1 breast cancer and CT26 colon carcinoma, NanoPR achieved significant tumor growth inhibition and elicited durable immune memory responses. Collectively, this work provides an innovative molecular design strategy for the co-delivery of chemotherapeutics and immunomodulators, offering a robust foundation for the clinical translation of chemo-immunotherapy.

### 905. [WO3−x:N/ZnO:N Broadband Optoelectronic Synapse for Object Detection in Edge Computing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/wo3xnznon-broadband-optoelectronic-synapse-for-object-detection-in-edge-computing) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3839-4]
Broadband optoelectronic memristors with high computational efficiency and low power consumption are pivotal for neuromorphic computing at the edge. This work presents a Ag/WO3−x:N/ZnO:N/ITO memristor exhibiting dual-modal synaptic plasticity. Electronic synaptic properties emulate biological plasticity, while photoresponse to multiple wavelengths, including simultaneous dual-wavelength stimulation, yields composite photocurrents. Leveraging these characteristics, single- and dual-wavelength artificial vision arrays simulate human visual perception. An artificial neural network integrated with a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) forms a floating-point arithmetic system for object detection. The edge computing system achieves a 103-fold reduction in power consumption, addressing computational power limitations and enabling floating-point operations in embedded neuromorphic deployments. This work advances broadband optoelectronic synapses for efficient, low-power edge computing.

### 906. [Micro-EDL Engineered Ionogels Enable Ultra-Sensitive Iontronic Pressure Sensing over a Broad Range](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/micro-edl-engineered-ionogels-enable-ultra-sensitive-iontronic-pressure-sensing-over-a-broad-range) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3869-7]
Iontronic capacitive pressure sensors (ICPSs) are pivotal for wearable technology, yet their performance is constrained by an inherent trade-off between sensitivity and detection range. Here, we introduce a micro-electric double layer (micro-EDL) engineering strategy to overcome this limitation. This is realized through a nanocomposite dielectric where multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) form a percolated network, generating a dense array of pressure-responsive nano-capacitors. Synergistically integrating a hierarchical MoS2/NiCo-LDH electrode provides abundant pseudocapacitive interfaces. The resulting sensor exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity of 67,095 kPa−1 at 1 kHz, a broad detection range up to 1.3 MPa, rapid response and recovery times of 4 ms and 5 ms, respectively, and outstanding durability exceeding 18,000 cycles. Practical validation demonstrates 100% classification accuracy in recognizing complex gestures and gait patterns, underscoring its real-world applicability. These findings establish micro-EDL engineering as a promising route for advancing next-generation iontronic devices, offering insights into their electrochemical mechanisms.

### 907. [Bioinspired voltage-gated multi-state ion channels in MXene nanoconfinement for emulating synaptic plasticity](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bioinspired-voltage-gated-multi-state-ion-channels-in-mxene-nanoconfinement-for-emulating-synaptic-plasticity) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4148-3]
Biological ion channels exhibit multistate transport behavior beyond simple binary open-closed conformations, enabling dynamic control of neural signaling and transmembrane substance transport. Inspired by this, we synthesized a triphenylamine-ketone donor-acceptor (D-A) type poly(aryl amine-ketone) with multiple redox sites, allowing continuously tunable electrochemical states via hierarchical electron transfer. Combining this polymer with two-dimensional conductive MXene, we constructed a biomimetic nanofluidic transistor. Through side-group tuning to optimize redox matching, the polymer undergoes reversible conformation switching via intramolecular charge transfer at voltages below 1 V. The field-driven conformational changes induce electrostatic attraction, promoting reversible contraction of MXene interlayers. Synergistic coupling of interlayer spacing variation and dynamic interfacial charge rearrangement enables precise hierarchical control of ion flux. The device achieves three switchable ion transport states—closed, partially open, and fully open—with an ion switching ratio of 10 and outstanding cycling stability. Furthermore, synaptic plasticity features emulate fundamental attributes of biological signaling, providing a foundation for bioinspired neuromorphic devices.

### 908. [Multifunctional Melamine Foam Composites Featuring Asymmetric Conductive Networks for Highly Absorptive EMI Shielding and Infrared Stealth](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multifunctional-melamine-foam-composites-featuring-asymmetric-conductive-networks-for-highly-absorptive-emi-sh) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3873-7]
The escalating demand for lightweight, multifunctional stealth materials in modern protective applications necessitates integrated solutions against electromagnetic interference (EMI), infrared (IR) detection, and incendiary threats. This study presents an innovative melamine foam (MF)-based composite featuring an asymmetric dual-nano conductive network, achieving absorption-dominated EMI shielding, IR stealth, and flame retardancy. Inspired by the Salisbury screen, the composite employs MF as an interlayer and flame-retardant thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanofiber membrane as a substrate. The architecture comprises a carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-modified impedance matching nanofiber layer as the top absorber and a silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-modified nanofiber layer as the highly conductive reflective bottom. Precise control of CNTs content and interlayer thickness enables tunable electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption, yielding a low reflection coefficient of 0.03 and a high EMI shielding effectiveness of 79.23 dB at a total thickness of 4.40 mm. Even at 1.40 mm, effective absorption-dominated shielding is maintained. The performance remains stable under ultrasonic, compression, and bending tests, demonstrating high durability. The mechanism underlying absorption-dominated EMI shielding at reduced thickness, relying on destructive interference of EMWs enabled by the asymmetric dual-nano conductive network, is thoroughly elucidated. Additionally, the composite exhibits superior IR stealth and self-extinguishing properties. This work offers a feasible strategy for designing high-performance stealth materials with strong potential for personnel and communication equipment protection.

### 909. [Effects of the partially fluorinated side-chain positions on the charge mobility and photovoltaic performance of M-series acceptors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-of-the-partially-fluorinated-side-chain-positions-on-the-charge-mobility-and-photovoltaic-performance) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3914-7]
Incorporating fluorinated side-chains into M-series acceptors enhances the fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the impact of fluorinated side-chain positions on charge mobility and photovoltaic performance remains unexplored. Here, we synthesize a partially fluorinated alkyl chain, 7-butyl-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-octyl, and attach it to either the oxygen or nitrogen atoms of the M-series acceptor backbone, yielding two new acceptors, O5F and N5F. Compared to O5F, N5F exhibits closer π-π stacking and higher charge mobility. Consequently, PM6:N5F-based devices achieve a PCE of 18.8% with an FF of 80.7%, surpassing PM6:O5F counterparts (PCE 17.8%, FF 79.2%). The 18.8% PCE is among the highest reported for A-D-A-type small-molecule acceptors. Notably, PM6:N5F devices show significantly improved operational stability, with a T80 lifetime of 1084 hours under one-sun illumination, versus 123 hours for PM6:O5F. This work demonstrates that positioning partially fluorinated side-chains on nitrogen atoms optimizes intermolecular packing and carrier transport, enhancing both efficiency and stability. It underscores the potential of partially fluorinated side-chains in designing high-performance NFAs.

### 910. [Achieving wide linear range and high sensitivity in capacitive pressure sensors via a stretchable nanofilm with interlocked hierarchy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/achieving-wide-linear-range-and-high-sensitivity-in-capacitive-pressure-sensors-via-a-stretchable-nanofilm-wit) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3925-5]
Capacitive pressure sensors have garnered significant attention in electronic skin, human-machine interaction, health monitoring, and medical devices due to their remarkable properties like highly sensitive pressure perception, good repeatability, and rapid response capabilities. However, manufacturing capacitive pressure sensors that simultaneously achieve a broad linear detection range and high sensitivity remains a significant challenge. Herein, a novel hierarchically interlocked capacitive pressure sensor (HI-CPS) was designed by integrating a stretchable polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based nanofilm dielectric layer with hierarchically interlocked microstructures, demonstrating excellent linearity and high sensitivity over a wide sensing range. HI-CPS based on a one-layer nanofilm exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity (9.40 kPa−1) and an ultralow detection limit (0.1 Pa). When the dielectric layer comprises two layers of stacked nanofilms, the sensor not only maintains high sensitivity (3.17 kPa−1) but also achieves excellent linearity (R2 = 0.999) over a broad working range (<5 kPa), along with remarkable stability even after 10,000 cycles. Benefitting from the outstanding comprehensive performance, HI-CPS has been proven to be successfully implemented in monitoring various human biological signals, sign language recognition, and basketball shooting gesture correction. This strategy of assembling the tailored nanofilm with structural engineering has significant potential application in building high-performance pressure detection and recognition devices.

### 911. [Unique Role of High-Entropy Metallic Glasses as Multifunctional Electrocatalytic Materials](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/unique-role-of-high-entropy-metallic-glasses-as-multifunctional-electrocatalytic-materials) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3952-5]
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) and metallic glasses (MGs) are promising electrocatalysts but suffer from inherent limitations: HEAs lack corrosion resistance and uniform surfaces due to their crystalline nature, while MGs have limited compositional flexibility, restricting active-site diversity and electronic-structure tuning. High-entropy metallic glasses (HEMGs) integrate the structural disorder of MGs with the multi-principal-element chemistry of HEAs, offering a unique combination of robust corrosion resistance, homogeneous surfaces, and abundant tunable active sites. Using Pd20Pt20Cu20Ni20P20 as a model HEMG, we investigate its electrocatalytic performance for alcohol oxidation and hydrogen evolution. The HEMG exhibits superior activity and stability compared to conventional HEAs and MGs, attributed to its disordered structure and high configurational entropy, which promote optimized adsorption energies and accelerated charge transfer. This work bridges the performance gap between HEAs and MGs, demonstrating HEMGs as multifunctional electrocatalytic materials with potential for industrial applications.

### 912. [Interfacial Molecular Engineering for Stable Lead-Free Tin Perovskite Solar Cells: A Paradigm Shift in Buried Interface Optimization](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/interfacial-molecular-engineering-for-stable-lead-free-tin-perovskite-solar-cells-a-paradigm-shift-in-buried-i) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3832-2]
The advancement of lead-free perovskite photovoltaics, particularly tin-based devices, has been hindered by interfacial instability and energetic mismatches at the buried interface. This study, building on the foundational work of Qi and co-workers, establishes a clear paradigm: the path to stable, lead-free perovskite photovoltaics depends not only on material composition but also on interfacial engineering at the molecular scale. By transforming a historically problematic buried interface into a structurally coherent and energetically optimized contact, the research sets a new benchmark for tin-based devices. The work demonstrates that molecular design of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on nickel oxide (NiOx) hole transport layers can significantly enhance device performance and stability. Specifically, the use of phosphonic acid-based SAMs, such as MBP, results in improved surface wettability, reduced contact angle with the perovskite precursor, and superior current density-voltage characteristics. The findings underscore the critical role of interfacial chemistry in achieving high-efficiency, durable tin perovskite solar cells. This research brings perovskite solar cells closer to the long-sought balance of sustainability, efficiency, and durability, essential for real-world adoption. The study also highlights the importance of replacing acidic PEDOT:PSS with non-acidic alternatives to prevent device degradation. Overall, this work provides a comprehensive strategy for interfacial engineering that can be universally applied to other perovskite systems, paving the way for commercial viability of lead-free perovskite photovoltaics.

### 913. [Entropy stabilization and effect of A-site ionic size in bilayer nickelates](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/entropy-stabilization-and-effect-of-a-site-ionic-size-in-bilayer-nickelates) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3976-x]
The discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in bilayer nickelate La3Ni2O7−δ (La-327) under high pressure and in thin films at ambient pressure has opened new avenues in superconductivity research. However, La-327 exhibits a narrow phase stability range, leading to stacking faults that suppress bulk superconductivity. Chemical substitutions, particularly at the A-site with smaller rare-earth ions, have been shown to enhance phase purity and reduce stacking faults, while also increasing the orthorhombic distortion and chemical pressure. In this work, we apply the high-entropy (HE) strategy to stabilize the 327 phase with reduced average A-site ionic radius (rA). We successfully synthesized medium-entropy La1.2Pr0.6Nd0.6Sm0.6Ni2O7−δ (ME-327) and high-entropy La0.67Pr0.67Nd0.67Sm0.33Eu0.33Gd0.33Ni2O7−δ (HE-327) polycrystalline samples. These compositions satisfy medium- and high-entropy criteria, with rA values of 1.181 Å and 1.164 Å, respectively. The samples are phase-pure and homogeneous. HE-327 exhibits the lowest cell volume, largest orthorhombicity, and shortest interlayer Ni-Ni distance among reported bilayer nickelates. Physical property measurements reveal low electrical conductivity and a high density-wave (DW) transition temperature. Under high pressure, HE-327 shows a resistivity anomaly at 103 K under 31 GPa, suggesting a possible superconducting transition. Extrapolation indicates that Tc under high pressure exceeds 100 K for HE-327, correlating with reduced rA and enhanced interlayer coupling. Our results demonstrate the ionic size effect and the effectiveness of the HE approach in stabilizing bilayer nickelates, providing a new avenue for developing superconducting materials.

### 914. [Removal of iodine from water in seconds using nonporous naphthobipyrrole-based organic cages](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/removal-of-iodine-from-water-in-seconds-using-nonporous-naphthobipyrrole-based-organic-cages) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4053-5]
The rapid and efficient removal of radioactive iodine species from water is critical for nuclear waste treatment, particularly given the short half-life of 131I (8.02 days). Traditional porous inorganic materials exhibit low uptake capacities (<1 g g−1), while porous frameworks such as MOFs and COFs achieve high capacities (>5 g g−1) but suffer from slow removal kinetics, often requiring hours to capture 80% of iodine. This study introduces nonporous naphthobipyrrole-based organic cages (NBP-Cages) that demonstrate ultrafast iodine removal from water. Among the materials tested, type-II Me-NBP-Cage and Et-NBP-Cage, prepared via reprecipitation, exhibit amorphous morphology with small particle sizes (2–6 μm) and low BET surface areas (33.4 and 2.3 m2 g−1, respectively). Despite their nonporosity, these materials achieve >99% iodine removal within seconds, outperforming previously reported sorbents. The adsorption performance correlates with particle size and morphology: amorphous, small particles with effective surface gaps show superior kinetics. The materials are recyclable; for instance, Et-NBP-Cage can be regenerated by washing with acetonitrile, maintaining removal efficiency over five cycles. This work highlights the potential of nonporous organic cages as high-performance iodine sorbents, addressing the critical need for materials that combine high uptake capacity with rapid removal kinetics.

### 915. [Light-Induced Dramatic Enhancement of Magnetization in Methylviologen-Prussian Blue Hybrids](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/light-induced-dramatic-enhancement-of-magnetization-in-methylviologen-prussian-blue-hybrids) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4061-5]
The dynamic modulation of magnetic properties by external stimuli represents a paradigm shift in materials science, enabling non-contact, reversible control of spin states for applications in optical switching, sensing, and low-power spintronics. Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are versatile platforms for photo-responsive magnetism, yet their photomagnetic response is highly sensitive to transition metal selection, alkali ions, vacancies, and water content, complicating targeted synthesis. Here, we introduce a generalizable strategy by incorporating the photo-responsive organic cation methyl viologen (MV2+) into PBA frameworks, yielding hybrids MVPB, MVPB-Co, and MVPB-Ni. Upon Xe lamp irradiation, MV2+ undergoes reduction to the radical cation MV+•, which acts as a spin carrier coupling to the magnetic moments of the metal ions. This mechanism decouples the photomagnetic response from the inorganic lattice, overcoming stoichiometric limitations. Irradiation leads to a substantial enhancement of magnetization, followed by partial relaxation under prolonged exposure, attributed to the generation and accumulation of MV+• radicals. These radicals function as dynamic magnetic modifiers, distinct from conventional light-induced charge transfer in PB frameworks. The approach is applicable across diverse cyanide-bridged metal pairs, irrespective of alkaline cations, vacancies, or water content, establishing a robust route for designing light-responsive magnetic materials.

### 916. [Ultrastable Supported Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalyst Formed by Ripening-Induced Embedding](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ultrastable-supported-oxygen-evolution-electrocatalyst-formed-by-ripening-induced-embedding) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3811-6]
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a critical bottleneck in electrochemical water splitting, yet the stability of supported OER electrocatalysts under industrial conditions remains a formidable challenge. Here, we report an ultrastable supported OER electrocatalyst fabricated via a ripening-induced embedding strategy. This approach leverages controlled Ostwald ripening to embed catalytically active nanoparticles into a conductive oxide support, dramatically enhancing mechanical and electrochemical adhesion. The resulting catalyst exhibits an overpotential of only 245 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH, with negligible degradation after 1000 hours of continuous operation at 100 mA cm−2, representing a 50-fold improvement in durability compared to conventional supported catalysts. Structural analyses reveal that the embedded architecture mitigates nanoparticle detachment and coalescence, preserving a high electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of 85 m² g−1. Furthermore, the catalyst demonstrates exceptional performance in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, achieving a cell voltage of 1.72 V at 1 A cm−2 with a decay rate of only 0.12 mV h−1 over 500 hours. This work provides a generalizable route to design robust OER electrocatalysts for industrial-scale water electrolysis, addressing the critical stability bottleneck that has hindered the deployment of renewable hydrogen production.

### 917. [Coupled Ion-Electron Transfer Mechanism in Lithium-Ion Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/coupled-ion-electron-transfer-mechanism-in-lithium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3824-8]
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are pivotal in portable electronics, electrified transportation, and smart grids, where energy conversion and delivery hinge on the coupled transfer of electrons and lithium ions (Li+). Charge transfer at the electrode-electrolyte interface, involving solvated Li+ interacting with the solid electrode, dictates overpotential—the excess energy required to drive reactions—directly impacting energy loss, voltage fade, and power limitations. Despite decades of research, interfacial kinetics remain incompletely understood, hindering advances in energy density, fast charging, and cycling life. Two classical models—electron transfer (ET) and ion transfer (IT)—have been treated as mutually exclusive. The ET model posits quantum tunneling of electrons as rate-determining, with solvated Li+ residing at the outer Helmholtz plane; activation energy is modulated by overpotential, and current-overpotential behavior follows the Butler-Volmer equation. Marcus-Hush-Chidsey theory extends this to high overpotentials, explaining weak temperature dependence in Tafel curvature. Conversely, the IT model identifies physical desolvation of Li+ as the energy-consuming, rate-limiting step, with desolvation barriers (ΔG_desolv) typically tens of kJ/mol, far exceeding electron tunneling activation energies. Strategies to lower IT barriers include electrolyte design, electric field modulation, electrode surface engineering, and alloying. This paper critically examines both models, proposing a coupled ion-electron transfer mechanism to reconcile discrepancies and guide future interfacial engineering.

### 918. [Sub-thermionic organic thin-film tunnel transistors for beyond-thermionic electronics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/sub-thermionic-organic-thin-film-tunnel-transistors-for-beyond-thermionic-electronics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3776-9]
Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) are fundamental building blocks for flexible electronics, offering mechanical flexibility, biocompatibility, chemical tunability, and compatibility with large-area, cost-effective fabrication. However, their widespread adoption in high-density integrated systems is hindered by the thermionic limit of carrier injection, which constrains the subthreshold swing (SS) to a minimum of 60 mV/dec at room temperature, posing a critical barrier to ultra-low-power operation. In a groundbreaking study published in Nature Electronics, Deng et al. report the realization of organic thin-film tunnel transistors (OTFTTs) that decisively break this Boltzmann tyranny. The breakthrough is enabled by an interfacial molecule decoupling strategy, introducing a high-ionization-energy molecular interlayer, N,N'-bis(2-phenylethyl)perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (BPE-PTCDI), between the high-work-function metal oxide (MoO3) source and the p-type organic semiconductor (2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT)) channel. This interlayer passivates the interface, minimizing interfacial gap states and alleviating Fermi-level pinning, thereby creating a clean heterojunction with a lowered tunneling barrier. This facilitates efficient quantum mechanical band-to-band tunneling for carrier injection at low supply voltages, instead of relying on traditional thermionic emission. The OTFTTs exhibit sub-thermionic SS values below 60 mV/dec, enabling high electrical performance at low operating voltages. This work provides a viable pathway for beyond-thermionic electronics, with potential applications in flexible displays, wearable health monitors, brain-computer interfaces, and distributed sensor networks, addressing the critical challenge of power dissipation in flexible systems.

### 919. [Porphyrin Covalent Organic Frameworks: A Duet in Photocatalysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/porphyrin-covalent-organic-frameworks-a-duet-in-photocatalysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4005-x]
Porphyrins, nature's molecular workhorses, operate at the core of photosynthesis and cytochrome P450 catalysis, offering a blueprint for sustainable energy and environmental systems. Their rigid, conjugated macrocycles provide broad solar-spectrum absorption, long-lived excited states, and efficient charge transfer, making them ideal building blocks (knots) for covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Since 2011, porphyrin-based COFs have been synthesized via boronate ester and imine linkages, with imine-linked variants proving stable for photocatalysis. A critical design challenge is the strategic selection of linker molecules that bridge porphyrin knots and allow functionalization. Benzothiadiazole (BT) and its dimethoxy derivative (BT(OMe)2) serve as electron acceptors, forming donor-acceptor COFs with porphyrin as the donor. Jiang et al. recently reported H2P-BT-COF and H2P-BT(OMe)2-COF, which exhibit strong electronic coupling, short interlayer distances, and extensive hydrogen-bond networks. In H2P-BT(OMe)2-COF, methoxy groups elevate frontier orbital energies, narrow the bandgap, and redistribute frontier orbital density, while hydrogen bonding strengthens interlayer interactions and facilitates ambipolar charge transfer through segregated π-columns. This dual mechanism suppresses charge recombination and enhances overall charge transfer. Notably, these COFs synergistically utilize both electron transfer (ET) and energy transfer (EnT) pathways: H2P and BT units act as independent oxidation/reduction centers for ET, while π-arrays of H2P serve as active sites for EnT. Methoxy groups increase thermodynamic driving force for superoxide radical formation and establish hydrogen-bond networks that promote singlet oxygen generation, cooperatively supporting both pathways. The polar methoxy groups also create one-dimensional channels for efficient reactant delivery. Consequently, H2P-BT(OMe)2-COF demonstrates outstanding performance in selective organic transformations using O2 as oxidant, including oxidative coupling of benzylamine and oxidative condensation of o-phenylenediamine.

### 920. [Charge Homogeneity Redefines Ion Selectivity in Polyamide Membranes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/charge-homogeneity-redefines-ion-selectivity-in-polyamide-membranes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3765-9]
Ion-selective membranes are critical for water purification, resource recovery, and energy storage. Polyamide (PA) nanofiltration (NF) membranes are the gold standard, with size sieving and charge repulsion as fundamental mechanisms. However, the role of surface charge distribution has been overlooked. A groundbreaking study in Nature Water reveals that nanoscale spatial charge homogeneity, not pore size distribution, is the key determinant of ion selectivity. Using multimodal atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques, including Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM), the authors mapped surface charge of commercial NF270 and NF90 membranes. NF270, despite looser pores, exhibited a Cl−/SO4^2− selectivity nearly tenfold higher than NF90, correlating with a more homogeneous charge distribution. AFM-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) showed uniform carboxyl group (–COOH) distribution on NF270, while NF90 had patchy, structure-dependent distribution, creating defects for ion leakage. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed SO4^2− ions preferentially localize in regions lacking –COOH. The authors translated this insight into a polyethyleneimine multivariate (PEI-MTV) strategy to program homogeneous positive charge on PA membranes for cation separation. Comparing grafting routes, EDC/NHS-catalyzed amidation yielded the most homogeneous charge distribution and highest charge density, achieving exceptional Li+/Mg2+ separation performance. This work establishes a transformative design principle for highly selective membranes via nano-charge manipulation, bypassing precise pore size control.

### 921. [Electro-activated Dual-Affinity Membranes for PFAS-Free Drinking Water: A Paradigm Shift in Separation Technology](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electro-activated-dual-affinity-membranes-for-pfas-free-drinking-water-a-paradigm-shift-in-separation-technolo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3758-y]
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), known as 'forever chemicals,' pose significant environmental and health risks due to their extreme persistence. Chronic exposure, even at low levels, is linked to cancers, thyroid disruption, immune suppression, and developmental issues. In 2024, the US EPA set maximum contaminant levels of 4 ng/L for PFOA and PFOS in drinking water, necessitating advanced treatment technologies. Existing methods include non-destructive adsorption and ion-exchange, which require high adsorbent doses and generate secondary waste, and destructive methods like chemical oxidation and photocatalysis, which are energy-intensive and slow. Membrane processes such as nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) are effective but demand high operating pressures and frequent maintenance. Liu et al. recently reported in Nature Water an electro-activated dual-affinity membrane (ADM) integrating hydrophobic and electrostatic binding sites on a polypyrrole (PPy) functional layer. By applying a short positive potential, chloride ions (Cl−) and dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) are oriented to create complementary adsorption domains: Cl− provides electrostatic sites for sulfonic/carboxyl groups, while AOT introduces hydrophobic domains for fluorinated carbon chains. The ADM achieves high removal rates for PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA under low operating pressures, with a water permeability of 288 L/(m2 h bar), outperforming commercial NF membranes. Electrochemical regeneration by potential reversal enables long-term operation. Molecular dynamics simulations and energy decomposition analyses reveal synergy between electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, lowering free energy for adsorption. Scalability was demonstrated with large-area membranes (625 cm2) assembled into modules treating liters per hour, maintaining consistent PFAS removal.

### 922. [Solvent-Relay Electrolyte Design for Safe, Long-Life Lithium Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/solvent-relay-electrolyte-design-for-safe-long-life-lithium-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3852-9]
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy density are essential for electric vehicles and energy storage, but their adoption is hindered by safety and longevity trade-offs. Electrolyte engineering is critical to address these challenges. Weakly solvating electrolytes enhance anode interphase stability and safety by promoting ion association and reducing flammable solvents, yet they exacerbate thermal runaway due to ion association lowering the energy barrier for exothermic anion decomposition. Lu and coworkers demonstrated that pronounced ion association reduces the onset temperature of exothermic reactions by approximately 94 °C across over 20 electrolyte systems. To mitigate this, a solvent-relay strategy was developed: a temperature-sensitive 'passing solvent' promotes ion association at ambient temperature, forming a robust SEI and enhancing cycle life, while a temperature-insensitive 'receiving solvent' accepts Li+ at elevated temperatures, promoting dissociation and suppressing exothermic reactions. This design was validated in a 4.5-V graphite-NCM811 pouch cell (1.1 Ah), which delivered 1,000 cycles at 0.45 C, retaining ~81.9% capacity over 4,100 hours. The solvent-relay approach decouples SEI formation from thermal stability, offering a pathway to safe, long-life high-energy LIBs.

### 923. [Flight Parameter Detection via a Pressure-Velocity Fusion Algorithm with a Flexible Sensing Patch](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/flight-parameter-detection-via-a-pressure-velocity-fusion-algorithm-with-a-flexible-sensing-patch) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3866-y]
Precise measurement of flight parameters—including angle of attack (AOA), angle of sideslip (AOS), and airspeed—is critical for stabilized control of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in complex aerodynamic environments. Conventional rigid sensors fail to conform to curved leading edges, disrupting local flow and degrading aerodynamic performance, and are ill-suited for UAV miniaturization. Emerging flexible sensing technologies using hot-film, piezoresistive, or capacitive transduction offer potential solutions. This work presents a flexible pressure-velocity sensing patch developed by Professor Jiang's team at Beihang University. The patch integrates a capacitive differential pressure sensor array and a vector flow sensor, fabricated via a multi-layer polyimide bonding process. The capacitive differential pressure sensor features dual-layer chambers, achieving a resolution of 12 mPa within 0–1 Pa, superior to traditional single-layer designs. The vector flow sensor operates on the calorimetric principle, using a micro-heater and thermistor array to characterize flow velocity and direction. A novel pressure-velocity fusion (PVF) algorithm introduces spanwise velocity (Vz) to decouple AOA and AOS, reducing computational complexity compared to classic three-sensor algorithms. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations validated the algorithm's reliability under wind tunnel conditions. The sensing patch enables simultaneous measurement of multiple flight parameters with high precision and low computational cost, addressing the limitations of rigid sensors and advancing UAV aerodynamic sensing.

### 924. [Next-generation PBI-based ISMs: game changer of low-alkali water electrolysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/next-generation-pbi-based-isms-game-changer-of-low-alkali-water-electrolysis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3797-2]
Water electrolysis is a promising method for producing green hydrogen from renewable energy sources. The mainstream membrane-based water electrolysis technologies include proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), and anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE). Each technology has inherent limitations: PEMWE requires expensive platinum group metal catalysts and fluorinated membranes; AWE uses porous diaphragms, limiting operational window and differential pressure capability; AEMWE suffers from quaternary ammonium group degradation under alkaline conditions. Ion-solvating membranes (ISMs), dense polymeric membranes with solvation sites that absorb aqueous alkaline electrolytes, offer an alternative. Most ISMs are based on polybenzimidazole (PBI), but achieving high efficiency at low alkali concentrations remains a bottleneck. Introducing sulfonic acid moieties into PBI enhances water and KOH uptake, improving conductivity, but alkali stability often requires crosslinking, which hampers scale-up. Henkensmeier et al. adapted sulfonated polybenzimidazole (SPBI) membranes originally for PEM fuel cells to ISMWE. By copolymerizing sulfonated and non-sulfonated monomers, they created a series of SPBI membranes with varying sulfonation degrees. The sulfonated segments boost electrolyte uptake and conductivity, while non-sulfonated units ensure alkali resistance and mechanical stability. Deprotonated benzimidazole rings increase electron density on ether carbons, enhancing stability in basic environments. The 50SOPBI-act membrane exhibited promising performance, with record ionic conductivity of 135 mS cm−1 at room temperature and 358 mS cm−1 at 80 °C in 1 M KOH, outperforming existing AEMWE and ISMWE systems.

### 925. [Correction to: Flexible electrostatic hydrogels from marine organism for nitric oxide-enhanced photodynamic therapy against multidrug-resistant bacterial infection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/correction-to-flexible-electrostatic-hydrogels-from-marine-organism-for-nitric-oxide-enhanced-photodynamic-the) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-3961-8]
This correction addresses an inadvertent misplacement of Fig. 4b3 during figure reorganization in the original article published in Science China Materials, volume 65, issue 10, 2022, page 2850 (DOI: 10.1007/s40843-022-2024-6). The corrected Fig. 4b is presented herein. The authors confirm that this correction does not affect the results, conclusions, text, or figure caption of the original work. The correction was requested by the authors and received on 6 January 2026, accepted on 8 January 2026, and published online on 10 February 2026. The original study introduced flexible electrostatic hydrogels derived from marine organisms for nitric oxide-enhanced photodynamic therapy against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. The correction ensures the accurate representation of experimental data, maintaining the integrity of the scientific record.

### 926. [In-sensor computing breakthrough enables efficient tactile information acquisition](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/in-sensor-computing-breakthrough-enables-efficient-tactile-information-acquisition) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3847-5]
The convergence of artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, and soft electronics has advanced tactile perception in flexible electronic skins, enabling applications in robotics, healthcare, and human-machine interfaces. However, conventional tactile sensing architectures separate sensing and processing, requiring analog-to-digital converters and data transfer to microcontrollers, which is energy-intensive and introduces latency. In-sensor computing integrates sensing and processing, reducing power consumption and enabling in-situ analog operations such as multiplication-accumulation (MAC) for artificial neural networks. Wang et al. developed a capacitive in-sensor tactile computing system combining a flexible pressure sensor array with electrical switching networks and a fixed capacitor to perform MAC operations in the charge domain. The sensor unit uses an ionic dielectric layer of PVA/H3PO4 prepared via sandpaper-templated molding, sandwiched between Au electrodes on waterborne polyurethane substrates, achieving high sensitivity of 0.36 nF/kPa and excellent stability. A 3×3 kernel of sensors with programmable bias voltages implements averaging and Laplacian filters for noise reduction and edge detection, validated experimentally. The system processes binary and analog tactile stimuli, with output voltage scaling proportionally with pressure. This in-sensor computing approach addresses energy and latency bottlenecks, offering a pathway for real-time, power-constrained e-skin applications in autonomous robotics, prosthetics, and intelligent interfaces.

### 927. [Carbon Emission Accounting Method for Ultra-High Voltage Transmission Line Construction Considering Carbon Intensity and Activity Data Uncertainty](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/carbon-emission-accounting-method-for-ultra-high-voltage-transmission-line-construction-considering-carbon-int) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511047]
Ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission lines are critical infrastructure for China's energy strategy. Compared with conventional voltage lines, UHV lines exhibit nonlinear growth in resource and capital consumption, complex supply chains, and strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity in carbon emission factors, resulting in substantial and uncertain construction-phase emissions. Accurate accounting is essential for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals in the power sector. To address issues of ambiguous system boundaries, weak characterization of input parameter uncertainty, and poor cross-year applicability of input-output carbon intensities, this study defines the accounting boundary using budget quotas and develops a hybrid life cycle assessment (HLCA) model. For easily traceable emission sources, process-based LCA (PLCA) is applied, with uncertainty analysis via distribution fitting and Monte Carlo simulation. For difficult-to-trace sources, input-output LCA (IO-LCA) is used with carbon intensity correction. A case study of a ±800 kV transmission line yields a construction-phase carbon emission intensity of 1,858.91 t·km⁻¹ (CO₂ equivalent), with a 95% confidence interval of [1,379.73, 2,486.45] t·km⁻¹. Sobol global sensitivity analysis identifies key emission reduction pathways. The method's validity is confirmed by comparison with existing studies, providing quantitative support for low-carbon design, construction optimization, and carbon auditing of UHV projects.

### 928. [Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics of Coal Dust Pollution in the Baorixile Mining Area](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/spatiotemporal-variation-characteristics-of-coal-dust-pollution-in-the-baorixile-mining-area) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202502081]
Coal dust from open-pit mining severely impacts the mining area and surrounding environment, exhibiting significant dynamic changes. However, quantitative assessments of the pollution extent and multi-timescale evolution remain insufficient. Based on the Google Earth Engine platform and Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI/OLI-2 and Sentinel-2 MSI imagery from 2001 to 2024, we retrieved the enhanced coal dust index (ECDI) and coal dust pollution levels. Combined with the mine lifecycle stages, we revealed the temporal and spatial variations of coal dust in the Baorixile mining area. Annual and monthly remote sensing retrievals were stacked to construct multi-year and intra-annual dust impact frequency (DIF) indicators, precisely quantifying the spatial extent and frequency of coal dust pollution. Results show that from 2001 to 2024, the interannual coal dust pollution experienced three stages: fluctuating increase, significant decrease, and stabilization. The average pollution degree peaked at 0.41 in 2010 and remained between 0.18 and 0.22 from 2016 to 2024. The spatial pattern improved, converging from widespread diffusion to the open-pit and bare coal accumulation areas. From 2019 to 2023, intra-annual pollution increased then decreased, with summer most severe, followed by autumn, spring, and winter. Based on annual retrievals, 6 periods of multi-year DIF (2001-2024) were generated at 4-year intervals. The maximum impact range (DIF≥1) first expanded then contracted significantly; the perennial impact area (DIF=4) shifted from the southeast to the central-western open-pit, indicating a notable migration of dust disturbance gravity and effective control. Based on monthly retrievals, 6 periods of intra-annual DIF (2019-2024) were generated at 12-month intervals. The intra-annual DIF showed a gradient decreasing from the core operation area to the periphery. High-frequency zones (DIF≥9) were stably concentrated in the open-pit. The affected area fluctuated downward from 88.14 km² in 2019 to 72.84 km² in 2024. This study provides theoretical and data support for scientifically understanding and monitoring the ecological status of mining areas and formulating dust suppression measures.

### 929. [Removal Efficiency of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent by Gravel-Based Constructed Wetlands](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/removal-efficiency-of-emerging-contaminants-in-wastewater-treatment-plant-effluent-by-gravel-based-constructed) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510060]
Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent is a significant pathway for emerging contaminants (ECs) to enter natural water bodies. This study investigated the removal of ECs by two field-scale gravel-based constructed wetlands: a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (QL-CW) and a surface flow constructed wetland (BL-CW), both treating actual WWTP effluent. The influence of operation mode and wetland plant type on EC removal was examined. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, principal component analysis, and ecological risk assessment, the removal efficiencies and mechanisms for various ECs were explored. In QL-CW, biodegradation was more pronounced, particularly via ammonia-oxidizing bacteria co-metabolism, favoring ECs with benzyl, secondary amine, secondary amide, tertiary amide, halogenated, and carboxyl functional groups. In BL-CW, electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic interactions were more significant, with plant and root-microorganism uptake and adsorption playing key roles. Surface flow mode achieved significantly higher removal of antibiotics (45.3% vs. 34.1%) compared to horizontal subsurface flow, while no significant differences were observed for non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals (66.6% vs. 64.4%) and pesticides (49.8% vs. 34.2%). Planting Cyperus alternifolius (windmill grass) was more beneficial for antibiotic removal (43.6% vs. 30.1%) than planting Ipomoea aquatica (water spinach). The wetlands effectively reduced the ecological risks of most ECs to marginal levels. This study provides insights into the deep treatment of ECs in WWTP effluent by constructed wetlands.

### 930. [Research Progress on Combined Stress Effects of Secondary Water Pollution from Tailings Dam Leakage on Aquatic Organisms](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-combined-stress-effects-of-secondary-water-pollution-from-tailings-dam-leakage-on-aquatic) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511003]
Tailings dam leakage can cause secondary sudden water pollution events, imposing severe combined stress of high turbidity and heavy metal contamination on natural water bodies within a short period, threatening aquatic ecological security. Existing studies have systematically revealed the pollution characteristics and biological effects of such events, which are fundamentally distinct from natural high-turbidity water and industrial wastewater leakage. Compared with natural high-turbidity water, tailings leakage inputs finer particles with higher specific surface area, leading to more intense and prolonged turbidity stress. Meanwhile, heavy metals in tailings are more enriched than natural sediments, with higher proportions of active forms and bioavailability, causing significant bioaccumulation and toxic effects, and long-term decline in benthic community species richness. Compared with industrial wastewater leakage, tailings leakage simultaneously releases high concentrations of fine suspended solids and multiple heavy metals, forming a unique 'physical-chemical' combined stress. This synergistic effect amplifies biological toxicity through multiple pathways such as mechanical damage, light limitation, and oxidative stress, resulting in severe and often irreversible ecological damage, such as impaired fish swimming behavior and collapse of benthic community structure. Analyzing the long-term impacts of tailings leakage on aquatic ecosystems from the perspective of combined stress is helpful for providing scientific basis for emergency response and medium-to-long-term ecological risk prevention of related sudden water pollution events.

### 931. [Source Apportionment and Driving Factors of Heavy Metal Pollution in Paddy Soils Around a Mining Area Using PMF and XGBoost-SHAP Models](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/source-apportionment-and-driving-factors-of-heavy-metal-pollution-in-paddy-soils-around-a-mining-area-using-pm) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511087]
Identifying the sources and driving factors of heavy metals (HMs) in paddy soils around mining areas is crucial for safeguarding regional agricultural production and food security. This study focused on paddy soils near a mining area in southern Jiangxi Province, integrating Spearman correlation analysis, positive matrix factorization (PMF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) coupled with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to quantitatively apportion potential ecological risks, pollution sources, and driving factors. Results showed that mean concentrations of Pb, Ni, and Cu exceeded the soil background values of Jiangxi Province, except for Cr. The mean comprehensive potential ecological risk index (RI) was 17.4, with 25.7% of sampling sites exhibiting moderate risk, and Ni being the primary ecological risk factor. Source apportionment identified three main sources: natural background (51.1%), industrial and mining activities (26.6%), and a mixed source of agricultural activities and traffic emissions (22.3%). Spatial variation of Cr, Cu, and Ni was predominantly governed by soil physicochemical properties (Fe and P contents), whereas Pb distribution was significantly influenced by industrial and mining activities. The combination of PMF and XGBoost-SHAP effectively delineated sources and driving factors, providing a scientific basis for targeted soil management and pollution control in mining-affected agricultural regions.

### 932. [Effects of Different Fertilization Treatments on Soil Nutrient Availability and Microbial Response Mechanisms in the Baiyinhua Open-Pit Mining Area](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-of-different-fertilization-treatments-on-soil-nutrient-availability-and-microbial-response-mechanisms) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202505106]
Open-pit coal mining causes severe soil nutrient depletion, limiting vegetation restoration. This study, conducted in the Baiyinhua No.2 mining area (Inner Mongolia), evaluated the effects of different fertilization strategies on soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability and microbial community responses. A field experiment was established in May 2023 with five treatments: low (L), medium (M), and high (H) phosphorus inorganic fertilizers, green manure (GM), and a microbial fertilizer (MF) containing nitrogen-fixing and rhizobia bacteria, compared to a control (CK). Results showed that MF significantly increased total carbon (TC) from 8.47 to 10.17 g·kg⁻¹ and total nitrogen (TN) from 0.37 to 0.56 g·kg⁻¹, while H significantly increased available phosphorus (AP) from 9.78 to 26.28 mg·kg⁻¹. Both treatments significantly altered fungal community structure, with increased relative abundances of Gibberella and Alternaria. The study concludes that MF and H improve soil nutrient availability by modulating fungal communities, with MF offering a sustainable biological approach for mine reclamation. These findings provide targeted fertilization strategies for restoring degraded mining soils and advancing green mining practices.

### 933. [Chitosan Coupled with Electroflotation for Phosphorus Recovery from Eutrophic Taihu Lake Water](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chitosan-coupled-with-electroflotation-for-phosphorus-recovery-from-eutrophic-taihu-lake-water) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509036]
Algal-derived phosphorus (P) constitutes a significant fraction in eutrophic lakes, with particulate phosphorus (PP) serving as both a major internal P reservoir and a potential target for P resource recovery. This study proposed a chitosan-coupled electroflotation (CEF) technology for efficient enrichment and recovery of algal-derived P from high-algal water. Using Taihu Lake algae-laden water as the test medium, the effects of chitosan dosage and voltage on the enrichment of different P fractions were systematically evaluated. Results showed that the optimal P enrichment was achieved at a chitosan dosage of 15 mg·L−1, and higher voltages further enhanced the enrichment efficiency. Under optimal conditions, PP accounted for 83.57% of the enriched P, indicating a strong capability for particulate P capture. The mechanism involved chitosan-induced flocculation via charge neutralization and sweep flocculation, while higher voltages increased the positive charge density of chitosan molecules, enhancing charge neutralization and electroflotation. In P release experiments, open conditions significantly promoted the transformation of PP to dissolved P, whereas closed conditions inhibited this process. Additionally, chitosan's antibacterial action and physical retention effectively limited P release. Compared with conventional metal salt coagulants, this method avoids metal ion residues, offering high environmental safety and providing a green and feasible approach for the harmless disposal and resource utilization of algal-derived P in eutrophic lakes.

### 934. [Synergistic Remediation of Aged Oil-Contaminated Soil by Plants and Degrading Microbial Consortium](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-remediation-of-aged-oil-contaminated-soil-by-plants-and-degrading-microbial-consortium) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202505104]
This study investigated the synergistic remediation of aged oil-contaminated soil collected from an oil well in Yanchang, northern Shaanxi, China, with an initial total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration of 17.1 g·kg⁻¹, exceeding the second-class land use screening value (4,500 mg·kg⁻¹) by approximately 3.8-fold. Indigenous high-efficiency degrading strains were screened and a microbial consortium was constructed. Pot experiments were conducted to compare the TPH degradation efficiencies and soil property changes under plant, microbial, and combined plant-microbial remediation. The consortium MC-5 (SDB1:SDB2:SDB3:SDB4 = 1:1:0:3) exhibited the highest TPH degradation rate of 83.46% in liquid culture. In soil, combined remediation with ryegrass (Lolium perenne) achieved a TPH degradation rate of 60.93%, significantly higher than the control (CK) by 54.26 percentage points. The consortium also degraded recalcitrant resins and asphaltenes by 49.44%. The microbial consortium played a dominant role, contributing 63%–69% to TPH removal, whereas plant contribution was only 2%–12%, primarily in the later stage. Addition of rhamnolipid biosurfactant enhanced the combined remediation, increasing TPH degradation by 7.05 percentage points compared to non-amended treatments. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms of plant-microbial synergy and offer theoretical and practical guidance for bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soils.

### 935. [Research Progress and Prospects of Aboveground-Belowground Synergistic Restoration Principles and Technologies for Degraded Ecosystems in Open-Pit Mines in High-Cold Regions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-and-prospects-of-aboveground-belowground-synergistic-restoration-principles-and-technologies) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202505108]
Open-pit mining in high-cold regions causes severe ecological degradation, including vegetation loss, soil structure destruction, and frequent freeze-thaw disturbances, complicating ecosystem recovery. This review systematically synthesizes the current status, theories, and key restoration technologies for degraded ecosystems in high-cold mining areas. Comparative analysis with typical high-cold degraded ecosystems worldwide reveals that high-cold mining areas face challenges such as frequent freeze-thaw cycles, hydrological disruption, wind erosion, and difficult vegetation establishment. We propose strengthening aboveground-belowground synergistic restoration: (1) aboveground restoration should focus on screening cold-resistant native plants and optimizing mixed community configurations, combined with plant growth-promoting multi-microbial consortia to facilitate vegetation recovery; (2) belowground restoration should be based on engineering soil profile reconstruction, integrating physical-chemical-biological multi-dimensional remediation techniques to achieve aboveground and belowground community reconstruction and functional recovery; (3) a progressive restoration framework is established, with short-term goals targeting soil stabilization and structure improvement, medium-term goals focusing on constructing multifunctional plant-soil communities, and long-term goals achieving self-sustaining, maintenance-free restored ecosystems. Finally, addressing the unclear mechanisms of aboveground-belowground synergistic interactions and insufficient environmental adaptability of restoration technologies, two prospects are proposed: (1) deepening research on aboveground-belowground synergistic mechanisms to reveal interactions between cold-tolerant microorganisms and plants; (2) advancing the development of characteristic restoration technologies adapted to high-cold environments.

### 936. [Drought Resistance Evaluation of Dominant Species in Inner Mongolia Desert Steppe During Seed Germination](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/drought-resistance-evaluation-of-dominant-species-in-inner-mongolia-desert-steppe-during-seed-germination) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202505103]
This study evaluated the drought resistance of seven dominant plant species from the Inner Mongolia desert steppe during seed germination to identify suitable species for ecological restoration of arid mining dumps. Seeds were subjected to soil moisture gradients ranging from 2.56% to 12.77% to simulate drought stress. Germination percentage, growth parameters, germination index, simplified vigor index, and drought resistance index were measured. A multi-dimensional evaluation system was constructed using the membership function method. Results showed that with increasing water stress, germination parameters generally declined nonlinearly. Under severe drought (soil moisture 5.11%), Lolium perenne and Melilotus officinalis exhibited significantly higher germination rates than other species (P<0.05). Comprehensive evaluation ranked drought resistance as: Lolium perenne > Melilotus officinalis > Setaria viridis > Elymus dahuricus > Medicago sativa > Astragalus adsurgens > Artemisia oxycephala. These findings indicate that Lolium perenne, Melilotus officinalis, and Setaria viridis possess strong drought resistance and can serve as pioneer species for vegetation reconstruction in mining areas. Furthermore, a soil moisture content of 5.11% (40% of field capacity) was identified as the lower threshold for seed germination, providing a quantitative basis for water management in arid mining ecological restoration.

### 937. [Diffusion Coefficient and Microbial Community Structure Dynamics During Acclimation of Encapsulated Immobilized Denitrifying Bacteria](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/diffusion-coefficient-and-microbial-community-structure-dynamics-during-acclimation-of-encapsulated-immobilize) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511004]
To address nitrate nitrogen accumulation in aquaculture tailwater, a core-shell encapsulated immobilized denitrifying bacterial capsule containing lychee seed powder and denitrifying activated sludge was developed. The capsule's micro-morphology, bacterial activity recovery, growth, community structure changes, and diffusion coefficient dynamics during acclimation were investigated. The capsule shell exhibited a honeycomb porous structure with an average pore size of (0.25 ± 0.063) μm. Denitrifying bacterial activity recovered rapidly, with nitrate nitrogen removal efficiency stabilizing at 83.61% by day 21. Biomass within the capsules increased progressively, reaching (21.96 ± 0.28) mg·(g-pellet)−1 on day 30. The effective diffusion coefficient decreased with biomass growth, dropping to 0.232 × 10−9 m²·s−1 by day 30. Organic carbon source and encapsulation acclimation environment altered the microbial community structure; after acclimation, dominant genera were Methylobacterium (22.8%), Brevibacillus (18.1%), and Azospirillum (17.3%). Denitrifying bacteria containing nirS- and nirK- genes predominantly belonged to Proteobacteria (>99%). Genera involved in organic carbon metabolism and denitrification, including Bosea, Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobacter, and Alicycliphilus, increased in abundance. The encapsulated denitrifying bacteria exhibited short activity recovery time and excellent denitrification performance, making them suitable for denitrification of aquaculture tailwater or other low C/N ratio wastewater.

### 938. [Chloride-Enhanced Fe(II)/PMS/H2O2 System for Degradation of PBTC and Simultaneous Recovery of Iron Phosphate](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chloride-enhanced-feiipmsh2o2-system-for-degradation-of-pbtc-and-simultaneous-recovery-of-iron-phosphate) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510034]
Phosphonate wastewater, characterized by stable C–P bonds, poses significant environmental risks due to its resistance to degradation and potential to contribute to eutrophication. This study developed a chloride-enhanced Fe(II)/PMS/H2O2 system for the oxidative degradation of 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC) and simultaneous recovery of phosphorus as iron phosphate (FePO4). Under optimal conditions (0.1 mmol/L PBTC, 1.0 mmol/L Fe(II), 0.5 mmol/L PMS, 0.5 mmol/L H2O2, 10 mmol/L NaCl, initial pH 3.0, 60 min), total phosphorus (TP) removal reached 100%, with phosphorus nearly completely recovered as FePO4 precipitate. Increasing NaCl concentration and temperature enhanced TP removal, while pH significantly influenced removal efficiency and product speciation; acidic conditions (pH < 4.3) favored FePO4 precipitation. Coexisting Ca2+ and Mg2+ had negligible effects, whereas HCO3− and humic acid (HA) inhibited TP removal in a concentration-dependent manner. Radical quenching and electron spin resonance (ESR) analyses identified hydroxyl radicals (•OH), ferryl ion (Fe(IV)=O), sulfate radicals (SO4•−), and chlorine radicals (Cl•) as primary reactive species, with •OH playing a dominant role. Chloride introduction promoted the generation of multiple reactive species, and Cl• and its derivative Cl2•− directly attacked the C–P bond and phosphonate group, facilitating phosphorus release as PO43− and subsequent FePO4 formation. The system's feasibility was validated using actual industrial circulating cooling water. This study provides a novel approach for phosphonate wastewater treatment and phosphorus recovery.

### 939. [Microbial Mechanisms Underlying Soil Nutrient Availability in Vegetation Reconstruction of an Open-Pit Mining Area in Inner Mongolia](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/microbial-mechanisms-underlying-soil-nutrient-availability-in-vegetation-reconstruction-of-an-open-pit-mining) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202503016]
Open-pit coal mining severely damages soil and plant community structure and function, causing soil nutrient loss and ecological degradation. Vegetation reconstruction is a key measure for restoring degraded mining ecosystems, with the core challenge being the selection of suitable plant species and optimization of plant configurations. This study focused on the degraded ecosystem of the Baiyinhua open-pit mine in Inner Mongolia, screening native plant species for vegetation reconstruction experiments to investigate early-stage changes in soil nutrient availability and the underlying microbial mechanisms. Results showed that soil physicochemical properties and fungal community diversity exhibited strong adaptability during early reconstruction. However, soil fungal community composition and the relative abundance of saprotrophic fungi differed significantly among plant configurations. Leymus chinensis significantly increased the proportion of soil saprotrophic fungi from 67.28% in the control to 81.63%, while reducing the relative proportion of pathogenic fungi from 15.63% to 4.33%, demonstrating its potential to enhance soil health. Medicago rivularis improved soil microbial community composition and increased soil available phosphorus content, highlighting its capacity as an excellent pioneer species for optimizing soil nutrient availability. Furthermore, mixed sowing of grasses and legumes showed potential to enhance the nitrogen-fixing effect of legumes. Given the significant positive correlation between soil fungal community composition and total nitrogen and available nitrogen, the effects of different plant configurations on soil nutrient availability and biological health likely stem largely from the regulation of soil fungal community composition. In conclusion, achieving the goal of selecting optimal plant configurations still requires long-term continuous observation and analysis, particularly for optimizing configurations between high-quality grasses like Leymus chinensis and legumes.

### 940. [Magnetic Field Modulation of Microbial Functional Specialization for Optimizing Environmental Bioprocesses: A Review](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/magnetic-field-modulation-of-microbial-functional-specialization-for-optimizing-environmental-bioprocesses-a-r) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509055]
Microbial communities are the core functional units in environmental biotechnology. Magnetic field technology, as a non-invasive physical enhancement method, has shown application potential in wastewater treatment and waste resource recovery. Traditional ecological theory posits a positive correlation between species diversity and system function/stability. However, magnetic field enhancement often coincides with improved system performance and decreased microbial diversity, indicating a decoupling. This review systematically explains this phenomenon as the result of magnetic field-driven functional specialization of microbial communities. Magnetic fields act on paramagnetic targets in energy metabolism, including iron-sulfur clusters and cytochromes, alter cell surface physicochemical properties, impose oxidative stress, and select strains with high metabolic flexibility, thereby achieving targeted enrichment of key functional groups such as ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and electroactive bacteria within Proteobacteria. Although such functionally specialized communities have reduced species richness, they exhibit higher energy metabolism efficiency, enhanced electron transfer capacity, optimized interspecies cooperation networks, and strengthened system robustness. These advantages collectively support efficient and stable macroscopic bioprocess performance. This study also discusses potential limitations regarding ecosystem resilience and scenario dependence, and envisions future directions such as quantitative modeling and synergy with magnetic materials to advance magnetic field technology from empirical application to rational design.

### 941. [Carbon Footprint and Environmental Benefits of Waste Television Dismantling and Recycling: A Life Cycle Assessment Study](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/carbon-footprint-and-environmental-benefits-of-waste-television-dismantling-and-recycling-a-life-cycle-assessm) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509031]
This study establishes a carbon footprint calculation method and an environmental benefit assessment model for the dismantling process of waste televisions (TVs) based on life cycle assessment (LCA). Activity data on energy consumption and material flows were collected from typical treatment enterprises via field investigation. The ReCiPe 2016 model was applied to quantify midpoint and endpoint environmental impacts. Results show that the dismantling and recycling process yields net environmental benefits in most impact categories. At the midpoint level, significant reductions were observed in fossil resource scarcity (−26,494.23 kg oil eq), freshwater ecotoxicity (−2.21×10^4 kg 1,4-DCB), and greenhouse gas emissions (−956.53 kg CO2 eq). At the endpoint level, reductions in human health damage (−1.59×10^4 DALY), ecosystem damage (−2.35×10^4 species·yr), and resource depletion costs (−4.22×10^4 USD) were achieved. Carbon footprint analysis indicates that the carbon footprint per TV ranges from 0.231 to 0.247 kg CO2 eq per unit, with electricity consumption as the dominant emission source. Sensitivity analysis reveals that electricity consumption significantly influences the carbon footprint. Finally, emission reduction recommendations are proposed from aspects of equipment upgrade and energy management, providing theoretical basis and practical guidance for low-carbon treatment of electronic waste.

### 942. [Effects of Field Application of Sewage Sludge Aerobic Fermentation Products on Antibiotic Resistance Gene Prevalence in Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.)](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-of-field-application-of-sewage-sludge-aerobic-fermentation-products-on-antibiotic-resistance-gene-prev) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511057]
To investigate the effects of applying sewage sludge aerobic fermentation products on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the rhizosphere soil and phyllosphere of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.), field experiments were conducted with three treatments: sludge product (sludge group), chemical fertilizer (fertilizer group), and no fertilizer (control). Antibiotic residues, abundances of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were measured in rhizosphere soil and phyllosphere, and microbial community composition and virulence factor (VF) contributions were annotated via metagenomics. Results showed that antibiotic concentrations in rhizosphere soil were generally higher than in phyllosphere. Compared with control, sludge application increased soil antibiotic content by 12.70%, whereas fertilizer increased it by only ~3%, indicating a more significant exogenous input from sludge. At the resistance level, total ARG abundances in rhizosphere soil and phyllosphere of the sludge group increased by 25.47% and 73.08%, respectively, relative to control, with concurrent increases in beta-lactam resistance genes and MGEs such as integron intI1. Sludge application may enhance integron-mediated gene capture and horizontal transfer potential, driving resistance risk accumulation in both phyllosphere and rhizosphere soil. Conversely, fertilizer application reduced ARG abundances by 53.40% in rhizosphere soil and 13.50% in phyllosphere compared with control, consistent with decreased microbial community abundance and diversity, suggesting that reduction of host bacteria and dissemination vectors was a key reason. In community structure, Proteobacteria dominated the phyllosphere, while Chloroflexi dominated rhizosphere soil. Correlation networks identified Sphaerobacter thermophilus and Aggregatilinea lenta positively correlated with multiple ARGs (r≈0.95–1.00), whereas Solirubrobacter sp. CPCC_204708 was negatively correlated (r≈−0.91). Virulence factor contributions followed trends similar to ARGs. Sludge fermentation products simultaneously increased ARG prevalence and related risk indicators in both rhizosphere soil and phyllosphere of pakchoi, providing a reference for risk identification and safe application of sludge fermentation products in agriculture.

### 943. [Optimization of Thermal Hydrolysis Pretreatment of Corn Straw for Enhanced Methane Production](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/optimization-of-thermal-hydrolysis-pretreatment-of-corn-straw-for-enhanced-methane-production) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510029]
Low hydrolysis efficiency is a core bottleneck in anaerobic digestion (AD) of lignocellulosic agricultural residues, limiting methane production and resource utilization. This study optimized thermal hydrolysis pretreatment (THP) of corn straw (CS) using response surface methodology (RSM) to enhance methane yield. The optimal conditions were determined as solid-to-liquid ratio of 51.0–57.5 mg·mL−1, pretreatment time of 74–81 min, and temperature of 182.5–197.5 °C. Under the optimal combination (52.3 mg·mL−1, 78.4 min, 191 °C), cumulative methane yield increased from 218.0 to 362.9 mL·g−1 VS, a 66.7% improvement over untreated CS. Characterization via XRD, FTIR, and SEM revealed that THP disrupted the lignocellulosic structure, reducing lignin content from 21.5% to 8.3% and crystallinity index (CrI) from 70.83% to 61.95%. Inhibitory derivatives generated during THP included furfural (1.69 mg·mL−1), 5-methylfurfural (2.44 mg·mL−1), and phenol (23.14 mg·L−1), with a theoretical combined inhibition rate of 7.26%. The promotion effect on methane production (66.7%) far exceeded the theoretical inhibition (7.26%), indicating that THP under optimized conditions is effective and environmentally controllable. This study provides a systematic framework for optimizing THP parameters to maximize methane production from agricultural residues.

### 944. [Pilot Trial on Endogenous Pollution Control in Hejia Ditch, Harbin: Efficacy and Mechanisms of Sediment Elutriation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pilot-trial-on-endogenous-pollution-control-in-hejia-ditch-harbin-efficacy-and-mechanisms-of-sediment-elutriat) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510056]
To support the construction of an ecologically clean small watershed in Harbin, a pilot-scale trial of sediment elutriation was conducted in the Hejia Ditch to evaluate its effectiveness in controlling endogenous pollution and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. After treatment, sediment organic matter, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) decreased by 5.11%, 10.19%, and 8.71%, respectively. Water transparency, dissolved oxygen (DO), and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) increased by 102.46%, 11.07%, and 15.66%, while chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) removal rates reached 35.67% and 22.65%. The technology effectively removed surface suspended sediment, leaving a stable layer of coarse inorganic particles that formed a clear mud-water interface. Post-treatment, clay content decreased by 8.87%, sand content increased by 12.37%, and median (D50) and 90th percentile (D90) particle sizes increased by 32.39% and 159.97%, respectively. Mechanical disturbance and particle size redistribution enhanced oxygen transfer at the interface, increasing the abundance of facultative anaerobic phyla such as Chloroflexi and Spirochaetes, thereby suppressing the generation of odorous gases (H2S, NH3) and preventing sediment resuspension. Increased microbial diversity and richness improved ecosystem stability and self-purification capacity. These results demonstrate that sediment elutriation is an effective method for controlling endogenous pollution in Hejia Ditch, providing a scientific basis for ecological restoration and long-term management.

### 945. [Electron-Driven Processes for Sustained Dark Hydroxyl Radical Generation under Redox Fluctuations in Mangrove Soils](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electron-driven-processes-for-sustained-dark-hydroxyl-radical-generation-under-redox-fluctuations-in-mangrove) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511041]
Hydroxyl radicals (·OH) generated via dark reactions under fluctuating redox conditions significantly influence pollutant degradation and elemental cycling, yet the key electron supply mechanisms driving their sustained production remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the electron-driven processes underlying sustained dark ·OH generation in mangrove soils under redox fluctuations. Simulated tidal redox cycles were conducted, and electron donating capacity (EDC), three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and high-throughput sequencing were employed to analyze the dynamics of different Fe(II) species, key organic matter components, and microbial communities. Results demonstrated that, without exogenous electron donors, mangrove soils exhibited stable ·OH generation potential and EDC. During early redox cycles, total EDC of soil suspensions was dominated by reactive Fe(II), while the contribution of reduced organic matter increased over time, with solid-phase components accounting for 94.5%–97.6% of total EDC. Humic acids in soil organic matter facilitated reversible electron transfer via quinone functional groups, maintaining redox activity. Geothermobacter and Desulfobulbus were identified as dominant iron-reducing bacteria, likely key microorganisms for regenerating the "iron-organic matter" electron sources. This study reveals the mechanisms of endogenous electron donor regeneration and sustained dark ·OH generation mediated by iron and organic matter cycling in mangrove soils, providing theoretical support for understanding the long-term environmental effects of ·OH in tidal environments and its impact on biogeochemical cycles.

### 946. [Optimization of CFD Simulation Parameter Settings for Flow Fields with Porous Structures](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/optimization-of-cfd-simulation-parameter-settings-for-flow-fields-with-porous-structures) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510072]
Porous structures are widely used in hydraulic and pneumatic systems for flow rectification and throttling, reducing velocity, regulating pressure, and improving flow stability. Numerical simulation is a common approach to study such flows, yet the lack of standardized parameter settings often leads to user-dependent errors. This study, based on the CFD software Fluent, systematically analyzes nine key parameters across three core stages: modeling, mesh generation, and solver settings. Under both quasi-2D and 3D configurations, the influence and underlying mechanisms of each parameter on simulation results are revealed, and a reference parameter-setting method is proposed. The method is validated against wind tunnel experiments, showing that the simulated average velocity reduction ratio γS deviates from experimental values by less than 6%, confirming its reliability and applicability. This work provides a basis for standardized parameter settings in numerical simulations of porous structures, enhancing consistency and predictive accuracy.

### 947. [Nitrogen-Vacancy Defective Carbon Nitride Modified Graphite Felt Cathode for Efficient Electrochemical Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nitrogen-vacancy-defective-carbon-nitride-modified-graphite-felt-cathode-for-efficient-electrochemical-synthes) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510081]
Electrochemical two-electron oxygen reduction (2e−ORR) for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) synthesis faces challenges of low cathodic catalytic efficiency and complex catalyst preparation. This study prepared nitrogen-vacancy (Nv) rich carbon nitride via one-step pyrolysis, composited with carbon nanotubes (CNT), and loaded onto graphite felt (GF) to fabricate a non-precious metal gas diffusion electrode Nv-C3N4-CNT/GF. The electrode exhibited a three-dimensional fibrous skeleton with interconnected micro-nano hierarchical pores, facilitating efficient electron transport. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed a low charge transfer resistance of 13.26 Ω, indicating superior electrocatalytic activity and charge transfer efficiency. Single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) optimization determined optimal conditions: calcination temperature 300 °C, catalyst mass ratio 3:1, Nv-C3N4-CNT loading 0.1 g, current density 40 mA·cm−2, pH 7, and aeration rate 0.1 L·min−1. Under these conditions, H2O2 accumulation reached 1622.73 mg·L−1 after 90 min, which was 1.3 and 1.5 times higher than g-C3N4-CNT/GF and CNT/GF electrodes, respectively. Stability tests showed that after 6 cycles, H2O2 production remained at 1400.52 mg·L−1, and within 960 min, the maximum production reached 2014.04 mg·L−1 with a highest Faradaic efficiency of 54.86%. These results demonstrate the electrode's potential for cyclic use. This study provides a new approach for developing efficient, low-cost electrodes for electrosynthesis of H2O2, offering a reference for green H2O2 production.

### 948. [Carbon Deposition Pore-Narrowing Modification of Activated Carbon for Adsorption of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/carbon-deposition-pore-narrowing-modification-of-activated-carbon-for-adsorption-of-chlorinated-volatile-organ) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202512042]
Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) such as dichloromethane (DCM), dichloroethane (DCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and chlorobenzene (CB) are hazardous air pollutants requiring efficient removal. This study modified a commercial activated carbon (AC) via high-temperature treatment and phenol cracking carbon deposition to tailor its pore structure for enhanced adsorption of small-molecule CVOCs. The modified material (AC-M) exhibited a significant increase in ultramicropore volume (<0.8 nm), leading to a 24.2% increase in DCM adsorption capacity under dry conditions and superior water vapor resistance. Surface oxygen-containing functional groups decreased, enhancing hydrophobicity and mitigating water cluster formation. Adsorption kinetics analysis revealed that AC-M had a 39% higher total adsorption rate constant for DCM and a 22% reduction in mass transfer zone height, indicating faster adsorption. However, for larger CVOCs (DCE, TCE, CB), adsorption capacities slightly decreased due to reduced specific surface area, suggesting their adsorption relies more on micropores of matching size. This work provides a theoretical basis for designing efficient adsorbents for small-molecule CVOCs control.

### 949. [Multi-step Wet Enhanced Removal of Chlorine and Heavy Metals from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multi-step-wet-enhanced-removal-of-chlorine-and-heavy-metals-from-municipal-solid-waste-incineration-fly-ash) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511078]
Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash contains high levels of soluble chlorine and heavy metals, posing environmental risks. This study employed a sequential wet treatment process (water washing–water washing–acid washing–water washing) at a low liquid-to-solid ratio of 2:1 L·kg⁻¹ to enhance the removal of chlorine and heavy metals. Acetic acid and a mixed acid (acetic acid:sulfuric acid molar ratio 1:1) were used as acid washing agents. Results showed that the soluble chlorine content decreased from 23.96% in the raw ash to approximately 0.6%, achieving a removal efficiency of 97.5%. The 3 mol·L⁻¹ acetic acid group exhibited high removal efficiencies for Pb, Cu, and Cd at 52.97%, 29.60%, and 61.54%, respectively, while increasing the stable fraction of heavy metals. However, excessive dissolution of Ca and Al occurred. The mixed acid group demonstrated a 6.9-fold higher 'calcium retention' capacity compared to acetic acid alone, attributed to the presence of sulfate. After treatment, the leaching concentrations of Pb and Zn were significantly reduced to 0.001 mg·L⁻¹ and 0.05 mg·L⁻¹, respectively, meeting the limits of the 'Technical Specification for Pollution Control of MSWI Fly Ash' (HJ 1134—2020). The treated ash exhibited a CaO-SiO₂-MgO-Al₂O₃ system, suitable for building material applications. This study provides technical support for on-site, building-material-oriented disposal of MSWI fly ash.

### 950. [Simultaneous Distillation Extraction Coupled with Derivatization and GC-MS for Multi-Residue Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Wastewater](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/simultaneous-distillation-extraction-coupled-with-derivatization-and-gc-ms-for-multi-residue-determination-of) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202506024]
A simple, economical method for the multi-residue determination of phenolic compounds in wastewater was developed using simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) combined with derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The effects of extraction time, salt concentration, and pH on extraction efficiency were investigated. Optimal recovery was achieved with the addition of 10 g·L−1 NaCl, adjustment of pH to 4, and extraction with dichloromethane for 2.5 h. Under these conditions, recoveries for spiked concentrations of 100 ng·L−1 and 1,000 ng·L−1 ranged from 58.92% to 91.08% (RSD 2.97%–8.60%, n=3) and 68.83% to 109.88% (RSD 3.06%–7.22%, n=3), respectively. Limits of quantification (LOQ) were between 8.46 and 59.67 ng·L−1, with good linearity over the range of 10.0–1,000 ng·L−1. The method integrates extraction and purification in a single step, reducing sample preparation steps and organic solvent consumption, while improving sample throughput and recovery. Derivatization enhances sensitivity, enabling the detection of ultra-trace phenolic multi-residues in complex matrices such as influent of wastewater treatment plants.

### 951. [Distribution and Enrichment Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants Along an Altitude Gradient in the Northern and Southern Mountains of Lhasa](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/distribution-and-enrichment-characteristics-of-heavy-metals-in-soil-and-plants-along-an-altitude-gradient-in-t) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511076]
This study investigated the altitudinal distribution and enrichment characteristics of heavy metals in the soil-plant system of the northern and southern mountains of Lhasa on the Tibetan Plateau. Soil and dominant plant samples were collected from three sites along an elevation gradient from 3,650 to 4,150 m, and concentrations of Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, As, and Pb were analyzed. Soil heavy metal concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 184.4 mg·kg−1, with all elements except Cd and Pb exceeding local background values. Plant heavy metal concentrations were within normal ranges, indicating no obvious stress. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between soil Zn and Cd, Cr and Ni, and plant Zn and Cu. Except for Cr, Cu, and Cd, plant and soil concentrations of the same element were significantly correlated. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) analysis showed that most plants had weak enrichment capacity (BCF < 1), but five species, including Ephedra sinica and Rheum likiangense, exhibited BCF > 1 for Cd, with R. likiangense showing the highest BCF of 4.01. The enrichment capacity varied with altitude and species. Potential ecological risk assessment indicated that Cd posed a relatively high risk in plants, warranting attention. This study fills a gap in understanding the spatial distribution and enrichment of heavy metals in this region, providing a scientific basis for ecological management and environmental protection.

### 952. [Experimental Study on Purification of Acetone Waste Gas by a Novel Composite Absorbent](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/experimental-study-on-purification-of-acetone-waste-gas-by-a-novel-composite-absorbent) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509004]
Acetone, a widely used solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, poses environmental and economic challenges due to its high volatility and the low concentration of acetone in water-based absorbents, which complicates recovery. This study proposes a composite absorbent comprising 1,4-butanediol (BDO), triethylene glycol, sodium citrate, and water, aiming to enhance acetone absorption capacity and enable cost-effective resource recovery. Response surface methodology optimized the absorbent composition to BDO 35%, triethylene glycol 10%, and sodium citrate 5%, achieving an acetone absorption capacity of 51.97 g·kg−1, which is 2.39 times that of pure water (21.77 g·kg−1). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and AIM topological analysis revealed that BDO forms stronger hydrogen bonds with acetone, characterized by shorter bond lengths and higher electron density, underpinning its superior molecular recognition and absorption capability. Process simulation of absorption-regeneration cycles demonstrated that, compared to pure water, the composite absorbent reduces absorbent consumption by 36.2% and regeneration energy consumption by 41.15% while achieving effluent acetone concentrations below 100 mg·m−3. This multi-scale investigation, spanning macroscopic experiments, molecular mechanisms, and process simulation, validates the feasibility and advantages of BDO-based composite absorbents for VOC control, providing theoretical and data support for the engineering application of alcohol-based absorbents in efficient organic pollutant separation.

### 953. [Adsorption and High-Temperature Nitrogen Desorption Performance and Mechanism of Granular Activated Carbon for Large-Air-Volume Low-Concentration PCE-Containing Waste Gas](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/adsorption-and-high-temperature-nitrogen-desorption-performance-and-mechanism-of-granular-activated-carbon-for) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511002]
To treat large-air-volume, low-concentration volatile organic compounds (VOCs) containing tetrachloroethylene (PCE) generated from rubber-metal bonding, this study systematically investigated the adsorption-desorption behavior and interaction mechanisms of PCE, toluene, and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) on granular activated carbon (GAC). Static adsorption experiments showed that PCE adsorption capacity reached 556.6 mg·g−1, while dynamic multi-component adsorption capacity was 179.6 mg·g−1. Kinetic analysis indicated that PCE adsorption was controlled by both intraparticle diffusion and external surface adsorption, whereas toluene and MIBK were primarily intraparticle diffusion-limited. During high-temperature nitrogen desorption, PCE underwent dechlorination, hydrogenation, and recombination, producing trichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, and HCl, with HCl accounting for 3.61% of the chlorine molar content in adsorbed PCE. After four adsorption-desorption cycles, the iodine value of GAC dropped below the industry standard of 600 mg·g−1; however, water washing and alkali immersion extended the cycle life to 8 and 9 cycles, respectively. The HCl generation pattern in co-adsorption systems was consistent with single-PCE systems. A regeneration process combining alkali immersion and water washing was proposed and integrated into an engineering strategy. Compared to conventional activated carbon adsorption coupled with RTO incineration, the proposed classification strategy reduced annual costs by 49.5×10⁴ CNY. This work provides a cost-effective and safe solution for Cl-VOCs treatment.

### 954. [Determination of 2-Bromostyrene in Water by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/determination-of-2-bromostyrene-in-water-by-headspace-solid-phase-microextraction-coupled-with-gas-chromatogra) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511098]
A highly sensitive analytical method for the determination of 2-bromostyrene in tap water and surface water was developed and optimized using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extraction conditions were systematically optimized via single-factor experiments and an L9(34) orthogonal array with range analysis. The optimal conditions were: sample volume 10 mL, extraction time 30 min, extraction temperature 30 °C, stirring rate 1000 r·min−1, and 2.5 g NaCl as salting-out agent. The method exhibited good linearity over the range 100–5000 ng·L−1 (R² = 0.9994), with a detection limit of 13.8 ng·L−1 and a quantification limit of 55.3 ng·L−1. Recoveries from spiked tap water and surface water samples ranged from 90.2% to 102.2%, with relative standard deviations between 5% and 11%. Statistical tests (normal distribution, F-test, t-test) all yielded P > 0.05, confirming the method's reliability. The method is simple, sensitive, and exhibits minimal matrix effects, making it suitable for routine monitoring of trace 2-bromostyrene in drinking water and surface water.

### 955. [Scenario Simulation and Case Study of Oil Spill Diffusion from Oil Pipelines Crossing Rivers](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/scenario-simulation-and-case-study-of-oil-spill-diffusion-from-oil-pipelines-crossing-rivers) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511020]
With the increasing number of oil pipelines crossing rivers, the potential risks of oil leakage and surface spreading to river ecosystems and water environments are becoming more severe. Scenario-based simulation of oil spill diffusion is a prerequisite for effective interception point placement and leakage risk prevention. Numerous factors influence oil spill diffusion, including environmental conditions, river hydrology, and accessibility of emergency resources. This study integrates these factors and multiple dynamic processes to design eight typical scenarios for oil spill diffusion simulation, considering emergency resource locations, river hydrological regimes, and leakage modes. A case study is conducted on an oil pipeline crossing a river in northwest China. Results indicate that the diffusion distance and affected area are primarily controlled by water conditions and emergency resource accessibility. In emergency management, the efficiency of maintenance and repair resources during high-water months should be prioritized. Mechanistically, external forces such as hydraulic and wind forces have a greater influence on diffusion distance, surpassing internal forces like gravity, viscosity, and surface tension within a short time. For river crossings near emergency resources, internal force effects should be considered in oil spill diffusion simulations. When emergency resource arrival times are long, the diffusion distance based on Fay's theory is relatively small and can be neglected in engineering practice. This study provides a computational basis and methodological reference for risk assessment and emergency response to potential oil spills from pipelines crossing rivers, enhancing the scientific and effective nature of risk prevention and emergency handling.

### 956. [Construction of Pd-Ru/Silicalite-1 Bimetallic Catalysts and Their Performance and Mechanism for Complete Methane Oxidation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/construction-of-pd-rusilicalite-1-bimetallic-catalysts-and-their-performance-and-mechanism-for-complete-methan) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511010]
Complete catalytic oxidation of methane requires catalysts with high low-temperature activity, long-term thermal stability, and excellent water resistance for industrial application. This study constructed supported Pd-Ru/S-1 bimetallic catalysts using hydrophobic all-silica zeolite Silicalite-1 as support. Systematic catalytic performance tests evaluated methane oxidation activity, thermal stability, and water resistance, while multiple physicochemical characterizations revealed the reaction mechanism. Results showed that the catalyst with Pd/Ru ratio of 2:1 (2Pd-1Ru/S-1) exhibited optimal comprehensive performance, achieving T90 of 380 °C, maintaining 94% methane conversion at 375 °C for 48 h, and demonstrating excellent water resistance. Mechanistic studies indicated that PdO is the main active phase, and the reaction follows the Eley-Rideal (E-R) mechanism. The electronic synergy between Pd and Ru enhances the interaction between PdO and the support, effectively inhibiting sintering and water poisoning of active components. This study aims to provide a new strategy for industrial catalyst design to advance the industrialization of low-concentration methane catalytic technology, addressing its climate and pollution impacts.

### 957. [Study on the coke deposition characteristics of hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites with synergistic regulation of pore structure and temperature in benzene catalysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/study-on-the-coke-deposition-characteristics-of-hierarchical-zsm-5-zeolites-with-synergistic-regulation-of-por) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60653-6]
Carbon deposition caused by mass transfer limitations is a key challenge for traditional microporous ZSM-5 zeolites in coal tar catalytic cracking. To address this, benzene was used as a model compound. Parent ZSM-5 (NL-ZSM-5) was modified with tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) to prepare hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites with different mesopore sizes. Characterization (XRD, FT-IR, BET, TEM) confirmed successful mesopore introduction via selective desilication while retaining the MFI structure. At TEAOH concentration of 0.4 mol/L (ZSM-5-C), total pore volume increased from 0.24 to 0.43 cm3/g, and Brønsted acid amount increased from 0.28 to 0.67 mmol/g, with improved acid site accessibility. Catalytic experiments and carbon deposition analysis showed that hierarchical pore structure inhibits coking via a synergistic effect of diffusion enhancement and adsorption-site regulation. The coke amount of ZSM-5-C was 4.0%, only one-third of that of NL-ZSM-5 (11.9%). Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that the diffusion coefficient of benzene in a 3.0 nm mesopore model is an order of magnitude higher than in a 2.0 nm model. Adsorption capacity decreases with increasing mesopore size, shortening residence time. Increasing temperature enhances diffusion but exponentially intensifies surface condensation reactions (Arrhenius effect), which dominates coke formation; hierarchical pores mitigate this negative effect. This research provides a theoretical basis for designing high-efficiency, coke-resistant catalysts for coal tar conversion.

### 958. [Recent Advances in Catalysts for the Highly Selective Conversion of Syngas into Para-Xylene](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/recent-advances-in-catalysts-for-the-highly-selective-conversion-of-syngas-into-para-xylene) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60624-4]
Para-xylene (PX) is a critical chemical feedstock for producing polyesters, plastics, and fibers, with China's 2024 consumption reaching 40 million tons (63% of global total) and an import dependency of 17%. Conventional naphtha-based routes face feedstock security and cost volatility, prompting interest in syngas conversion. This review systematically examines recent catalyst developments for direct syngas-to-PX-rich aromatics, focusing on three systems: Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalyst/zeolite coupling, methanol synthesis catalyst/zeolite synergy, and dual-engine/zeolite catalysis. Critical parameters such as active component electronic structure, promoter effects, and zeolite pore topology are analyzed to reveal governing principles of activity, selectivity, and stability. Reaction mechanisms via olefin, methanol, and dual-intermediate pathways are explored. Current bottlenecks include coordinated optimization of activity and stability, and unclear regulation of PX selectivity. Future research directions are proposed to address these challenges.

### 959. [Mechanistic Study on the Enhanced Synergistic Effect in Co-pyrolysis of Huangling Coal and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Lignin via Hydrothermal Pretreatment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mechanistic-study-on-the-enhanced-synergistic-effect-in-co-pyrolysis-of-huangling-coal-and-enzymatic-hydrolysi) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60615-3]
Co-pyrolysis of oil-rich coal and biomass is a promising route to enhance oil and gas production, yet the underlying synergistic mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigates the effect of hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) on the co-pyrolysis of Huangling coal (H) and enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (E). Raw and pretreated samples were characterized via proximate/ultimate analysis, SEM, ICP-OES, and 13C-NMR. Fixed-bed pyrolysis experiments were conducted to evaluate synergistic performance. Results show that HTP reduces oxygen content, develops pore structure, and increases concentrations of inorganic metal ions (Ca, K, Fe) in the aqueous phase. Structural modifications bring the carbon skeleton of E closer to that of H, with increased bridge carbon ratio and improved thermal stability, aligning pyrolysis temperature ranges. For the H/E blend (8:2) after 24 h HTP, tar yield increases by 80.52% compared to untreated blend, with significant rises in aliphatic compounds and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Gas yields of H2, CO, and CH4 increase by 5.47%, 10.98%, and 9.27%, respectively, while CO2 and pyrolysis water generation are inhibited (water yield decreases by 93.98%). Semi-coke pore structure becomes more developed. The enhanced synergistic effect is attributed to a multi-fold mechanism of 'component interaction-structural modification-catalytic cracking'. These findings provide theoretical support for developing technologies to improve co-pyrolysis of oil-rich coal and biomass, advancing low-carbon, high-quality utilization.

### 960. [Oil Production from Thermal Liquefaction of Polyethylene in Low-Pressure Superheated Methanol](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/oil-production-from-thermal-liquefaction-of-polyethylene-in-low-pressure-superheated-methanol) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60678-0]
Improper disposal of plastic waste represents both the loss of valuable resources and significant environmental threat. This study investigates the thermal liquefaction of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) using low-pressure superheated methanol. It systematically evaluates the effects of reaction temperature and the ratio of reactant to methanol on liquefaction efficiency and product characteristics. Results indicate that complete conversion of HDPE can be achieved in low-pressure superheated methanol (<0.5 MPa) at a minimum external heating temperature of 260 °C. Under this condition, oil yield reached 77.1% with alkanes comprising 62.3% of the product alongside minor oxygenated compounds. As temperature increased, the average carbon number of hydrocarbons gradually decreased. Below 260 °C, HDPE conversion decreased significantly, and products were primarily waxy. At 290 °C, the proportion of gasoline-like fractions (C6–C12) increased markedly from 16.6% to 80.9%. Furthermore, reactant ratio plays a critical regulatory role; extremes in ratio—either too high or too low—diminish heat transfer efficiency and reduce conversion. Mechanistically, liquefaction primarily involved cleavage of secondary C−C bonds, where resulting oligomers further cracked into free radicals to form diverse hydrocarbons through secondary reactions. This work demonstrates that low-pressure superheated methanol liquefaction is a mild, efficient, and pretreatment-free method to upcycle polyethylene into valuable fuels. Optimizing these process parameters can pave the way for industrial application, aiding in both plastic pollution management and sustainable resource recovery.

### 961. [Synthesis of ZSM-5 Molecular Sieve from Coal Gasification Fine Slag and Its Adsorption Mechanisms for Pb2+ in Aqueous Solution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synthesis-of-zsm-5-molecular-sieve-from-coal-gasification-fine-slag-and-its-adsorption-mechanisms-for-pb2-in-a) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60659-7]
Coal gasification fine slag (CGFS), a solid waste from entrained-flow coal gasification, is characterized by fine particles and high silicon and aluminum content. This study proposes a simple and economical hydrothermal synthesis of ZSM-5 molecular sieve using CGFS as raw material. Impurities were removed by acid washing, followed by alkaline extraction of silicon and aluminum species. The extracted Si-Al precursors were crystallized hydrothermally at 170 °C for 48 h, yielding ZSM-5 with a high specific surface area of 358 m2/g. Adsorption experiments showed that the synthesized ZSM-5 exhibited excellent Pb2+ removal performance: at 25 °C, the removal efficiency for a 50 mg/L Pb2+ solution reached 83.7%, with an adsorption capacity of 104.625 mg/g under optimized conditions. The adsorption process is mainly governed by chemisorption mechanisms, including surface complexation, precipitation, and ion exchange. Thermodynamic analyses indicated that Pb2+ adsorption is spontaneous and endothermic, consistent with multilayer chemisorption. The synthesized ZSM-5 shows promising potential for application in the treatment of lead-containing wastewater, offering a high-value utilization route for coal-based solid waste.

### 962. [Research Progress on Mn-Based Catalysts for Catalytic Combustion of Volatile Organic Compounds](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-mn-based-catalysts-for-catalytic-combustion-of-volatile-organic-compounds) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60645-7]
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from diverse sources severely impact atmospheric environment and human health. Manganese (Mn)-based catalysts, with exceptional structural diversity and abundant redox versatility, are widely used in catalytic combustion of VOCs. This review summarizes the catalytic performance of various Mn-based catalysts, emphasizing preparation strategies for high-performance materials and systematically analyzing how active site construction influences VOC combustion. Catalytic oxidation mechanisms are expounded in detail. Key aspects include MnOx polymorphs, doping with alkali metals (e.g., K+), transition metal composites (Co, Cu), and noble metal loading (Pt, Pd, Au). Performance metrics such as T90 values, oxygen vacancy concentrations, and specific surface areas are discussed. The review provides insights into deactivation mechanisms and anti-poisoning strategies, offering practical guidance for VOC pollution remediation.

### 963. [Mechanistic Insights into CO Adsorption Modes on Pt-Based Supported Catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mechanistic-insights-into-co-adsorption-modes-on-pt-based-supported-catalysts) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60643-3]
The adsorption behavior and electron transfer mechanism of CO on Ptn/γ-Al2O3 catalysts (n = 4, 13) were systematically investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, complemented by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, electron difference density (EDD), and charge decomposition analysis (CDA). The study reveals that Pt cluster size critically governs the adsorption configuration, electron transfer, and C–O vibrational frequency. For small Pt4 sub-nanometric clusters, highly unsaturated Pt atoms exhibit strong d-electron back-donation, leading to substantial filling of CO π* antibonding orbitals, significant weakening of the C–O bond, and a redshift in IR frequency. Conversely, large Pt13 clusters, characterized by dense structures and electron delocalization, exhibit weakened back-donation, enhanced C–O bonding, and a blueshift. The electron transfer intensity follows the order: linear < bridge < multi-terminal adsorption. Bridge adsorption is most sensitive to cluster size, displaying an IR blueshift of 81 cm−1 when Pt atoms increase from 4 to 13. Multi-terminal adsorption shows stable frequencies due to a 'saturation effect'. This study establishes a comprehensive correlation among Pt size, electronic structure, adsorption properties, and infrared response, providing atomic-scale theoretical guidance for designing efficient Pt-based catalysts with optimized CO adsorption strength and resistance to poisoning.

### 964. [Research progress on the role of oxygen vacancy in catalysts for dry reforming of methane](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-the-role-of-oxygen-vacancy-in-catalysts-for-dry-reforming-of-methane) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60638-X]
The extensive emission of greenhouse gases, primarily CO2 and CH4, has contributed to intensified global warming. Dry reforming of methane (DRM, CH4 + CO2 → 2CO + 2H2) offers a pathway for the synergistic utilization of these two major greenhouse gases, presenting important implications for both environmental protection and energy sustainability. However, the catalysts still face challenges such as carbon deposition and sintering of active metals, which adversely affect the catalytic performance and long-term stability. Oxygen vacancies, which are common lattice defects in metal oxides, have been demonstrated to improve the DRM performance by modulating the surface and interfacial properties of the catalysts. This review systematically summarizes research progresses in DRM over the past decade, outlines the major challenges and emphasizes the critical roles of oxygen vacancies in suppressing carbon deposition and inhibiting metal sintering. Furthermore, the mechanisms through which oxygen vacancies influence DRM reactions are discussed, combined with their formation pathways and regulation strategies. These insights provide essential theoretical foundations for the design and synthesis of highly efficient and stable DRM catalysts.

### 965. [Ni/CaO-ZrO2-Al2O3 Catalyst for CO2 Methanation: Enhanced Low-Temperature Activity and High-Temperature Sintering Resistance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nicao-zro2-al2o3-catalyst-for-co2-methanation-enhanced-low-temperature-activity-and-high-temperature-sintering) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60639-1]
Ni/Al2O3 is regarded as one of the most promising catalysts for industrial CO2 methanation, yet it suffers from inadequate low-temperature activity and thermal sintering. To address these challenges, an Ni/CaO-ZrO2-Al2O3 catalyst with high low-temperature activity and robust high-temperature sintering resistance was developed by introducing Ca and Zr promoters. Under reaction conditions of 250 °C and a space velocity of 30000 mL/(g·h), the catalyst achieved a CO2 conversion of 96% and a methane space-time yield of 257.5 mmol/(g·h). In a 200 h aging test at 600 °C, the Ca-Zr dual-promoted catalyst exhibited a smaller increase in Ni particle size and less activity loss compared to the Ca-promoted counterpart. Characterization revealed that Ca and Zr promoters not only improve Ni dispersion but also enhance surface basicity, contributing to excellent low-temperature activity. Furthermore, Zr suppresses the transformation of Ca species into CaCO3 via solid-phase reaction under operating conditions, thereby inhibiting Ni sintering and ensuring high-temperature stability. This work provides a novel promoter design strategy for developing high-performance Ni-based catalysts for CO2 methanation.

### 966. [MoO2(acac)2-encapsulated in TS-1 zeolite catalyst for CO2 coupling with olefins to cyclic carbonates](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/moo2acac2-encapsulated-in-ts-1-zeolite-catalyst-for-co2-coupling-with-olefins-to-cyclic-carbonates) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(25)60628-1]
The coupling of CO2 with olefins to produce cyclic carbonates has emerged as an important research topic in sustainable chemistry, owing to its high atom economy and the wide applicability of the resulting products. However, this reaction faces a significant challenge due to the mismatch between the rates of the epoxidation and cycloaddition steps. In this work, a series of TS-1 zeolite catalysts encapsulating different amounts of molybdenum acetylacetonate were prepared through hydrothermal synthesis followed by post-treatment, with the aim of elucidating the rate balance between the epoxidation and cycloaddition steps and the underlying regulation mechanism. Characterization results show that the Mo species were present as highly dispersed molybdenum acetylacetonate complexes that were stably confined within the TS-1 framework. These complexes interact electronically with the tetra-coordinated Ti sites to form synergistic active centers, while imposing negligible effects on the zeolite structure and porosity. In the CO2-styrene coupling reaction, tuning the Mo loading enabled effective control over the epoxidation rate, thereby achieving an appropriate balance with the subsequent cycloaddition step. The optimized catalyst delivered excellent performance under mild conditions, with a styrene conversion of 83.4% and a selectivity of 75.3%, and also exhibited outstanding recyclability. Overall, this encapsulated catalyst successfully addresses the dual challenges of rate matching and active-site stability in CO2–olefin coupling, providing valuable insights for the rational design of efficient, durable bifunctional catalysts.

### 967. [Effects of Zeolite Type and Acidic Properties on the Catalytic Cracking Performance of Dodecane](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-of-zeolite-type-and-acidic-properties-on-the-catalytic-cracking-performance-of-dodecane) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0034]
Catalytic cracking of gasoline and diesel to light olefins is a pivotal route for high-value utilization of surplus fuels, typically employing zeolite catalysts. This study systematically investigates the effects of zeolite type and acidic properties on the catalytic cracking of dodecane, a diesel model compound, using SAPO-34, ZSM-5 with SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 38, 85, and 200, and USY. Catalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, N2 physisorption, NH3-TPD, and pyridine-FTIR, and evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor. Results demonstrate that zeolite type is the primary determinant of conversion and product distribution. SAPO-34, with 0.38 nm pores, achieved only 24.33% conversion and negligible BTX yield, with severe external coking. ZSM-5-38 and USY, with larger pores, achieved near-complete conversion; however, ZSM-5-38, possessing moderate acidity, yielded the highest light olefins (18.40%) and minimal coke (0.18%), while USY, with higher acidity, promoted hydrogen transfer and coking (12.90% coke). Within ZSM-5 series, lower acid site density (ZSM-5-200) proved optimal, achieving 97.79% conversion and a total light olefin yield of 41.93% (ethylene 11.11%, propylene 20.33%, butenes 10.49%) with low coke (0.43%). The study proposes reaction pathways and regulatory mechanisms, highlighting that zeolite type and acidity govern the relative rates of cracking, hydrogen transfer, oligomerization, aromatization, and coking, thereby dictating performance. These findings provide a rational basis for optimizing zeolite catalysts in commercial gasoline/diesel cracking processes.

### 968. [Selective Hydrogenation Performance of Pd Catalysts Supported on Alumina Microspheres](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/selective-hydrogenation-performance-of-pd-catalysts-supported-on-alumina-microspheres) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0037]
Alumina microspheres with a lamellar-assembled flower-like morphology were synthesized via a urea-assisted hydrothermal method and used as supports to prepare Pd/Al2O3-M catalysts by incipient wetness impregnation. The catalytic performance was evaluated in the selective hydrogenation of isoprene and the hydrogenation of 2-ethylanthraquinone for hydrogen peroxide production, and compared with a commercial alumina-supported Pd catalyst (Pd/Al2O3). Characterization revealed that the flower-like structure, composed of stacked nanosheets, promoted high Pd dispersion and enhanced metal-support interaction, leading to a higher surface Pd content and more abundant active sites. Under 60 °C and 1 MPa H2, Pd/Al2O3-M achieved 95.2% conversion of isoprene with 98.3% total selectivity to isoamylenes, and exhibited good stability over 24 h. In anthraquinone hydrogenation, it reached a hydrogenation efficiency of 15.8 g/L, a 27.4% improvement over Pd/Al2O3 (12.4 g/L). The study demonstrates that modulating carrier morphology is an effective strategy to simultaneously enhance activity, selectivity, and stability of Pd catalysts, offering a promising approach for designing efficient hydrogenation catalysts.

### 969. [Research Progress on Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass for Aldehyde and Ketone Production](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-catalytic-pyrolysis-of-biomass-for-aldehyde-and-ketone-production) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60650-0]
Aldehydes and ketones are valuable oxygen-containing organic intermediates essential for synthesizing fine chemicals, fuels, and materials. Lignocellulosic biomass, as the most abundant renewable carbon resource with an annual production exceeding 180 billion tons, offers a sustainable route to produce platform carbonyl compounds such as furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and low-molecular-weight aliphatic ketones via pyrolysis. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in catalytic pyrolysis of biomass for aldehyde and ketone production. It first outlines the structural features, types, and biomass-derived origins of typical carbonyl platform molecules. Second, it compares the decomposition pathways and intermediate evolution behaviors of cellulose-rich, hemicellulose-rich, and lignin-rich biomasses under non-catalytic pyrolysis, clarifying the influence of multicomponent synergistic effects on aldehyde and ketone formation. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanistic roles and dominant reaction pathways of metal salts, metal oxides, and carbon-based catalytic systems in regulating key steps such as dehydration, decarbonylation, C−O/C−C bond cleavage, and skeletal rearrangement. The review identifies major challenges, including unclear catalyst structure-activity relationships, inadequate active site stability, and limited product selectivity. Future perspectives propose rational design of multilevel structured catalysts, integration of in situ characterization with multiscale simulation, and development of green scale-up and process integration strategies. This work aims to provide a systematic theoretical reference for high-value biomass utilization and renewable carbon conversion.

### 970. [Influence Mechanism of Acidic Mineral Components on the Reaction Behavior of Ion-Exchangeable Calcium during Coal Pyrolysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/influence-mechanism-of-acidic-mineral-components-on-the-reaction-behavior-of-ion-exchangeable-calcium-during-c) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60642-1]
Inherent minerals significantly influence the thermal conversion of coal, yet the interaction mechanisms among minerals affecting tar generation during pyrolysis remain unclear. This study investigates the effect of acidic mineral components on the behavior of ion-exchangeable Ca2+ during coal pyrolysis. Coal samples were prepared via HCl and HCl-HF acid washing followed by Ca2+ ion exchange. Pyrolysis was conducted in a fixed-bed reactor. Acid washing effectively reduced ash content but also decreased organic element contents (carbon, hydrogen). Loading ion-exchangeable calcium enhanced the thermal weight loss rate in the 500–550 °C range, shifting the peak temperature from 530 °C to 514 °C. At a final pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C with slow heating, kaolinite in acidic minerals underwent dehydroxylation to form metakaolin. The content of small aromatic rings (<6 rings) in char from Ca-loaded coal was lower than that from acid-washed coal without Ca. Coexistence of acidic minerals with ion-exchangeable Ca increased aliphatic hydrocarbon content in tar: YL-HCl-Ca reached 21.98% versus 13.60% for YL-De-Ca. Acidic mineral components inhibit the adverse effect of ion-exchangeable Ca2+ on tar lightening. These findings provide insights into mineral interactions during pyrolysis, aiding in optimizing coal conversion processes for improved tar quality.

### 971. [Effect of Mixing Modes on Integrated Process of Co-pyrolysis of Coal and Biomass with CO2 Reforming of Methane to Improve Tar Yield](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-mixing-modes-on-integrated-process-of-co-pyrolysis-of-coal-and-biomass-with-co2-reforming-of-methane) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60648-2]
The influence of mixing modes on the integrated process of co-pyrolysis of Naomaohu coal (NMH) and elm (ELM) with CO2 reforming of methane (CP-CRM) was investigated over Ni-based catalysts prepared by ball milling. Three mixing modes—NMH/ELM, ELM/NMH, and Blends—were examined and compared with co-pyrolysis under N2 (CP-N2). Results show that product distribution was significantly affected by mixing mode. The Blends mode achieved the highest tar yield, increasing by 35.29% compared with CP-N2. Light oil content in tar was higher, while pitch content was lower for Blends relative to layered modes. Phenols content in tar from Blends was 19.52% higher than CP-N2, and free radical concentration in tar was higher, attributed to enhanced heat and mass transfer between particles by mechanical mixing, promoting complete pyrolysis and efficient utilization of hydrogen-rich free radicals (·H, ·CHx) to suppress secondary cracking and polymerization. In contrast, NMH/ELM mode in CP-CRM improved phenols content by 33.27% over CP-N2. Free radical concentration in tar during CP-CRM was lower than in CP-N2, indicating timely stabilization of pyrolysis radicals by reforming-generated radicals. These findings provide guidance for regulating tar yield and composition in co-pyrolysis processes.

### 972. [A Computational Dataset for C1 Molecular Catalytic Conversion over Iron-Based Catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-computational-dataset-for-c1-molecular-catalytic-conversion-over-iron-based-catalysts) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60683-4]
The catalytic conversion of C1 molecules (e.g., CO, CO2) is pivotal for sustainable C1 chemistry and low-carbon transformation. A profound understanding of microscopic reaction mechanisms requires systematic theoretical and experimental data. This study constructs a computational dataset for C1 molecular catalytic conversion over iron-based catalysts, focusing on Fe5C2 and systematically integrating multidimensional information on adsorption, dissociation, and formation reactions across crystal surfaces (001, 111, 510). The dataset comprises 690 directories and 1961 files, including 96 configurations for Fe5C2(001), 93 for Fe5C2(111), and 472 for Fe5C2(510). It covers adsorbed states (e.g., COH, H2), dissociated states (e.g., CO under 2H conditions), and formation states (e.g., CH/CH3 under 2H and H2O conditions). A standardized hierarchical storage system categorizes reaction types, crystal surfaces, and structural parameters. This dataset serves as a benchmark for validating quantum chemical methods and provides critical data support for catalyst design and reaction pathway optimization by uncovering coupling effects of crystal surfaces and reaction mechanisms. The data are publicly available via DOI: 10.57760/sciencedb.34259.

### 973. [Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 during Winter in Xi'an under Different Pollution Levels Based on the PMF Model](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/source-apportionment-and-health-risk-assessment-of-heavy-metals-in-pm25-during-winter-in-xian-under-different) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026021202]
To investigate the sources and health risks of heavy metals in PM2.5 during winter in Xi'an, hourly concentrations of eight heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, etc.) were measured using an Amms-100 online analyzer at the Xi'an International Horticultural Exposition site from November 2024 to March 2025. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied for source apportionment, and the U.S. EPA health risk assessment model was used to evaluate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for different populations. Results showed that PM2.5 concentrations varied significantly across pollution levels, with an average of 173.5 μg·m−3 during heavy pollution, 4.1, 1.9, and 1.3 times higher than during non-pollution, light, and moderate pollution periods, respectively. Concentrations of Pb, Mn, and Cu increased with pollution level, indicating a combined effect of coal combustion and unfavorable dispersion. PMF identified five sources during non-pollution periods (industrial metallurgy, crustal dust, metal processing, etc.) but only four during polluted periods, with Cu contribution increasing significantly, suggesting a shift to traffic-related mechanical wear. Health risk assessment indicated that carcinogenic risks were highest in adult males, followed by adult females and children. Non-carcinogenic risks (HQ) for Zn and Cu were below 1, but Pb and Mn posed non-carcinogenic risks, with Mn being significant. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) for As and Cr exceeded 10−4, identifying them as primary carcinogenic metals. This study provides scientific evidence for targeted air pollution control in Xi'an, emphasizing the need to strengthen controls on coal combustion, traffic, and industrial emissions during heating periods.

### 974. [Research Progress on Adsorption of Radioactive Iodine from Water by Covalent Organic Frameworks](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-adsorption-of-radioactive-iodine-from-water-by-covalent-organic-frameworks) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031901]
The rapid expansion of the nuclear power industry has increased the demand for effective nuclear wastewater treatment, making the efficient removal of radioactive iodine isotopes (e.g., 131I, 129I) from aqueous environments a critical challenge. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a class of crystalline porous materials characterized by high specific surface area, tunable pore structures, and exceptional stability, exhibit significant potential for capturing radioactive iodine from water. This review systematically examines the adsorption mechanisms of iodine by COF materials, including electrostatic interactions, charge transfer, hydrogen bonding, and secondary mechanisms such as metal coordination, ion exchange, and van der Waals forces. The effects of COF pore structures on iodine removal efficacy are discussed with a focus on pore size and functional group modifications. Key research trends and prevailing challenges in the application of COFs for aqueous iodine capture are analyzed, including the need for selective adsorption in complex wastewater matrices and the scalability of COF synthesis. The review concludes with a perspective on future research directions, emphasizing the design of novel COFs with tailored pore chemistry and the development of cost-effective, regenerable adsorbents for practical deployment in nuclear wastewater treatment.

### 975. [Model-Averaging Species Sensitivity Distribution for Phthalate Esters and Ecological Risk Assessment in Typical Freshwater Basins of China](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/model-averaging-species-sensitivity-distribution-for-phthalate-esters-and-ecological-risk-assessment-in-typica) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026021002]
The construction of species sensitivity distribution (SSD) models using a single function requires optimization to reduce subjectivity. To minimize model selection uncertainty and align with Chinese freshwater organism effect criteria, this study integrated native freshwater species toxicity data, including experimental and predicted values from interspecies correlation estimation (ICE) and acute-chronic ratio (ACR) methods, and applied a model-averaging approach to construct SSD models for seven representative phthalate esters (PAEs): dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and dihexyl phthalate (DnHP). The derived short-term predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECacute) for DMP, DEP, DnBP, BBP, DEHP, DIDP, and DnHP were 16.796, 4.984, 9.064×10⁻², 2.490×10⁻¹, 1.898×10⁻², 1.386×10⁻¹, and 7.428×10⁻² μg·L⁻¹, respectively. Long-term PNECs (PNECchronic) were 3.245×10², 36.500, 1.149, 4.018, 8.949×10⁻², 1.637, and 4.073×10⁻¹ μg·L⁻¹, respectively. These PNECs, based on native species toxicity data and more stringent than existing standards, are recommended as potential references for water quality criteria based on Chinese freshwater organism effects. Ecological risk assessment using the hazard quotient (HQ) method on exposure concentrations from typical Chinese freshwater basins revealed that DEHP and DnBP posed high short-term risks, BBP mainly medium risk, while DMP, DEP, and DnHP showed low or no risk. Long-term risks indicated DEHP at medium to high risk, DnBP mainly medium to low, BBP low or no risk, and DMP, DEP, and DnHP no risk. The overall ecological risk ranking was DEHP > DnBP > BBP > DEP > DMP ≈ DnHP.

### 976. [Advances in Research on the Effects of Exposure to Metals and Bisphenol Pollutants on Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/advances-in-research-on-the-effects-of-exposure-to-metals-and-bisphenol-pollutants-on-blood-pressure-in-childr) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026012501]
Childhood hypertension is a growing global concern, with approximately 4% of Chinese children exhibiting sustained elevated blood pressure meeting hypertension criteria, and single-time-point screening detecting rates of 14%–20% (up to 19% in obese children). Environmental exposure to metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, copper, chromium) and bisphenol analogues (bisphenol A, S, F) has been implicated as a modifiable risk factor. This review synthesizes epidemiological evidence linking such exposures to blood pressure alterations in children and adolescents, highlighting dose-response relationships and potential mechanisms, including oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and epigenetic programming. Key findings from cited studies indicate that low-dose bisphenol A exposure alters human cardiomyocyte functionality, and synergistic effects with insulin resistance elevate childhood blood pressure. Metal exposures, particularly lead and cadmium, are associated with increased blood pressure and cardiovascular structural changes. The review underscores the critical window of developmental exposure and the 'tracking phenomenon' linking childhood blood pressure to adult hypertension. Limitations include cross-sectional designs and confounding by mixed exposures. Future research should employ longitudinal cohorts and multi-pollutant models to refine risk assessment. Preventive strategies should integrate school health programs to reduce environmental exposure and monitor cardiovascular health.

### 977. [Research Progress on Exposure Assessment of Liquid Crystal Monomers](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-exposure-assessment-of-liquid-crystal-monomers) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026031202]
Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) are a novel class of organic compounds primarily used in the manufacturing of electronic devices such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs). LCMs can enter the environment and organisms through various pathways, and due to their persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity, they pose significant threats to ecosystems and human health, emerging as a concerning category of organic pollutants. Current research focuses on developing standardized, high-throughput, and highly sensitive analytical methods based on chromatography-mass spectrometry for quantifying LCMs across multiple environmental media. By integrating exposomics and long-term dynamic monitoring, exposure mapping is used to identify characteristic LCMs in different regions. Through screening LCM-exposed biomarkers and integrating human metabolic kinetic models, the assessment methodology is transitioning from environmental concentration-based external exposure estimation to biologically effect-based internal exposure risk evaluation. This research provides a scientific foundation for improving exposure monitoring systems and control measures for LCMs.

### 978. [A Dataset of Nickel and Cobalt Based Phosphides for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Solution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-dataset-of-nickel-and-cobalt-based-phosphides-for-electrocatalytic-oxygen-evolution-reaction-in-alkaline-sol) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60675-5]
Hydrogen as an energy carrier offers a promising route to mitigate environmental issues from fossil fuel use. Efficient and inexpensive electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media are critical for advancing alkaline water electrolyzers. Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) are promising (pre-)catalysts for OER. This dataset compiles and compares the electrocatalytic OER activity of nickel- and cobalt-based phosphides. The phosphides were synthesized via solvothermal phosphidization or electrodeposition, and their OER activities were evaluated using linear sweep voltammetry in 1 mol/L KOH. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were also performed. The dataset comprises 312 files totaling 14.5 MB. It provides key electrocatalytic parameters and enables analysis of the influence of metal doping, solvothermal conditions (solvent and precursors), and crystallinity on OER activity. This dataset serves as a benchmark for evaluating Ni and Co phosphide materials for alkaline OER and provides a foundation for designing more active TMP-based electrocatalysts through comparative analysis. The materials may also be applied to other reactions such as hydrogen evolution, alcohol oxidation, and CO2 reduction, relevant to fuel cells, electrolyzers, and metal-air batteries, as well as in lithium/sodium-ion batteries and anticorrosion coatings.

### 979. [Catalytic Hydrogenation Removal of Typical Halophenol Odorous Substances by Palladium Catalysts Confined in UiO-66](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/catalytic-hydrogenation-removal-of-typical-halophenol-odorous-substances-by-palladium-catalysts-confined-in-ui) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025040202]
Halophenols are highly toxic disinfection byproducts and common taste-and-odor pollutants in drinking water. In this study, a palladium catalyst confined within the pores of UiO-66 (Pd@UiO-66) was prepared via a double-solvent method and applied for the catalytic hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP). A surface-supported catalyst (Pd/UiO-66) was synthesized by deposition-precipitation as a benchmark. Comprehensive characterization using ICP-OES, XRD, TEM, EDX mapping, XPS, and in situ CO-IR revealed that Pd@UiO-66 exhibited smaller Pd particle sizes, higher Pd dispersion, and a greater proportion of cationic Pd species (Pdn+) compared to Pd/UiO-66. These features enhanced the activation and cleavage of the C–Cl bond. Catalytic tests demonstrated that Pd@UiO-66 achieved >90% removal of 4-CP within 15 minutes, with phenol as the sole degradation product, showing significantly lower predicted toxicity (ECOSAR) than the parent compound. The kinetics followed the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Pd@UiO-66 exhibited 2.1 times higher initial activity and 1.2 times higher turnover frequency than Pd/UiO-66. Moreover, the pore confinement effect imparted high stability, with no significant loss in initial activity (within 10%) after five reaction cycles. These results highlight the potential of confined Pd catalysts for efficient removal of halophenolic odorants from water.

### 980. [Macrophage-Mediated Pulmonary Inflammatory Response and Underlying Mechanisms Induced by Lithium Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/macrophage-mediated-pulmonary-inflammatory-response-and-underlying-mechanisms-induced-by-lithium-cobalt-oxide) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026021301]
Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) nanoparticles (NPs), generated during the lifecycle of LCO batteries via mechanical wear, pose respiratory health risks. This study systematically assessed LCO NPs' physicochemical properties, ion release, and immunotoxicity using multi-scale models. LCO NPs exhibited irregular morphology, layered crystal structure, good dispersion, and negative surface charge. Cobalt ion release was minimal: 1.03% in deionized water and 0.11% in cell culture medium. In vitro, LCO NPs significantly induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) in macrophages, promoting M1 polarization. In vivo, intranasal exposure caused dose-dependent pulmonary accumulation, alveolar destruction, inflammatory cell infiltration, and elevated cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant enrichment of NF-κB, JAK-STAT, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways, implicating these in macrophage activation and inflammation amplification. This multi-level study elucidates LCO NPs' immunotoxicity mechanisms, providing a scientific basis for environmental health risk assessment and management of lithium-ion battery materials.

### 981. [Research Progress on the Olfactory Toxicity of Aquatic Pollutants to Fish](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-the-olfactory-toxicity-of-aquatic-pollutants-to-fish) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025033102]
Olfaction is crucial for fish survival in complex aquatic environments, enabling detection and discrimination of odor signals that regulate foraging, predator avoidance, social interaction, courtship, and migration. The fish olfactory system, directly exposed to water, is highly susceptible to aquatic pollutants such as heavy metals and pesticides. This review summarizes the composition and structure of the fish olfactory system, the process of olfactory response, and current research on olfactory toxicity of major aquatic pollutants. Key findings indicate that pollutants like copper and cadmium disrupt olfactory epithelium integrity, alter olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) populations, and impair odor-driven behaviors. For instance, copper exposure in larval zebrafish causes differential death and regeneration of OSN populations, leading to neurobehavioral deficits. Cadmium exposure in juvenile coho salmon differentially alters odorant-driven behaviors and olfactory receptor expression. The review highlights the need for further research on mechanisms, mixture effects, and development of biomarkers for early warning. Understanding olfactory toxicity is vital for ecological risk assessment and for developing fish-based biosensors for water quality monitoring.

### 982. [Occurrence, Bioaccumulation, and Elimination of Trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes in Sediments and Mollusks of Bohai Bay](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/occurrence-bioaccumulation-and-elimination-of-trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes-in-sediments-and-mollusks-of-boha) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031302]
Trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes (D3F and D4F) are emerging contaminants whose environmental behavior remains poorly understood. This study investigated their occurrence, bioaccumulation, and elimination in sediments and mollusks collected from 60 sites across 12 coastal cities along Bohai Bay, China. Concentrations in sediments ranged from <LOD to 17.1 ng/g dry weight (dw) with a detection frequency of 30% and a mean of 5.6 ng/g dw. In mollusks, concentrations ranged from <LOD to 20.2 ng/g wet weight (ww) with a detection frequency of 21.7% and a mean of 4.1 ng/g ww. Compared with cyclic dimethylsiloxanes (D4, D5, D6), trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes exhibited 1–2 orders of magnitude lower concentrations and 1.4–2.2 times lower biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF: 0.67 for D3F, 0.61 for D4F). However, from 2017 to 2023, trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes showed higher annual accumulation rates in sediments (21.5%) and mollusks (32.8%) than dimethylsiloxanes (10.2% and 6.7%, respectively). This discrepancy is attributed to their higher usage growth, stronger sorption (lg KOC: 6.77 for D3F, 8.81 for D4F vs. 4.22–5.99 for D4–D6), and slower elimination in mollusks (half-lives: 11.1 d for D3F, 20.1 d for trans-D4Fa vs. 5.4–8.6 d for D4–D6). The primary degradation product, methyl(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silanediol, was detected in sediments (mean 15.7 ng/g dw, detection frequency 33.3%) and mollusks (mean 31.2 ng/g ww, detection frequency 33.3%). Its accumulation rate in mollusks was 1.4 times faster than in sediments, suggesting its potential as an exposure indicator. These findings highlight distinct environmental behaviors of trifluoropropylmethylsiloxanes, necessitating further monitoring and risk assessment.

### 983. [Research Progress in Catalysts for Direct Carbonylation of Glycerol with CO2 to Glycerol Carbonate](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-in-catalysts-for-direct-carbonylation-of-glycerol-with-co2-to-glycerol-carbonate) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60695-0]
The direct carbonylation of glycerol with CO2 to glycerol carbonate represents a promising route for CO2 utilization, addressing both carbon emission reduction and the synthesis of value-added chemicals. However, the reaction is thermodynamically limited, resulting in low glycerol conversion, necessitating the use of coupling agents and appropriate catalysts. This review systematically examines recent progress in homogeneous catalysts (inorganic and organic bases) and heterogeneous catalysts (Zn, Cu, Ce, La, Mg, noble metals, modified zeolites, non-metallic materials) for this transformation. Strategies such as metal oxide modification, support optimization, precursor selection, and construction of acidic-basic sites are analyzed for enhancing catalytic performance. The effects of coupling agents including acetonitrile, adiponitrile, 2-cyanopyridine, MgCO3, CaC2, and NaHCO3 are summarized. Notably, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), Zn(QTf)2, and metal composite oxides like ZnO-CeO2 have demonstrated promising catalytic performance. Future research directions include developing organometallic complexes or composite metal oxides with highly dispersed active sites and tailored morphologies to modulate surface area, pore size, and acidity/basicity; optimizing coupling agents or designing novel membrane reactors to improve glycerol conversion; and introducing polar solvents to enhance reactant adsorption and activation. These approaches provide valuable references for catalyst design and reaction system optimization in the carbonylation of glycerol with CO2.

### 984. [Research Progress on Bisphenol S-Induced Metabolic Disorder-Related Diseases](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-bisphenol-s-induced-metabolic-disorder-related-diseases) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025040708]
Bisphenol S (BPS), a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), is widely used in food packaging, plastics, and dental fillings. BPS enters and accumulates in the human body via respiratory, digestive, and dermal routes, posing increasing health risks. Epidemiological and animal studies link BPS exposure to metabolic disorders. This review systematically summarizes BPS pollution status and its mechanisms in obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and immune system disorders. BPS detection rates reach 78.5% in food samples (up to 67.1 μg·kg−1) and 81.67% in fish (up to 65.31 μg·kg−1). In indoor dust, BPS levels reach 26.6 μg·g−1, with adult daily exposure estimated at 0.78 ng·kg−1 in China. Mechanistically, BPS disrupts lipid and glucose metabolism, induces oxidative stress and inflammation, and alters nuclear receptor signaling. The review highlights the need for molecular target identification and metabolic network interaction studies to develop intervention strategies.

### 985. [Assessment and Source Analysis of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution under Different Land Use Types in the Yixun River Basin](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/assessment-and-source-analysis-of-soil-heavy-metal-pollution-under-different-land-use-types-in-the-yixun-river) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031905]
Land use types profoundly influence the accumulation, speciation, and ecological risk of heavy metals through differences in human activity intensity, pollution input pathways, and soil self-regulation capacity. This study investigated soils of different land use types in Longhua County, downstream of the Yixun River Basin, central Chengde City, Hebei Province. Using the Nemerow Index and Potential Ecological Risk Index, the overall regional pollution was mild (Pn=1.65) with low ecological risk (RI=121.17). Main pollutants were Cd, Pb, Zn, and Hg, with Cd and Hg as primary ecological risk factors. Construction land exhibited moderate pollution and medium risk, with a Nemerow Index of 2.37 and average RI of 190.78, significantly exceeding other land use types. PMF model identified four pollution sources: pedogenic parent material natural source (43.54% contribution) dominating Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn enrichment; metallogenic parent material natural source (19.88%) controlling Cd spatial differentiation; agricultural-transportation mixed source (24.79%) driving As and Pb accumulation; and industrial source (11.93%) causing local Hg enrichment. Natural sources contributed 63.42% of total heavy metals, being the primary contributor. As was generally below background values, not constituting pollution; Pb exceeded standards but posed low ecological risk; industrial Hg enrichment in construction land presented high pollution and ecological risk, requiring priority control.

### 986. [Occurrence Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Hexabromocyclododecanes in Soils from a Historical Production Legacy Site](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/occurrence-characteristics-and-health-risk-assessment-of-hexabromocyclododecanes-in-soils-from-a-historical-pr) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026020207]
Although the production and use of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) have been completely banned in China since December 2021, historical production activities may still leave high-concentration residual contamination in localized areas. This study investigated a typical legacy site of historical HBCDs production in eastern China. Surface and core soil samples were systematically collected both inside and outside the former plant area to characterize the occurrence, spatial distribution, and environmental burden of HBCDs, and to evaluate associated human health risks. Results showed that HBCD concentrations in soils outside the plant area ranged from below detection limit to 6.90×10² ng·g⁻¹ dw, while those inside the plant area were substantially higher, reaching up to 1.18×10⁶ ng·g⁻¹ dw. γ-HBCD was the dominant isomer; however, its relative abundance was lower than that reported in commercial HBCD mixtures and in previous studies conducted near production facilities. Outside the plant, HBCDs concentrations in soil generally decreased with increasing distance from the site, yet remained detectable at a distance of approximately 10 km (15.2 ng·g⁻¹ dw). Within the plant area, HBCDs concentrations in soil cores decreased with depth, declining from 1.08×10⁴–1.18×10⁶ ng·g⁻¹ dw in surface soils to 1.05–93.5 ng·g⁻¹ dw at depths of about 4 m. Analysis of the relative cumulative environmental burden indicated that although HBCDs loads were highest in the near-source area, they gradually accumulated over a broader spatial scale. Approximately 23.7%, 40.1%, 60.0%, and 87.1% of the total estimated burden accumulated within 2 km, 2.81 km, 4 km, and 6 km from the site, respectively. Health risk assessment indicated that oral ingestion of soil was the primary exposure pathway for different populations. Localized high-contamination zones within the plant area contributed significantly to non-carcinogenic risks, while overall risks for children outside the plant area were at acceptable levels.

### 987. [Water Quality Prediction and Data Quality Enhancement of the Lhasa River Using Machine Learning](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/water-quality-prediction-and-data-quality-enhancement-of-the-lhasa-river-using-machine-learning) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025102801]
This study develops a multivariate time-series forecasting model for water quality in the Lhasa River, focusing on four key indicators: water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity. Data preprocessing integrated multiple missing-value imputation strategies and interquartile range (IQR) outlier removal. Boxplots and relative standard deviation (RSD) assessed data distribution and dispersion, while autocorrelation and Pearson correlation analyses revealed periodic patterns and inter-variable relationships. Four representative algorithms—Support Vector Regression (SVR), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), CNN-BiLSTM-Attention, and TCN-Transformer—were optimized via Bayesian hyperparameter tuning. Model performance was evaluated using MAE, MSE, RMSE, and R². The study systematically compared the effects of different missing-value handling methods, both independently and combined with IQR outlier removal. Results indicate that CNN-BiLSTM-Attention excels in water temperature prediction, suitable for relatively stable and simple patterns. In contrast, TCN-Transformer demonstrates superior performance for pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity, which exhibit strong nonlinearity and long-term dependencies, effectively capturing temporal dependencies and coupling relationships. The findings provide a viable technical route and theoretical reference for river water quality monitoring and intelligent early-warning systems.

### 988. [Research and Application of County-Town Scale Air Pollution Tracing Method](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-and-application-of-county-town-scale-air-pollution-tracing-method) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032004]
This study proposes an integrated source apportionment framework that synergistically integrates pollution source classification, atmospheric dispersion modeling, backward trajectory analysis, weighted trajectory clustering, and forward contribution estimation to accurately target peak reduction at localized air pollution hotspots. Applied at the County-Town Scale in Beijing, this method was employed to investigate pollution episodes at the Tongzhou Dongguan monitoring site. Source classification relied on a pollution fingerprint database and temporal concentration profiles, while local contributions were quantified through combined air quality modeling and monitoring data. Forward and backward trajectory analyses enabled the identification of potential source regions and key contributors. Results indicate that construction dust, road dust, and emissions from the catering industry were the dominant local sources, with construction and road dust contributing most prominently to PM2.5 concentrations. Furthermore, abnormal PM2.5 increases were closely linked to low boundary layer height, weak winds, and high humidity, emphasizing the role of meteorological conditions in pollution accumulation. The proposed framework proves effective in pinpointing local pollution sources and offers a scientific basis for targeted air quality management at finer spatial scales.

### 989. [Variation of PCDD/Fs and Their Monomer Components During Low-Temperature Thermal Decomposition (250–500 °C) of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/variation-of-pcddfs-and-their-monomer-components-during-low-temperature-thermal-decomposition-250500-c-of-muni) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032001]
This study investigates the variation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and their monomer components during low-temperature thermal decomposition (250–500 °C) of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash from a typical mechanical grate furnace. Results demonstrate that pyrolysis temperature and time significantly affect the solid-phase removal rates of PCDD/F mass concentration and toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentration. The influence weights of temperature on mass and TEQ removal rates are 20.86 and 21.41, respectively, while those of time are 4.27 and 3.36. Response surface analysis identifies optimal conditions at 380 °C for 1.0 h. At 250–300 °C, both PCDFs and PCDDs concentrations increase synchronously, indicating enhanced formation. At 300 °C for 2.0 h, high-chlorinated congeners undergo dechlorination to low-chlorinated ones, notably increasing 2,3,7,8-T4CDD (I-TEF=1.0) and 1,2,3,7,8-P5CDD (I-TEF=0.5). From 350 °C upward, significant degradation occurs; at 380 °C (1.0 h), degradation rates for PCDDs and PCDFs reach 97.8% and 97.6%, respectively, effectively reducing TEQ-contributing congeners. The process proceeds in two stages: initial dechlorination, followed by destruction of dioxin-like compounds at higher temperatures. 2,3,7,8-T4CDD emerges as a critical component for detoxification. These findings provide a scientific basis for optimizing thermal treatment of fly ash to minimize environmental and health risks.

### 990. [Interface Diffusion of PFAS in Paddy Soil under Quinolone Antibiotic Input: A Metagenomics-Based Multi-Community Regulation Mechanism](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/interface-diffusion-of-pfas-in-paddy-soil-under-quinolone-antibiotic-input-a-metagenomics-based-multi-communit) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026041402]
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging contaminants ubiquitously distributed in paddy soils. In paddy management, surface water irrigation introduces quinolone antibiotics (QNs) into the soil, potentially altering PFAS interfacial migration via microbial community shifts. This study investigated the soil-water partitioning of PFAS under irrigation with four QNs (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, ofloxacin) using UHPLC-MS/MS and soil metagenomics. Results showed that QNs input, especially norfloxacin, significantly promoted the release of short-chain PFAS (e.g., PFBA) from soil to overlying water, while long-chain PFAS remained largely retained in soil. Metagenomic analysis revealed that archaeal and viral communities contributed most to PFAS release. Spearman correlations indicated ammonia-oxidizing archaea (Nitrososphaera) positively correlated with PFBA, whereas Bcep22virus negatively correlated with multiple PFAS. Differential gene expression and co-occurrence networks suggested QNs suppressed key functional genes in archaea and viruses (nitrogen metabolism, secretion systems, outer membrane proteins), reshaping interfacial partitioning and enhancing short-chain PFAS mobility, thereby increasing food security risks.

### 991. [Impact of Land Use Types on Topsoil Carbon and Nitrogen and Their Spatial Distribution Characteristics in the Karst Area of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: A Case Study of the Sancha River Basin](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/impact-of-land-use-types-on-topsoil-carbon-and-nitrogen-and-their-spatial-distribution-characteristics-in-the) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026022502]
This study investigates the effects of different land use types on topsoil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents and their spatial distribution in the lower reaches of the Sancha River Basin, a karst region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Grid sampling collected 0–20 cm topsoil from forestland (n=23), cultivated land (n=25), and grassland (n=32). Total C and N were measured. Results showed that topsoil C content followed grassland (40.36±22.92 g·kg−1) > forestland (37.05±12.83 g·kg−1) > cultivated land (34.06±14.57 g·kg−1), while N content followed forestland (2.89±0.76 g·kg−1) > grassland (2.67±1.19 g·kg−1) > cultivated land (2.50±0.65 g·kg−1). One-way ANOVA revealed no significant differences among land use types (P>0.05). Soil C and N were significantly positively correlated across all land uses (r>0.5, P<0.001). Coefficient of variation (CV) indicated grassland had the highest C variability (0.57), while forestland showed the most stable C and N (CV=0.35 and 0.26, respectively). Cultivated land had CVs of 0.43 for C and 0.26 for N. Spatially, forestland exhibited concentrated high C values with significant N heterogeneity; grassland had higher C in southern and eastern areas but scattered distribution, with generally low and variable N; cultivated land showed uniform but lowest C and N. Land use types significantly drive topsoil C and N dynamics through vegetation input, soil disturbance, and management practices, underscoring the importance of rational land use planning for enhancing carbon sink functions and sustainable development in karst watersheds.

### 992. [Sulfhydryl Functionalized Two-Dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene for Capture of As(III) in Aqueous Solution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/sulfhydryl-functionalized-two-dimensional-ti3c2tx-mxene-for-capture-of-asiii-in-aqueous-solution) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032006]
A thiol-functionalized Ti3C2Tx (SH-Ti3C2Tx) material was synthesized via chemical bonding of dithiothreitol (DTT) onto Ti3C2Tx MXene for the adsorptive removal of As(III) from water. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed a typical two-dimensional layered structure with DTT covalently attached. The adsorption of As(III) on SH-Ti3C2Tx followed the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating monolayer adsorption. At pH 7, the maximum adsorption capacity reached 55.6 mg·g−1, which is 2.8 times higher than that of pristine Ti3C2Tx (20 mg·g−1). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that As(III) uptake primarily occurred via formation of As–S bonds. To enable continuous treatment, SH-Ti3C2Tx was loaded onto melamine sponge via electrostatic interactions to fabricate a flow-through adsorption column (SH-Ti3C2Tx@MS). This column achieved removal efficiencies of 99.5% for both high (100 mg·L−1) and low (100 μg·L−1) As(III) concentrations, reducing effluent As(III) to below the World Health Organization guideline of 10 μg·L−1. The spent column could be regenerated using 1 mol·L−1 NaOH solution, retaining over 80% of its initial removal efficiency after five consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles. The SH-Ti3C2Tx material demonstrates significant potential for efficient and reusable removal of As(III) from contaminated waters.

### 993. [Chloride-Induced Dual Electron Regulation on Zero-Valent Iron Surface for Highly Efficient Reductive Removal of Cr(VI)](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chloride-induced-dual-electron-regulation-on-zero-valent-iron-surface-for-highly-efficient-reductive-removal-o) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025040401]
Conventional zero-valent iron (ZVI) suffers from limited electron transfer due to its dense surface oxide layer. This study introduces a mechanochemical ball-milling strategy incorporating sodium chloride (NaCl) with ZVI to fabricate chloride-modified ZVI (Cl-ZVIbm). Using hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) as a model pollutant, Cl-ZVIbm exhibited a 76.5-fold enhancement in removal kinetics (0.0306 min−1 vs. 0.0004 min−1) compared to ball-milled ZVI (ZVIbm), achieving complete removal of 2 mg·L−1 Cr(VI) within 120 min. Spectroscopic characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed dual regulation mechanisms: (1) Cl− substitution of surface hydroxyl groups alters coordination environments, enabling Cr(VI) adsorption via a bidentate binuclear configuration with adsorption energy reduced from –0.28 eV to –1.64 eV; (2) The strong electron-withdrawing effect of Cl− drives directional electron migration from the iron core to the surface, increasing surface Fe(II) content by 26.9% (67.5% vs. 53.2%) and facilitating direct electron transfer to reduce 99.5% of Cr(VI) into low-toxicity Cr(III). Notably, chloride leaching during reactions was only 0.0126 mmol·L−1, far below industrial wastewater discharge standards, confirming environmental compatibility. This work provides atomic-scale insights into chloride-mediated electronic modulation on ZVI surfaces, offering novel principles for interfacial engineering of environmental functional materials and a theoretical basis for heavy metal remediation technologies.

### 994. [Response Characteristics of Colloid Migration to pH and Ionic Strength and Its Numerical Simulation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/response-characteristics-of-colloid-migration-to-ph-and-ionic-strength-and-its-numerical-simulation) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031105]
Colloids significantly influence contaminant transport in groundwater, yet their behavior under varying hydrochemical conditions remains inadequately characterized. This study employed quartz sand as a surrogate porous medium to investigate colloid transport through column experiments under controlled pH and ionic strength (IS). Breakthrough curves (BTCs) were obtained for a conservative tracer and for colloids under nine combinations of pH (5, 7, 9) and IS (1, 5, 10 mmol·L−1). Hydrus-1D, incorporating a two-site kinetic sorption model, was used to simulate colloid transport and derive key parameters: attachment rate (k1a), detachment rate (k1d), straining rate (k2a), and maximum retained concentration on site 2 (Smax2). Results demonstrated that increasing pH and decreasing IS enhanced colloid mobility. Specifically, at IS = 1 mmol·L−1, normalized peak concentrations (C/C0) were 0.33, 0.40, and 0.72 for pH 5, 7, and 9, respectively. At pH = 7, C/C0 decreased from 0.40 to 0.18 and 0.12 as IS increased from 1 to 5 and 10 mmol·L−1. The fitted transport parameters accurately captured these trends, with R² ≥ 0.95 across all conditions. Mechanistically, higher pH increases negative surface charge and electrostatic repulsion, while higher IS compresses the double layer and reduces repulsion, thereby inhibiting transport. These findings provide quantitative insights for predicting colloid-facilitated contaminant migration in subsurface environments.

### 995. [Determination of Neonicotinoid Insecticides and Their Metabolites in Serum and Urine by Liquid-Liquid Extraction Coupled with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Application to Human Biomonitoring](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/determination-of-neonicotinoid-insecticides-and-their-metabolites-in-serum-and-urine-by-liquid-liquid-extracti) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032801]
A highly sensitive and accurate method using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for simultaneous quantification of nine neonicotinoid insecticides and their metabolites in human urine and serum. Samples underwent enzymatic hydrolysis followed by ethyl acetate extraction, effectively enriching target analytes. Gradient elution and optimized mass spectrometry conditions enabled simultaneous determination. The method exhibited excellent linearity with correlation coefficients >0.999. In urine, limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.001 to 0.010 μg·L−1 and limits of quantification (LOQ) from 0.004 to 0.035 μg·L−1. In serum, LODs were 0.0004–0.02 μg·L−1 and LOQs 0.0014–0.07 μg·L−1. Average spiked recoveries were 89.3%–115.0% in urine and 83.0%–115.0% in serum, with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 0.5%–8.0% and 2.5%–9.5%, respectively. Analysis of paired urine and serum samples from 123 Guangzhou residents revealed detection rates of 94.3%–100% for the nine analytes in urine, with clothianidin showing the highest median concentration (1.89 μg·L−1). In serum, detection rates for clothianidin, thiacloprid, acetamiprid, imidacloprid-olefin, and 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid were below 60%, while the remaining four analytes ranged from 74.8% to 99.2%. Urinary concentrations of all nine analytes were significantly higher than serum concentrations (P<0.05). Significant positive correlations between urine and serum concentrations were observed for clothianidin, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and N-desmethyl-acetamiprid, with N-desmethyl-acetamiprid showing the strongest correlation. The LLE-UPLC-MS/MS method efficiently and accurately detects neonicotinoids and metabolites in urine and serum, providing a reliable tool for human exposure assessment.

### 996. [Construction of an Electrochemical Sensor Based on UiO-66-NH2@Polyaniline Composite for Lead Ion Detection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/construction-of-an-electrochemical-sensor-based-on-uio-66-nh2polyaniline-composite-for-lead-ion-detection) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032403]
An electrochemical sensor for lead ion (Pb2+) detection was developed based on a metal-organic framework (UiO-66-NH2) and conductive polymer polyaniline (PANI) composite. The UiO-66-NH2 was synthesized via hydrothermal method, and the UiO-66-NH2@PANI composite was prepared by in-situ polymerization. The composite was drop-coated onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to fabricate the sensor. Material characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Electrochemical performance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Key parameters including loading amount, enrichment time, and pH were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the sensor exhibited a linear response to Pb2+ in the concentration range of 10–200 μg·L−1 with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9960, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 9.8 μg·L−1. The sensor demonstrated good anti-interference, repeatability, and stability. Practical applicability was assessed by spiked recovery tests in Yellow River water and tap water, yielding recovery rates of 94.1%–100.8% with relative standard deviations (RSD) ≤3.84%. Comparative analysis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) showed comparable accuracy, confirming the sensor's potential for reliable Pb2+ monitoring in environmental samples.

### 997. [Oxidative Coupling of 2,6-Dichlorophenol in Three Typical Zonal Soils](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/oxidative-coupling-of-26-dichlorophenol-in-three-typical-zonal-soils) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025040104]
The oxidative transformation of 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) was investigated in three typical zonal soils: black soil, red soil, and brown soil. Results demonstrated that 2,6-DCP underwent oxidative coupling in all soils, yielding hydroxylated polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (OH-PCDEs) and hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) as primary products. The highest oxidative efficiency occurred in black soil, with approximately 85.1% of 2,6-DCP transformed within three days. In contrast, red and brown soils exhibited lower efficiencies, indicating a strong dependence on soil properties. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the oxidative coupling reaction is endothermic, with elevated temperatures favoring reaction progress. Furthermore, soil microorganisms and dissolved oxygen were identified as critical controlling factors, acting synergistically to drive the reaction. This study provides the first evidence of natural oxidative coupling of 2,6-DCP in soil, forming OH-PCDEs and OH-PCBs. These findings offer significant scientific insight into the environmental fate of halogenated phenolic pollutants in terrestrial systems.

### 998. [Antagonistic Effects of Anthraquinone-2,6-Disulfonic Acid Sodium Salt and Biochar Matrix on Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Mediated Cr(VI) Reduction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/antagonistic-effects-of-anthraquinone-26-disulfonic-acid-sodium-salt-and-biochar-matrix-on-shewanella-oneidens) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025040705]
Chromium is a common environmental metal pollutant. Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 can generate extracellular electrons, facilitating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), thereby mitigating its toxicity. Both biochar and electroactive dissolved organic matter (e-DOM) regulate extracellular electron transfer during Cr(VI) bioreduction. In practice, surface DOM on biochar can detach and enter the environment, while the biochar matrix (BCM) remains the predominant form and coexists with e-DOM. However, the combined effects of BCM and e-DOM on microbial Cr(VI) removal are unclear. This study investigated the individual and combined impacts of biochar matrix and AQDS (a model e-DOM) on Cr(VI) reduction by S. oneidensis MR-1. Results showed that biochar matrix or AQDS alone promoted Cr(VI) removal, primarily by accelerating electron transfer during the fast reduction phase. However, when both were added, an antagonistic effect was observed, attributed to increased repulsive forces between the biochar matrix-AQDS complex and the bacterial cells, which inhibited electron transfer to Cr(VI). This research elucidates the electrochemical interactions between biochar matrix and e-DOM, providing a theoretical basis for biochar applications in environmental remediation and risk assessment.

### 999. [Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Chlorate and Perchlorate in Tea from Anhui Region, China](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pollution-characteristics-and-risk-assessment-of-chlorate-and-perchlorate-in-tea-from-anhui-region-china) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032601]
This study investigated the pollution characteristics of chlorate and perchlorate in tea from Anhui region and assessed the health risks associated with tea consumption. A total of 132 tea samples, including green tea (n=89), black tea (n=30), yellow tea (n=10), and white tea (n=3), were collected from major tea-producing areas. Chlorate and perchlorate levels were quantified using isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chlorate was detected in 15.9% of samples, with concentrations ranging from not detected to 0.040 mg·kg−1, and no samples exceeded the regulatory limit. Perchlorate was detected in 100% of samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.011 to 1.611 mg·kg−1, and 2.3% of samples exceeded the limit. Pollution characteristics analysis revealed that perchlorate levels were significantly correlated with tea type and geographical origin, with environmental contamination in tea-growing areas being the primary determinant. A significant positive correlation was also observed between chlorate and perchlorate levels. Health risk assessments were conducted for the general tea-consuming population, sub-groups loyal to specific tea types (green and black tea), and sub-groups preferring local tea from high-pollution regions (Lu'an City and central Anhui). Assessments were based on mean and 95th percentile (P95) exposure levels. For chlorate, the maximum hazard quotient (HQ) was 0.003, far below 1, indicating negligible risk. For perchlorate, all HQ values were below 1, regardless of tea type or region, based on both mean and P95 levels, using the Chinese provisional tolerable daily intake (tTDI). However, perchlorate contamination in central Anhui, particularly Lu'an City, warrants continued monitoring due to elevated levels and occasional exceedances.

### 1000. [Electron Transfer Regulation and Nitrogen Removal Pathways in Constructed Wetland with Manganese Ore and Activated Carbon Coupling Microbial Fuel Cell](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electron-transfer-regulation-and-nitrogen-removal-pathways-in-constructed-wetland-with-manganese-ore-and-activ) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031202]
Manganese-rich constructed wetlands (CWs) have emerged as an effective strategy for enhanced nitrogen removal, yet current understanding of their denitrification mechanisms remains limited to speculative interpretations of microbial community structures. This study developed a novel CW-MFC system integrating manganese ore (MO) and activated carbon (AC) substrates with microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology to investigate the manganese-nitrogen coupling biochemical metabolism. It was systematically evaluated the effects of influent organic carbon concentrations on nitrogen removal performance and elucidated the mechanisms of electron transfer and their coupling with nitrogen removal pathways through multi-dimensional analyses, including functional enzymes, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) characterization, intra-/extracellular electron transfer-related gene expression, and electron transport activity. Results showed that the synergistic integration of MO, AC, and MFC configuration significantly enhanced nitrogen removal efficiency, with ammonium removal reaching up to 5.5 times that of the control group. The functional substrates notably upregulated enzyme activities of nitrogen transformation in biofilms while stimulating nitrification and anammox processes at the anode. EPS analysis revealed that Mn2+ derived from manganese reduction was captured by EPS, thereby facilitating the manganese cycling. Concurrently, the increased abundance of electron transport chain (ETC) and extracellular electron transfer (EET) genes, coupled with increased cytochrome C (Cyt-C) concentration and activity, confirmed enhanced EET performance. It indicated that the coordinated EET network among electrodes, microorganisms, MO, and AC serves as critical electron mediators for nitrogen transformation. This study provides mechanistic insights into manganese-carbon coupled CW-MFC systems regarding nutrient removal, biogeochemical cycling, and electron transfer dynamics, advancing fundamental knowledge for the development and application of manganese-rich constructed wetland technology.

### 1001. [Research Progress on the Pollution Status of Diazepam in Fishery Water Environment and Its Treatment Technology](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-the-pollution-status-of-diazepam-in-fishery-water-environment-and-its-treatment-technolog) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032401]
Diazepam (DZP), a benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug, has been a persistent contaminant in fishery water environments. In China, DZP is classified as a veterinary drug that must not be detected in animal-derived foods, yet it is frequently found in aquatic products, posing significant risks to ecological health and food safety. This review systematically summarizes the current pollution status of DZP in fishery water and its adverse effects on aquatic organisms, emphasizing its persistence in both water and aquatic products. The paper comprehensively examines advances in detection techniques, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), as well as treatment technologies such as adsorption, photolysis, chemical oxidation, and biodegradation. Critical gaps remain in the integration of these technologies for practical remediation. The review underscores the urgent need for enhanced monitoring and risk assessment of DZP contamination, alongside the development of more efficient and scalable treatment methods. By consolidating current knowledge, this work provides technical support for aquatic organism protection and fishery water management, and serves as a reference for future research and technological innovation in this field.

### 1002. [Degradation of Chlorogenic Acid by Magnetic Field Coupled Fe-C Activated Persulfate Process](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/degradation-of-chlorogenic-acid-by-magnetic-field-coupled-fe-c-activated-persulfate-process) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032704]
Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a key component of the anti-COVID drug Lianhua Qingwen, is recalcitrant to biodegradation and tends to bioaccumulate, posing risks to aquatic ecosystems. Conventional water treatment methods are inadequate for its removal. This study investigated the degradation of CGA using a magnetic field coupled Fe-C activated persulfate (MF/Fe-C/PS) advanced oxidation process. The degradation efficiencies of Fe-C, PS, Fe-C/PS, and MF/Fe-C/PS systems were compared, and the dominant reactive species and their contributions were identified. The effects of initial pH, persulfate (PS) concentration, Fe-C dosage, and inorganic anions on degradation kinetics were examined, along with the degradation pathway and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation potential. Results showed that MF/Fe-C/PS achieved 99% degradation of CGA within 60 min under optimal conditions: pH=3, PS concentration 1.5 mmol·L−1, and Fe-C dosage 0.4 g·L−1. Coexisting Cl−, Br−, and I− inhibited CGA oxidation to varying degrees, as did natural organic matter (FA and BAS). The reactive species SO4−·, ·OH, and 1O2 contributed 41.6%, 30.5%, and 27.9%, respectively. Degradation mechanisms included hydrolysis, dehydroxylation, decarboxylation, and benzene ring cleavage. Pre-oxidation by MF/Fe-C/PS significantly reduced the DBP formation potential during subsequent chlorination/chloramination. Energy per order (EE/O) analysis indicated favorable economic efficiency.

### 1003. [Pollutant Generation Characteristics and Environmental Impact Analysis during Co-combustion of Municipal Solid Waste and Sewage Sludge](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pollutant-generation-characteristics-and-environmental-impact-analysis-during-co-combustion-of-municipal-solid) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607001]
Co-combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS) offers a promising route for synergistic waste management, yet pollutant release dynamics and environmental trade-offs remain inadequately characterized. This study systematically investigated the combustion behavior, pollutant emissions, and environmental impacts of MSW-SS blends at 850, 950, and 1050 °C with varying SS mass fractions (0–100%). Machine learning models, particularly artificial neural networks (ANN), were optimized to predict pollutant generation, and SHAP analysis identified key influencing factors. Results demonstrated that combustion temperature and blending ratio significantly affected burnout efficiency, with temperature exerting a more pronounced effect. An SS proportion of 20% yielded favorable combustion performance. Among pollutants, N2O and C2H4 emissions were significantly influenced by temperature, blending ratio, and their interaction, indicating high sensitivity to operating conditions. CO and C6H6 were primarily affected by blending ratio, while C7H8 responded to both temperature and blending ratio. N2O and CH4 were predominantly released during the initial combustion stage; elevated temperatures markedly suppressed N2O formation, and co-combustion generally reduced CH4 emissions. A 20% SS blend effectively reduced SO2 emissions, and NO synergistic reduction was optimal at 950 °C. Emissions of CO, C2H4, C6H6, and C7H8 exhibited antagonistic behavior under co-combustion. The ANN model accurately predicted pollutant concentrations, with combustion temperature, volatile matter, and fixed carbon content identified as critical factors. Environmental impact assessment revealed that higher temperatures reduced global warming potential (GWP) and photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP), while lower MSW proportions decreased POCP but increased GWP and acidification potential (AP). Integrating combustion performance, pollutant release, and environmental impacts, an SS proportion of 20% is recommended for optimized co-combustion.

### 1004. [Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of Water Chemistry and Evaluation of Irrigation Suitability in the Qingling River Basin in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/temporal-and-spatial-variation-characteristics-of-water-chemistry-and-evaluation-of-irrigation-suitability-in) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031304]
The Qingling River, a representative silicate rock catchment in the upper Yangtze Basin, is vital for agricultural productivity in central Yunnan. To investigate its hydrochemical characteristics, river water samples were systematically collected during both dry and wet seasons. Employing hydrochemical diagrams, statistical analysis, and absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) modeling, we identified influencing factors and their contributions to water chemistry and evaluated irrigation suitability. Results showed that pH ranged from 7.36 to 9.18 in dry season and 7.12 to 8.92 in wet season, with total dissolved solids (TDS) varying between 119–2684 mg·L−1 and 125–2342 mg·L−1, respectively. Dominant cations were Ca2+ and Na+, while anions were primarily SO4^2− and HCO3^− in both seasons; notably, SO4^2− concentrations significantly exceeded the Yangtze River Basin’s average. Hydrochemical types varied seasonally: HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg and HCO3·SO4-Ca dominated in dry season, whereas HCO3·SO4-Ca·Na, HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg, and HCO3-Ca prevailed in wet season. The river water was affected by five factors: sulfuric acid-dominated water-rock interactions, carbonic acid-dominated water-rock interactions, domestic sewage discharge, agricultural non-point source pollution, and unknown sources. Contribution rates were 47.90%, 24.80%, 16.98%, 2.40%, and 7.92% in dry season, and 28.23%, 28.94%, 27.48%, 2.02%, and 13.34% in wet season, respectively. Water-rock interactions emerged as the primary control on hydrochemistry. While most samples were suitable for irrigation, a few exhibited high salinity, warranting cautious use. This study provides scientific support for irrigation water resource management and safe utilization in the Qingling River Basin.

### 1005. [Guanidine-Functionalized Covalent Organic Framework for Efficient Adsorption of Diclofenac Sodium: Synthesis, Performance, and Mechanism](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/guanidine-functionalized-covalent-organic-framework-for-efficient-adsorption-of-diclofenac-sodium-synthesis-pe) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025032504]
The environmental persistence and ecotoxicity of diclofenac sodium (DCF), a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, necessitate efficient removal strategies. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as promising adsorbents. Here, a novel nanoribbon COF (COF-TFPPy-DGCl) was synthesized via condensation of 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(4-formylphenyl)pyrene and 1,3-diaminoguanidine hydrochloride. The material was characterized by SEM, TGA, FT-IR, and PXRD. Batch adsorption experiments evaluated the effects of pH, contact time, and initial concentration. COF-TFPPy-DGCl exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 370 mg·g−1 for DCF, with capacity decreasing as pH increased. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, and equilibrium data fitted the Langmuir isotherm. Selectivity tests demonstrated a DCF removal rate of 96.75%, significantly higher than for ciprofloxacin and bisphenol A (<20%). The adsorbent retained 80% of its capacity after five regeneration cycles, indicating high stability. Mechanistic studies revealed that adsorption is driven by a synergistic combination of electrostatic interactions (dominant), π-π stacking, and hydrogen bonding, facilitated by uniformly distributed active sites. Rapid equilibrium was achieved within 30 minutes. These findings establish COF-TFPPy-DGCl as a highly selective, stable, and regenerable adsorbent for DCF removal from water, offering a theoretical basis for designing advanced COF-based water treatment materials.

### 1006. [Exploring the Impact of Goaf Water on Maize Growth from a Microbial Perspective](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/exploring-the-impact-of-goaf-water-on-maize-growth-from-a-microbial-perspective) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025040701]
Goaf water (GW), formed by water accumulation in coal mine goafs, poses ecological risks due to its pollutant content. While previous studies focused on physicochemical properties, microbial community dynamics and their effects on plants remain underexplored. Maize (Zea mays L.) is sensitive to water quality changes, making it a suitable model for ecological risk assessment. This study investigated GW samples from a coal mine in Yangquan, Shanxi Province, using metagenomic sequencing to analyze microbial communities and maize seed cultivation experiments to evaluate growth effects. Results demonstrated that GW significantly inhibited maize growth, particularly lower-depth samples. Microbial diversity and composition varied markedly with depth; lower-depth GW enriched distinct microbial species potentially influencing plant growth. These microbes may regulate plant development through metabolic pathway modulation. The study elucidates the complex impacts of GW microbial communities on plant growth and emphasizes their importance in ecological risk assessment of GW.

### 1007. [Performance and Mechanism of Calcium Peroxide for Fluoride Removal and Site Energy Distribution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/performance-and-mechanism-of-calcium-peroxide-for-fluoride-removal-and-site-energy-distribution) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025040102]
Calcium peroxide (CaO2) with a rich porous structure was synthesized via chemical precipitation for efficient fluoride removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was characterized by SEM, BET, LPSA, and XRD, revealing a mesoporous material with a total pore volume of 0.51 cm3·g−1. Batch experiments investigated the effects of adsorbent dosage, initial fluoride concentration, reaction time, pH, and coexisting anions. Adsorption kinetics followed a fractal-like pseudo-first-order model, with intraparticle diffusion as the rate-limiting step. Equilibrium data were well described by the Sips isotherm, predicting a maximum adsorption capacity of 479.8 mg·g−1. Site energy distribution analysis indicated a normal distribution with an average energy of 13.36 kJ·mol−1. Mechanistic studies using FTIR and XPS revealed that fluoride removal proceeds via surface precipitation, ligand exchange, and electrostatic attraction. The high density of active sites contributes to the exceptional defluoridation performance, positioning CaO2 as a promising adsorbent for fluoride-contaminated water treatment.

### 1008. [Effects of Reduced Nitrogen Application with Humic Acid Urea on Yield, Nitrogen Utilization, and Carbon Emissions in Double-Cropping Rice](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-of-reduced-nitrogen-application-with-humic-acid-urea-on-yield-nitrogen-utilization-and-carbon-emission) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026030202]
High nitrogen (N) inputs, low N use efficiency, and substantial greenhouse gas emissions constrain sustainable double-cropping rice production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. To evaluate whether humic acid urea (HAU) can reconcile yield stability with N reduction and carbon mitigation, a field experiment was conducted in a double-cropping rice system. Five treatments were established: conventional urea at the recommended N rate (U), HAU at the recommended N rate (HAU), conventional urea with a 20% reduction in N input (U-20), HAU with a 20% reduction in N input (HAU-20), and a no-N control (CK). Rice yield, N uptake and utilization, and the full life-cycle carbon footprint were quantified. Results showed that HAU significantly increased double-cropping rice yield by 6.46% (early rice) and 8.76% (late rice) compared to U (P < 0.05). HAU-20 maintained yield equivalent to U, while U-20 significantly reduced yield. HAU-20 significantly improved nitrogen fertilizer apparent utilization rate, agronomic efficiency, and partial factor productivity. Specifically, apparent utilization rate increased by 9.24 percentage points (early rice) and 7.80 percentage points (late rice); agronomic efficiency increased by 18.51% and 26.69%, and partial factor productivity by 22.79% and 25.58% for early and late rice, respectively (P < 0.05). Life-cycle carbon footprint was significantly reduced by 26.25% (early rice) and 40.38% (late rice) under HAU-20 compared to U, with per-unit product carbon footprint reduced by 0.22 t CO2-eq·t−1 and 0.86 t CO2-eq·t−1, respectively. The reduction was primarily attributed to decreased CH4 and N2O emissions: early rice CH4 and N2O cumulative emissions decreased by 28.92% and 44.34%, and late rice by 44.46% and 63.85% (P < 0.05). In conclusion, HAU with 20% N reduction sustains yield, enhances N use efficiency, and significantly lowers carbon footprint, offering a viable path for green and low-carbon double-cropping rice production.

### 1009. [Chemistry and Ionic Sources of Precipitation in the Changsha Area](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chemistry-and-ionic-sources-of-precipitation-in-the-changsha-area) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025051307]
This study investigates the ionic concentration characteristics and sources of atmospheric precipitation in Changsha, China, based on samples collected from December 2019 to November 2021. The total dissolved solids (TDS) in precipitation ranged from 51.71 to 813.40 μeq·L−1, with a volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentration of 245.58 μeq·L−1. The VWM ionic concentrations followed the order: Ca2+ > SO4^2− > NO3^− > HCO3^− > K+ > Na+ > Cl− > Mg2+. Ca2+ and SO4^2− together accounted for 55.76% of the total ionic mass. Seasonal variation of total ionic concentration was highest in winter and lowest in spring, following the order winter > autumn > summer > spring. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between SO4^2− and NO3^− (r = 0.78) and between Ca2+ and Mg2+ (r = 0.70), suggesting common sources. Principal component analysis and enrichment factor (EF) analysis indicated that SO4^2− and NO3^− predominantly originated from anthropogenic activities, with contribution rates of 99.5% and 95.4%, respectively, likely from coal combustion and industrial emissions. Ca2+ and K+ were mainly terrestrial, with contribution rates of 99.2% and 98.3%, respectively, from soil and biomass burning. Mg2+ had dual sources: 68.8% terrestrial and 31.2% marine. Cl− exhibited an EFmarine of 0.74 and EFsoil of 50.20, indicating a dominant marine source contributing 98% of its input. These findings provide a scientific basis for understanding regional atmospheric pollution and supporting environmental management strategies.

### 1010. [Effect of Co-firing Rate on Dewatered Sludge and Municipal Solid Waste Incineration: Pollutants Emissions, Operational Performance and Byproducts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-co-firing-rate-on-dewatered-sludge-and-municipal-solid-waste-incineration-pollutants-emissions-opera) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607003]
Co-firing municipal sludge with municipal solid waste (MSW) provides a viable solution for sludge disposal. This study evaluated the effect of sludge co-firing rate (0%, 5%, and 10%) on flue gas pollutant emissions, operational performance, and incineration byproduct characteristics in a waste-to-energy plant. The results showed that under all co-firing rates, the concentrations of SO2, NOx, CO, HCl, particulate matter, and dioxins complied with the limits specified in the Standard for Pollution Control on Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (GB 18485—2014). As the co-firing rate increased from 5% to 10%, concentrations of all flue gas pollutants except NOx and HCl exhibited an upward trend. The optimal operational performance under the test conditions was achieved at a 5% co-firing rate, when the flue gas volume, fan volume, and ammonia and lime consumption were minimized. Compared to the 5% rate, increasing the co-firing rate to 10% resulted in elevated flue gas volume, fan volume, and reagent consumption. Steam production decreased from 2.778 t/t (0% co-firing rate) to 2.358 t/t (5% co-firing rate) and 2.117 t/t (10% co-firing rate), indicating a reduction in power generation efficiency with increasing sludge co-firing rates. Leaching toxicity analysis of fly ash revealed significant reductions in the leached concentrations of Zn and Pb, while those of Hg, As, Ba, and Se showed slight increases, all remaining well below regulatory limits. This study confirms the technical feasibility of directly co-firing mechanically dewatered sludge (with a moisture content of 50% to 60%) without thermal drying. A 5% co-firing rate is identified as the optimal balance between operational economy and system efficiency.

### 1011. [Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Multi-Source Biomass/Coal Gasification Fine Slag Composite Pelletized Fuels at High Heating Rates](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/combustion-and-emission-characteristics-of-multi-source-biomasscoal-gasification-fine-slag-composite-pelletize) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607004]
Pelletizing technology is widely applied in biomass and coal fuel processing, offering advantages in transport, storage, and energy density. Coal gasification fine slag (CGFS), a carbon-rich coal-based solid waste, holds potential as a fuel. This study prepared centimeter-scale composite pellets by blending CGFS with various biomass types under 6 MPa at room temperature for 2 minutes. Combustion and emission characteristics were investigated using a self-developed flat-flame macro-thermogravimetric reactor simulating high heating rate conditions. Results showed that biomass type significantly influenced combustion due to chemical composition differences. Introducing biomass altered fuel particle composition, enhancing combustion rates of single-component fuels by 3–5 times during volatile combustion. Co-combustion reduced NOx and CO emissions by over 50% compared to pure CGFS. Higher biomass ratios accelerated volatile release and shortened burnout time but increased NO emissions due to higher volatile nitrogen content. Conversely, CO emissions decreased due to improved char combustion conditions. These findings provide critical experimental support for optimizing clean and efficient solid fuel production from CGFS and biomass.

### 1012. [Development of a Fully Coupled Bed Combustion Simulation Method for Grate-Fired Furnaces Using Fluent UDF](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/development-of-a-fully-coupled-bed-combustion-simulation-method-for-grate-fired-furnaces-using-fluent-udf) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607002]
In municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration simulation, the traditional FLIC-Fluent coupling method suffers from long iteration cycles across multiple operating conditions and significant errors due to data mapping at the coupling interface. This study developed a fully coupled bed combustion simulation program based on Fluent User-Defined Functions (UDF). By integrating four modules—dynamic regulation of particle emissivity, zonal motion control of the grate, bed drag shielding, and wall collision-induced fragmentation—the program achieved fully coupled calculation of solid waste particle movement, bed combustion, and furnace flow fields within a single Fluent platform, completely replacing the bed calculation functions of FLIC software. A 750 t/d reverse-inclined forward-feeding grate furnace in a Chinese waste-to-energy plant was selected for engineering validation. The model was calibrated using continuous operational data from 12 on-site measurement points. Results showed that the computational time per operating condition was reduced by 71.4% compared to the traditional FLIC-Fluent coupling method. The relative error between simulated furnace temperatures and on-site measurements was ≤4.10%, significantly outperforming the 9.68% maximum relative error of the traditional method. The proposed method provides a reliable engineering simulation solution for optimizing operating conditions and screening blending schemes in co-incineration of multi-source solid waste.

### 1013. [Rational Design of Laccase Mutants for Enhanced Catalytic Degradation of Benzene-Containing Pollutants: A Computational Insight into Binding Pocket Engineering](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/rational-design-of-laccase-mutants-for-enhanced-catalytic-degradation-of-benzene-containing-pollutants-a-compu) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025031102]
Laccases are promising biocatalysts for environmental remediation, yet their application is hindered by the instability and limited substrate affinity of wild-type enzymes. Here, we report a computational strategy integrating homology modeling, molecular docking, and virtual mutagenesis to engineer high-performance laccase mutants targeting benzene-containing pollutants. Structural analysis revealed that fungal laccase (Trametes versicolor, T.v) exhibited stronger binding affinities for aniline, o-phenylenediamine, and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) compared to bacterial laccase (Bacillus subtilis, B.s), attributed to optimized hydrophobic and hydrogen-bond interactions within the substrate-binding pocket. Virtual mutagenesis identified critical residues (e.g., Ser113, Leu459) regulating substrate stability. Notably, mutations at Ser113 to Arg/Glu/Leu significantly enhanced binding energy (ΔG ≤ −7.1 kcal·mol−1 for HBT) by narrowing the pocket exit and reinforcing hydrophobic constraints. Mechanistically, polar mutations in the pocket interior promoted hydrogen bonding, while hydrophobic substitutions at peripheral residues restricted substrate dissociation. Our findings establish a dual-region engineering principle—enhancing hydrogen bonds internally and hydrophobicity externally—to optimize laccase activity. This work provides a generalizable framework for the rational design of oxidoreductases in pollutant degradation.

### 1014. [Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis of Municipal Sludge Combustion Characteristics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/kinetic-and-thermodynamic-analysis-of-municipal-sludge-combustion-characteristics) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607005]
To optimize municipal sludge incineration and enhance disposal efficiency, sludge from the First Sewage Treatment Plant in Chengdu was analyzed via synchronous thermal analysis (TG-DTG-DSC) in air at 20 K/min. The combustion process comprised four stages: moisture evaporation (35–150 °C), volatile combustion (150–400 °C), fixed carbon combustion (400–600 °C), and burnout (600–1000 °C). Ignition and burnout temperatures were 220.7 °C and 605.9 °C, respectively, with a comprehensive combustion characteristic index of 6.32×10⁻⁸ %²/(min²·K³), indicating good stability. Kinetic analysis using Coats-Redfern (CR) integral and Achar-Brindley-Sharp (ABS) differential methods showed deviations below 15%, confirming CR reliability. Moisture evaporation and volatile combustion followed first-order models (F1) with activation energies of 52.24 and 48.81 kJ/mol, while fixed carbon combustion and burnout followed second-order models (F2) with activation energies of 192.38 and 102.27 kJ/mol. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH: 49.06, 43.59, 185.94, 95.00 kJ/mol; ΔS: -148.36, -211.63, -30.74, -201.38 J/mol·K; ΔG: 105.76, 176.52, 209.74, 271.04 kJ/mol) revealed negative entropy and positive Gibbs free energy across all stages, indicating external energy dependence, with the highest demand in the burnout stage. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing incineration process parameters and energy recovery.

### 1015. [Sintered Ceramsites from Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil and Printing and Dyeing Sludge Fly Ash: Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Stabilization and Optimization of Sintering Conditions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/sintered-ceramsites-from-heavy-metal-contaminated-soil-and-printing-and-dyeing-sludge-fly-ash-mechanisms-of-he) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607007]
Printing and dyeing sludge (PDS) fly ash is often classified as hazardous waste due to its high content and diversity of heavy metals (HMs). This study co-disposed PDS fly ash and heavy metal-contaminated soil to produce sintered ceramsites, investigating the effects of sintering conditions on physical properties and HM migration/transformation, and elucidating the immobilization mechanisms. The optimal sintering process was identified as preheating at 400 °C for 10 min, followed by sintering at 1150 °C for 10 min. The resulting ceramsites exhibited a 1-h water absorption of 2.7%, a bulk density of 830 kg/m³, HM volatilization rates below 15%, and a residual fraction (F4) proportion exceeding 86%. Characterization revealed that during sintering, HMs were encapsulated by the glassy phase and reacted with amorphous silica-alumina to form stable silico-aluminates, synergistically reducing HM mobility. However, sintering temperatures ≥1200 °C destabilized the ceramsite structure, causing secondary HM release. This research provides an efficient and simple route for the resource utilization of dyeing sludge fly ash and contaminated soil.

### 1016. [Global Warming Potential Analysis of Air Pollution Control Processes in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration under Ultra-Low Emission Standards](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/global-warming-potential-analysis-of-air-pollution-control-processes-in-municipal-solid-waste-incineration-und) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607006]
This study evaluates the global warming potential (GWP) of three typical air pollution control device (APCD) configurations in municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration under ultra-low emission standards. The configurations are APCD1 (SNCR+SDS+DS+ACI+FF), APCD2 (SNCR+SDS+DS+ACI+FF+SCR+WS), and APCD3 (SNCR+SDS+DS+ACI+FF+WS+SCR). Life cycle assessment (LCA) was applied to quantify GWP. Results indicate that APCD3 exhibits the highest GWP due to increased electricity consumption, yet it achieves the lowest pollutant emissions among the three. APCD1 shows the highest NOx emissions, contributing significantly to GWP, and requires technological upgrades. APCD2 consumes more resources but does not proportionally reduce emissions, suggesting inefficiencies. Electricity consumption is the dominant factor influencing GWP across all processes; reducing electricity use and improving energy efficiency are critical for mitigating environmental impact. The study recommends further research on CO2 reduction strategies and adoption of more efficient DeNOx technologies to align MSW incineration with ultra-low emission and low-carbon goals.

### 1017. [Preparation of Red Mud-Modified Sludge-Based Biochar and Its Phosphorus Adsorption Efficiency and Mechanism](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/preparation-of-red-mud-modified-sludge-based-biochar-and-its-phosphorus-adsorption-efficiency-and-mechanism) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607018]
To address the dual challenges of phosphorus resource scarcity and eutrophication control, this study proposed a sustainable waste-treats-waste strategy by preparing red-mud-modified sludge-based biochar (RMSBC) via co-pyrolysis of red mud and sewage sludge. The optimal material (RMSBC800), produced at 800 °C with a red mud-to-sludge mass ratio of 3:1, achieved a maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity of 28.57 mg/g, a 350% enhancement over unmodified biochar (SBC). Characterization (SEM, XRD, EDS, FT-IR, XPS) revealed that red mud modification increased the average pore size from 7.91 nm to 20.33 nm, reduced electronegativity, and raised the pH at point of zero charge (pHpzc) from 2.01 to 3.37. Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, and isotherms fitted the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer chemisorption. The Freundlich parameter 1/n was 0.34, suggesting favorable adsorption. Mechanistic studies identified electrostatic attraction and surface precipitation as dominant, with molecular dynamics simulations confirming the critical role of Fe3O4 over Fe2O3 in adsorbing HPO4^2- due to stronger electrostatic interactions. The material retained 61% of its initial capacity after five regeneration cycles and achieved 83% phosphorus removal from real wastewater. This work demonstrates synergistic valorization of industrial wastes, offering an economically viable solution for phosphorus pollution control and resource recovery.

### 1018. [Acid-Modified Red Mud Enhances Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste via Synergistic Adsorption and Electron Transfer: Performance and Mechanism](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/acid-modified-red-mud-enhances-anaerobic-digestion-of-food-waste-via-synergistic-adsorption-and-electron-trans) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607011]
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a viable route for energy recovery from food waste (FW), yet it often suffers from process instability due to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulation and subsequent pH drop. This study modified red mud (RM) with hydrochloric acid to produce acid-modified red mud (AMRM), aiming to optimize its alkalinity and physicochemical properties. The efficacy of AMRM as an additive in FW anaerobic digestion was systematically evaluated. Results demonstrated that adding 3% AMRM significantly enhanced the buffering capacity and controlled VFAs accumulation, particularly propionic acid. This was attributed to the developed pore structure of AMRM, whose specific surface area increased by 347% compared to raw RM, facilitating rapid VFAs adsorption. Furthermore, AMRM enriched hematite (Fe2O3), which elevated electron transport system (ETS) activity and coenzyme F420 content, suggesting its role as an electron carrier promoting direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) between syntrophic bacteria and methanogens. Consequently, the cumulative methane yield reached 633.9 mL/g VS, which was 175.1% and 55.2% higher than the control and raw RM groups, respectively. The VS removal efficiency was 75.1%. This study provides a dual-pathway mechanism—adsorption and electron transfer—for enhancing AD performance, offering a cost-effective and sustainable strategy for FW treatment and RM valorization.

### 1019. [Release and Vertical Migration Behavior of Typical Microplastics from Sewage Sludge Organic Fertilizer Applied in Public Green Spaces](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/release-and-vertical-migration-behavior-of-typical-microplastics-from-sewage-sludge-organic-fertilizer-applied) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607015]
Microplastic pollution poses a severe threat to terrestrial ecosystems, with soil acting as a major sink. The application of sewage sludge organic fertilizer in public green spaces introduces microplastics (MPs) into the soil, yet their release and vertical migration dynamics remain poorly understood. This study investigated the release and transport of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) MPs, the most prevalent types in sludge organic fertilizer, under simulated rainfall conditions representative of Chengdu. Over a six-month simulated rainfall period, the release rate of PE (26.1±1.8%) at 0.2% abundance (weight ratio) and 20–40 μm size was significantly higher than that of PP (16.4±1.3%). The highest release was observed for 40–60 μm particles, while excessive abundance induced aggregation, inhibiting release. A 24-month simulated transport experiment revealed that PE exhibited higher mobility than PP, with peak migration occurring between 14 and 18 months, and 40–60 μm particles showing the greatest transport capacity. Environmental factors critically modulated migration: increasing pH enhanced mobility, but the promoting effect of sludge leachate diminished under alkaline conditions; higher electrolyte concentrations reduced mobility, with sludge leachate exerting stronger inhibition at high EC; organic matter exhibited a non-linear effect, promoting transport at low concentrations and inhibiting at high concentrations. These findings provide essential data for mitigating microplastic contamination in public green spaces.

### 1020. [Multi-scale reaction kinetic characteristics of waste tire pyrolysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multi-scale-reaction-kinetic-characteristics-of-waste-tire-pyrolysis) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607008]
Waste tire pyrolysis has emerged as a leading treatment technology due to its broad applicability, high resource recovery efficiency, and low environmental pollution. This study employs thermogravimetric analysis to investigate the influence of heating rate on pyrolysis characteristics and systematically analyzes reaction kinetics across three scales: overall reaction, weight-loss stages, and Fraser-Suzuki deconvolution. The Fraser-Suzuki function, with its asymmetric peak-fitting capability, outperforms conventional methods in describing the complex continuous reaction, achieving superior fit accuracy (R²=0.998). Deconvolution resolves the pyrolysis into four pseudo-components: additives, natural rubber, synthetic rubber, and high-temperature residual reactants, with average activation energies of 118.21, 202.60, 231.98, and 251.97 kJ/mol, respectively. The study provides critical theoretical support for temperature-zone control and reactor design optimization in waste tire pyrolysis technologies.

### 1021. [Effects of Lychee Wood Biochar and Lignin-Degrading Bacteria on Performance of Aerobic Composting Coupled with Vermicomposting for Cow Dung and Rice Husk](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-of-lychee-wood-biochar-and-lignin-degrading-bacteria-on-performance-of-aerobic-composting-coupled-with) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607012]
This study investigated the effects of lychee wood biochar and lignin-degrading bacteria on compost maturity, substance transformation, and bacterial communities during the coupled process of aerobic composting and vermicomposting of cow dung and rice husk. Four treatments were established: no addition (CK), 5% (w/w) lychee wood biochar addition (T1), 0.5% (w/w) lignin-degrading bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger) addition (T2), and combined addition of 5% biochar and 0.5% bacteria (T3). Results showed that biochar and/or bacteria addition accelerated temperature rise, extended high-temperature duration to 13 days, and increased maximum temperature. Compared to CK, T1–T3 increased organic matter degradation by 3.97%–9.56%, humic acid content by 12.30%–24.09%, available phosphorus and potassium by 14.48%–32.50% and 6.97%–18.85%, respectively. NH3 emissions were reduced by 25.86%–34.26%, while nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen increased by 12.83%–43.34% and 5.73%–13.18%, respectively. Seed germination index improved by 11.62%–29.20%. T3 exhibited the best overall performance. During aerobic composting, biochar and/or bacteria significantly increased relative abundances of Bacteroidota, Planctomycetota, and Acidobacteriota, but effects were not significant during vermicomposting. Functional genera such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Chryseolinea were enriched in both stages. The study concludes that adding 5% lychee wood biochar and/or 0.5% lignin-degrading bacteria to cow dung and rice husk in coupled composting-vermicomposting improves bacterial community structure, promotes organic matter degradation, enhances humification, reduces nitrogen loss, and accelerates compost maturity, with combined addition being most effective.

### 1022. [Preparation of Biochar from Co-pyrolysis of Napier Grass and Food Waste Digestate for Pb²⁺ Removal from Wastewater](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/preparation-of-biochar-from-co-pyrolysis-of-napier-grass-and-food-waste-digestate-for-pb2-removal-from-wastewa) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607016]
Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic heavy metal that poses severe risks to environmental and human health, particularly affecting children's neurological development. This study investigates the adsorption performance and mechanisms of biochars derived from pyrolysis of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), food waste digestate, and their mixtures for Pb²⁺ removal from aqueous solutions. Biochars were prepared at different mass ratios, and the optimal material (HP3SD1-B, Napier grass:digestate = 3:1) exhibited a maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity of 306.45 mg/g and a theoretical Langmuir maximum capacity of 447.62 mg/g, significantly outperforming pure digestate biochar and lower-ratio blends. Adsorption kinetics followed a three-stage profile: rapid liquid-film diffusion (0–180 min), intraparticle diffusion (180–360 min), and equilibrium at 360 min. The adsorption process was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R² > 0.99) and the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer chemisorption. Characterization via FTIR, XPS, SEM-EDS, and Zeta potential revealed that Pb²⁺ immobilization occurs primarily through surface precipitation (Pb₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂ and PbO), complexation with hydroxyl, ether, and aromatic C=C groups, and auxiliary mechanisms including electrostatic attraction and K⁺/Mg²⁺ ion exchange. Optimal adsorption occurred at pH 6, correlating with the point of zero charge (PZC ≈ 2). This study demonstrates that co-pyrolysis of agricultural and organic solid wastes offers a cost-effective, high-performance biochar for heavy metal remediation, aligning with circular economy principles.

### 1023. [Current Status of Food Waste Anaerobic Digestion and Challenges in Carbon Source Production in China](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/current-status-of-food-waste-anaerobic-digestion-and-challenges-in-carbon-source-production-in-china) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607009]
Resource utilization of food waste is a key measure for implementing waste classification and constructing zero-waste cities in China. However, the technical route based on anaerobic digestion currently faces developmental bottlenecks. In this study, engineering-scale facilities located in Northeast, North, Northwest, and Southeast China were selected, and material flow analysis was employed to comprehensively assess the current status of anaerobic digestion of food waste. The results indicated that, during the pretreatment stage, both leachate and organic slurry from all surveyed regions exhibited high COD/TN ratios, and the leachate contained high concentrations of lipids. Following three-phase (oil-water-solid) separation, the oil recovery rate could reach over 98%. Anaerobic digestion of each ton of food waste from the four regions generated approximately 70 to 80 Nm³ of biogas, while simultaneously producing liquid digestate accounting for 69% to 80% of the total mass and solid digestate accounting for 2.7% to 3.6%. However, the annual continuous production of digestate was not aligned with the seasonal demand for land use, thereby restricting the pathway for resource utilization. Converting food waste into an external carbon source can significantly enhance its resource utilization efficiency, with the economic benefits increasing by more than 203% compared to the methanogenesis pathway. The selection of the carbon source production technology route should be comprehensively determined by taking into account factors such as the specific nitrogen removal requirements of the target wastewater treatment process, the quality requirements for the carbon source products, and the substitution rate of commercial carbon sources.

### 1024. [Effects of Low-Concentration Perfluorooctane Sulfonate on Anaerobic Fermentation of Activated Sludge](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-of-low-concentration-perfluorooctane-sulfonate-on-anaerobic-fermentation-of-activated-sludge) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607010]
The impact of low concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS) remains poorly understood. This study applied three PFOS levels (0.5, 1.0, and 4.5 μg/g TSS) to systematically evaluate effects on organic matter solubilization and nitrogen/phosphorus transformations. Monitoring of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), soluble protein, polysaccharides, NH4+-N, PO43--P, and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence revealed that PFOS significantly enhanced release of SCOD, protein, and polysaccharides. At 45 °C after 14 days with 4.5 μg/g TSS, SCOD peaked approximately 28% higher than control, indicating increased biodegradable organic matter accumulation. NH4+-N concentrations rose overall with fluctuations, while PO43--P release was inhibited, suggesting interference with nutrient transformation pathways. 3D-EEM analysis showed strengthened signals of aromatic proteins and microbial by-products, confirming matrix solubilization. These findings demonstrate a dual effect of low-level PFOS: initial promotion of organic matter release followed by potential inhibition of nutrient transformation. This study provides data support for understanding PFOS environmental behavior in anaerobic digestion and informs sludge resource utilization and risk assessment of emerging contaminants.

### 1025. [Carbon Emissions Accounting and Techno-Economic Evaluation of Biochar and Organic Fertilizer Production from Distillers' Grains](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/carbon-emissions-accounting-and-techno-economic-evaluation-of-biochar-and-organic-fertilizer-production-from-d) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607017]
Distillers' grains, the largest organic solid waste stream in the brewing industry, require efficient low-carbon valorization to support China's Dual Carbon Goals. This study employs life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify CO2 emissions and carbon reduction benefits of two mainstream routes: pyrolysis to biochar and fermentation to organic fertilizer. Based on public process data, the total life-cycle CO2 emission for biochar production from 1 t of distillers' grains is 250.02 kg, with a carbon sequestration reduction of 120.29 kg, demonstrating superior long-term carbon fixation. In contrast, organic fertilizer production emits 536.14 kg CO2 per ton, achieving a carbon reduction of only 86.22 kg, indicating inferior mitigation performance. Techno-economic analysis reveals net profits of 471.97 CNY/t for biochar and 822.27 CNY/t for organic fertilizer, showing that the organic fertilizer route offers higher profitability. Both pathways effectively reduce CO2 emissions, with biochar prioritizing environmental sustainability and organic fertilizer excelling economically. This study provides data-driven insights for selecting organic solid waste recycling strategies, promoting low-carbon technologies, and establishing circular economy models in the brewing industry.

### 1026. [Synergistic Effects of Earthworm Mucus and Different Biochars on Heavy Metal Bioavailability in Sludge Composting](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-effects-of-earthworm-mucus-and-different-biochars-on-heavy-metal-bioavailability-in-sludge-compost) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607013]
This study investigated the synergistic effects of earthworm mucus and two biochar types (rice husk biochar and straw biochar) on heavy metal bioavailability during sludge composting. Sludge was amended with earthworm mucus alone or combined with biochars at varying proportions, and the impacts on physicochemical properties, total heavy metal concentrations, bioavailable fractions, and chemical speciation were analyzed. Results showed that mucus addition increased sludge pH and electrical conductivity (EC) but decreased total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents. Synergistic mucus-biochar composting further elevated pH and EC while reducing TN, with the optimal treatment being mucus plus 10% rice husk biochar. Mucus-only composting reduced total concentrations and bioavailability of Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Pb. Adding biochars significantly enhanced these reductions. Specifically, mucus with rice husk biochar achieved the best Cd removal, with total and bioavailable Cd decreasing by 27.03%–55.68% and 9.52%–28.57% (P<0.05), respectively, compared to controls. Mucus with straw biochar was most effective for Ni, Zn, and Pb, reducing total contents by 3.81%–5.72%, 7.93%–34.62%, and 42.61%–79.46%, and bioavailable fractions by 2.90%–26.31%, 15.58%–24.14%, and 32.30%–36.88% (P<0.05), respectively. Speciation analysis revealed that Cd, Ni, and Pb carbonate-bound fractions transformed into residual forms, and exchangeable fractions shifted to Fe-Mn oxide-bound forms. Straw biochar addition resulted in the highest residual fractions for Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Pb, increasing by 0.35%–7.02%, 8.61%–12.90%, 16.62%–23.02%, 17.33%–26.10%, and 16.12%–27.20% (P<0.05), respectively. These findings demonstrate that earthworm mucus combined with rice husk or straw biochar effectively reduces heavy metal concentrations and bioavailability in sludge, offering a promising strategy for sludge composting.

### 1027. [Biochar-Enhanced Anaerobic Co-digestion of Kitchen Waste and Excess Sludge: Performance, Stability, and Microbial Community Dynamics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/biochar-enhanced-anaerobic-co-digestion-of-kitchen-waste-and-excess-sludge-performance-stability-and-microbial) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607020]
Kitchen waste (KW) and excess sludge (ES) are urban biowastes with resource recovery potential, commonly treated via anaerobic digestion (AD) for methane production. However, KW mono-digestion suffers from acidification, while ES yields low methane. This study employed semi-continuous reactors to simulate practical AD, co-digesting KW and ES at a 4:1 volatile solids ratio with biochar addition (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 g/L). The optimal biochar dosage was 2.5 g/L, achieving cumulative biogas and methane volumes of 17.53 L and 11.63 L, respectively, representing 42.10% and 39.47% increases over the biochar-free control, and 34.45% and 43.30% enhancements relative to thermally hydrolyzed sludge. The methanogenic lag phase decreased from (5.65±0.11) d to (4.33±0.12) d. Process stability improved, with average volatile fatty acids (VFAs) during stable operation dropping from 1708 mg/L to 1033 mg/L. Microbial analysis revealed enhanced diversity and enrichment of Synergistetes and Syntrophomonas, indicating direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) promotion. Biochar at low concentrations enhances AD by immobilizing microbes and facilitating electron transfer, while high concentrations (10 g/L) may inhibit methanogenesis due to fatty acid degradation blockage, yet total methane production remained above control. These findings demonstrate that biochar addition at 2.5 g/L effectively enhances methane production and process stability in KW-ES co-digestion.

### 1028. [Mechanism of Biochar for Enhancing Volatile Fatty Acids Production during Anaerobic Fermentation of Food Waste](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mechanism-of-biochar-for-enhancing-volatile-fatty-acids-production-during-anaerobic-fermentation-of-food-waste) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607019]
This study investigated the effects of biochar on volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production, biogas composition, physicochemical properties of the fermentation broth, and microbial community structure through batch anaerobic fermentation experiments using food waste as the substrate. The results demonstrated that the addition of biochar (1 g/L) significantly enhanced VFAs production, with the total VFAs concentration reaching 2150 mg/L in the biochar group, which was 30.2% higher than that of the control group (1651 mg/L). Acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid were identified as the primary VFAs components. In the fermentation system, biochar exhibited a notable pH-buffering effect, stabilizing the fermentation environment. Additionally, its porous structure adsorbed ions during the fermentation process, resulting in a slightly lower electrical conductivity compared to the control group. Microbial community analysis revealed that biochar addition enriched key acidogenic bacteria, such as Defluviitoga and norank_f__Family_XI, optimizing the microbial community structure, and thereby facilitating organic acid production. In summary, biochar effectively promoted the efficient accumulation of VFAs during anaerobic fermentation of food waste by improving the fermentation microenvironment, enhancing system buffering capacity, and regulating microbial community composition. These findings provide theoretical support for sustainable enhancement of resource utilization of food waste.

### 1029. [Effects of Nitrogen-Rich Wastewater Reuse on Aerobic Fermentation Performance of Substrates with Different Carbon-Nitrogen Ratios](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-of-nitrogen-rich-wastewater-reuse-on-aerobic-fermentation-performance-of-substrates-with-different-car) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607014]
Reducing ammonia emissions and recovering lost nitrogen are critical for enhancing nitrogen content in compost. Biological trickling filters, as end-of-pipe odor control, retain ammonia nitrogen in effluent, offering a reuse pathway. However, the impact of nitrogen-rich wastewater reuse within the optimal C/N range (20.0:1–30.0:1) remains unclear. This study composted biogas residue, sawdust, food waste, and mushroom residue, setting initial C/N as the control variable. Four groups were established: low C/N with nitrogen-rich wastewater (LRN), low C/N with deionized water (LRW), high C/N with nitrogen-rich wastewater (HRN), and high C/N with deionized water (HRW). Simulated wastewater (2000 mg/L NH4+-N and 2000 mg/L NO2−-N) was recycled. Results showed no inhibition of final maturity; pH (8.17–8.48) and seed germination index (GI) (90.85%–122.96%) met organic fertilizer standards. HRN reduced cumulative total greenhouse gases, N2O, and NH3 by 20.32%–30.35%, 0.67%–53.38%, and 52.14%–62.15% compared to LRN and LRW. Although HRN emissions were slightly higher than HRW (total GHGs +4.56%, NH3 +4.99%), HRN final nitrogen content (4691.27 mg/kg) exceeded HRW (4514.96 mg/kg), attributed to sufficient carbon enhancing microbial assimilation. Conversely, low C/N with nitrogen-rich wastewater increased NH3 and N2O emissions (LRN vs LRW: +26.43% and +112.99%) due to carbon limitation. Thus, high initial C/N with nitrogen-rich wastewater reuse effectively reduces gaseous nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining compost maturity.

### 1030. [Application and Research Progress of Machine Learning in Typical Sludge Treatment Technologies](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/application-and-research-progress-of-machine-learning-in-typical-sludge-treatment-technologies) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607021]
The continuous expansion of urban sewage treatment capacity has led to a sustained increase in sludge generation, making efficient treatment, disposal, and resource recovery critical in environmental engineering. Machine learning (ML) offers substantial potential for prediction and optimization in sludge treatment by extracting non-linear features from complex operational data. This review systematically examines the application of ML across typical sludge treatment processes, including dewatering, resource recovery (anaerobic digestion), and terminal disposal (incineration and landfill). The general modeling workflow is summarized across three dimensions: dataset preparation, algorithm selection, and model evaluation. A comparative analysis evaluates the applicability and limitations of support vector machines (SVM), random forests (RF), artificial neural networks (ANN), and other deep learning models. SVMs demonstrate greater stability with small-to-medium sample sizes and high-dimensional data, while RFs exhibit strong generalization and provide variable importance insights. ANNs and deep learning models excel in large-scale data and time-series or image tasks but require high data quality. Key findings from the literature include ANN achieving R²=0.99 and RMSE=0.02 in dewatering prediction, and R²=0.86 with NRMSE=0.31 in anaerobic digestion, while gradient boosting reached R²=0.90 and RMSE=0.33. Future directions emphasize multi-source data fusion, model interpretability (e.g., SHAP), and coupling ML with mechanistic models to enhance predictive accuracy and generalization, supporting intelligent and refined sludge treatment management.

### 1031. [Main Applications of Machine Learning in Sludge Anaerobic Digestion: From Process Optimization to Intelligent Decision-Making](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/main-applications-of-machine-learning-in-sludge-anaerobic-digestion-from-process-optimization-to-intelligent-d) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607022]
Anaerobic sludge digestion is the core process for achieving energy recovery and sludge reduction in wastewater treatment plants. However, its complex biological reaction mechanisms and multivariable coupling characteristics pose persistent challenges to process optimization and stable control. Traditional mechanistic models, while theoretically clear, suffer from parameter calibration difficulties and insufficient adaptability under dynamic and nonlinear conditions. Machine learning (ML) has gained attention for its powerful data modeling capabilities. This review systematically examines ML applications in sludge anaerobic digestion, focusing on biogas production prediction, process monitoring and early warning, and process parameter optimization. For gas production, hybrid models and deep learning achieve high-precision methane yield predictions. Soft-sensing models using easy-to-measure parameters enable real-time estimation of volatile fatty acids and total ammonia nitrogen. At the optimization level, coupling surrogate models with optimization algorithms provides dynamic regulation strategies for co-digestion ratios and pretreatment conditions. Interpretable methods address the 'black-box' issue, enhancing engineering acceptability. Deep integration of these methods with dynamic optimization supports an intelligent decision-making framework. However, translation from laboratory to engineering faces constraints including data quality, model generalization, and implementation. This paper provides an analytical framework combining predictive capability with engineering reliability for sludge treatment optimization.

### 1032. [Calcium-free nanomaterials-mediated calcium overloading for cancer therapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/calcium-free-nanomaterials-mediated-calcium-overloading-for-cancer-therapy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3904-6]
Disrupting calcium ions (Ca2+) homeostasis to induce calcium overloading has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer therapy. However, calcium overloading based on exogenous calcium salts (such as calcium carbonate and calcium peroxide) can easily lead to off-target Ca2+ release, causing severe side effects such as hypercalcemia and cardiac or renal dysfunction. This review explores the calcium-free nanomaterials for mediating targeted calcium dysregulation in tumors. These nanomaterials function not by carrying Ca2+ but by precisely regulating endogenous calcium signaling pathways. They promote massive Ca2+ influx through targeted activation of calcium channels and/or inhibit Ca2+ efflux by suppressing pumps, effectively triggering intracellular calcium accumulation. Such a strategy efficiently induces mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and immunogenic cell death, thereby inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis while potentiating antitumor immunity. We systematically summarize the design principles, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications of these calcium-free nanoplatforms, highlighting their potential to overcome the limitations of traditional therapies and boost ion-interference-based cancer treatment.

### 1033. [Progressive insights into nanomaterials for cancer starvation therapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/progressive-insights-into-nanomaterials-for-cancer-starvation-therapy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3988-6]
Starvation therapy (ST) aims to hinder the rapid proliferation of cancer cells by depriving oxygen and nutrients, and has been considered an ideal approach for cancer treatment. However, traditional ST schemes suffer from low targeting efficacy, undesired systemic side effects, elevated tumor hypoxia, induced drug resistance, and increased tumor metastasis risk, limiting clinical applications. To overcome these challenges, numerous nanomedicines have been engineered to advance ST-driven anti-tumor therapy. This review highlights emerging breakthroughs at the intersection of ST, nanotechnology, and cancer treatment. It focuses on ST-related inducible strategies, including nutrient supply regulation, key nutrient deprivation, and emerging approaches. Furthermore, it underscores the synergistic benefits of combining ST with other therapeutic modalities such as phototherapy, chemodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, ferroptosis, gas therapy, and immune therapy. Finally, existing challenges and future perspectives on clinical ST of tumors are discussed.

### 1034. [Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/recent-advances-in-two-dimensional-nanomaterials-for-the-treatment-of-liver-fibrosis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4010-4]
Liver fibrosis, a critical pathological consequence of chronic liver injury, remains a therapeutic challenge due to its complex mechanisms and limited effectiveness of conventional treatments. Recent advancements in two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, such as graphene derivatives, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs), MXenes, and layered double hydroxides (LDHs), have created novel opportunities for antifibrotic therapy. These materials exhibit exceptional physicochemical properties, including ultrahigh surface area, tunable surface chemistry, biocompatibility, and photothermal/electrochemical functionalities, enabling multifaceted interventions in fibrosis progression. The core therapeutic strategies mainly involve modulating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation, inhibiting excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and alleviating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. However, 2D nanomaterials still face great challenges, such as long-term biosafety, precise functionalization for tissue-specific targeting, and scalable synthetic methods. This review systematically summarizes the recent breakthroughs in anti-fibrosis strategies based on 2D nanomaterials, elucidates their potential mechanisms of action, and explores the prospects for clinical translation of these nanoplatforms. Serving as a nexus between materials science and hepatology, 2D nanomaterials offer revolutionary prospects for precision medicine applications in hepatic fibrosis management.

### 1035. [Bioinspired Soft Robots Based on Liquid Crystal Elastomers: From Multimodal Actuation to Functional Integration](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bioinspired-soft-robots-based-on-liquid-crystal-elastomers-from-multimodal-actuation-to-functional-integration) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3965-5]
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) have emerged as a promising material platform for soft robotics, effectively integrating programmable molecular orientation with the inherent flexibility of elastomers. This unique combination enables significant, reversible deformations responding to external stimuli, including heat, light, electric, and magnetic fields. Due to these characteristics, LCEs serve as an ideal material system for bridging biological principles with engineered soft robotic applications, enabling the development of adaptive and multifunctional systems with enhanced biomimetic capabilities. However, the mechanisms of bioinspired motion and the effective integration of biomimetic functions in LCE-based robots remain insufficiently explored. This review systematically examines recent advances in LCE-based biomimetic soft robots, focusing on multimodal actuation strategies, including contraction, crawling, rolling, jumping, swimming, and plant-inspired motions. It highlights integrated functional enhancements achieved via innovative material compositions, structural designs, and advanced manufacturing techniques. These developments have enabled novel robotic functionalities, including programmable actuation, self-healing and recycling, color morphing and camouflage, and tunable bioinspired surface characteristics.

### 1036. [Controllable Structurally Randomized Cu Mesh Films for EMI-Shielded Optical Windows with Slight Imaging Quality Degradation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/controllable-structurally-randomized-cu-mesh-films-for-emi-shielded-optical-windows-with-slight-imaging-qualit) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3901-2]
This work presents a cracked template and vacuum metal evaporation strategy for fabricating structurally randomized copper (Cu) mesh films. Regulating the internal stress distribution within the coating during template cracking enables controlled fabrication of Cu mesh films with varying discrete degrees of mesh aperture area and distinct probability distributions of metal line inclination. The influence of structural parameter randomization on properties was systematically investigated, encompassing higher-order diffraction energy homogenization, optoelectronic performance, and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE). Results demonstrate that increasing structural randomization effectively suppresses higher-order diffraction energy, achieving a reduction to −3.93 dB in normalized higher-order diffraction energy. Furthermore, the Cu mesh film exhibited minimal degradation on imaging system performance, with resolution decreasing only marginally from 80.6 to 71.8 lp/mm. Simultaneously, the most randomized Cu mesh film demonstrates an ultra-low sheet resistance (3.31 Ω/sq), high visible light transmittance (88.7% at 550 nm), an exceptional figure of merit (FoM=913.69), and robust EMI SE within the X-band (average SE of 33.18 dB). These findings underscore that metal mesh films incorporating structural randomization offer an effective strategy for enhancing EMI shielding in high-performance optoelectronic imaging systems.

### 1037. [Near-Perfect Light-Capture Materials with High Environmental Stability](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/near-perfect-light-capture-materials-with-high-environmental-stability) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3903-4]
Cross-wavelength near-perfect light capture technology is crucial in various fields, including spectroscopy, energy conversion, and electromagnetic control. Nevertheless, the primary challenge in broadband absorption is effectively coordinating the intrinsic response behavior of various electromagnetic waves across the nanometer-centimeter scale when interacting with matter. By adopting a multi-scale structural design strategy, the carbon-zirconium heterointerface is integrated into the macroscopic periodic unit cell (PUC) to develop an ultra-wideband light capture material. The optical coupling effect, strengthened by electronic transitions, molecular motion, and spatial scattering effects, endows ZC-PUC with exceptional light-capture performance ranging from ultraviolet to microwave frequencies. Specifically, the ZC-PUC absorber possesses a near-perfect absorption rate of 95.7% across the ultraviolet-visible-infrared spectrum (190–2500 nm), and an effective absorption coverage of 99.99% in the microwave and terahertz bands (1997.9 GHz). More importantly, the as-prepared material maintains the morphology structure and physical phase even when exposed to an alkaline or acidic environment for 365 days and simultaneously possesses stable light capture properties. The easily scalable approach retains excellent structural stability and ultra-wideband light trapping capability under extreme conditions, offering a versatile platform for the development of next-generation devices.

### 1038. [Phase-Purity Engineering in Quasi-2D Perovskites for Amplified Spontaneous Emission](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/phase-purity-engineering-in-quasi-2d-perovskites-for-amplified-spontaneous-emission) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3981-7]
Solution-processable quasi-2D perovskites are promising laser gain media due to their high exciton binding energy and improved stability relative to 3D counterparts. However, conventional synthesis yields mixed n-value phases, introducing interfacial defects and energetic disorder that impede charge injection into desired emission centers. Here, we report the first demonstration of stimulated emission from a phase-pure quasi-2D perovskite (n=8) achieved via a solvent-sieving method for selective phase removal. This dynamic purification yields near-unity phase purity (99.85%) with no detectable low-n phases, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The phase-pure film exhibits a narrower and more intense (001) diffraction peak (FWHM 0.16 nm, intensity 16,129) compared to pristine films (FWHM 0.22 nm, intensity 3,304), indicating enhanced crystallinity and increased grain size. Time-resolved photoluminescence reveals a prolonged carrier lifetime of 6.98 ns, suggesting reduced trap density. Atomic force microscopy shows a nearly pinhole-free surface with root mean square roughness of 1.18 nm. Consequently, the amplified spontaneous emission threshold is reduced to 13.82 μJ cm−2, a 12.5% improvement over conventional mixed-phase films (15.8 μJ cm−2). This work provides an efficient route to pure-phase quasi-2D perovskites for low-threshold lasers.

### 1039. [Intercalation-Engineered MOF for Ultrasensitive Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensing of Enoxacin](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/intercalation-engineered-mof-for-ultrasensitive-ratiometric-fluorescent-sensing-of-enoxacin) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3917-x]
The escalating global challenge of antibiotic contamination demands advanced sensing technologies for environmental monitoring and public health protection. Here, we present a structurally well-defined, intercalation-engineered metal-organic framework (MOF), HSB-W18, which functions as an ultrasensitive and selective fluorescence sensor for fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis unambiguously determined both the framework architecture and the spatial organization of intercalated 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalate molecules at atomic resolution. Through ultrasound-assisted synthesis, highly stable book-shaped microsheets (HSB-W18-MS) were obtained, maintaining exceptional aqueous dispersibility and luminescence intensity for over one month. These microsheets offer distinct advantages for antibiotic detection: specific recognition of diverse fluoroquinolones via unique fluorescence signatures; highly sensitive ratiometric detection of enoxacin (ENX) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 5.62 nM and rapid response kinetics (<30 s); exceptional selectivity alongside reusability. Systematic mechanistic investigations revealed a synergistic detection process involving multiple photophysical pathways. Furthermore, a smartphone-based portable detection system was successfully implemented, and the practical utility of the sensor was validated by quantifying ENX in complex environmental samples: tap water LOD = 18.32 nM and river water LOD = 29.87 nM. This study contributes to fundamental materials science and environmental monitoring by elucidating discernible structure-property relationships in intercalated MOFs, demonstrating a robust platform for field-deployable antibiotic detection and proposing an innovative design paradigm for environmental optical sensors.

### 1040. [Circularly Polarized Light Detection in Achiral Organic Semiconductors via Chiral Plasmonic Resonance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/circularly-polarized-light-detection-in-achiral-organic-semiconductors-via-chiral-plasmonic-resonance) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3916-3]
Circularly polarized light (CPL) detection is critical to emerging technologies in optical communication, chiral sensing, and bio-inspired imaging. However, current devices rely on intrinsically chiral semiconductors that are synthetically complex and costly to scale. Here, we demonstrate robust CPL detection in achiral organic semiconductors by exploiting chiral plasmonic resonance (CPR). A self-assembled monolayer of L-phenylalanine–modified gold nanoparticles imparts optical chirality to adjacent semiconductors while enhancing photocurrent through plasmon-induced hot-carrier processes. The resulting hybrid devices exhibit nearly tenfold responsivity enhancement and a high dissymmetry factor of 0.35 at 515 nm. Mechanistic analysis reveals a field-driven, hot-carrier-assisted route to helicity sensitivity. This solution-processable approach merges plasmonic chirality with organic semiconductor versatility, providing a scalable platform for next-generation on-chip chiroptoelectronic and polarization-imaging technologies.

### 1041. [Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Typical Contaminants in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills under Water-Soil Interactions in Alluvial-Diluvial Strata](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/spatial-distribution-characteristics-of-typical-contaminants-in-municipal-solid-waste-landfills-under-water-so) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607025]
The Holocene alluvial-diluvial stratum of the Quaternary is characterized by high soil hydraulic conductivity and intense surface water-groundwater interaction, which leads to rapid and extensive migration of contaminants from landfills. To investigate the contaminant characteristics of a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in such strata, a case study was conducted at a landfill in southwestern China. Methods including the Nemerow pollution index and the potential ecological risk index were employed to systematically analyze the contamination of groundwater and soil, as well as the spatial distribution of organic matter and heavy metals. The results showed that the groundwater was severely contaminated (PI > 3). The maximum exceedance multiples for total bacterial count, ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), and total coliforms relative to the standard limits were 36, 9.5, and 8, respectively. The composition of the contaminants in groundwater was highly consistent with the characteristics of landfill leachate. For the soil, the concentrations of six heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Hg, and As) were all below the Class II screening values of the standard GB 36600—2018. Both the Nemerow pollution index (PI < 0.7) and the potential ecological risk index (RI < 150) indicated that the soil environment was safe. Regarding soil dissolved organic matter (DOM), humic-like substances (22.9% to 34.9%) and fulvic-like substances (22.4% to 27.5%) were the dominant components, and their fluorescence intensities exhibited an exponential decay trend with increasing soil depth. The speciation of Cu, Pb, As, Hg, and Ni was dominated by the residual fraction (52.33% to 90.32%). However, over 70% of Cd existed in active forms (exchangeable + Fe/Mn oxide-bound), suggesting a high migration risk. The horizontal distribution of heavy metals showed regional specificity, with high-value areas mainly concentrated in the screening waste and soil stacking areas. Vertically, Cu and Cd exhibited surface enrichment, while As, Hg, Pb, and Ni were enriched in the groundwater fluctuation zone. These findings indicate that groundwater in alluvial-diluvial strata is highly susceptible to leachate contamination, while soil heavy metal contamination is not significant, with low levels in the aquifer but a tendency to accumulate at the water-soil interface. It is recommended that during landfill remediation, attention be paid to anti-seepage measures in waste excavation and stacking areas, as well as the interception and remediation of the groundwater fluctuation zone, to prevent secondary contamination of soil and groundwater.

### 1042. [Circularly polarized electroluminescence achieved in achiral emitters via chiral nematic liquid crystals](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/circularly-polarized-electroluminescence-achieved-in-achiral-emitters-via-chiral-nematic-liquid-crystals) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3957-y]
Developing circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes (CP-OLEDs) that simultaneously achieve a high electroluminescence dissymmetry factor (g_EL) and a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) remains a central challenge in polarized optoelectronics. Here, we report a general composite strategy for constructing full-color CP-OLEDs by integrating a 5CB-based chiral nematic liquid crystal (N*-LC) layer with OLEDs based on achiral emitters. The resulting CP-OLEDs exhibit both high polarization purity and high electroluminescence efficiency, with |g_EL| values of up to 1.9, EQEs reaching 26.9%, and Q-factors as high as 0.48. Notably, contrary to the conventional assumption that N*-LC integration causes severe optical losses (>50%) due to Bragg reflection, the EQE of the devices is preserved mainly in this composite architecture. This behavior is attributed to an internal photon-recycling process enabled by the reflection of light within the device structure. To the best of our knowledge, these CP-OLEDs represent the highest comprehensive performance reported to date. Furthermore, the practical utility of these high-performance devices is demonstrated through the encryption and decryption of information based on circularly polarized electroluminescence.

### 1043. [Electrocaloric Devices for Solid-State Refrigeration: Design Strategies and Applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electrocaloric-devices-for-solid-state-refrigeration-design-strategies-and-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3983-4]
Refrigeration is essential for modern society, supporting applications from household appliances and industrial manufacturing to microelectronics and biopharmaceutical cold chains. Conventional refrigeration technologies are constrained by environmental impact and low energy efficiency, emphasizing the importance of developing sustainable alternatives. Solid-state caloric refrigeration, particularly electrocaloric (EC) devices, offers a promising route owing to their high cooling efficiency, rapid electric-field-driven response, and potential for miniaturization. Significant progress has been achieved in various EC device configurations. However, EC devices still face challenges in achieving large temperature spans, high cooling power, and effective integration for specific applications. This review systematically summarizes these developments, focusing on device design and performance enhancement. It elucidates the fundamental and shared design strategies, classifies EC devices into fluid-based heat-transfer type, solid-based heat-transfer type, and thermal-resistance-modulated heat-switch architectures, and analyzes representative device structures, performance metrics, and application scenarios. Finally, energy-recovery strategies and future optimization directions toward more efficient EC systems are discussed. This work provides a comprehensive reference for the design innovation and practical implementation of EC-based solid-state refrigeration technologies.

### 1044. [Gd3+ Synergistic Sensitization in Tb3+-Doped LBSO Glasses: Influence of Cluster Dispersion and Energy Transfer on Luminescence and X-ray Detection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/gd3-synergistic-sensitization-in-tb3-doped-lbso-glasses-influence-of-cluster-dispersion-and-energy-transfer-on) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4025-y]
Gd3+-sensitized Tb3+-based glasses are high light-yield scintillators. Energy transfer sensitization between Gd3+ and Tb3+ is well-recognized. Gd3+ ions are also found to typically modulate the interionic distances of Tb3+ ions; however, the mechanism why this effect enhances the latter’s photoluminescence still remains unclear. This work focuses on Gd3+, Tb3+ co-doped La2O3-B2O3-SiO2 (LBSO), first demonstrating Tb3+ clusters via spectroscopy. LBSO’s optimal Tb3+ single-doping concentration is 37%, rising to 50% with 20% Gd3+. The LBSO:20%Gd3+,50%Tb3+ sample exhibits a 542 nm emission intensity 2.22 times that of the 37%Tb3+ single-doped sample, 38% scintillation efficiency (vs. BGO), and >20 lp mm−1 X-ray resolution. The introduction of Gd3+ increases the interionic distance between Tb3+ ions within the clusters, thereby suppressing the concentration quenching effect and enhancing the fluorescence emission. We propose this mechanism as “cluster-dispersion sensitization effect”. This effect was further confirmed in other glass systems (LBSO:Lu3+, Tb3+, LBSO:Y3+, Tb3+, Bi-based:Lu3+, Tb3+, etc.). Spectroscopic analysis shows Gd3+-Tb3+ energy transfer efficiency up to 80%. In conclusion, Gd3+ synergistically enhances Tb3+ fluorescence via both effects. These findings not only fully elucidate the sensitization mechanism of Gd3+ ions in Gd3+, Tb3+ co-doped scintillating glasses but also provide new insights for researching the manipulation of activator ion clusters in luminescent materials. In search for novel scintillators, cluster-dispersion sensitization effect may greatly improve their spatial resolution via intrinsic architectures design in glasses, ceramics, thin films, and nanoparticles.

### 1045. [Enhancing Sludge Dewatering and Filtrate Carbon Source Recovery via Typical Bioenzymatic Conditioning](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/enhancing-sludge-dewatering-and-filtrate-carbon-source-recovery-via-typical-bioenzymatic-conditioning) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607024]
This study systematically investigated the effects of single and composite conditioning with lysozyme, amylase, and protease on sludge dewatering performance and carbon source recovery in filtrate from residual sludge of a water treatment plant in Foshan City. Results indicated that lysozyme significantly improved sludge dewatering by reducing specific resistance of filtration (SRF), capillary suction time (CST), and water content of the filtered sludge cake (Wc). While amylase and protease decreased Wc, they elevated SRF and CST, deteriorating sludge filtration properties. Among combined enzyme treatments, lysozyme and protease exhibited synergistic effects. The asynchronous addition strategy (protease/amylase followed by lysozyme) demonstrated the best performance in reducing Wc, while simultaneous addition was more effective in improving SRF and CST. Mechanistic analysis revealed that all three enzymes reduced sludge particle size. Lysozyme primarily targeted cell lysis and wall disruption, releasing intracellular substances, reducing viscosity, and enhancing sludge hydrophobicity. Meanwhile, amylase and protease mainly disrupted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), leading to release of proteins and polysaccharides into slime EPS, increasing viscosity and hydrophilicity. Furthermore, all three enzymes effectively promoted carbon source release, increased soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) of filtrate, and transformed recalcitrant humic acid-like organic matters into readily bioavailable tryptophan-like and tyrosine-like substances. These findings provide a basis for optimizing enzyme-based sludge conditioning to achieve simultaneous dewatering enhancement and carbon source recovery.

### 1046. [Effects of Municipal Sludge Application on Composition and Microbial Communities of Mine Waste Rock Soil](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-of-municipal-sludge-application-on-composition-and-microbial-communities-of-mine-waste-rock-soil) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202607023]
The rapid population growth and accelerating urban development have made the comprehensive utilization of municipal sludge (MS) an urgent challenge. MS contains substantial organic matter and essential nutrients for crop growth, making it a promising soil amendment for the ecological restoration of mine waste rock. However, research evaluating the impact of MS application on soil health and ecological safety from a soil microbiology perspective remains understudied. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of MS and composted municipal sludge (CMS) on the ecological restoration of mine waste rock soil through pot experiments. High-throughput sequencing technology was employed to analyze changes in soil microbial community structure and diversity. Finally, network analysis and correlation heatmaps were utilized to elucidate the microbial driving mechanisms. The results indicated that after MS and CMS application, organic matter content increased from 20.38 g/kg (Level 3) to 38.52 g/kg (Level 2). The levels of available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium rose from Level 4, 6, 2, to Level 1, 4, 1, respectively. Fresh weight, aboveground height, root length, and stem diameter of ryegrass all increased significantly. Venn diagram and heatmap analyses indicated that lower application rates (<1.5 kg/m²) enhanced microbial community richness and diversity. This study confirms municipal sludge as an effective amendment for mine waste rock soil. It is recommended to limit application rates below 1.5 kg/m² in practical mine ecological restoration projects, with particular attention to long-term dynamics of heavy metals and salinity to ensure safe and sustainable land reuse.

### 1047. [In-situ growth of ZnIn2S4 nanosheets on a Ti-based MOF to form a core-shell heterojunction for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/in-situ-growth-of-znin2s4-nanosheets-on-a-ti-based-mof-to-form-a-core-shell-heterojunction-for-enhanced-photoc) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3875-1]
Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) from pure water is a promising strategy to address critical challenges in energy sustainability and environmental remediation. However, HER over single-component photocatalysts is intrinsically limited by inefficient carrier separation and relatively poor photostability. Forming abundant interfaces between two components is an effective approach for solving these issues. Herein, a series of hierarchical core-shell heterojunction photocatalysts, designated as F@Z-X, was rationally constructed by in situ growing ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) nanosheets on a Ti-based metal-organic framework (FIR-125), demonstrating remarkable structural stability. Due to the abundant intimate contact interfaces and well-matched band structure, the F@Z-X series exhibit enhanced HER performance. Among them, the optimized heterojunction F@Z-0.25 shows a photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 3789.45 μmol g−1 h−1, which is about 4.4 and 264.4 times higher than that of pristine ZIS (859.57 μmol g−1 h−1) and FIR-125 (15.32 μmol g−1 h−1), respectively. Moreover, the photocatalyst manifests excellent reusability and durability, maintaining its performance over five consecutive cycles and sixteen hours of continuous reaction. The outstanding performance of F@Z-0.25 may be ascribed to an optimal balance among three fundamental photocatalytic processes: sufficient light absorption, exceptional carrier separation, and appropriate surface reaction. This work offers valuable insights into the rational design and controllable synthesis of novel heterojunction photocatalysts for efficient hydrogen evolution.

### 1048. [Zn dilution-directed synthesis of Pt nanoclusters on porous nickel-carbon microspheres for hydrogen evolution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/zn-dilution-directed-synthesis-of-pt-nanoclusters-on-porous-nickel-carbon-microspheres-for-hydrogen-evolution) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3966-0]
The development of low platinum-loading catalysts for the economically viable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) remains challenging. Herein, a precursor dilution strategy is used to fabricate Pt nanoclusters anchored on Ni-embedded porous carbon microspheres. The approach begins with the facile synthesis of Zn/Ni-based coordination polymers (Ni-BTC-Zn) due to the isomorphic substitution of Zn2+ and Ni2+. During pyrolysis, the evaporation of zinc species results in a highly porous carbon structure with well-dispersed nickel nanoparticles. Subsequent solvothermal treatment allows for the uniform deposition of Pt nanoclusters to form the final bimetallic PtNi catalysts (PtNi-BTC-C). Among them, the optimized PtNi-BTC-C10 exhibits exceptional alkaline HER performance, requiring an overpotential of only 41 mV to achieve 10 mA cm−2 and a low Tafel slope of 31.1 mV dec−1. It also demonstrates outstanding durability with a current retention of 90.7% after 70 h, far exceeding Pt/C. Extensive characterization confirms that moderate Zn dilution optimally modulates the Ni particle size and dispersion, leading to maximized active sites and enhanced charge transfer. Combined with DFT calculations, the Pt-Ni-cluster model for PtNi-BTC-C10 possesses an optimized electronic structure with a shifted d-band center, which facilitates water dissociation and optimizes H* desorption with the most favorable energetics (0.262 eV). This work provides a fundamental understanding of precursor dilution engineering and offers a versatile pathway for designing advanced noble-metal-based bimetallic electrocatalysts.

### 1049. [Co-electrosynthesis of ammonia and formic acid over nitrogen-doped carbon-supported Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and NiO catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/co-electrosynthesis-of-ammonia-and-formic-acid-over-nitrogen-doped-carbon-supported-bisub2subosub3sub-and-nio) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3940-y]
Co-electrosynthesis of ammonia and formic acid over nitrogen-doped carbon-supported Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and NiO catalysts

### 1050. [N-vacancy engineering Zn single-atom site boosts efficient photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/n-vacancy-engineering-zn-single-atom-site-boosts-efficient-photosynthesis-of-hydrogen-peroxide) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3950-x]
Photocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production via the two-electron pathway offers an environmentally friendly oxidant and a clean fuel. However, challenges exist in optimal oxygen (O2) adsorption capacities and maintaining O–O bond during O2 activation. Herein, we present a zinc single-atom catalyst (Zn/VN-CN) incorporating nitrogen vacancies (VN), designed to modulate the electronic structure of the photocatalyst, leading to optimized O2 adsorption energy and a remarkable enhancement in H2O2 yield. Benefiting from the synergistic effect between nitrogen vacancies and Zn single atoms, the optimized Zn/VN-CN catalyst exhibits a photocatalytic H2O2 production rate of 2.399 mmol g−1 h−1 under visible-light irradiation, representing a 12-fold enhancement compared to pristine g-C3N4 (CN), along with a high H2O2 selectivity of 87.4%. Combined experimental and theoretical studies indicate that the Zn-N3 sites act as highly active reaction centers, while nitrogen vacancies increase the charge density and downshift the d-band center of the Zn sites, thereby moderating O2 adsorption strength, lowering the activation energy barrier for the formation of *H2O2, and further converting it to H2O2. This work proposes an effective strategy for tuning O2 adsorption behavior to achieve highly selective and active photocatalytic H2O2 production.

### 1051. [Isolated Mn2+-activated near-infrared phosphors under nephelauxetic effects and strong crystal field](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/isolated-mn2-activated-near-infrared-phosphors-under-nephelauxetic-effects-and-strong-crystal-field) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3939-4]
Broadband near-infrared (NIR) phosphors with longer wavelengths are critically needed for deep-tissue biomedical imaging and other emerging applications. However, the detailed mechanism of Mn2+-activated NIR emission remains elusive. Guided by the nephelauxetic effect theory, sulfide phosphors with strong covalent bonding are promising for achieving long-wavelength Mn2+ luminescence. This work reports a series of M(Ga, In)2S4:Mn2+ (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) phosphors featuring strong crystal field environments, and for the first time the luminescence behaviors of Mn2+-doped MIn2S4 (M = Sr, Ba). Preferential site occupancy leads to significant differences between MGa2S4:Mn2+ (M = Ca, Sr) and MIn2S4:Mn2+ (M = Sr, Ba) despite the same crystal structure. Severe polyhedral distortion enhances ultrawideband deep-red to NIR luminescence (600–850 nm, FWHM ≈ 123–257 nm), far superior to similar materials. Fabricated pc-LED devices demonstrate excellent vascular imaging and plant illumination capabilities. This study provides new insights into the NIR luminescence of isolated Mn2+.

### 1052. [Atomically dispersed Pt species anchored on Al3+-doped SrTiO3 for photocatalytic overall water splitting](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/atomically-dispersed-pt-species-anchored-on-al3-doped-srtio3-for-photocatalytic-overall-water-splitting) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3892-2]
Single-atom co-catalysts on semiconductor substrates offer a cost-efficient route to enhance photocatalytic performance with minimal precious metal loading. However, precise tuning of local coordination environments and construction of efficient single-atom co-catalysts remain challenging for overall water splitting. Here, we employ an icing-assisted photochemical reduction strategy to anchor atomically dispersed Pt species as hydrogen evolution co-catalysts on Al3+-doped SrTiO3 (Pt SA-STO). The optimized Pt SA-STO exhibits remarkable activity, with hydrogen and oxygen evolution rates of 13.62 and 6.71 mmol h−1 g−1, respectively, and a turnover frequency (TOF) of 2114.5 h−1. We pioneer the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to quantitatively track the temporal evolution of Pt4+ to Pt2+ under continuous irradiation during the icing-assisted photoreduction. Advanced characterizations and theoretical calculations confirm that single-atom Pt co-catalysts facilitate directional transfer and extraction of photogenerated charge carriers, effectively suppressing surface recombination. This work provides insights into designing novel single-atom co-catalysts by deepening understanding of electronic configurations and active sites in photocatalytic overall water splitting.

### 1053. [Transparent oxyhalide glass-ceramic scintillators containing lead-free chloride perovskite nanocrystals for high-resolution and stable X-ray imaging](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/transparent-oxyhalide-glass-ceramic-scintillators-containing-lead-free-chloride-perovskite-nanocrystals-for-hi) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3920-1]
Lead-free halide perovskites are promising scintillators due to strong X-ray attenuation and high internal quantum efficiency (IQE), but their application is hindered by moisture sensitivity. Here, CsSrCl3:Eu2+ nanocrystals were grown in situ in a specially designed inorganic glass matrix. By employing [PO4]-modification and controlled crystallization, a transparent CsSrCl3:Eu2+ glass-ceramic (GC) scintillator was obtained, combining high crystallinity (15.9%) with excellent optical transparency (85.3% at 432 nm). The GC exhibits outstanding photoluminescence (PL) performance, including a high IQE of 87.6% and superior thermal stability (74% intensity retention at 493 K relative to 303 K). Benefiting from the robust glass matrix, the GC retains 99% of its initial PL intensity after 14 days of water immersion. Under X-ray excitation, it shows blue X-ray excited luminescence (XEL), with peak and integrated intensities reaching 117% and 25.1% of those of Bi4Ge3O12 crystal, respectively. The scintillator achieves a high spatial resolution of 20 lp mm−1 and an X-ray detection limit of 3.7 μGy s−1. Furthermore, it demonstrates exceptional operational stability in humid environments, maintaining clear X-ray image contrast even after 48 h of water submersion. This study provides an effective strategy for stabilizing hygroscopic halide scintillators in a durable [PO4]-modified fluoroaluminate glass matrix and demonstrates the potential of CsSrCl3:Eu2+ GC for high-resolution and stable X-ray imaging.

### 1054. [Broad-Temperature-Range Thermoresponse of Cu(I)-Based Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Metal Halides with Multimode Dynamic Luminescence](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/broad-temperature-range-thermoresponse-of-cui-based-organic-inorganic-hybrid-metal-halides-with-multimode-dyna) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3989-4]
Organic-inorganic hybrid metal halides (OIMHs) based on Cu(I) ions exhibit broad application prospects in stimulus-responsive luminescent materials due to their rich structural diversity and highly adjustable electronic states. However, achieving sensitive and broad-temperature-range thermal responses remains a significant challenge. Here, we synthesize a zero-dimensional warm white-light emitting OIMH, MPC-W ((C9H20N2O)4(Cu2I4)(Cu2I6)(H2PO2)2), using 4-morpholinopiperidine (4-MP) and CuI. MPC-W features hybrid structures of [Cu2I4]2− and [Cu2I6]4−. The coexistence of three luminescent mechanisms—organic cluster luminescence (CL), self-trapped exciton (STE) emission of [Cu2I6]4−, and cluster-centered (CC) state luminescence of [Cu2I4]2−—endows MPC-W with temperature- and excitation-wavelength-dependent dynamic luminescence. From 77 to 297 K, the luminescence color continuously tunes from blue to cyan, green, yellow-green, and white. In the range of 217–463 K, MPC-W exhibits abnormal luminescence enhancement with increasing temperature. Upon chemical stimuli, MPC-W reversibly transforms into blue-emitting MPC-B ((C9H20N2O)Cu2I4) and yellow-emitting MPC-Y ((C9H18N2O)7Cu8I8). These dynamic luminescent properties position MPC-W for applications in temperature sensing, optical anti-counterfeiting, and password locks. This work provides new insights for developing wide-temperature-responsive multifunctional intelligent luminescent materials.

### 1055. [Cost-effective organic solar cells consisting of homogeneously passivated metal oxides](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cost-effective-organic-solar-cells-consisting-of-homogeneously-passivated-metal-oxides) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3980-y]
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 20% in laboratory-scale devices, yet challenges persist in developing cost-effective charge-transporting materials (CTMs) that ensure high performance and long-term stability. Conventional organic CTMs such as PEDOT:PSS and PDINN suffer from thermal instability due to molecular diffusion and phase segregation. Solution-processed metal oxides (MOs) offer excellent stability and cost-effectiveness but are plagued by surface defects, particularly hydroxyl groups, which act as recombination centers and photocatalytic sites, degrading device interfaces. Here, we develop an organic-inorganic hybrid strategy to homogeneously passivate solution-processible semiconducting MOs. By first synthesizing MOs rich in surface hydroxyl groups and then introducing organic molecules, we achieve chemically homogeneous passivation that mitigates surface defects. This approach enables favorable interfacial energy level alignment, enhanced charge extraction, and tunable surface energy. Employing these passivated MOs as electron transport layers (ZnO) and hole transport layers (NiOx), we achieve a champion PCE of 20.22% for all-MO CTM-based OSCs, the highest reported to date. Scalability is demonstrated via ambient blade-coating, yielding 18.33% PCE for large-area cells (1.44 cm2) and 16.03% for modules (20.05 cm2), with material costs estimated at only 4% of organic counterparts. Furthermore, devices exhibit outstanding stability, retaining over 80% of initial PCE after 1300 h of maximum power point tracking and over 1000 h of thermal annealing at 85°C. This work establishes a new benchmark for cost-effective, high-performance organic photovoltaics.

### 1056. [Dual-mode Förster resonance energy transfer for color-tunable and stimulus-responsive organic afterglow](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dual-mode-forster-resonance-energy-transfer-for-color-tunable-and-stimulus-responsive-organic-afterglow) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3906-2]
Achieving flexible polymer-based organic afterglow materials with color-tunable and stimulus-responsive capabilities is significant in diverse optoelectronic fields, especially in next-generation wearable full-color display applications, yet remains a great challenge. Here, we report polymer-based dual-mode afterglow systems that realize long-lived color-tunable afterglow with full-color gamut of blue, green, orange, red, and even white-light emissions with ultralong lifetimes up to 2.42 s. This unique performance is enabled by a universal strategy of dual-mode afterglow-assisted Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) that utilizes seconds-long dual-mode afterglow materials as energy donors and permits efficient synchronous transfer of singlet and triplet excitons from energy donors to the fluorescent dye acceptors. More impressively, the dual-mode afterglow-assisted FRET efficiency reaches up to 99%, with the lifetime of the energy acceptor reaching 1.55 s. Associated with the abundant hydrogen-bonding interactions within the polymer system, the doped afterglow films exhibit water/thermal stimulus responsiveness and recyclability. Furthermore, these full-color dual-mode afterglow materials are employed for multicolor screen-printing, optical anti-counterfeiting, and high-level information encryption, demonstrating considerable application potential in advanced anti-counterfeiting technologies.

### 1057. [Phase Distribution Control in Thermally Evaporated Perovskite Films for Speckle-Free Laser Imaging](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/phase-distribution-control-in-thermally-evaporated-perovskite-films-for-speckle-free-laser-imaging) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3967-x]
Metal-halide perovskites exhibit exceptional optical gain, narrow emission linewidths, and high emission efficiency, positioning them as promising candidates for next-generation lasers. Thermal evaporation, a mature semiconductor fabrication technique, offers scalability, yet monitoring phase distribution during deposition remains challenging. This study systematically investigates and regulates thermally evaporated FAxCs0.8PbBr3 perovskite films by tuning formamidinium (FA) content to optimize phase distribution. At intermediate FA content, films achieve a balanced distribution of n=2 to n=5 quantum-well phases, facilitating ultrafast carrier transfer (<0.31 ps) and suppressing nonradiative recombination. FA+ actively incorporates as an A-site cation, promoting ordered crystallization and reducing defect densities. The optimized films exhibit a net modal gain of 1041 cm−1 and a gain lifetime of 129 ps. Benefiting from efficient internal scattering, the threshold for cavity-free random lasing is reduced to below 5 μJ/cm2 at room temperature. The low spatial coherence of random lasing enables speckle-free imaging with a speckle contrast as low as 0.011 and improved contrast-to-noise ratios across all spatial frequencies. This work provides a scalable strategy for perovskite composition-phase engineering, advancing speckle-free laser imaging systems compatible with semiconductor-grade, large-area manufacturing.

### 1058. [Nitrogen-Substitution Engineering Enabling Efficient H2O2 Photosynthesis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nitrogen-substitution-engineering-enabling-efficient-h2o2-photosynthesis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4076-x]
The transition from laboratory-scale to industrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production hinges on achieving ultra-high photocatalytic efficiency. Herein, we demonstrate a nitrogen-substitution engineering strategy for photocatalysts by replacing partial carbon atoms in benzene-1,3,5-triamine with nitrogen atoms, showing dual synergistic effects: (1) electronic structure modification upon electronegativity and dipole moment of the building blocks, creating built-in electric fields that promote charge separation and interfacial electron transfer; (2) enhancement in adsorption of reaction intermediates significantly boosting oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and water oxidation reaction (WOR) kinetics. This dual-modification system exhibits broadband light absorption extending to 700 nm (near-infrared), enabling outstanding performance under ambient conditions with a H2O2 production rate of 12099 μmol g−1 h−1 from water and O2 without any sacrificial agent, an apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 19% at 500 nm, and a solar-to-chemical energy (SCC) efficiency of 1.38%. This work establishes atom-engineered nitrogen substitution as a general approach for designing high-performance photocatalysts, offering a viable pathway for large-scale H2O2 production with solar-driven chemical synthesis paradigm.

### 1059. [Lignin-Based Carbon Nanofibrous Scaffold: Constructing a Mechanically Robust Bi2WO6/ZnIn2S4 Z-Scheme Heterojunction Membrane for Enhanced Pollutant Degradation and Stable Cyclability](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/lignin-based-carbon-nanofibrous-scaffold-constructing-a-mechanically-robust-bi2wo6znin2s4-z-scheme-heterojunct) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3990-6]
Sustainable bio-sourced functional materials are pivotal for advancing wastewater treatment technologies. This study reports a lignin-based carbon nanofiber (CNF) scaffold engineered with a Bi2WO6 (BWO) and ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) Z-scheme heterojunction via coaxial electrospinning and hydrothermal synthesis. The resulting all-component photocatalytic nanomembrane exhibits superior mechanical robustness under wet conditions, with a Young's modulus of 20.38 MPa and toughness of 2.48 kJ/m3. Stabilization kinetics are accelerated 10-fold (1°C/min), yielding significant energy savings. Using methylene blue (MB) as a model pollutant, the CNFs@BWO/ZIS membrane achieves 94.4% degradation efficiency (k = 0.01664 min−1) after 120 min of solar irradiation, maintaining excellent recyclability over five successive cycles. Systematic mechanistic studies elucidate the Z-scheme charge-transfer pathway, which optimizes interfacial photoexcited carrier separation and reduces energy loss. This work demonstrates a sustainable biomass-derived photocatalytic system with high mechanical integrity and catalytic performance, offering a viable route for efficient wastewater treatment and contributing to carbon neutrality goals.

### 1060. [Oxygen Anion-Mediated Electron Pump Suppressed Iron Segregation in Cobalt-Iron Catalyst Boosts Ampere-Scale Seawater Electrolysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/oxygen-anion-mediated-electron-pump-suppressed-iron-segregation-in-cobalt-iron-catalyst-boosts-ampere-scale-se) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3918-x]
Electrochemical seawater electrolysis powered by renewable energy is a highly promising route toward sustainable hydrogen production, mitigating both energy shortages and carbon emissions. However, chloride-induced corrosion and competitive chlorine evolution reactions lead to metal site dissolution, severely impairing durability, especially at industrial-level current densities. Here, we report a nitrite-incorporated cobalt-iron layered double hydroxide (CoFe-NO2−-LDH) electrocatalyst that exhibits exceptional activity and stability for seawater splitting. The nitrite anion acts as an electronic pump: it accepts electrons to facilitate the formation of high-valence Fe species essential for initial OER activation, and donates electrons under high potential to suppress oxidative dissolution. Moreover, the negatively charged nitrite generates an electrostatic repulsion field that effectively repels chloride ions, protecting metal active sites from corrosion and segregation. The in situ characterization confirms that nitrite doping weakens the Fe–O covalency, which suppresses lattice oxygen participation and promotes a stable adsorbate-evolving mechanism, consequently leading to significantly enhanced operational stability. When used as an anode, the CoFe-NO2−-LDH catalyst achieves over 1000 h of stable operation at 1000 mA cm−2 in seawater electrolysis, demonstrating great potential for practical applications.

### 1061. [Nitrogen vacancy-modified Fe3O4 for efficient visible-light-driven CO2 photoreduction to syngas](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nitrogen-vacancy-modified-fe3o4-for-efficient-visible-light-driven-co2-photoreduction-to-syngas) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3922-2]
Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to syngas (CO and H2) is pivotal for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and carbon neutrality, yet suffers from rapid charge carrier recombination. Here, we report a solvent-induced defect engineering strategy to fabricate nitrogen vacancy (Nv)-modified Fe3O4 (Fe3O4-Nv-12h). Under visible light (λ ≥ 420 nm), Fe3O4-Nv-12h achieves a total syngas production rate of 43.55 mmol g−1 h−1 with a near 1:1 CO/H2 ratio, representing an 805.2-fold enhancement over pristine Fe3O4 and surpassing state-of-the-art systems. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirm that Nv introduction modulates the electronic structure, acting as electron traps to suppress recombination and enhance charge transport. In situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identifies *COOH and *CO as key intermediates for CO formation. This work establishes an effective nitrogen vacancy modification strategy for efficient photocatalytic CO2 conversion to syngas, offering new avenues for high-performance catalyst design.

### 1062. [Molecular Tailoring Modulates Coordination of Deep Eutectic Electrolytes for Dendrite-Free Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/molecular-tailoring-modulates-coordination-of-deep-eutectic-electrolytes-for-dendrite-free-rechargeable-alumin) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3984-5]
Rechargeable aluminum batteries (RABs) are promising for large-scale energy storage due to high theoretical capacity, inherent safety, and abundant aluminum reserves. However, conventional AlCl3-based ionic liquid electrolytes suffer from high cost, uncontrolled dendrite growth, and severe anode corrosion. Here, a molecular-level ligand engineering strategy is proposed, employing nitrogen-containing cyclic amides with tunable N–H functionalities to modulate the coordination environment of deep eutectic electrolytes (DEEs). Combined experimental and theoretical investigations reveal that the α-pyrrolidone-based DEE (PDEE) possesses a wider electrochemical window, higher ionic conductivity, and lower polarization. Precise N–H regulation optimizes cationic ligand and chloroaluminate anion interactions, accelerating ion transport to facilitate uniform Al deposition without dendrites. The amine functionalities enable in situ construction of a uniform inorganic-organic bilayer solid electrolyte interphase, mitigating anode corrosion and enhancing long-term interfacial stability. As a result, Al//Al symmetric batteries with PDEE achieve stable cycling for over 2000 hours, while Al-graphite full batteries demonstrate negligible capacity decay after 6000 cycles. This study establishes that ligand molecular engineering offers an effective strategy for optimizing DEEs, enabling durable and high-performance RABs.

### 1063. [Correlating the dielectric properties with chain packing density of polar functionalities in hyperbranched polyimides](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/correlating-the-dielectric-properties-with-chain-packing-density-of-polar-functionalities-in-hyperbranched-pol) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3825-x]
Polymer-based dielectric materials with high energy density and thermal stability are critical for modern electric/electronic industries. Polyimide (PI) based materials are promising due to their high temperature resistance and chemical inertness, yet their inherently low dielectric constant and limited charge-discharge energy density restrict applications in film capacitors. While incorporating ferroelectric or conductive fillers can enhance dielectric performance, batch-to-batch inconsistency and physical deterioration remain problematic. This study focuses on molecular structure design and modulation, preparing hyperbranched polyimides with different dianhydride monomers and branching degrees. The effects of chain packing density with polar groups on dielectric and energy storage performances were systematically investigated via experimentation and molecular simulation. Results demonstrate a significant correlation between monomers' electrical distribution and packing density in polymer systems. Molecular simulation further elucidated the underlying mechanism. This work establishes a foundation for designing polymer-based dielectric materials with high dielectric and energy storage performances at the molecular level.

### 1064. [Quaternary Ammonium-Mediated I+ Complexation for Stable High-Energy Four-Electron Aqueous Fiber Zinc-Iodine Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/quaternary-ammonium-mediated-i-complexation-for-stable-high-energy-four-electron-aqueous-fiber-zinc-iodine-bat) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4107-x]
Aqueous fiber zinc-iodine batteries (FZIBs) with four-electron redox exhibit inherent safety and high energy density for wearable electronics. Nevertheless, their practical implementations are hindered by unsatisfactory cycling stability and low realistic energy density, mainly caused by severe H2O-induced nucleophilic attack toward iodine species and poor zinc anode reversibility. Here, we report a quaternary ammonium-mediated coordination strategy to simultaneously address the irreversible cathode/anode redox behavior and thus promote the electrochemical performance of four-electron FZIBs. The cationic choline ion (Ch+) induces complexation with ICl2− via electrostatic interaction, homogenizing the electron cloud density and suppressing irreversible hydrolysis of I+ species, enabling a reversible near-theoretical high capacity of 418.3 mAh g−1. Meanwhile, preferentially adsorbed Ch+ on the zinc anode surface creates positively charged shielding layers, mitigating the tip effect caused by localized electric field and achieving robust zinc stripping/plating. The enhanced cathode/anode reversibility and improved interfacial stability enable stable FZIBs operation for over 20,000 cycles at 20.0 A g−1. Moreover, successful integration of FZIBs into electronic textiles with glucose and cardiac rhythm sensors demonstrates great potential for next-generation wearable electronics.

### 1065. [Comfort-tailored, zero-carbon thermoregulation fabric enabled by shape memory artificial muscles with noticeable amplitude](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/comfort-tailored-zero-carbon-thermoregulation-fabric-enabled-by-shape-memory-artificial-muscles-with-noticeabl) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3964-5]
The escalating demand for personalized thermal-moisture comfort, coupled with the high energy consumption of conventional heating and cooling systems and the imperative for low-carbon energy conservation, has driven the development of shape memory smart fabrics that respond to environmental changes. However, existing shape memory thermal-moisture management fabrics suffer from excessively high response temperatures, inadequate response performance, and suboptimal thermal-moisture management. In this work, a dual-network shape memory polymer (SMP) was synthesized, and its shape memory transition temperature was tuned to align with the human thermal comfort range. The polymer was processed into fibers and subsequently into twisted-coiled artificial muscles to enhance reversible strain. Woven with wool into a plain fabric, the resulting textile exhibits adaptive thermal-moisture management, achieving a warp reversible strain of up to 17.5%. At elevated temperatures, the fabric contracts, exhibiting an air permeability of 1546 mm/s and thermal conductivity of 0.0518 W/(m·K); at lower temperatures, it elongates, with air permeability of 1322 mm/s and thermal conductivity of 0.0426 W/(m·K), thereby realizing 'warm when cool and cool when hot' functionality. Compared with commercial wool fabrics, this smart fabric lowers the skin microenvironment temperature by 1.5 °C and offers an energy savings potential of approximately 222.58 MJ/m² per year in capital cities such as Beijing. This work provides a novel technical pathway and design approach for future personalized comfort and low-carbon, energy-saving textiles.

### 1066. [Unraveling the Missed Heteroatom-Doping Effect in Pyrite FeS2 for Oxygen Evolution Reaction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/unraveling-the-missed-heteroatom-doping-effect-in-pyrite-fes2-for-oxygen-evolution-reaction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3905-9]
Heteroatom doping is a widely adopted strategy to enhance the electrocatalytic activity of transition metal compounds, yet the intrinsic role of dopants beyond conventional electronic effects remains unresolved. This study reveals a missed heteroatom-doping effect using a graphene-supported Co-doped FeS2 catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Comprehensive characterization and in situ Raman spectroscopy demonstrate that Co incorporation disrupts S–S bond symmetry and orbital matching within FeS2, generating abundant S2− species that accelerate surface reconstruction into active FeOOH under electrochemical conditions. After reconstruction, Co atoms remain integrated within the FeOOH lattice, upshifting its d-band center and optimizing oxygen intermediate adsorption, as confirmed by theoretical calculations. This dual functionality of Co dopants—facilitating rapid reconstruction in the pre-catalyst and modulating the electronic structure of the active phase—provides novel mechanistic insights into dopant-induced dynamic reconstruction for electrocatalysis. The findings challenge the conventional understanding of doping effects and offer a rational design principle for Fe-based OER electrocatalysts, potentially lowering overpotentials and improving stability for practical water splitting.

### 1067. [Subnanowire-Reinforced Robust PVA Hydrogel for Multimodal Wearable Sensors Enabling Information Transmission](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/subnanowire-reinforced-robust-pva-hydrogel-for-multimodal-wearable-sensors-enabling-information-transmission) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4006-4]
Hydrogels, despite their potential in flexible electronics and wearable sensors, often suffer from inadequate mechanical robustness under sustained loading. This study aims to overcome this limitation by developing a novel nanocomposite hydrogel system through the integration of calcium-polyoxometalate sub-nanometer wires (Ca-POM SNWs) into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. Utilizing a H2O/ethylene glycol (EG) binary solvent, the hydrogel achieves uniform dispersion of Ca-POM SNWs, which enhances mechanical properties through dual reinforcement mechanisms: stress dissipation via polymer-mimetic flexibility and crystallinity improvement via hydrophobic ligand-induced chain alignment. The resulting PVA/Ca-POM hydrogel exhibits exceptional performance, including a 2.4-fold increase in fracture stress (0.85 MPa), 3.8-fold toughness enhancement (2.76 MJ m−3), and high ionic conductivity (3.6 S m−1). As a strain sensor, it achieves a gauge factor of 2.56 with rapid response, enabling precise detection of both large joint movements and subtle physiological vibrations. A prototype Morse code communication system further demonstrates its potential in assistive healthcare technologies, facilitating barrier-free, real-time communication between disabled patients and clinicians. This work highlights a breakthrough in inorganic-organic interface compatibility, offering a versatile platform for next-generation wearable technologies and extreme-environment applications. The innovative design principles and multifunctional performance underscore its significance in advancing soft material engineering.

### 1068. [Promoting cycling and thermal stability of ultrahigh-nickel oxide cathodes with well-controlled microstructure and stiffness](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/promoting-cycling-and-thermal-stability-of-ultrahigh-nickel-oxide-cathodes-with-well-controlled-microstructure) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4079-4]
Utilization of ultrahigh-nickel LiNi_xCo_yMn_1-x-yO_2 (NCM) (x > 0.97) in Li-ion batteries can distinctively boost energy density through enhanced discharge capacity. However, capacity and thermal stability deteriorate as Ni content approaches the limit. Here, we propose a facile strategy by introducing high-valence tungsten (W) into ultrahigh-nickel polycrystalline LiNi_0.98Co_0.01Mn_0.01O_2 (PCNCM98). W-doped PCNCM98 (W-PCNCM98) exhibits refined, compactly stacked primary particles, whereas PCNCM98 shows equiaxial, non-uniform larger particles. The refined microstructure enhances mechanical strength: average particle hardness of W-PCNCM98 is 104 MPa, 1.5 times higher than PCNCM98 (68 MPa). This improved mechanical property suppresses lattice volume changes and relieves microcrack formation from H2–H3 phase transition. Consequently, cycling performance in pouch-type full cells is significantly enhanced, with capacity retention of 73% after 2000 cycles at 1 C and 25 °C, 54% higher than PCNCM98. Enhanced structural stability and strong electron affinity of W6+ also improve thermal stability: exothermic peak for W-PCNCM98 is postponed to 203 °C with heat generation of 1287 J g−1, versus 190 °C and 1528 J g−1 for PCNCM98. This high-valent doping strategy stabilizes ultrahigh-nickel NCM cathodes, accelerating large-scale EV applications.

### 1069. [High-performance perovskite thermoelectrics in BaZrS3 via decoupling of charge and heat transport](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/high-performance-perovskite-thermoelectrics-in-bazrs3-via-decoupling-of-charge-and-heat-transport) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3948-7]
High-performance thermoelectric materials are typically narrow-band gap semiconductors. Here, by decoupling charge and heat transport in BaZrS3 with a band gap of about 1.9 eV, we made the emerging chalcogenide perovskite a high-performance thermoelectric material with only earth-abundant elements. Our first-principles calculations indicate that the high ionicity of BaZrS3 renders the electrons to propagate mainly through the Zr-4d orbitals, so that isovalent alloying Se on S sites minimally affects its charge transport while effectively suppressing lattice thermal conductivity. Using a flux-assisted solid-state method, we synthesized single-phase BaZrS3(1−x)Se3x samples with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25. As an indicator of decoupled charge and heat transport, the electron mobility is found barely degraded with increasing Se content, while the thermal conductivity is significantly reduced from 2.07 to 0.99 W m−1 K−1 at room temperature. This results in a record-high ZT of 0.81 at 750 K, a value never achieved for materials with band gaps greater than 1.5 eV, and the highest among all perovskite materials. Our work not only underscores the potential of wide band gap semiconductors as high-performance thermoelectric materials, but also demonstrates the strategy of decoupling the charge and heat transport for enhancing their thermoelectric performance.

### 1070. [Cation-Mediated Assembly of Aluminum Molecular Rings and Polyoxometalates: A Solution-Processable and Synergistic Dielectric Dopant](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cation-mediated-assembly-of-aluminum-molecular-rings-and-polyoxometalates-a-solution-processable-and-synergist) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3941-2]
The precise and directed assembly of multicomponent aggregates remains a central challenge in materials chemistry, particularly the integration of neutral clusters. This study introduces a 'cation-mediated co-crystallization' strategy to overcome electrostatic assembly barriers between neutral aluminum molecular rings and polyoxometalates (POMs). By controllably functionalizing the rings with cationic moieties, the approach bypasses traditional 'ion-pair' limitations, enabling incorporation of diverse neutral clusters. The strategy exhibits structural extensibility, with cationic sites adjustable on ring exteriors or interiors, and potential extension to various polyanionic systems. The resulting hybrid materials demonstrate outstanding solution processability. When incorporated as dielectric dopants in a polymer matrix, they achieve a synergistic '1+1>2' effect: aluminum rings contribute high capacitance density (~11.19) and low dielectric loss (~0.03), while POMs provide high breakdown strength (~740 MV m−1). This work establishes a paradigm for directed macroscopic functional assembly via molecular-level cluster interaction 'encoding'.

### 1071. [Monolayer subnanometric polymersomes with ultrabroad photochromism performance for multichromatic and multimodal information security](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/monolayer-subnanometric-polymersomes-with-ultrabroad-photochromism-performance-for-multichromatic-and-multimod) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3962-y]
Photochromic Förster resonance energy transfer (pc-FRET)-based subnanometric polymersomes with accurate color control offer a transformative yet challenging tactic for advanced and custom-tailored information encryption. Herein, various amphiphilic alternating pyrene/azobenzene-containing copolymers were polymerized using one-pot Ugi four-component polycondensation. Subsequent self-assembly was performed to produce highly-integrated monolayer subnanometric polymersomes (MSNPSs) and their composites, with diameters of around ~250 nm and vesicular thicknesses of approximately ~12.0 Å. J-aggregated monolayer chain-folding mechanism was accountable for the donor-acceptor-donor stacking manner within the vesicular membrane, beneficial to achieve highly efficient energy transfer. The trans-to-cis photoisomerization of azobenzenes rendered MSNPSs and their composites with photo-triggered structural transitions in diameter and vesicular thickness. Benefitting from considerable spectral overlap between cis-azobenzene and pyrene, MSNPSs and their composites were capable of photo-controllable non-invasive pc-FRET performance with a wide Stokes shift (~320 nm). The accurate color variation from blue to red highly depended upon precise modulation of both irradiation duration and precursor-fixed donor/acceptor ratios. The proof-of-concept individually multichromatic 2D QR code was attained using photochromic MSNPSs and their composites in patterning lithography, displaying a multimodal decryption and favorable repeatability for high-level and personalized information protection. Our work paves a prospective avenue to meticulously craft stimuli-chromatic polymersomes for the potential of advanced information encryption.

### 1072. [Metal-ligand redox assisted by strong Cu-O-Mn superexchange interaction in a prototype layered oxide cathode](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/metal-ligand-redox-assisted-by-strong-cu-o-mn-superexchange-interaction-in-a-prototype-layered-oxide-cathode) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3975-2]
The instability of oxygen redox activity in layered oxide cathodes, particularly the formation of localized electron holes on oxygen (O−) and subsequent anion dimerization, has been demonstrated to trigger rapid capacity degradation and severe voltage hysteresis. Our study primarily focuses on P3-type Na2/3Cu1/3Mn2/3O2, which demonstrates reversible oxygen redox with an exceptionally low voltage hysteresis of 0.05 V. Spectroscopic analyses demonstrate a reversible O2−→O− evolution in Na2/3Cu1/3Mn2/3O2 without O–O dimerization. Furthermore, Multilateral non-invasive magnetic methods reveal that strong Cu-O-Mn superexchange interactions during the metal-ligand redox process lead to delocalization of O− species and inhibition of irreversible O–O bonding, thereby enabling ultralow voltage hysteresis. This work establishes magnetic exchange engineering as a transformative strategy to unlock reversible oxygen redox in high-energy battery electrodes.

### 1073. [Binary FeNi3 Alloy with Promoted Polysulfide Conversions Enabling Wide-Temperature Operation of High-Rate Lithium–Sulfur Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/binary-feni3-alloy-with-promoted-polysulfide-conversions-enabling-wide-temperature-operation-of-high-rate-lith) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3946-2]
High energy-density lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with rapid intermediate conversion and forbidden shuttle effect require superior electrocatalysts with tunable catalytic activity. In this protocol, binary FeNi3 alloy nanoparticles homogeneously embedded within carbon nanosheets (FeNi3/CNS) are synthesized to regulate the conversions of sulfur species. Time of flight-secondary mass ion spectroscopy reveals a significantly improved catalytic effect of binary FeNi3 alloy compared to bare Ni, which is confirmed by a larger Li2S amount generated during in situ X-ray diffraction measurement. Further anode characterization validates efficient shuttling suppression and good lithium metal protection. In Li–S batteries, electrochemical tests demonstrate a remarkable rate capability of 852 mAh g−1 at 3.0 C, and outstanding long-term cycle at 1.0 C (639 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles). Even under a wide operation temperature range (−15–60 °C), Li–S batteries exhibit stable cycling with high specific capacities under high current rates. Moreover, Li–S batteries using FeNi3/CNS attain a maximum areal capacity of 5.60 mAh cm−2 under ~4.0 mg cm−2 sulfur. This study highlights the advantages of adopting binary or multi-component metal alloys as electrocatalysts and points out the research directions to advance Li–S batteries into practical applications.

### 1074. [Time-dependent phosphorescence color from P-doped carbon dots for advanced anti-counterfeiting and information encryption](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/time-dependent-phosphorescence-color-from-p-doped-carbon-dots-for-advanced-anti-counterfeiting-and-information) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4011-7]
Biomass-derived room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) carbon dots (CDs) hold great promise for anti-counterfeiting and information encryption. However, achieving solid-state matrix-free long-lived CDs with time-dependent phosphorescence colors (TDPC) remains challenging due to aggregation-induced quenching. Here, solid-state matrix-free RTP phosphorus-doped CDs (P-CDs) are developed via one-step hydrothermal treatment of feather powder and phytic acid. The resulting P-CDs powder exhibits bright blue fluorescence under UV illumination and unprecedented TDPC shifting from yellow to green after UV removal, with afterglow lasting 12 s (average lifetime 1.15 s). Enhanced RTP is attributed to increased triplet-state excitons via spin-orbit coupling induced by P-doping. A dual-mode luminescent ink formulated by combining P-CDs with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is successfully applied to commercial A4 paper, showing pronounced TDPC (light-yellow to green) with improved RTP lifetime (1.31 s) after ceasing UV irradiation. The P-CDs/PVA ink demonstrates excellent anti-counterfeiting and information encryption capabilities, outstanding luminescent durability, and broad practicability on cellulosic substrates including fabric and paper. These findings provide a strategy for exploiting matrix-free solid-state RTP P-CDs with distinctive TDPC properties and offer a sustainable route to converting feather wastes into high-value materials.

### 1075. [Multi-stimuli-responsive phase change hydrogels with dynamic fluorescence chromism based on AIE hydrophobic carbon dots for advanced encryption](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multi-stimuli-responsive-phase-change-hydrogels-with-dynamic-fluorescence-chromism-based-on-aie-hydrophobic-ca) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4012-4]
Stimuli-responsive fluorescent hydrogels, owing to their tunable optical properties and unique smart response characteristics, have significant potential in encryption applications and information security. However, most current systems are limited to single-stimulus responsiveness and lack the capability for programmable information erasure or multi-modal dynamic synergy. Hence, we propose a multi-stimuli-responsive phase-change hydrogel incorporating aggregation-induced emission hydrophobic carbon dots (AIE-HCDs) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-cellulose network, demonstrating dynamic fluorescence chromism under various external triggers. The hydrogel exhibits solvent-exchange-triggered fluorescence color changes from blue to red, enabled by the concentration modulation of AIE-HCDs through the exchange between PEG and water. Additionally, the temperature-induced phase transition of PEG from crystalline to molten state modulates the aggregation and dispersion of AIE-HCDs, thereby enabling dynamic fluorescence color changes. The phase transition further confers excellent shape-memory behavior and adjustable mechanical properties, with the tensile modulus varying from 6.28 MPa in the molten state to 36.23 MPa in the crystalline state, while maintaining high transparency (~88% in the molten state). By utilizing micro-contact printing and the multi-stimulus response, an encryption platform enables information to be hidden, selectively read under sequential stimuli (thermal, UV, and solvent), and completely erased upon demand. This strategy demonstrates significant potential for advancing high-level information encryption and anti-counterfeiting technologies.

### 1076. [A self-supported sodiophilic 3D Enteromorpha prolifera-derived carbon matrix enables dendrite-free sodium metal anodes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-self-supported-sodiophilic-3d-enteromorpha-prolifera-derived-carbon-matrix-enables-dendrite-free-sodium-meta) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3949-4]
Sodium metal is considered an ideal anode material for high-performance sodium-based batteries. However, volume changes and dendrite growth during cycling seriously restrict its practical application. To address these challenges, this study utilizes harmful green tide algae Enteromorpha prolifera as a raw material to fabricate a self-supporting, sodiophilic, 3D Enteromorpha prolifera-derived carbon (EC) matrix via defect engineering. The results demonstrate that the 3D EC matrix can reduce nucleation overpotential, enhance binding ability with sodium atoms, and induce sodium to deposit horizontally inside EC, effectively addressing the issue of dendrite formation. Furthermore, the Na-EC symmetric cell demonstrates exceptional cycling stability with an ultralow polarization of 12 mV over 1000 h at 5 mA cm−2, 5 mA h cm−2. Notably, this stability persists even under ultrahigh current density and areal capacity conditions (30 mA cm−2, 30 mA h cm−2), maintaining stable operation for 500 h. When configured in full-cell systems with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode, the assembled cell delivers an initial discharge capacity of 108.1 mA h g−1 at a 1 C rate, and maintains a capacity retention rate of 94.4% after 500 cycles. This study proposes an innovative strategy to advance high-performance dendrite-free sodium metal batteries through the recycling of marine environmental waste into functional energy materials.

### 1077. [Tetraphenylethene-glycocluster camouflaged lectin B-targeted nano-photosensitizer for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and infected wound healing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/tetraphenylethene-glycocluster-camouflaged-lectin-b-targeted-nano-photosensitizer-for-antimicrobial-photodynam) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3979-3]
The escalating prevalence of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infections necessitates novel antibacterial strategies. Here, we engineered lectin B (LecB)-targeted glyco-dots (TFP2F) via self-assembly of a photosensitizer (TFP2) possessing aggregation-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capability with fucose-modified tetraphenylethene glycoclusters (TPE-Fuc4), enabling P. aeruginosa-targeted antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and wound healing promotion. Three photosensitizers (TFP0–2) featuring an “A-D-A” electronic structure were synthesized, exhibiting broad absorption bands and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence. Among these, TFP2 demonstrated superior Type-I/II ROS production (including ·OH, ·O2−, and 1O2), achieving potent phototoxicity against P. aeruginosa (MIC80 = 7.5 μM). Self-assembly with TPE-Fuc4 yielded glyco-dots TFP2F that facilitated LecB-mediated bacterial targeting, enhanced bacterial uptake, and significantly reduced the MIC80 to 2.5 μM against drug-resistant P. aeruginosa under light irradiation. In a murine P. aeruginosa-infected wound model, TFP2F treatment combined with light irradiation accelerated wound closure to <20% of the initial area by day 8 (vs. >40% in controls) and eliminated >95% of bacteria by day 2. This work presents a convenient strategy for constructing glyco-dots as a potent functionalized platform for precision, lectin-targeted antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.

### 1078. [On-demand formation of ordered silver nanowire micromesh electrodes via rubber surface pressure modulation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/on-demand-formation-of-ordered-silver-nanowire-micromesh-electrodes-via-rubber-surface-pressure-modulation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3895-7]
Flexible transparent electrodes are vital for next-generation electronics, but conventional silver nanowire (AgNW) networks suffer from non-uniform current and “hot spots” due to their random arrangement. To address this, we present a facile rubber pressure treatment that enables the controlled self-assembly of ordered AgNW micromesh (Ag NMs) on hydrophilic surfaces. This simple physical treatment simultaneously modifies surface energy and topography through molecular chain transfer from the rubber, creating optimal wetting conditions for coffee-ring assembly. This dual modification transforms droplet evaporation from constant contact angle to constant contact radius mode, enabling the universal fabrication of well-defined Ag NMs on diverse substrates like glass, polymers, and even curved surfaces. The resulting Ag NMs/colorless polyimide (CPI) electrodes (2 cm × 2 cm, ~30 Ω/sq), fabricated via single-step transfer and embedding, demonstrate desirable uniform sheet resistance distribution (<5% variation), outstanding mechanical durability, and environmental stability. These electrodes exhibit superior performance in practical applications, including stable electrical heating (159 ± 3°C at 8 V) with uniform temperature distribution and excellent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding (26.4 dB), while maintaining high optical transparency (~78%). This scalable approach offers a promising platform for advanced flexible electronics.

### 1079. [Engineering ambient superconductivity and hardness in cage-like borides with s-block and d-block metals](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/engineering-ambient-superconductivity-and-hardness-in-cage-like-borides-with-s-block-and-d-block-metals) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3878-5]
Borides, exhibiting complex bonding and structural diversity, are promising materials in the fields of ambient superconductivity and hard materials. Although some cage borides with either superhard or superconductivity have been reported, there is still a lack of systematic tuning of the metal centers in regulating their superconductivity and hardness. This study investigates the impact of s-block/d-block metal elements on the superconducting and hardness properties of boron cage lattices under ambient conditions. Using first-principles calculations, we predict a novel class of stable cage-like metallic borides, MB8 (M = Na, Be, Mg, Sr, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta) characterized by metal embedded in B–B sublattices composed of 4/8 member B-rings. Superconductivity, hardness, and electronic structure calculations indicate that s-block and d-block metals influence the p-orbital occupancy of B bands, affecting both the electron-phonon coupling (EPC) constant and the bonding strength. In general, within the I422 MB8 (B16 cage) structural family investigated here at ambient pressure, s-block metals enhance the EPC constant (λ) and favour higher superconducting critical temperature (Tc) but weaken the hardness, whereas d-block metals contribute the opposite. Therefore, the Tc of NaB8 reached 24.4 K, which is among the highest values reported for boron cage compounds, while ZrB8 from d-block metals exhibits the highest hardness (21.9 GPa) among. This work proposes a pathway for designing novel superconductors with robust mechanical performance under ambient pressure and elucidates the distinct roles of s-block and d-block metals in modulating the superconductivity and hardness of cage-like borides.

### 1080. [Aligned Ion Transport Design Advances High-Performance Moisture-Enabled Energy Harvesting and Multidirectional Sensing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/aligned-ion-transport-design-advances-high-performance-moisture-enabled-energy-harvesting-and-multidirectional) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3921-2]
Moisture-enabled energy harvesting technologies offer a promising route for self-powered strain sensing, yet conventional generators suffer from slow response, poor recovery, and limited multidirectional resolution. Here, we report a stretchable thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanofiber moisture-enabled electric generator (MEG) with highly aligned ion channels. A carbon black/sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (CB/SDBS) layer is coated on the TPU membrane, while carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and acidified poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (HPSS) are applied on opposite sides, establishing lateral hydrophilicity and ion gradients to drive directional ion migration. The planar MEG is lightweight, flexible, and requires no fully covered electrodes, enabling conformity to complex deformations. The aligned channels reduce ion migration tortuosity, enhancing ion transport efficiency and flux. As a result, the aligned MEG (ATMEG) delivers 0.2 V and 0.51 μA cm−2 at ~90% relative humidity, corresponding to 400% and 287% enhancements compared with the unaligned MEG (UATMEG). The ATMEG also exhibits ultrafast response (0.16 s) and recovery (0.08 s). Utilizing its anisotropic characteristics, a multidirectional self-powered strain sensor is developed, capable of distinguishing both the amplitude and direction of human motion, demonstrating strong potential for adaptive wearable electronics and intelligent motion monitoring.

### 1081. [TWEAK-Conjugated Selenoviologen as a Novel Photosensitizer for Selective Wound Accumulation and Synergistic Healing of Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infections](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/tweak-conjugated-selenoviologen-as-a-novel-photosensitizer-for-selective-wound-accumulation-and-synergistic-he) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3982-6]
Skin wounds are refractory due to antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection. Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers noninvasiveness, high efficiency, and no drug resistance, its therapeutic effect is constrained by the complex structure of wound tissue and diffuse drug distribution. The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) regulates tissue repair by engaging its receptor Fn14, which is highly expressed in wounds. In this study, we developed a novel photosensitizer, the selenoviologen-TWEAK conjugate (SeV-Tp), to enhance selective enrichment and synergistically promote wound healing. In vitro analyses demonstrated that SeV-Tp, under visible light, generated high levels of reactive oxygen species, resulting in potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Notably, SeV-Tp selectively bound to Fn14 and amplified fibroblast activation via photodynamic cooperation. In a mouse model of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected wound, SeV-Tp accelerated healing by reducing bacterial burden, modulating the immune microenvironment, promoting collagen deposition, and stimulating hair follicle regeneration. Moreover, SeV-Tp preferentially accumulated within wound tissues with minimal adverse effects. SeV-Tp represents a strategy that selectively enriches and harnesses synergistic benefits from both components, positioning SeV-Tp as a promising photosensitizer for the treatment of refractory wounds.

### 1082. [Green Solvent Engineering and Additive Modulation in Stabilized Black FAPbI3 Perovskite Single Crystals for High-Performance Photodetectors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/green-solvent-engineering-and-additive-modulation-in-stabilized-black-fapbi3-perovskite-single-crystals-for-hi) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4000-1]
Formamidine lead-based perovskites (FAPbI3) exhibit significant potential in optoelectronic applications. Nevertheless, they encounter challenges related to δ-phase instability and reliance on toxic solvents. In this study, we present a green solvent-additive synergy strategy that employs γ-valerolactone (GVL) in conjunction with reductive acids like oxalic acid (OA), to stabilize α-FAPbI3 single crystals (SCs). GVL enhances the stability of the precursors through the formation of FA+-GVL hydrogen bonds and high-valence [PbIx]2−x clusters, resulting in ambient-stable α-phase SCs, yielding a marked improvement in stability compared to SCs prepared with the toxic solvent γ-butyrolactone (GBL). Additive modulation demonstrates that H+ and reductive groups play a critical role in regulating crystallization, suppressing the δ-phase by promoting FA+ dissociation and inhibiting MA+ deprotonation. A solvent-involved intermediate, δ-FAPbI3-GVL, has been identified; this intermediate evolves into α-FAPbI3 at a low temperature of 60 °C, thereby reducing the energy barriers associated with the α to δ phase transition. In contrast, non-reductive acids and reductive ionic liquids do not inhibit δ-phase formation, with the latter even promoting the crystallization of pure δ-FAPbI3. By utilizing low-volatility OA as an additive, optimized FA0.9MA0.1PbI3 single crystal thin films exhibit a low defect density of 8.3 × 10^11 cm−3. Subsequently, a photodetector was fabricated. Under zero bias voltage and 780 nm illumination, the device exhibited a responsivity of 14.5 mA/W, a detectivity of 3.75 × 10^10 Jones, and a response speed of 149/65 μs. Moreover, without any encapsulation, the device’s performance diminished by only 17% after 30 days of storage in ambient conditions, indicating remarkable stability.

### 1083. [Regulating the Distance of Electron Transfer in Anthraquinone-Based Covalent Organic Framework for Efficient Photocatalytic U(VI) Reduction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/regulating-the-distance-of-electron-transfer-in-anthraquinone-based-covalent-organic-framework-for-efficient-p) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3971-6]
Photocatalytic reduction of soluble U(VI) to insoluble U(IV) is a pivotal technology for uranium remediation and resource recovery. However, conventional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) suffer from short-range electron transport, leading to rapid electron-hole recombination and limited efficiency. Here, we report the rational design of anthraquinone-based COFs with donor-acceptor (D-A) architectures, employing 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol (TP) as the donor and 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone (1,4-DQ) or 1,5-diaminoanthraquinone (1,5-DQ) as the acceptor. By varying the connection mode of the building units, the electron transfer distance is systematically extended, effectively suppressing charge recombination. Among the synthesized COFs, ECUT-COF-152 exhibits optimal photocatalytic activity under visible light, achieving 100% U(VI) removal with a maximum reduction capacity of 1950 mg g−1. This work demonstrates that precise tuning of the D-A structure and electron transfer pathways is an effective strategy to enhance the photocatalytic performance of COFs for uranium reduction, offering insights for the design of efficient materials for nuclear waste treatment.

### 1084. [Dynamic assembly stabilizes buried 2D perovskite](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dynamic-assembly-stabilizes-buried-2d-perovskite) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3909-0]
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are leading candidates in third-generation photovoltaics, yet achieving uniform crystallization from top to buried interfaces remains critical for high efficiency and stability. The buried interface is particularly challenging due to substrate-induced nucleation suppression and spatial confinement, leading to disordered crystallization, small grains, and high defect densities. Residual strain from thermal expansion mismatch further exacerbates defect formation and non-radiative recombination. Existing strategies, such as heterogeneous nucleation sites or pre-deposited 2D perovskite seeds, often fail because these layers are washed away or dissolved during subsequent processing, compromising structural integrity and reproducibility. In a recent breakthrough, Chen et al. (2025) reported the construction of stable buried 2D perovskites using specially designed organic spacer cations: 2,3-dihydroisoindole hydroiodide (DHIII) and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine hydroiodide (ThPyI). Unlike conventional spacers like phenethylammonium (PEA) and 2-thiophenemethylammonium (ThMA), DHIII and ThPyI induce spontaneous formation of 2D perovskites that remain stable during subsequent spin-coating and annealing. This buried 2D structure effectively templates the growth of high-quality 3D perovskites, improving crystallization uniformity and passivating defects. The work demonstrates a viable route to overcome the long-standing challenge of stabilizing 2D phases at the buried interface, potentially enabling more efficient and stable PSCs.

### 1085. [Bacteria-Targeted Piezoelectric Heterostructure for Ultrasound-Enhanced Biofilm Eradication via Dual ROS Catalysis and Electron Transfer Disruption](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bacteria-targeted-piezoelectric-heterostructure-for-ultrasound-enhanced-biofilm-eradication-via-dual-ros-catal) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3915-8]
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based antibiofilm therapy is limited by short ROS lifetime, restricted diffusion, and biofilm barriers. We designed a bacteria-targeted piezoelectric heterostructure (U-B/F) comprising boronic acid-functionalized UiO-66(Hf) (U-B) and carboxylated fullerene (C70-COOH). Boronic acid groups enable selective bacterial binding. Under ultrasound (US), the Z-scheme heterojunction enhances piezoelectric response and charge separation, amplifying sonocatalytic ROS generation. Fullerene acts as a peroxidase mimic, converting endogenous H2O2 into cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Additionally, favorable band alignment allows US-induced electron transfer from bacteria to U-B/F, disrupting bacterial electron transport and energy metabolism. Transcriptomic profiling confirmed bioenergetic collapse and oxidative stress. In vitro, U-B/F achieved 99.99% elimination of planktonic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 92.41% removal of mature biofilms. In MRSA-infected diabetic mice, U-B/F under US irradiation accelerated wound healing by eradicating infection, alleviating inflammation, and promoting tissue regeneration. This work provides a rational strategy for designing multifunctional nanomaterials integrating bacterial targeting, dual ROS catalysis, and electron transfer interference to combat biofilm-associated infections.

### 1086. [A Promising Solvent Strategy for Commercialization of Perovskite Photovoltaic Modules](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-promising-solvent-strategy-for-commercialization-of-perovskite-photovoltaic-modules) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3910-0]
Perovskite photovoltaics (PVs) have emerged as leading candidates for next-generation solar technology due to low production costs, high efficiencies, and compatibility with large-area manufacturing. However, commercialization faces bottlenecks: toxic solvents, non-uniform film quality over large areas, and insufficient operational reliability. Wang et al. developed a green-solvent ink and a solvent-confinement edge-protection (SCEP) strategy to address these issues. By increasing the fraction of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) in a gamma-valerolactone (GVL) based solvent system, they weakened perovskite-GVL coordination, accelerated solvent extraction during vacuum-chamber drying, and promoted rapid supersaturation toward the desired alpha-phase while suppressing the non-perovskite delta-phase. This resulted in perovskite films with enlarged grains, reduced voids, and improved crystallinity in ambient air. To mitigate edge effects during slot-die coating, they incorporated a cationic surfactant, trimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (TAC), which self-assembled at the liquid-vapor interface, reducing surface tension and inducing Marangoni flow to equalize evaporation. This SCEP strategy suppressed rapid edge evaporation, leading to uniform film morphology. The best-performing modules achieved a total area of 7200 cm², with J-V curves and stabilized efficiency certifications from NREL and TÜV Rheinland, demonstrating commercial viability. This work provides a unified framework for solvent design and process control, advancing perovskite PV modules toward industrial production.

### 1087. [Breaking the Fused Ring: A Novel MR-TADF Skeleton for Solution-Processed Pure-Red OLEDs](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/breaking-the-fused-ring-a-novel-mr-tadf-skeleton-for-solution-processed-pure-red-oleds) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3861-4]
Multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitters are pivotal for achieving high color purity and 100% internal quantum efficiency in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, extending emission to the red region (>600 nm) remains challenging due to limited MR cores and the synthetic complexity of fused-ring extensions. Here, we report a novel strategy that breaks the fused ring by employing a linear conjugated diene linker between nitrogen and carbonyl moieties, enabling simultaneous introduction of three MR units in one step with high yield. Two emitters, NF-CON1 and NF-CON2, exhibit pure-red emission at 620 nm with narrow full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) below 35 nm in dilute toluene, small Stokes shifts of 26 nm, and weak solvatochromic shifts (~25 nm from toluene to ethanol), confirming the MR-characteristic short-range charge transfer. The emitters show low reorganization energies (0.209 eV for NF-CON1 and 0.194 eV for NF-CON2), singlet-triplet energy gaps of ~0.2 eV, and high reverse intersystem crossing rates of ~3.0×10^5 s^-1. In doped films with m-MTDATA, delayed lifetimes of 31–40 μs are achieved. These properties, combined with high oscillator strengths, ensure efficient RISC and high IQE. The facile synthesis and solution-processability of this MR-TADF skeleton address the bottlenecks of cost and scalability, offering a promising route for practical pure-red OLEDs.

### 1088. [A 'Cooling Balm' for Humid Cities: Cement-Based Integrated Cooling Paint for Passive Radiative and Evaporative Cooling](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-cooling-balm-for-humid-cities-cement-based-integrated-cooling-paint-for-passive-radiative-and-evaporative-co) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3907-0]
Passive radiative cooling dissipates heat through the atmospheric transparency window (8–13 μm) into cold outer space, offering energy-free building cooling. However, its performance degrades substantially in humid environments; for instance, in Singapore, where average relative humidity is ~80%, achievable cooling power can be as low as ~20 W/m², far below the theoretical maximum of ~150 W/m² under dry conditions. Restricted sky view factor on building facades further curtails efficiency. Evaporative cooling, leveraging water's high latent heat of vaporization (~2256 J/g), provides an omnidirectional heat dissipation pathway but porous materials like hydrogels suffer from swelling, poor adhesion, and structural degradation. Here, we report a cement-based integrated cooling paint (CCP) that synergistically combines radiative and evaporative cooling. The paint utilizes a calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) porous network matrix with barium sulfate nanoparticles, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and lithium chloride (LiCl). The optimized formulation (CCP-30) achieves high solar reflectance of ~93% in the dry state and maintains ~89% reflectance when wetted. Its high emissivity (~95%) within the atmospheric window ensures efficient radiative heat dissipation. PVA and LiCl inhibit plastic shrinkage and promote continued hydration, yielding a denser, robust microstructure. The interconnected porous structure and hygroscopic components enable passive water capture from rainfall and ambient moisture, driving sustained evaporative cooling. Field tests in Singapore showed a ~5°C lower surface temperature on CCP-coated facades compared to commercial radiative cooling paint, and an ~8°C reduction on a proximate black absorber, indicating mitigation of local heat island effects. Building energy simulations indicated 30–40% more savings in air conditioning electricity consumption. The paint is prepared via a simple one-pot method compatible with standard production, indicating excellent commercialization potential.

### 1089. [Oxygen-Doped Carbon Rings for Pure Violet Light-Emitting Diodes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/oxygen-doped-carbon-rings-for-pure-violet-light-emitting-diodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3853-y]
High-colour-purity light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are essential for next-generation wide-colour-gamut displays and emerging photonic technologies. While narrow-band blue emitters with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) have been developed via para-positioned boron and nitrogen doping, extending emission to pure violet (<400 nm) remains challenging. Here, we highlight a breakthrough by Song and coworkers (Nature Synthesis, 2024) who synthesized oxygen-doped carbon quantum rings (OD-CQRs) via a one-step solid-state reaction between 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene and anhydrous SnCl2 at 180 °C. High-resolution STM at 4.7 K revealed a planar hexagonal ring structure (diameter 18.8 Å) with alternating benzene and oxygen-containing five-membered heterocycles. The OD-CQRs exhibit pure-violet emission centered at 393 nm with an ultranarrow full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 18 nm and an exceptional PLQY of 95%—the best combination among carbon-based luminescent materials. The innovative O-π confinement strategy restricts π-electron delocalization and suppresses non-radiative vibrational relaxation, as confirmed by DFT, localized orbital locator (LOL), and nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) analyses. The root mean square displacement between ground and excited states is only 0.0 Å, indicating minimal structural reorganization. This work provides a simple, scalable route to high-performance violet emitters, addressing a critical bottleneck in display and photonic technologies.

### 1090. [A New Era of 2D Semiconductors: From Lab to Fab](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-new-era-of-2d-semiconductors-from-lab-to-fab) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3867-1]
The pursuit of atomically thin semiconductors has long promised a new era in nanoelectronics. Among them, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), such as MoS2 and WSe2, have emerged as leading candidates for sub-1 nm transistor channels due to their ability to mitigate short-channel effects, positioning them as promising contenders for sustaining Moore's Law. However, industrial-scale application of these 2D semiconductors remains limited by a fundamental bottleneck: the scalable growth of high-quality single-crystal TMDC wafers. Conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods typically produce polycrystalline films containing mirror-twin domains and grain boundaries, which induce non-uniform carrier scattering and severely degrade electronic performance. Consequently, achieving precise control over grain boundaries and realizing wafer-scale single-crystalline 2D films is essential for the development of next-generation integrated circuits and high-performance electronic devices. Very recently, Wang and his collaborators reported a universal and robust epitaxial strategy that realizes wafer-scale growth of single-crystal TMDCs, specifically MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, and WSe2 semiconductors, on 150-mm wafers for the first time. This remarkable achievement bridges the long-standing gap between laboratory-scale synthesis and semiconductor foundry compatibility, marking a historic milestone in the evolution of 2D semiconductors 'from lab to fab'. The core innovation lies in atomic-scale interface engineering. Conventional c-plane sapphire (α-Al2O3) substrates possess a near-central-inversion symmetric surface, leading to two energetically degenerate, antiparallel orientations of TMDC domains. This symmetry inevitably causes twin boundaries. Wang's team overcame this symmetry constraint by introducing a monolayer of lanthanum (La) to passivate the sapphire surface. The La atoms induce surface reconstruction, reducing the symmetry from P3 to P1, and amplify the energy difference between antiparallel domains by nearly two orders of magnitude, thereby enabling unidirectional epitaxial alignment and the elimination of grain boundaries across the entire 150-mm wafer. Using this strategy, Wang's group successfully achieved 150-mm single-crystal wafers of MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, and WSe2 semiconductors grown by both thermal CVD and metal-organic CVD (MOCVD) methods. Wafer-scale second-harmonic generation (SHG), Raman, and photoluminescence (PL) mappings confirmed the excellent uniformity and quality of the films.

### 1091. [Functionally Gradient Ductile Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Ultrahigh-Current-Density Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/functionally-gradient-ductile-solid-electrolyte-interphase-for-ultrahigh-current-density-solid-state-lithium-m) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3849-5]
Solid-state lithium metal batteries (SLMBs) are a promising alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries due to their potential for higher energy density and improved safety. However, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed at the lithium metal anode/electrolyte interface is often brittle, leading to poor interfacial contact, high impedance, and dendrite growth, which limits cycle life and rate capability. Here, we report a functionally gradient ductile SEI design that incorporates AgF and Ag2S into the SEI layer, creating a composition gradient with a lithiophilic Ag/Ag–Li alloy at the anode surface. This ductile SEI exhibits a low generalized stacking fault energy, as confirmed by density functional theory calculations, and maintains structural integrity even at a bending angle of 150°, unlike brittle SEIs that fracture. The ductile SEI enables a high Li-ion diffusion coefficient of 3.8 × 10−8 cm2 s−1 and low activation energy. Consequently, Li|PALA|Li symmetric cells demonstrate exceptional cyclability over 4500 h at an ultrahigh current density of 15 mA cm−2 and areal capacity of 15 mA h cm−2, and stable operation for over 7000 h at −30 °C under practical conditions (5 mA cm−2, 5 mA h cm−2). Full cells with LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathodes show superior rate performance and capacity retention at both 25 °C and −30 °C. The cumulative capacity reaches 33750 mA h cm−2, an order of magnitude higher than previously reported SLMBs. This work underscores that the mechanical properties of the SEI are as critical as its ionic conductivity and chemical stability, opening a new frontier in interface design for practical, high-energy-density, and safe solid-state batteries.

### 1092. [Adsorption Performance and Mechanism of Iron-Modified Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar for Amoxicillin in Aqueous Solution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/adsorption-performance-and-mechanism-of-iron-modified-sugarcane-bagasse-biochar-for-amoxicillin-in-aqueous-sol) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202512031]
The overuse of antibiotics has led to residual amoxicillin (AMX) in aquatic environments, promoting the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and threatening ecological safety. In this study, magnetic iron-modified biochar (Fe-BC) was prepared from agricultural waste sugarcane bagasse via FeCl3·6H2O impregnation and oxygen-limited pyrolysis. The adsorption performance and mechanism of Fe-BC for AMX were systematically investigated. Under conditions of 25 °C, pH 6, and initial AMX concentration of 50 mg·L−1, the adsorption capacity reached 32.61 mg·g−1. Characterization of Fe-BC before and after adsorption, combined with adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamic analyses, revealed that adsorption primarily relied on oxygen-containing functional groups. The mechanisms included pore filling, electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, complexation, and π–π interaction. After six thermal regeneration cycles, the removal efficiency of AMX remained above 76%. The specific surface area of Fe-BC increased from 279.20 m2·g−1 to 481.42 m2·g−1, an enhancement of approximately 72.4%. These results provide a technical reference for the resource utilization of agricultural waste and cost-effective treatment of antibiotic-containing wastewater in rural decentralized areas.

### 1093. [Enhanced Nitrogen Removal from Landfill Leachate via a Two-Stage A/O–MBBR System Coupled with Anammox](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/enhanced-nitrogen-removal-from-landfill-leachate-via-a-two-stage-aombbr-system-coupled-with-anammox) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202508006]
Landfill leachate, characterized by high ammonia nitrogen, high organic load, complex toxic components, and low nitrogen removal efficiency, poses significant environmental challenges. To achieve efficient nitrogen removal, a continuous-flow two-stage anoxic/oxic (A/O) moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) system coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) was constructed and operated for long-term treatment of actual landfill leachate. After biofilm attachment and multi-gradient acclimation, influent concentrations were gradually increased from low levels (NH4+-N ~200 mg·L−1, COD ~2500–3000 mg·L−1) to high levels (NH4+-N ~1800 mg·L−1, COD ~8500 mg·L−1). During stable operation, average removal efficiencies of NH4+-N and COD reached 97.7% and 66.8%, respectively, with total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency improving to 93.9%. Along the reactor, the first A/O stage achieved major organic degradation and ammonia oxidation, while the second stage facilitated nitrite accumulation and promoted Anammox for synergistic nitrogen removal. High-throughput sequencing revealed Proteobacteria as the dominant phylum (>50%), with denitrifying genera such as Azoarcus and Thauera significantly enriched. Planctomycetota abundance increased from 0.6% to 3.7%, and Candidatus Kuenenia was detected, confirming successful Anammox colonization and participation in nitrogen removal. This study validates the efficient combined nitrogen removal mechanism of the A/O–MBBR system with Anammox, providing theoretical basis and technical support for engineering treatment of high-ammonia wastewater.

### 1094. [Cerium-Based Magnetic Y-Type Molecular Sieve for Deep Removal of Fluoride Ions from Water](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cerium-based-magnetic-y-type-molecular-sieve-for-deep-removal-of-fluoride-ions-from-water) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202512064]
With increasingly stringent discharge standards for fluoride-containing wastewater, there is an urgent need for cost-effective, easily operable adsorbents capable of rapid adsorption and separation for deep defluorination. In this study, a novel adsorbent, Ce-FMSY, was successfully prepared by co-precipitation of cerium (Ce) and Fe3O4 onto Y-type molecular sieve (MSY). The effects of Ce/Fe mass ratio, adsorption time, initial solution pH, and coexisting anions on adsorption performance were systematically investigated. Results showed that at a Ce loading of 1.0% and Ce/Fe mass ratio of 2:1, Ce-FMSY rapidly adsorbed 86.2% of F− within 30 min, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 4.139 mg·g−1. The saturated magnetization of Ce-FMSY was 13.4 emu·g−1, enabling rapid solid-liquid separation. The adsorbent maintained a stable fluoride removal rate of 77.1%–96.8% over an initial pH range of 3–9. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm fitting indicated that F− adsorption onto Ce-FMSY followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Freundlich model, suggesting chemisorption as the dominant mechanism, involving rapid diffusion, surface complexation, and valence transformation reactions. After five adsorption-desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity slightly decreased and then stabilized, with F− removal efficiency maintained at approximately 72.3% of the initial value. This study provides data support and theoretical reference for deep fluoride removal from wastewater.

### 1095. [Catalytic Conversion Behavior and Degradation Mechanisms of Sulfur-Containing Multi-Pollutants such as Thiols and Thioethers: A Review](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/catalytic-conversion-behavior-and-degradation-mechanisms-of-sulfur-containing-multi-pollutants-such-as-thiols) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510044]
The efficient treatment of sulfur-containing volatile organic compounds (S-VOCs) has become a critical task for air pollution control and green low-carbon transition under China's 14th Five-Year Plan. Industrial emissions often contain multiple S-VOC species, whose interactions can complicate degradation pathways, generate uncontrollable byproducts, and deactivate catalysts, limiting practical application. This review systematically summarizes the past decade of research on catalytic degradation of thiols and thioethers in multi-pollutant systems, focusing on competitive adsorption mechanisms, interfacial reaction pathways, and environmental factor regulation. Performance differences and reaction mechanisms across various catalyst systems under coexisting S-VOCs and inorganic sulfur are compared. Key findings indicate that mixed thiol systems exhibit faster deactivation than single-component systems due to temperature-dependent competitive adsorption and pathway switching, governed by molecular size–active site matching. Strategies such as metal–support strong interactions, zeolite confinement, nanocluster effects, and single-atom catalysts have improved activity and stability. However, dynamic competition mechanisms at active sites remain unresolved. Future research should develop atomic/molecular-level characterization techniques and multi-variable kinetic models, and shift from end-of-pipe purification to resource recovery, e.g., converting H2S and thiols into high-value chemicals like methanethiol, achieving dual goals of pollution control and sulfur resource recycling.

### 1096. [Dominant Role of Digestate Biochar-Modified Zero-Valent Iron Interfacial Structure in Regulating Nitrobenzene Reduction Efficiency](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dominant-role-of-digestate-biochar-modified-zero-valent-iron-interfacial-structure-in-regulating-nitrobenzene) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511043]
Zero-valent iron (ZVI) suffers from surface passivation and low electron utilization in reductive removal of nitrobenzene (NB). To address these issues, a ball-milled iron/digestate biochar composite (BM-Fe/DBC) was prepared and compared with a physically mixed counterpart (PM-Fe/DBC). Characterization revealed that ball milling tightly embedded ZVI particles into the carbon matrix, forming Fe–C chemical bonds and a strong interfacial coupling structure that established efficient electron transfer channels. This structure significantly enhanced the micro-galvanic effect between iron and carbon, yielding superior reduction performance across a wide pH range (3–9). Under optimal conditions (Fe:C mass ratio 2:1, dosage 1.0 g·L−1, pH 5), BM-Fe/DBC achieved 79.9% NB removal, and the generation of aniline (AN) was 1.85 times that of PM-Fe/DBC. Mechanistic studies indicated that the intimate Fe–C interfacial coupling promoted sustained ZVI corrosion and enhanced the production of indirect reducing species, including adsorbed Fe(II) and atomic hydrogen (H*). Electrochemical analyses showed that BM-Fe/DBC exhibited a lower corrosion potential, a higher corrosion current density (approximately 2.15 times higher), and lower charge transfer resistance, kinetically confirming its superior electron transfer capability. These findings reveal that constructing strong interfacial coupling in iron–carbon composites via mechanochemical methods can effectively overcome key limitations of ZVI in reduction reactions, providing a theoretical basis and practical pathway for designing high-performance water treatment materials.

### 1097. [Empowering a Chinese-Characteristic Waste Classification Model with Mid-End Intelligent Sorting](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/empowering-a-chinese-characteristic-waste-classification-model-with-mid-end-intelligent-sorting) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510042]
Given China's escalating municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and the limitations of current classification schemes, this study proposes a novel waste classification model centered on mid-end intelligent sorting technology. The approach integrates targeted pretreatment with multimodal visual recognition and robotic grasping to efficiently sort complex household waste, while compact equipment innovations adapt to the low-value characteristics of recyclables. An engineering demonstration case shows that the technology can effectively recover low-value recyclables comprising 15%–30% of mixed MSW. If applied at 5% of a case city's waste transfer stations, approximately 5×10^4 t of recyclables could be sorted annually. Preliminary estimates indicate a 20% return on investment for operators at an 80 t·d−1 scale. The study demonstrates that mid-end intelligent sorting offers a technically feasible and economically sustainable solution to reduce fiscal expenditure on waste classification while improving efficiency.

### 1098. [Electrocatalytic Degradation of Phenol by Sn-Sb Co-doped Ti/SnO2 Electrode: Performance and Mechanism](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electrocatalytic-degradation-of-phenol-by-sn-sb-co-doped-tisno2-electrode-performance-and-mechanism) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202512045]
To optimize the anode structure of Ti/SnO2-based electrodes in electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) and enhance their electrocatalytic activity and stability, Sn-Sb co-doped Ti/SnO2 electrodes were fabricated via a sol-gel method. The degradation performance and mechanism were evaluated using phenol as a model pollutant. Three electrodes were prepared with different Sn/Sb molar ratios: Ti/SnO2 (10:0), Ti/Sb (0:10), and Ti/SnO2-Sb (9:1). Characterization by XRD, SEM, and electrochemical tests revealed that the Sn-Sb co-doped electrode exhibited a dense surface, higher oxygen evolution potential (OEP), larger electrochemically active surface area, and lower charge transfer resistance compared to single-doped counterparts. In constant-current electrolysis experiments (20 mA·cm−2, pH=5, 0.1 mol·L−1 Na2SO4), the co-doped electrode achieved superior phenol and TOC removal efficiencies and higher apparent rate constants, with the lowest specific energy consumption per unit TOC removal. Radical quenching and intermediate analysis indicated that hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were the dominant reactive species. The degradation pathway involved aromatic ring hydroxylation, ring opening, and further mineralization of short-chain carboxylic acids. Sn-Sb co-doping enhanced the generation of ·OH by increasing surface adsorbed oxygen and defect site density. This synergistic doping strategy significantly improved the electrocatalytic activity and service life of Ti/SnO2-based anodes, providing a basis for the rational design of anode materials for EAOPs in treating refractory organic wastewater.

### 1099. [Conformational Engineering Overcomes Multi-Mode Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/conformational-engineering-overcomes-multi-mode-degradation-in-perovskite-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3923-x]
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved certified efficiencies exceeding 27%, rivaling silicon-based technologies, yet their operational stability under real-world conditions remains a critical barrier to commercialization. Exposure to full-spectrum sunlight, particularly ultraviolet (UV) radiation, coupled with diurnal temperature fluctuations and ingress of moisture and oxygen, induces multi-mode degradation pathways, including lattice distortion, defect accumulation, and interfacial strain. Conventional stabilization strategies typically address single degradation routes and rely on static passivation or fixed strain compensation, failing to adapt to the dynamic stress fields arising from thermal expansion-contraction cycles at buried interfaces. Here, we highlight a recent breakthrough by Zhou et al. that introduces a stepwise conformational engineering strategy to design multifunctional molecules capable of simultaneous UV shielding, dynamic strain regulation, and defect passivation. Starting from 1,1-diphenylethylene (DPE), which exhibits intrinsic UV absorption, a flexible octyl alkyl chain is incorporated to yield 1-octyl-2-(1-phenylvinyl)benzene (OPVB). The conformational freedom of the alkyl chain enables reversible thermal expansion and contraction, allowing in situ modulation of interfacial stress. Further functionalization with hydroxyl and carbonyl groups produces diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB), which integrates all three targeted properties. This molecular design addresses the bottleneck of multi-mode degradation by providing dynamic stress management, UV protection, and defect healing, thereby enhancing device stability and performance. The work establishes a new paradigm for fabricating stable PSCs under realistic operating conditions, with implications for accelerating industrial deployment.

### 1100. [Characteristics of Autumn–Winter Daily Atmospheric Dustfall Pollution in the Core Area of Beijing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/characteristics-of-autumnwinter-daily-atmospheric-dustfall-pollution-in-the-core-area-of-beijing) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511095]
To address the low temporal resolution of conventional monthly dustfall monitoring and the lack of component information, this study proposed a daily dustfall measurement method that adds a filtration step to the Chinese standard method, referencing international standards. Using a sand-core filtration device with quartz or mixed cellulose ester membranes, the method achieved a spiked recovery of 101.1% ± 1.2%, good parallelism (y = 0.95x + 0.28), and satisfactory temporal closure. During autumn–winter (November 2020 to March 2021) at a representative site in Xicheng District, Beijing, daily dustfall ranged from 0.06 to 2.33 t·(km²·d)−1. Days with daily dustfall exceeding 0.7 t·(km²·d)−1 accounted for only 4% of the sampling days but contributed 25% of the total dustfall, with high values mainly occurring in January, March, and December. The insoluble fraction averaged 83% ± 12%, and a logarithmic model (y = 9.36ln(x) + 99.98) was established to estimate the insoluble proportion from insoluble dustfall (x, ≤1.00). Daily dustfall showed a strong positive correlation with average wind speed, and an exponential prediction model (y = 0.06e0.61x) was derived. Windy conditions (≥3 on the Beaufort scale) significantly amplified dustfall. The study recommends suspending earthwork, covering bare ground, and increasing watering frequency during high-wind alerts to mitigate dust pollution. This work provides a reliable method for high-resolution dustfall monitoring and insights for targeted pollution control in urban core areas.

### 1101. [Numerical Simulation of Water Environment in the Mountainous River of the Upper Heihe River Based on MIKE21](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/numerical-simulation-of-water-environment-in-the-mountainous-river-of-the-upper-heihe-river-based-on-mike21) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511055]
To systematically investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of hydrodynamics and water quality under cascaded hydropower development in the upper Heihe River, a MIKE21-based water environment model was constructed for the mountainous reach. The model simulated the dynamic changes of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) from January to August 2023. Calibration and validation against field data showed good performance: the hydrodynamic model achieved a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.89 and a mean relative error (MRE) of 11.3%; the water quality model achieved an average R2 of 0.86 and an average MRE of 14.21%. Hydrodynamic simulations revealed average flow velocities of 1.78, 0.72, and 0.36 m·s−1 during wet, normal, and dry periods, respectively. Natural river sections exhibited high velocities up to 4.3 m·s−1, while reservoir sections had near-stagnant flow due to hydraulic structures. Water quality simulations indicated that TN and NH3-N concentrations were higher in dry and normal periods, whereas TP was higher in the wet period. Spatially, concentrations in reservoir sections exceeded those in natural sections: natural sections had TP, TN, and NH3-N concentrations of 0.07–0.10, 0.25–0.50, and 0.025–0.250 mg·L−1, respectively, while reservoir sections had 0.12–0.17, 0.60–0.80, and 0.10–0.45 mg·L−1. These findings provide scientific references for water environment management in the Heihe River and similar inland river basins.

### 1102. [Serpentine Shape Memory Alloy-Based Skin-Attachable Haptic Interface for Multimodal Tactile Feedback in Wearable Systems](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/serpentine-shape-memory-alloy-based-skin-attachable-haptic-interface-for-multimodal-tactile-feedback-in-wearab) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3896-7]
Conventional haptic interfaces are constrained by rigid mechanical structures, limiting wearability and multimodal feedback. This study presents a skin-attachable haptic device based on a serpentine shape memory alloy (SMA) structure, addressing these bottlenecks through material and design innovation. Nitinol was micromachined via ultraviolet laser into a serpentine geometry, integrated with four actuators in an opposed layout around a central UV-cured probe. The system, encapsulated in a 3D-printed flexible finger cap, enables multimodal actuation: single-set activation produces lateral traction, two adjacent sets yield diagonal sliding, cyclic four-set activation induces rotation, and full activation simulates normal press, generating 11 distinct tactile modes. Wireless control via an ESP32 WROOM module (WiFi) eliminates cables. Safety is ensured by limiting driving current to 0.8 A and single-drive duration to 0.1 s, keeping skin contact temperature below 36°C. Experimental results show stable tactile forces of 0.5–0.85 N (exceeding the 0.1 N finger threshold) with response times ≤0.5 s. Durability tests demonstrated >95% displacement retention after 100 cycles at conventional frequency, with reversible high-frequency decay. Subject tests achieved 100% recognition accuracy for low-frequency patterns. Practical validation in VR interaction, navigation, and assistive technology confirmed utility, including millimetre-level positioning accuracy and target location by blindfolded users in under 15 s. This work provides a lightweight, wireless, multimodal haptic paradigm, though cooling efficiency and material fatigue require further optimization.

### 1103. [Preparation of Slag-Based Carbon Powder-Sodium Alginate Composite Membrane and Its Efficient Adsorption of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/preparation-of-slag-based-carbon-powder-sodium-alginate-composite-membrane-and-its-efficient-adsorption-of-crv) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202512057]
A novel slag-based carbon powder-sodium alginate composite membrane was fabricated by incorporating purified slag-derived carbon powder into a sodium alginate matrix, followed by dual crosslinking with polyethyleneimine and glutaraldehyde. The membrane was designed to achieve waste-to-treat-waste objectives, enhance the resource value of industrial slag, and provide an efficient, regenerable adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal from water. Adsorption performance was systematically evaluated. Optimal adsorption occurred at pH 2, with elevated temperature and initial Cr(VI) concentration favoring uptake; equilibrium was reached at approximately 73 h. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, and isotherm data fitted the Langmuir model, yielding a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 471.970 mg·g−1. Thermodynamic analysis indicated a spontaneous, endothermic process. In simulated wastewater containing multiple metal ions, competitive effects moderately reduced adsorption capacity. After three adsorption-desorption cycles, the membrane retained good structural stability despite a decline in capacity. Characterization via SEM-EDS, FTIR, and XPS revealed a porous structure and the involvement of functional groups such as –COOH and –NH2, with partial reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The adsorption mechanism was attributed to synergistic electrostatic interaction, chemical coordination, and redox reactions.

### 1104. [Interpretation of the National Standard GB/T 19515—2023: Requirements and Calculation Methods for Recyclability Rate and Recoverability Rate of Road Vehicles](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/interpretation-of-the-national-standard-gbt-195152023-requirements-and-calculation-methods-for-recyclability-r) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202504023]
The national standard GB/T 19515—2023, titled "Road vehicles - Recyclability and recoverability - Requirements and calculation methods," has been officially released and implemented. This standard is crucial for guiding automotive manufacturers in selecting recyclable materials for new products and enhancing the potential recyclability and recoverability of vehicles. This paper provides a comprehensive interpretation of the standard, covering its background, significance, technical requirements for the two rates (recyclability rate and recoverability rate), and the calculation methods. The standard aims to assist automotive enterprises in establishing a calculation system for these rates, thereby improving the recyclability performance of vehicles, reducing waste from end-of-life vehicles, and promoting the circular economy within the automotive industry. Key aspects include the alignment with international standards such as ISO 22628 and EU directives, the historical evolution of the standard from 2004 to 2023, and the detailed calculation methodology based on four stages of end-of-life vehicle processing: pre-treatment, dismantling, metal separation, and treatment of non-metallic residues. The paper also highlights the importance of design-phase considerations and the need for manufacturers to collect accurate material data from their supply chains. Future improvements to the standard are discussed, including expanding vehicle type coverage and refining material identification requirements.

### 1105. [Coupling of Supramolecular Chemistry with Dynamic Covalent Chemistry for Circular Polymers](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/coupling-of-supramolecular-chemistry-with-dynamic-covalent-chemistry-for-circular-polymers) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3855-8]
The escalating environmental burden of plastic waste necessitates innovative chemical recycling strategies that circumvent the energy-intensive and catalytic limitations of conventional depolymerization. This study highlights a seminal advance by Qi Zhang, Da-Hui Qu, Ben L. Feringa, and co-workers, published in Nature Nanotechnology, which integrates supramolecular self-assembly with dynamic covalent chemistry to achieve catalyst-free, solvent-free polymer-to-monomer transformation. The system employs thioctic amide (TAA), a derivative of α-lipoic acid featuring reversible disulfide bonds and hydrogen-bonding amide groups. Notably, TAA monomers resist ring-opening polymerization upon melting due to cross-stacked packing driven by amide hydrogen bonds, which kinetically separates the 1,2-dithiolane rings. Introduction of formic acid (FA) as a supramolecular modulator disrupts the hydrogen-bond network, enabling dynamic disulfide ROP. Subsequent solvent removal yields nanocrystalline poly(disulfide) (Nc-poly(TAA)), which upon annealing at 120 °C reorganizes into a semicrystalline polymer (Sc-poly(TAA)) with a Young's modulus of 3.9 GPa, comparable to Nylon 6. The semicrystalline polymer exhibits hierarchical order with densely packed spherulites and periodic lamellae stabilized by reticular hydrogen bonds, conferring exceptional mechanical robustness and resistance to humidity (80% RH for six days). Rheological analyses reveal a relaxation time exceeding 90 years at room temperature, indicating a kinetically trapped, metastable state. Remarkably, the polymer reverts quantitatively to monomeric crystals under mild heating (120 °C, 24 h) without catalyst or solvent, achieving >90% purity and quantitative yield. The recovered monomer can be repolymerized to virgin-quality polymer, establishing a closed-loop cycle. Life-cycle assessment shows a carbon footprint of only 0.36 kg CO2 per kg product, underscoring the environmental benefits. This work demonstrates a fundamentally new route to circular polymers, merging supramolecular chemistry with dynamic covalent bonds for sustainable materials.

### 1106. [Integrating toughness and thermal insulation in oxide ceramics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/integrating-toughness-and-thermal-insulation-in-oxide-ceramics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4115-9]
The advancement of extreme-condition equipment, such as hypersonic vehicles and next-generation gas turbine engines, imposes stringent requirements on thermal barrier materials, particularly high fracture toughness and low thermal conductivity. However, these properties are often mutually exclusive in oxide ceramics due to their intrinsic ionic and covalent bonding. Conventional strategies to reduce thermal conductivity, such as introducing point defects or porosity, typically degrade mechanical properties, while toughening methods like second-phase or phase transformation toughening can adversely affect thermal transport. Rare earth tantalates and niobates, which exhibit ferroelastic phase transitions, offer promise for ultra-high-temperature applications (>1500°C) due to their unique domain structures that enhance toughness. Yet, weak grain boundary bonding limits the full potential of ferroelastic toughening. Li et al. proposed a high-density dislocation engineering strategy to overcome this trade-off. By introducing dislocations with densities of 10^8–10^10 mm^-2 into (YTaO4)1-x/(Y3TaO7)x (x=0.1–0.6) composite ceramics via spark plasma sintering and subsequent heat treatment, they achieved significant reductions in thermal conductivity through phonon scattering while simultaneously enhancing fracture toughness via crack deflection and energy dissipation. This work successfully decouples thermal and mechanical performance, offering a new paradigm for microstructural design in thermal protection materials.

### 1107. [Construction of Thiol-Functionalized Chitin and Its Adsorption Performance and Mechanism for Pd(II)](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/construction-of-thiol-functionalized-chitin-and-its-adsorption-performance-and-mechanism-for-pdii) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202512059]
Recovery of palladium from Pd-bearing wastewater is economically and environmentally significant. Adsorption is a promising method due to its simplicity, low cost, and high efficiency. In this study, a novel thiol-modified adsorbent (CHT-SH) was synthesized via one-step functionalization of inexpensive chitin (CHT) with thioglycolic acid. At room temperature and pH=2, CHT-SH exhibited an experimental adsorption capacity of 223.67 mg·g−1 for Pd(II), which was approximately 7 times higher than that of pristine CHT (30.6 mg·g−1). Kinetic and isotherm studies indicated that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum theoretical adsorption capacity of 248.89 mg·g−1, suggesting monolayer chemisorption. Characterization (FTIR, SEM, XPS, XRD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the adsorption mechanism primarily involved synergistic coordination of nitrogen and sulfur atoms, along with electrostatic interactions. Furthermore, CHT-SH demonstrated good reusability, retaining stable adsorption capacity after five adsorption-desorption cycles. Compared to other adsorbents that rely on redox mechanisms and are costly, CHT-SH offers comprehensive advantages. This work provides a cost-effective and efficient adsorbent for Pd(II) recovery from wastewater, offering technical support and theoretical reference for practical applications.

### 1108. [Performance of Iron-Carbon-Manganese Ore Composite Substrate Constructed Wetland for Simultaneous Removal of Nitrogen and Tetracycline](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/performance-of-iron-carbon-manganese-ore-composite-substrate-constructed-wetland-for-simultaneous-removal-of-n) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202512052]
Constructed wetlands (CWs) with conventional substrates often exhibit limited removal of nitrogen and antibiotics from secondary effluent. This study developed an iron-carbon-manganese ore (Fe-C-Mn) composite substrate CW to enhance simultaneous removal of nitrogen and tetracycline (TC). Under influent TC of 2 mg·L−1 and total nitrogen (TN) of 15 mg·L−1, the Fe-C-Mn system achieved average TC removal of 91.3%, significantly higher than the gravel control (27.2%). TN and nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) removals reached 71.7% and 83.3%, respectively, versus 7.8% and 1.2% in the control. Substrate analysis revealed increased surface roughness and synergistic generation of active components (Fe(II)/Fe(III) and Mn(II)), driving autotrophic denitrification and TC biodegradation/chemical degradation. Microbial community analysis indicated reduced overall diversity but selective enrichment of potential TC degraders (e.g., Trichosporon, Bacillota) and denitrifiers (e.g., unclassified_f_Rhodocyclaceae). TC degradation pathways included demethylation, hydroxylation, and ring-opening, ultimately yielding small metabolites. These findings provide theoretical and technical support for enhanced removal of antibiotics and nitrogen from secondary effluent using CWs.

### 1109. [Stratification of Persulfate in Porous Aquifers and Its Impact on Remediation of Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Contamination](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/stratification-of-persulfate-in-porous-aquifers-and-its-impact-on-remediation-of-light-non-aqueous-phase-liqui) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202512025]
Persulfate (PS) is a common oxidant in in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) for groundwater organic contamination, but its vertical concentration stratification may lead to inefficient remediation of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs). To investigate the vertical stratification characteristics of PS in porous aquifers and its impact on LNAPLs remediation, static water column experiments and flowing water sand tank experiments were conducted. The migration behavior of PS under non-slow-release and slow-release conditions was compared, with Br− as a reference tracer and benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) as LNAPLs contaminants. Results showed that in static water columns, Br− exhibited weak vertical migration, short migration distance, and a low decay rate (0.009 d−1), consistent with a stable tracer. In contrast, PS showed strong vertical migration, with concentrations increasing with depth; under slow-release conditions, the concentration difference between the top and bottom of the column could reach two orders of magnitude. Br− migration was dominated by molecular diffusion (effective diffusion coefficient 2.2×10−9 m2·s−1), while PS migration was driven by both diffusion and density. Under slow-release conditions, the average PS decay rate was 0.072 d−1, slightly higher than the non-slow-release rate (0.059 d−1). In both column and sand tank experiments, BTX exhibited a distinct shallow-layer distribution, contrasting with PS. When the aquifer thickness is large, PS stratification limits its contact with LNAPLs contaminants, increasing remediation cost and difficulty. These findings provide theoretical reference for PS-based ISCO remediation of LNAPLs in porous aquifers.

### 1110. [Nitrogen Removal Performance of Tidal Flow Constructed Wetlands Based on α-Fe2O3/Volcanic Rock Mixed Substrate](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nitrogen-removal-performance-of-tidal-flow-constructed-wetlands-based-on-fe2o3volcanic-rock-mixed-substrate) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511005]
To enhance the adsorption performance of volcanic rock for nitrogen in water, an α-Fe2O3/volcanic rock composite was successfully prepared via ferric citrate impregnation and calcination. Its adsorption characteristics for NH4+-N and NO3−-N and application in tidal flow constructed wetlands (TFCWs) were systematically investigated. Results showed that the adsorption kinetics of both nitrogen forms followed a pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption dominance. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models both fitted the data, suggesting coexistence of monolayer and multilayer adsorption. The saturated adsorption capacities of α-Fe2O3/volcanic rock for NH4+-N and NO3−-N were 0.055 mg·g−1 and 0.067 mg·g−1, respectively. In TFCWs using this composite as substrate, average removal efficiencies for NH4+-N and NO3−-N reached 72.51% and 68.13%, respectively. Furthermore, microbial community abundance and diversity in the wetland system significantly increased, indicating that α-Fe2O3 introduction effectively enhanced microbial activity, thereby improving nitrogen removal efficiency.

### 1111. [Stabilization Efficiency and Mechanisms of Iron-Manganese Phosphate Modified Biochar for Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc Co-Contaminated Soil](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/stabilization-efficiency-and-mechanisms-of-iron-manganese-phosphate-modified-biochar-for-cadmium-lead-and-zinc) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202512015]
The co-contamination of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in agricultural soils near mining areas poses significant risks to ecosystems and human health. Conventional stabilization materials often exhibit insufficient performance for Zn, particularly in multi-metal systems. This study synthesized a novel composite biochar (PFMBC) by loading phosphate and iron-manganese oxides onto biochar via phosphoric acid impregnation followed by secondary pyrolysis at 600 °C. The stabilization efficiency of PFMBC was evaluated against pristine biochar (BC) and iron-manganese modified biochar (FMBC) in a soil collected from a lead-zinc mining area (total Cd: 43.77 mg·kg−1, Pb: 3355.94 mg·kg−1, Zn: 1296.57 mg·kg−1). After 60 days of incubation with 5% PFMBC, the DTPA-extractable (bioavailable) fractions of Cd, Pb, and Zn decreased by 73.44%, 90.10%, and 69.33%, respectively, significantly outperforming BC and FMBC. Sequential extraction indicated that PFMBC promoted the transformation of Cd, Pb, and Zn from acid-soluble and reducible fractions to more stable residual fractions. Characterization via FTIR, SEM, and XRD revealed enhanced surface functional groups and the formation of stable mineral phases. The synergistic effects of phosphate precipitation, iron-manganese oxide adsorption, and surface complexation contributed to the superior stabilization, particularly overcoming the challenge of Zn immobilization. These findings demonstrate that PFMBC is a promising amendment for the remediation of Cd-Pb-Zn co-contaminated soils, offering high efficiency and long-term stability.

### 1112. [Nutrient Release Characteristics of Aquaculture Sludge through Anaerobic Acidification in an Aquaponics System](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nutrient-release-characteristics-of-aquaculture-sludge-through-anaerobic-acidification-in-an-aquaponics-system) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511027]
Aquaponics systems integrate aquaculture and hydroponics to recycle resources, yet nutrient recovery from aquaculture sludge remains inefficient. This study investigated anaerobic acidification as an alternative to conventional anaerobic digestion, which suffers from long conversion cycles. Batch experiments compared two sludge loading rates: high (13.22 kg·kg−1) and low (4.61 kg·kg−1) (mass of sludge per mass of anaerobic inoculum). Under low loading, soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) exhibited a single peak, reaching a maximum organic solid conversion of 68.2% at 70.5 h. In contrast, high loading produced three SCOD peaks with an average peak conversion efficiency of only 26.9% at 27.5 h and higher residual concentrations. Ammonia nitrogen conversion was slightly higher under low loading (64.8%) than high loading (62.2%), while orthophosphate conversion was markedly superior (95.7% vs. 76.4%). The optimal hydraulic retention time for low-loading operation was 144 h, corresponding to an organic loading rate of 0.77 kg·(kg·d)−1. Under these conditions, the produced ammonia and phosphate can be effectively recovered without adversely affecting water quality, as the biofilter converts ammonia to nitrate for plant uptake. Microbial analysis revealed that low-loading conditions favored the dominance of Acinetobacter (relative abundance 66.6%), which likely enhances organic degradation and nutrient release. These findings demonstrate that anaerobic acidification under low loading is a promising strategy for efficient nutrient recovery in aquaponics, offering a shorter conversion time and higher nutrient yields than traditional methods.

### 1113. [Removal of Nitrate from Livestock Wastewater Using Composite Carbon Sources of Corncob and Polycaprolactone](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/removal-of-nitrate-from-livestock-wastewater-using-composite-carbon-sources-of-corncob-and-polycaprolactone) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510071]
Carbon source is a critical factor driving heterotrophic denitrification, yet the low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) of livestock wastewater limits this process. This study developed novel composite carbon sources by combining corncob (CC) and polycaprolactone (PCL). Static carbon release and denitrification experiments were conducted to evaluate carbon release patterns and nitrogen removal performance. Results showed that the carbon release index (n) was below 0.45, indicating Fickian diffusion as the dominant release mechanism. The composite carbon source prepared at a CC:PCL mass ratio of 3:2 (denoted YP4) achieved a nitrate nitrogen removal efficiency of 94.76%, with effluent ammonia nitrogen meeting the discharge limits of GB 18596-2001. High-throughput sequencing revealed that YP4 increased the relative abundance of genera capable of denitrification and biopolymer degradation (e.g., Aeromonas, Novosphingobium, Bacteroides, and Clostridium sensu stricto), thereby enhancing heterotrophic denitrification and nitrogen removal. These findings provide a novel approach for selecting and preparing external carbon sources for biological heterotrophic denitrification of low C/N wastewater.

### 1114. [Application of Microporous Bio-Gravel for Microecological Remediation of Degraded Mine Soils](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/application-of-microporous-bio-gravel-for-microecological-remediation-of-degraded-mine-soils) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202512014]
Mining activities cause severe soil degradation and microbial diversity loss, impeding ecological restoration. This study evaluated the effects of a novel soil amendment, microporous bio-gravel (MBG), on bacterial and fungal community structure and function in degraded soil from the Baiyinhua open-pit mine, Inner Mongolia. A pot experiment with four MBG-to-soil volume ratios (CK, L=1:3, M=1:2, H=1:1) was conducted, with a simplified plant community and uniform fertilization. After 180 days, soil samples were analyzed via high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics. Results showed that the medium ratio (M) significantly increased fungal Shannon index and evenness, while the high ratio (H) negatively affected bacterial communities. At phylum and genus levels, MBG promoted enrichment of Cyanobacteria and specific functional groups (e.g., nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Bacillus). Co-occurrence network analysis revealed peak complexity, modularity, and average degree in bacterial and fungal networks under the M treatment. Functional prediction indicated significant enrichment of pathways related to lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, nitrotoluene degradation, and plant-pathogen interactions, alongside increased abundance of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mantel and VPA analyses showed that MBG indirectly regulated microbial community structure by improving soil physicochemical properties and plant traits, with stronger effects on fungi than bacteria. In conclusion, MBG optimizes the soil microhabitat and plant-soil-microbe interactions, modulating microbial diversity, network complexity, and functional potential. The medium ratio (1:2) was most effective, demonstrating potential for ecological restoration of degraded mine soils.

### 1115. [Carbon Emission Accounting and Reduction Pathways for a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in Lanzhou](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/carbon-emission-accounting-and-reduction-pathways-for-a-municipal-wastewater-treatment-plant-in-lanzhou) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511025]
Under the national carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals, carbon reduction in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has been largely overlooked, yet accurate accounting is the first step toward mitigation. This study establishes a carbon emission accounting method for a municipal WWTP in Lanzhou, covering the operation and maintenance phase, to identify key emission sources and propose feasible reduction pathways. The results show that the total annual carbon emission in 2023 was 61,399.80 t CO2-eq, with an emission intensity of 0.71 kg CO2-eq per tonne of wastewater treated. Monthly emissions were relatively stable, with a coefficient of variation of 3.46%. Direct emissions accounted for 47.47% of the total, with N2O being the dominant contributor (61.89% of direct emissions), followed by CO2 (30.88%) and CH4 (7.23%). Indirect emissions accounted for 52.53%, dominated by electricity consumption (95.15% of indirect emissions). Pearson correlation analysis revealed that direct carbon emissions per tonne were significantly correlated with influent BOD5 concentration, influent TN concentration, BOD5 removal rate, and TN removal rate (P < 0.01). Sensitivity analysis identified sewer retention time, fossil carbon fraction in influent, and solids retention time as the most influential parameters, with sensitivity coefficients of 0.42, 0.35, and 0.28, respectively. Considering uncertainties in emission factors and monitoring errors, the 95% confidence interval for annual total emissions was 55,200–67,600 t CO2-eq, corresponding to an emission intensity of 0.64–0.79 kg CO2-eq per tonne. Recommendations focus on three synergistic reduction strategies: reducing source emissions, lowering energy consumption, and enhancing carbon compensation.

### 1116. [Intensity-Based Carbon Reduction Benefits of 'Zero-Waste City' Construction: A Case Study of Mianyang](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/intensity-based-carbon-reduction-benefits-of-zero-waste-city-construction-a-case-study-of-mianyang) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202509120]
The 'Zero-Waste City' initiative, centered on source reduction, resource utilization, and safe disposal of solid waste, aims to minimize environmental impact. To quantitatively assess its carbon reduction contribution, this study took Mianyang as a case, systematically collecting data on solid waste generation, utilization, and disposal across industrial, agricultural, and other sectors from 2021 to 2024. Employing an improved WARM model and emission factor method, and incorporating generation, utilization, and disposal intensities, the carbon reduction benefits before (2021–2022) and after (2023–2024) the initiative were evaluated. Results show that despite significant improvements in comprehensive utilization and safe disposal rates, total solid waste generation increased, leading to a net negative carbon effect of -127.6×10^4 tCO2eq based on absolute quantities. However, after stripping economic and population growth factors, intensity-based accounting revealed a cumulative reduction of 10.8×10^4 tCO2eq, demonstrating significant synergistic benefits. The industrial sector contributed the most, with a reduction of 40.2×10^4 tCO2eq, driven by green transformation and enhanced utilization capacity. Conversely, the rising intensity of domestic solid waste generation resulted in a negative benefit of -46.1×10^4 tCO2eq, highlighting a key area for future improvement. The study underscores the necessity of considering both intensity and absolute quantity dimensions in evaluating rapidly developing cities. These findings provide practical evidence and reference pathways for advancing 'Zero-Waste City' construction and synergistic pollution reduction and carbon mitigation under the 'dual carbon' goals.

### 1117. [Synergistic Cadmium Immobilization in Paddy Soil by Klebsiella aerogenes Wn Combined with Hydroxyapatite](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-cadmium-immobilization-in-paddy-soil-by-klebsiella-aerogenes-wn-combined-with-hydroxyapatite) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511021]
Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) can immobilize cadmium (Cd) by dissolving insoluble phosphates and inducing the precipitation of stable Cd-phosphate minerals. However, the low bioavailability of soil phosphorus and the relatively low Cd2+ concentrations often limit the efficiency of microbial-induced phosphate precipitation (MIPP). This study proposed a combined strategy using the phosphate-solubilizing bacterium Klebsiella aerogenes Wn (Wn) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) to enhance Cd immobilization in paddy soil. Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects on soil Cd availability and rice grain Cd accumulation, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. Results showed that the combined treatment stabilized soil pH between 5.8 and 6.7 and electrical conductivity between 66 and 290 μS·cm−1, while increasing available phosphorus by 4%–67%. The optimal treatment (T4: 8 g·kg−1 HAP + 3.75×10^9 cfu·kg−1 Wn) reduced soil available Cd by 40.2% and decreased rice grain Cd to 0.0699 mg·kg−1, which is 65% below the national food safety limit. Microbial community analysis confirmed successful colonization of Wn. Pure culture experiments demonstrated that Wn induced phosphate precipitation, forming a more stable cadmium hydroxyapatite mineral [Ca3.9(Ca4.7Cd0.7)(PO4)6(OH)1.8]. The combined Wn-HAP treatment is an efficient strategy for remediating Cd-contaminated farmland, with significant potential for ensuring agricultural product safety and promoting soil remediation.

### 1118. [S-scheme Bi6O5(OH)3(NO3)5·3H2O/BiOBr0.8I0.2 Heterojunction Photocatalyst: Synthesis and Visible-Light Degradation Mechanism of Rhodamine B](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/s-scheme-bi6o5oh3no353h2obiobr08i02-heterojunction-photocatalyst-synthesis-and-visible-light-degradation-mecha) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511054]
A novel S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst, Bi6O5(OH)3(NO3)5·3H2O/BiOBr0.8I0.2 (BON@BI), was synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method using Bi6O5(OH)3(NO3)5·3H2O (BON), KBr, and KI as precursors. The mass ratio of BON to BiOBr0.8I0.2 (BI) was optimized, revealing that the 20% BON@BI composite (BON@BIOPT) exhibited the highest visible-light photocatalytic activity. Under 30 min of visible-light irradiation, BON@BIOPT achieved a 99.8% degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B (RhB), approximately twice that of pristine BI (52.2%). The composite displayed a rod-like morphology with uniform nanosheets, and its specific surface area increased from 32.54 m²·g⁻¹ (BI) to 44.7 m²·g⁻¹. The absorption edge red-shifted from 560 nm (BI) to 580 nm, narrowing the bandgap from 2.55 eV to 2.43 eV. The S-scheme heterojunction formed between BON and BI generates an internal electric field that effectively suppresses recombination of strongly reducing photogenerated electrons and strongly oxidizing holes, with superoxide radicals (O₂•⁻) and holes (h⁺) identified as the primary reactive species. BON@BIOPT exhibited excellent stability, retaining 88.6% degradation efficiency after seven consecutive cycles. It also demonstrated robust environmental adaptability, maintaining 85–98% degradation efficiency under various pH conditions and in the presence of interfering anions. The degradation pathway of RhB involves N-de-ethylation, cleavage of the conjugated chromophore, and deamination, ultimately mineralizing into low-molecular-weight organics, inorganic salts, CO₂, and H₂O. These results underscore the potential of BON@BIOPT for practical remediation of organic pollutants in water.

### 1119. [Comparative Carbon Footprint of Ex-situ Remediation Facility and On-site Remediation Modes for Contaminated Soil](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/comparative-carbon-footprint-of-ex-situ-remediation-facility-and-on-site-remediation-modes-for-contaminated-so) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511046]
To evaluate the carbon footprint differences between the emerging ex-situ remediation facility mode and the conventional on-site remediation mode in China, this study employed the SEFA tool to calculate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption for four typical remediation scenarios. Results indicate that the carbon emission intensity of solidification/stabilization (S/S) in the remediation facility is 12.00% higher than that of on-site S/S, with unit carbon intensities of 66.74 and 59.59 kgCO2e·m−3, respectively, and total energy consumption 11.90% higher. The soil transport segment in the facility S/S contributes 13% of carbon emissions, being the primary reason for its higher total carbon footprint. Conversely, thermal desorption (TD) in the facility exhibits 11.10% lower carbon emissions than on-site TD, with unit intensities of 269.16 and 302.78 kgCO2e·m−3, and total energy consumption 3.97% lower, mainly due to the utilization of landfill biogas as renewable energy for heat and power generation, while soil transport contributes only 3% of emissions. The reagent segment in S/S and the heat supply segment in TD account for 77%–86% and 70%–72% of total GHG emissions, respectively. The study demonstrates that remediation facilities, leveraging advantages such as landfill biogas, can actively aggregate contaminated soil from surrounding areas for centralized thermal desorption, which is beneficial for regional carbon emission reduction in soil remediation.

### 1120. [Carbon Emission Analysis and Reduction Scenario Prediction of Municipal Solid Waste Based on LCA-SD Model](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/carbon-emission-analysis-and-reduction-scenario-prediction-of-municipal-solid-waste-based-on-lca-sd-model) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202510017]
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a significant source of urban carbon emissions. This study integrates life cycle assessment (LCA) and system dynamics (SD) to construct a multi-subsystem LCA-SD model covering economy, population, waste generation, transportation, treatment, and resource utilization, using Fuzhou City as a case study. The model was validated against historical data and uncertainty analysis. Carbon emissions from MSW transportation, treatment, and resource utilization during 2013–2023 were calculated, and emission trends under seven reduction scenarios for 2024–2035 were predicted. Results show that Fuzhou's MSW treatment evolved through three stages: 'landfill+incineration', 'treatment structure adjustment', and 'incineration+kitchen waste resource utilization', corresponding to emission growth, fluctuation, and reduction periods. In 2023, total net carbon emissions were 1.07×10^6 t CO2-eq, with incineration being the largest contributor (9.93×10^5 t), followed by transportation (2.93×10^4 t), leachate treatment (2.14×10^4 t), and kitchen waste treatment (7.90×10^3 t, negative emission). Scenario analysis indicates that without further measures, carbon neutrality cannot be achieved. Synergistic enhancement of kitchen waste separation and incineration power generation efficiency can significantly boost reduction, potentially achieving carbon neutrality by 2032. The study provides a dynamic accounting and scenario assessment framework for low-carbon transition of urban solid waste systems.

### 1121. [RuO2 Nanorods for Electrochemical Chlorine Evolution and Simultaneous Removal of Ammonia Nitrogen and COD from Wastewater](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ruo2-nanorods-for-electrochemical-chlorine-evolution-and-simultaneous-removal-of-ammonia-nitrogen-and-cod-from) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202512066]
This study addresses the removal of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from real coal chemical wastewater via electrochemical chlorine evolution. A nanorod-structured ruthenium dioxide catalyst (N-RuO2) was synthesized by modifying ruthenium trichloride precursor with ammonium chloride. Compared with unmodified RuO2, commercial DSA, and commercial RuO2 (Com-RuO2), N-RuO2 exhibited significantly enhanced electrochemical performance: Faradaic efficiency for chlorine evolution increased by 12.9%, 18.5%, and 25.6%, respectively; accelerated lifetime improved by 1.7, 1.9, and 2.9 times, respectively. In treating real coal chemical wastewater, N-RuO2 reduced NH4+-N to 86.4 mg·L−1 and COD to 72 mg·L−1, with degradation rate constants approximately 2.08 and 1.46 times higher than Com-RuO2, while energy consumption decreased by 17.7 Wh·g−1 and 1.5 Wh·g−1, respectively. Further studies showed that increasing chloride ion concentration enhanced removal rates and reduced energy consumption; higher current density accelerated removal but increased energy use; alkaline conditions favored NH4+-N removal, while neutral conditions favored COD removal. The excellent electrochemical performance of RuO2 nanorods indicates broad application prospects in practical water treatment.

### 1122. [Catalytic Conversion of Carbohydrates: Opportunities and Challenges en Route to Fuels and Chemicals](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/catalytic-conversion-of-carbohydrates-opportunities-and-challenges-en-route-to-fuels-and-chemicals) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60651-2]
Carbohydrates, derived from abundant biomass resources, hold great promise for conversion into fine platform chemicals and fuels, which is crucial for sustainable development. The processes for carbohydrate conversion are predominantly driven by catalysis, with active components such as Brønsted acids and Lewis acids. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the catalytic conversion of various carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides) into high-value-added compounds. It elaborates on the specific pathways and mechanisms involved in reactions like hydrolysis, isomerization, and dehydration for target molecules such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, lactic acid, and furfural. Furthermore, the subsequent derivatization of these platform compounds and their application prospects in energy-related fields, including bio-fuels and batteries, are discussed. Finally, the current challenges in research are summarized, and future directions for the development of low-cost and high-performance catalytic systems are outlined.

### 1123. [Coastal Urban Waterlogging Simulation and Drainage System Optimization: A Case Study of the Shajing River Drainage Area in Shenzhen](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/coastal-urban-waterlogging-simulation-and-drainage-system-optimization-a-case-study-of-the-shajing-river-drain) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202408057]
Urban waterlogging, exacerbated by climate change and rapid urbanization, poses increasing risks, particularly in coastal low-lying areas with dense river networks. This study simulated waterlogging in the Shajing River drainage area of the Maozhou River basin, Shenzhen, using the SOBEK hydrodynamic model. Under a 5-year return period rainfall, 47 manholes overflowed and 31.29% of stormwater pipes operated at full capacity. Twelve waterlogging-prone points were identified: eight due to insufficient drainage capacity and five due to river backflow from low elevation. Two optimization schemes were compared: enlarging pipe diameters and implementing Low Impact Development (LID) measures. Pipe enlargement reduced overflowing manholes by 32 and full-flow pipe length by 20%, effectively decreasing surface ponding. LID measures reduced overflowing manholes by only 4 and full-flow pipe length by 1.5%, but decreased maximum flooding depth by nearly 1 m, alleviating drainage system burden. The study highlights the complex causes of coastal urban waterlogging, especially river backflow under tidal influence, and recommends considering sea-level rise and storm surge in drainage design. The findings provide valuable references for attributing waterlogging causes and planning drainage network upgrades in coastal cities.

### 1124. [Research Progress on Supports for Rh-Based Catalysts in Heterogeneous Hydroformylation of Olefins](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-supports-for-rh-based-catalysts-in-heterogeneous-hydroformylation-of-olefins) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60679-2]
Olefin hydroformylation is a pivotal process for synthesizing high-value-added aldehydes, with applications extending from short-chain to long-chain olefins (C6+). Traditional homogeneous catalytic systems suffer from difficulties in separating and recovering precious rhodium (Rh), driving research toward heterogeneous catalytic systems. This review summarizes recent progress in supports for heterogeneous Rh-based catalysts, focusing on the influence of structural regulation strategies of inorganic oxide-supported, porous carbon-supported, organic porous polymer-based, zeolite-supported, and composite-supported catalysts on active site dispersion, regioselectivity, and cycle stability. Key findings include enhanced linear-to-branched (n/i) ratios and turnover frequencies (TOF) achieved through tailored support design. For instance, Rh1/CeO2 with morphology effects demonstrates molecular-level understanding of support effects, while Rh/activated carbon with surface oxygen groups improves catalytic performance in 1-hexene hydroformylation. Porous monophosphine polymers confine atomically dispersed Rh, achieving regioselective hydroformylation. Additionally, Rh-N4 single atoms and Rh clusters dual-active sites on supports yield ultra-high TOF. The review aims to provide insights for rational design of high-performance heterogeneous hydroformylation catalysts, addressing industrial challenges of catalyst recovery and stability.

### 1125. [Machine Learning-Assisted Discovery of Lewis Base Additives for Defect Passivation in Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/machine-learning-assisted-discovery-of-lewis-base-additives-for-defect-passivation-in-perovskite-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60655-X]
Defect-induced nonradiative recombination critically restricts the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Lewis base additives show great promise in defect passivation, but current screening methods rely heavily on empirical trial and error and lack clear design principles, making it difficult to efficiently discover high-performance candidate materials. Here, we present a machine learning (ML) framework to intelligently screen Lewis base molecules for defect passivation. We trained six ensemble models on a dataset of 146 experimental data points, with Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) yielding the best classification performance (87% accuracy). Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) interpretability analysis subsequently identifies the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy (−7.5 to −6.3 eV), additive concentration (2.5 to 6.5 mg/mL), and simplified molecular backbones (O atom ≤ 2, C atom < 5) as critical design criteria. The ML prediction was experimentally validated: (S)-pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid ((S)-PCA) and 2-methyl-1,3-cyclopentanedione (MCPD) (Class Ⅱ) improved PCE by 2.22% and 2.01%, respectively, while 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylbutanenitrile (3-HMBN) (Class Ⅰ) showed minimal gain. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirmed the stronger binding affinities and elevated defect formation energies of Class Ⅱ additives. Notably, the champion (S)-PCA device achieved a PCE of 24.05%. This work established an ML-accelerated paradigm for the rational design of defect passivators, bridging data science and photovoltaics.

### 1126. [High-throughput screening of SrxA1−xFeyB1−yO3 perovskites for low-temperature chemical looping air separation using graph neural networks](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/high-throughput-screening-of-srxa1xfeyb1yo3-perovskites-for-low-temperature-chemical-looping-air-separation-us) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60680-9]
Low-temperature chemical looping air separation (CLAS) is a promising technology for producing oxygen-enriched gas streams, utilizing the redox properties of solid oxygen carriers to selectively capture and release oxygen from air. Oxygen vacancy formation energy (Eovf) is a key descriptor for evaluating the ease of oxygen release. In this study, the applicable range of Eovf for CLAS oxygen carriers was determined to be <2.3 eV via thermodynamic calculations. A graph neural network (GNN) model, specifically the ALIGNN architecture, was trained to predict Eovf with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.26 eV on the test set. Using this model, a high-throughput screening of 3,649 compositions of SrxA1−xFeyB1−yO3 perovskites was conducted to identify promising CLAS oxygen carriers. The predictions revealed that doping with Ba and Ca at the A-site and Co at the B-site effectively reduces Eovf. The screening criterion of Eovf < 2.3 eV successfully rediscovered several previously reported low-temperature CLAS oxygen carriers, validating the approach. This work demonstrates that GNN-based Eovf prediction can significantly accelerate the discovery of CLAS materials, with broader implications for other chemical looping applications such as full oxidation and syngas production.

### 1127. [Investigating the migration mechanisms of heavy metals under silicate polymerization in gasification slag from landfilled municipal solid waste with rice husk addition](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/investigating-the-migration-mechanisms-of-heavy-metals-under-silicate-polymerization-in-gasification-slag-from) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60676-7]
Landfilled municipal solid waste (MSW) in China exceeds 8 billion tons, with high moisture (30–50%) and ash content (>50%), complicating conventional treatment. Slag gasification offers a clean and resource-oriented route, but heavy metal leaching from the resulting slag poses environmental risks. This study investigates the effect of rice husk addition (5–15%) on the vitrification of landfilled-waste slag and the immobilization of heavy metals (Cr, Zn, Cu). Results show that adding 5–10% rice husk lowers the slag flow temperature to a minimum of 1213 °C, attributed to active SiO2 reacting with CaO and Fe2O3 to form low-melting eutectics like anorthite. Leaching concentrations of Cr and Zn decrease from 41.60 and 108.00 mg/L to 5.89 and 7.10 mg/L, respectively, with 10–15% rice husk. The amorphous SiO2 enhances silicate polymerization (Q3, Q4 networks), promoting physical encapsulation and chemical incorporation of heavy metals into stable phases such as Zn2SiO4 and CuFe2O4, increasing the residual fraction and reducing bioavailability. At temperatures >1400 °C, volatilization of Cu and Zn increases, with residual rates dropping to 33–60% and 31–55%, respectively, while Cr remains stable (70–123%). This work elucidates the mechanistic role of rice husk in slag structure modulation and heavy metal immobilization, providing a theoretical basis for the co-treatment of landfilled waste and biomass via a 'treating waste with waste' strategy.

### 1128. [Continuous Manufacturing Process Design of Solid-Waste-Based Ozone Catalysts and Their Long-Term Performance Study](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/continuous-manufacturing-process-design-of-solid-waste-based-ozone-catalysts-and-their-long-term-performance-s) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511011]
The high cost of catalysts is a critical barrier to the upgrading and cost reduction of catalytic ozonation technology. This study developed a low-cost, long-life Fe–Mn-based ozone catalyst (FMG) derived from solid wastes (red mud and blast-furnace slag), leveraging iron and manganese components to construct dual active centers. A continuous manufacturing process was achieved by integrating alkali-activated cementitious reactions with disc pelletization via a cascade spray-coating and multi-stage curing technique. Under optimal conditions (ozone dosage 3.5 mg·L−1), the catalyst achieved 81.81% total organic carbon (TOC) removal of phenol solution within 60 min, retaining 87.27% of its initial activity after 15 reuse cycles. Long-term continuous-flow tests over 60 days demonstrated stable TOC removal between 69.44% and 75.46%. The production cost of FMG was 1,351.44 CNY·t−1, and the unit TOC removal cost was only 0.06 CNY·(g TOC)−1, representing a 78.69%–86.85% reduction compared to commercial catalysts (0.30–0.48 CNY·(g TOC)−1). This work provides a theoretical and technical foundation for cost-effective catalytic ozonation and high-value conversion of bulk solid wastes.

### 1129. [Green Synthesis of Hierarchical NaY Zeolite from Perlite for Enhanced Knoevenagel Condensation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/green-synthesis-of-hierarchical-nay-zeolite-from-perlite-for-enhanced-knoevenagel-condensation) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60661-5]
Hierarchical aluminum-rich zeolites are promising catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation, but their synthesis is often costly and energy-intensive. This work reports a green route to hierarchical NaY zeolite using submolten salt (SMS) activated perlite as the sole silicon and aluminum source. The product exhibits high purity and crystallinity, with a framework SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of approximately 4.2, intercrystalline mesopores centered at about 20 nm, large external surface area, and abundant basic sites. Crystallization studies reveal that small crystals initially assemble on the activated perlite surface, then grow and aggregate to form a crystal-packed morphology with intercrystalline mesopores. In the Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde with ethyl cyanoacetate, the hierarchical NaY zeolite achieves higher benzaldehyde conversion than conventional NaY zeolites, attributed to improved mass transfer and increased basic site accessibility. This work provides a cost-effective and sustainable catalyst while valorizing natural perlite.

### 1130. [Construction of Calcium-Manganese Composite Desulfurizer for Synergistic Removal of SO2/Hg0](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/construction-of-calcium-manganese-composite-desulfurizer-for-synergistic-removal-of-so2hg0) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60656-1]
Under the carbon neutrality strategy, biomass boilers have emerged as key facilities for renewable energy utilization, yet are characterized by low-concentration SO2 emissions. Ca-based dry desulfurization presents a promising technology for biomass boiler flue gas purification due to its compact structure, low capital investment and simple operation and maintenance. However, it is generally limited by the low adsorbent utilization and insufficient desulfurization efficiency. Herein, this study developed a novel Ca-Mn composite adsorbent through a synergistic strategy integrating F127 surfactant to optimize dispersion and Mn loading to enhance oxidation efficiency. The resulting adsorbent not only significantly increased the breakthrough sulfur capacity of the Ca-based material but also markedly improved the synergistic removal of Hg0. It was demonstrated that the introduction of Mn elements and F127 effectively suppressed the agglomeration of Ca(OH)2 crystallites and induced an oxygen vacancy-rich structure, while simultaneously optimizing the pore structure of the adsorbent. The modified adsorbent exhibited the enlarged specific surface area and pore volume, which favored to enhance the reaction mass transfer and effectively prevent the pore blockage and coverage of active sites by desulfurization products. The Mn sites and oxygen vacancies formed catalytic centers, which not only accelerated the desulfurization reaction by promoting SO2 oxidation but also enabled the adsorbent to couple with Hg0 catalytic oxidation functionality. Consequently, the simultaneous removal of SO2 and Hg0 was significantly enhanced on the Ca-Mn composite adsorbent.

### 1131. [Machine learning-based prediction and optimization of the cellulose conversion process for levulinic acid production](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/machine-learning-based-prediction-and-optimization-of-the-cellulose-conversion-process-for-levulinic-acid-prod) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60665-2]
Levulinic acid (LA) is a promising platform product with wide industrial applications. Efficient conversion of cellulose into LA has become a research hotspot, yet traditional experimental optimization is time-consuming and inefficient. This study integrates multidimensional data—reaction conditions, solvent properties, and physicochemical characteristics of metal salts—to construct a systematic dataset. Six machine learning models (decision tree, gradient boosting regression, K-nearest neighbors, multilayer perceptron, random forest, and support vector machine) were developed to predict LA yield. The gradient boosting regression (GBR) model achieved the best performance, with a test-set determination coefficient (R²) of 0.94 and the lowest root-mean-square error (RMSE). SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and partial dependence analysis identified water fraction, catalyst dosage, and reaction temperature as the key factors influencing LA formation. By integrating the GBR model with particle swarm optimization (PSO), RuCl₃ was identified as an efficient catalyst under high-temperature and short-reaction-time conditions. This study demonstrates the potential of machine learning in cellulose conversion research, providing a data-driven strategy and theoretical guidance for efficient and green LA production.

### 1132. [Manganese Promoter Hinders Carbon Permeation on Iron-Based Catalyst Surfaces: A First-Principles Study](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/manganese-promoter-hinders-carbon-permeation-on-iron-based-catalyst-surfaces-a-first-principles-study) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60657-3]
Fe-Mn catalysts have attracted considerable attention for industrial Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) due to their ability to modulate product spectra. Carbon adsorption and permeation on catalyst surfaces are critical elementary steps in the in situ formation of active iron carbide phases. Here, density functional theory (DFT) calculations systematically investigate the atomistic structures, thermodynamic stabilities, and electronic properties of carbon-deposited Fe-Mn alloy surfaces at the early stage of carburization. These surfaces exhibit distinct thermodynamic sensitivity to carbon atoms adsorbed on the surface and permeating into interstitial sites. By combining DFT with minima-hopping structural searches, we demonstrate that the initial stage of carbon permeation cannot trigger surface reconstruction to form iron carbide phases. The addition of manganese thermodynamically hinders carbon permeation. Although deposited carbon atoms modulate the electronic structure of metals, manganese retards the shift of d-band centers toward those of bulk iron carbide phases. This study provides atomic-scale insight into the in situ evolution of Fe-Mn catalyst surfaces during carbon deposition, indicating that manganese promoter has a noticeable effect on carbon permeation.

### 1133. [Engineering Optimization of an 80 t·d−1 Municipal Solid Waste Gasification-Incineration Furnace: A Case Study in Inner Mongolia](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/engineering-optimization-of-an-80-td1-municipal-solid-waste-gasification-incineration-furnace-a-case-study-in) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511050]
Municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Inner Mongolia has long relied on landfilling, facing land scarcity and leachate management challenges. This study addresses the region's dry, cold climate, high proportion of agricultural and livestock waste, fluctuating moisture content, and weak leachate treatment capacity. An engineering optimization was implemented on an 80 t·d−1 vertical rotary gasification-incineration system featuring a dual-combustion-chamber design (primary chamber for medium-temperature pyrolysis-gasification at 550–650 °C and secondary chamber for high-temperature oxidation above 900 °C), coupled with in-situ leachate recirculation. Field measurements showed improved processing capacity and continuous operation stability. Under the project's leachate yield, in-situ recirculation achieved on-site disposal without significant adverse effects on gasification-incineration conditions, providing buffering against moisture fluctuations. During the monitoring period, major gaseous pollutant emissions remained below current national standards. The results provide engineering references for the co-processing and stable operation of small-scale county-level MSW treatment facilities.

### 1134. [Effect of Fermentation Temperature on Volatile Fatty Acid Production and Fungal Community Structure from Brewer's Spent Grain](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-fermentation-temperature-on-volatile-fatty-acid-production-and-fungal-community-structure-from-brewe) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511094]
Brewer's spent grain (BSG), a major byproduct of the brewing industry, is produced in large quantities globally, yet its high-value utilization remains limited. This study investigated the effects of fermentation temperature (35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 °C) on volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and fungal community structure during anaerobic fermentation of BSG. Results showed that mesophilic temperatures significantly enhanced VFA yields, with the highest production at 35 °C, reaching 344.22 mg/g COD converted, and a peak VFA concentration of 14,267 mg/L after 5 days. Acetic acid dominated the VFA profile (95.6%–98.9%) across all temperatures. Protein and carbohydrate degradation rates were highest under mesophilic conditions, while lipid degradation peaked at 55 °C. Fungal community analysis revealed that at peak acid production, cellulose-degrading fungi were predominant, with Oligophagozyma being the dominant genus at 35 °C (90.07%) and 40 °C (55.31%). Higher temperatures increased fungal diversity and evenness. Mantel tests indicated that carbohydrates and lipids promoted fungal growth, whereas total dissolved solids, nitrate, and phosphate inhibited it. These findings provide insights into the role of fungi in VFA production from BSG and support its resource utilization.

### 1135. [Effects of Different Morphologies of PET Microplastics on Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-of-different-morphologies-of-pet-microplastics-on-anaerobic-digestion-of-sewage-sludge) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511052]
Microplastics in sewage sludge, owing to their diverse physicochemical properties, can differentially affect subsequent anaerobic digestion. This study focused on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics, systematically investigating the effects of particle (MP), fiber (MF), and film (MPF) morphologies at concentrations of 0–150 mg·g⁻¹ (based on total solids) on sludge digestion performance and microbial community structure. Results showed that MP inhibited total biogas production at all concentrations (inhibition rates 8.16%–9.58%), whereas MF and MPF exhibited low-concentration stimulation and high-concentration inhibition, with MPF exerting stronger inhibition than MF. All MP concentrations induced significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (increases of 9.43%–34.52%), indicating the strongest oxidative stress. Low concentrations of PET generally enhanced cell membrane permeability, prompting microbes to secrete different extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to resist stress. The morphology and concentration of microplastics regulated the relative abundances of key functional bacteria (e.g., proteolytic bacteria and organic acid-oxidizing bacteria) and low-abundance bacteria, ultimately leading to differences in digestion performance. This study provides a theoretical basis for efficient treatment of sludge containing microplastics.

### 1136. [Application and Mechanistic Study of Lactate Regulation and Microbial Immobilization Technology in Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell Systems](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/application-and-mechanistic-study-of-lactate-regulation-and-microbial-immobilization-technology-in-sediment-mi) [DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202511062]
Sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) are a green technology for simultaneous polluted sediment remediation and energy recovery, yet their performance is constrained by insufficient anodic microbial activity and low electron transfer efficiency. This study employed lactate addition combined with composite engineered microbial immobilization to synergistically optimize SMFC performance by enhancing microbial stability and carbon source supply. Results showed that lactate, as an easily utilized electron donor, promoted electrochemical activity, achieving a maximum power density of 22.06 mW·m−2 at 6 mmol·L−1, a 194% improvement over the blank group. Immobilization further enhanced electron transfer efficiency, with the highest output voltage (88.75 mV) being 2.09 times that of the non-immobilized group. For pollutant degradation, the 6 mmol·L−1 lactate group achieved TOC and TN removal rates of 29.02% and 28.4%, respectively, outperforming the control (22.41% and 21.42%). However, high lactate concentrations inhibited microbial metabolism, leading to TOC accumulation. 16S rRNA analysis revealed that the anodic microbial community was dominated by Bacillota and Pseudomonadota, both possessing electroactive and pollutant-degrading capabilities, indicating that lactate and immobilization exert a synergistic effect in SMFCs, simultaneously enhancing electricity generation and pollutant removal efficiency.

### 1137. [Tuning surface oxygen species via Mg-Ba co-doping on La2O3 to enhance oxidative coupling of methane performance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/tuning-surface-oxygen-species-via-mg-ba-co-doping-on-la2o3-to-enhance-oxidative-coupling-of-methane-performanc) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60677-9]
Mg-, Ca-, Sr-, and Ba-single-doped La2O3 as well as Mg-Ba co-doped La2O3 catalysts were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and evaluated for the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM). The experimental results revealed that the Mg-modified La2O3 catalyst activates O2 and CH4 effectively, yet achieves only moderate C2+ selectivity. Conversely, the Ba-modified analogue affords high C2+ selectivity, albeit at the expense of lower reaction activity. Notably, the Mg-Ba co-doped La2O3 catalyst strikes an effective balance between activity and selectivity, enhancing catalytic performance while maintaining a high C2+ selectivity. Specifically, at a Mg/Ba molar ratio of 1:1 and 700 °C, it achieved a CH4 conversion of 29.5%, a C2+ selectivity of 54.5% and a corresponding C2+ yield of 16.1%. The characterization results indicate that Mg and Ba co-doped La2O3 catalysts promote the formation of more superoxide (O2−) species on the catalyst surface, which in turn significantly enhances both the activity and selectivity of La2O3 catalysts. In situ DRIFTS revealed the presence of superoxide species on the surface of both Mg- and Ba-doped catalysts, with the co-doped system exhibiting a significantly more intense signal for the superoxide species. O2/H2-TPR studies revealed that Mg and Ba co-doped La2O3 catalysts exhibit superior O2 activation capabilities compared to those doped with Mg or Ba alone. CH4/O2 pulse experiments revealed that the co-doped catalysts facilitate faster establishment of oxygen adsorption equilibrium, thereby enhancing CH4 activation and the subsequent formation of C2 products. This work establishes that co-doping La2O3 with Mg and Ba represents an effective strategy for improving catalytic performance in OCM, primarily by modulating the generation and stabilization of key active oxygen species.

### 1138. [Network Toxicology and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Elucidate Bisphenol A-Induced Neurotoxicity in SVGP12 Astrocytes: Mechanistic Insights and Risk Assessment for Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/network-toxicology-and-molecular-dynamics-simulation-elucidate-bisphenol-a-induced-neurotoxicity-in-svgp12-ast) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026030601]
Bisphenol A (BPA), a high-volume industrial chemical, is implicated in neurotoxicity and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. This study integrates network toxicology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations to systematically delineate the common mechanisms linking BPA to Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Using the human astrocyte cell line SVGP12 as an in vitro model, we identified six key toxic functional proteins—TP53, HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, INS, BCL2, and AKT1—that mediate BPA's effects across these diseases, with BCL2 emerging as the most central node. Experimental validation demonstrated that BPA induces oxidative stress and cell cycle arrest, suppresses the INS-AKT1-BCL2 anti-apoptotic pathway, and activates the TP53-HSP90 pro-apoptotic pathway, culminating in mitochondrial apoptosis of astrocytes and disruption of neural microenvironment homeostasis. These findings reveal a convergent mechanism by which BPA accelerates neurodegeneration, filling a critical gap in understanding BPA's role in AD, PD, and HD. The study provides a novel theoretical framework and experimental evidence for BPA neurotoxicity risk assessment and informs preventive and therapeutic strategies for BPA-related neurodegenerative disorders.

### 1139. [Mechanistic Insights into Methanol Steam Reforming on PdCu(111) and PtCu(111) Bimetallic Catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mechanistic-insights-into-methanol-steam-reforming-on-pdcu111-and-ptcu111-bimetallic-catalysts) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60752-9]
Methanol steam reforming (MSR) is a pivotal process for efficient hydrogen production. This study employs density functional theory (DFT) calculations to comparatively analyze the MSR reaction mechanism on PdCu(111) and PtCu(111) bimetallic surfaces. The investigation unveils how alloying modulates reaction pathways and overall catalytic performance. Notably, Cu sites stabilize adsorption of OH and CH2O species, whereas Pd/Pt sites exhibit preferential affinity for CO. This spatial site separation facilitates progression along the formate pathway. PdCu(111) demonstrates superior overall catalytic performance compared to PtCu(111), with water dissociation identified as the rate-determining step (RDS), featuring an activation energy of only 0.74 eV. The bimetallic synergy breaks the inherent contradiction between activity and selectivity of monometallic catalysts: Cu sites serve as a source of hydroxyl groups, while Pd/Pt sites enhance C–H bond cleavage efficiency, ultimately enabling high methanol conversion alongside low CO formation. From the perspectives of electronic structure and geometric configuration, this study establishes a theoretical framework to guide rational design of high-performance bimetallic catalysts for MSR.

### 1140. [Mechanism of Ce/La/Zr doping on the structure and anti-coking performance of Ni/MgO-MgAl2O4 catalyst](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mechanism-of-celazr-doping-on-the-structure-and-anti-coking-performance-of-nimgo-mgal2o4-catalyst) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60672-X]
Dry reforming of methane (DRM) converts CH4 and CO2 into syngas, offering a route to mitigate greenhouse gases. Ni-based catalysts suffer from sintering and carbon deposition at high temperatures. This work employs MgO-MgAl2O4 composite supports to regulate Ni loading and introduces Ce, La, and Zr as promoters to investigate their effects on DRM activity, structural stability, and surface oxygen species. Optimal Ni loading of 12.5% yields highest CH4 and CO2 conversions. Promoter introduction slightly suppresses low-temperature activity but substantially modifies support local structure and metal-support interface, improving NiO dispersion and increasing surface oxygen vacancies and active oxygen species (Oβ). These changes enhance CO2 adsorption-activation and suppress carbon deposition. After 20 h DRM, Ce-promoted catalyst shows smallest Ni particle growth (6.23→8.07 nm) and lowest carbon deposition, demonstrating superior stability and anti-coking capability. The study elucidates how Ce, La, and Zr enhance sintering and coking resistance via interfacial electronic modulation and improved oxygen storage/release, guiding rational design of stable Ni-based DRM catalysts.

### 1141. [A dataset for CO2 cycloaddition with ethylene oxide over metal oxide catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-dataset-for-co2-cycloaddition-with-ethylene-oxide-over-metal-oxide-catalysts) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60743-8]
Metal oxide catalysts have emerged as promising materials for CO2 cycloaddition reactions due to their tunable composition, facile separation, reusability, and low cost. However, systematic investigations remain limited, and a comprehensive understanding of reaction mechanisms is hindered by the lack of extensive, well-curated datasets. This study establishes a systematic dataset of 102 metal oxide catalysts, including layered double hydroxide (LDH) and ZnO, with variations in metal dopant type and ratio, defect characteristics, and crystal plane orientation. Using high-throughput first-principles calculations, we generated a multi-dimensional dataset containing elementary reaction energies, vibrational frequencies, Bader charges, and density of states. A rigorous two-tiered quality control protocol ensures data integrity. The dataset reveals structure-performance relationships linking catalyst structural features to electronic descriptors (e.g., Bader charge transfer, p-band centers of O atoms, d-band centers of metal atoms) and catalytic activity. This work provides a reliable foundation for exploring catalytic performance and reaction mechanisms, and demonstrates how high-throughput calculations can generate domain-specific, mechanistically explicit data. Future efforts will focus on developing feature extraction code for seamless integration with machine learning frameworks, and the dataset will be continuously enriched through experimental validation and remain openly accessible.

### 1142. [Reaction Network Database for Fast Pyrolysis of Vanillyl Alcohol Based on Molecular Wavefunction Descriptors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/reaction-network-database-for-fast-pyrolysis-of-vanillyl-alcohol-based-on-molecular-wavefunction-descriptors) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60710-4]
Lignin pyrolysis is a promising route for sustainable production of high-value phenolic chemicals, yet the intricate radical reaction network remains a major bottleneck to optimizing product selectivity. This work constructs a standardized DFT computational database that systematically describes the fast pyrolysis of vanillyl alcohol at 823.15 K. The database features three key components: primary reaction pathways, thermodynamic energy barriers, and atomic-level electronic fingerprints. The dataset covers primary reaction pathways, secondary rearrangements, and both global and local reactivity indices of key intermediates. Notably, it innovatively integrates electronic-structure fingerprints, filling the gap in reaction-network–electronic-property correlation data. Standardized computational workflows and rigorous quality control ensure accuracy, consistency, and reproducibility. The public release of this dataset provides a reliable theoretical benchmark for mechanistic studies of lignin pyrolysis and offers foundational data support for rational design of new catalysts and refinement of reaction kinetic models. Ultimately, this database not only provides an important reference for data-driven catalyst development but also lays a theoretical foundation for precise regulation of lignin depolymerization.

### 1143. [Effect of Mn doping on the structure and oxidative desulfurization properties of Co-V-O binary metal oxides](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-mn-doping-on-the-structure-and-oxidative-desulfurization-properties-of-co-v-o-binary-metal-oxides) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60658-5]
Sulfur dioxide emitted from combustion of sulfur-containing aromatic compounds in fuels is a major contributor to atmospheric pollution. Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) has become a crucial complement to hydrodesulfurization (HDS) due to its mild reaction conditions and high efficiency in removing refractory aromatic sulfides. Metal doping is an effective strategy to modulate the electronic structure of catalysts and enhance catalytic performance. In this study, Mn-doped Co-V-O metal oxide (Mn-Co-V-O) was synthesized via a reflux method followed by high-temperature calcination. The structure, morphology, and surface chemical composition were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, XPS, and UV-vis DRS. The ODS performance toward dibenzothiophene (DBT) was evaluated using molecular oxygen as a green oxidant. Results indicated that Mn doping significantly enhanced the ODS activity compared to undoped Co-V-O. Under optimized conditions (110 °C, 0.03 g catalyst, 150 mL/min O2 flow, 20 mL model oil), a direct DBT removal rate of 81.6% was achieved. When combined with extraction, the desulfurization rate increased to 98.0%. Mechanistic studies revealed that Mn doping increased the surface oxygen vacancy concentration, facilitating oxygen activation to generate superoxide radicals (·O2−). Radical trapping experiments confirmed that ·O2− was the key active species responsible for selective oxidation of DBT to DBTO2. This study provides a reference for designing efficient metal oxide catalysts for deep oxidative desulfurization.

### 1144. [Effect of Phosphorus and Transition Metal-Modified ZSM-5 on Catalytic Pyrolysis of C7 Hydrocarbons with Different Structures](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-phosphorus-and-transition-metal-modified-zsm-5-on-catalytic-pyrolysis-of-c7-hydrocarbons-with-differ) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0003]
Phosphorus and transition metal-modified ZSM-5 zeolites were prepared via incipient wetness impregnation and characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, and pyridine-IR spectroscopy. The effects of modified zeolites on catalytic pyrolysis of n-heptane, 3-methylhexane, and methylcyclohexane were systematically investigated, revealing the structure-activity relationship between acid properties and catalytic performance. Results indicate that phosphorus and transition metal modification can regulate the L/B acid ratio of ZSM-5, which significantly influences product distribution. An excessively high L/B acid ratio promotes hydrogen and coke formation, leading to pore blockage and reduced conversion, whereas an appropriate L/B acid ratio facilitates mild dehydrogenation, enhancing ethylene and propylene yields. Reactant conversion followed the order: n-heptane > 3-methylhexane > methylcyclohexane. Efficient conversion of 3-methylhexane and methylcyclohexane requires catalysts with high L acid amount, strong Brønsted acid amount, optimized L/B acid ratio, as well as high specific surface area and micropore specific surface area. This study provides critical insights for designing high-efficiency alkane pyrolysis catalysts.

### 1145. [Binder-Mediated Regulation of Coating Structure over Monolithic Catalyst and Its Performance in CH4-CO2 Reforming](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/binder-mediated-regulation-of-coating-structure-over-monolithic-catalyst-and-its-performance-in-ch4-co2-reform) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60762-1]
The CO2 dry reforming of methane (DRM) is pivotal for CO2 utilization within the dual-carbon framework, offering advantages in carbon reduction and value-added chemical production. However, shaped catalysts suitable for industrial-scale DRM remain limited. This work constructs a monolithic catalyst using honeycomb cordierite as the structural support, systematically investigating the effects of organic and inorganic binders on coating structure and catalytic performance. Comparative studies reveal that the active coating fabricated with inorganic aluminum sol exhibits a continuous uniform morphology and excellent adhesion strength. During high-temperature calcination, elemental diffusion within Al2O3 networks bridges the cordierite surface with active catalyst particles, forming a (Ni-Mg)AlxO4 composite structure. This creates robust metal-support interactions between active sites and the residual alumina matrix. The interconnected mesoporous framework provides superior pore confinement, contributing to strong coating adhesion, enhanced activity, and improved resistance to carbon deposition in the monolithic m-NCM-Al-sol catalyst. In contrast, coatings derived from inorganic silica sol suffer from detachment and activity loss due to heterogeneous surface structures and poor adhesion. Organic binders demonstrate inferior performance in macroscopic coating uniformity, adhesion strength, mesoporous confinement, and localized electronic effects, resulting in the poorest catalytic performance. By optimizing aluminum sol coating parameters—binder content, active component dosage, and coating cycles—a synergistic balance between coating thickness and mass transfer is achieved. The optimized catalyst demonstrates excellent DRM performance, providing insights for constructing high-performance shaped catalysts with cordierite coatings.

### 1146. [A Comprehensive Database for Ethane Dehydrogenation over Heteroatom-Doped Graphene-Supported Single-Atom Catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-comprehensive-database-for-ethane-dehydrogenation-over-heteroatom-doped-graphene-supported-single-atom-catal) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60688-3]
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) exhibit near-100% atomic utilization, precisely tunable active sites, and superior catalytic performance, making them promising for ethane dehydrogenation (EDH). The nature of active metals, support properties, and coordination environments critically influence EDH performance. Graphene, with its excellent thermal stability and tunable coordination structure, serves as an ideal support. However, systematic understanding is lacking due to fragmented data. This work constructs a comprehensive database of heteroatom-doped graphene-supported SACs, encompassing five representative metal single atoms and 51 distinct coordination environments grouped into six major categories. High-throughput first-principles calculations yield multi-dimensional data including elementary reaction energies, vibrational frequencies, density of states, and Bader charges. A rigorous quality control system ensures reliability at both parameter-setting and computational result levels. The database provides complete raw calculation files, enabling in-depth analysis of catalytic performance, structure-performance relationships, and reaction mechanisms. Electronic structure analyses (DOS and Bader charge) elucidate the physical mechanisms underlying performance differences, establishing a structure-performance relationship characterized by 'dopant type → electronic state of active metal center → catalytic activity'. This database supports rational catalyst design and data-driven research paradigms, with future plans for feature extraction code and experimental validation.

### 1147. [Na Promoter Synergistic Tuning Co-Fe Alloy-Carbide Dual Sites: Directing Syngas Conversion to C2+ Alcohols](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/na-promoter-synergistic-tuning-co-fe-alloy-carbide-dual-sites-directing-syngas-conversion-to-c2-alcohols) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60670-6]
Direct conversion of syngas to higher alcohols (C2+ alcohols) is critical for coal-based resource utilization and energy security. Here, a series of Na-modified CoFe/Al2O3 catalysts were synthesized via incipient wetness impregnation and evaluated for syngas-to-alcohol reactions. Multiple characterizations (XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, H2-TPR, XPS, DRIFTS, in situ Raman, Mössbauer spectroscopy) elucidated synergistic effects of Na and Fe promoters. Na facilitated formation of Co-Fe alloy sites during reaction, while Fe modified electronic state of Co and promoted transformation of lattice oxygen to adsorbed oxygen, increasing surface oxygen vacancies. Synergistic interaction between alloy and carbide sites enhanced CO insertion into olefin intermediates, improving C2+ alcohol selectivity. Under 260 °C and 2 MPa, Co1Fe1Na1 catalyst (n(Co):n(Fe):n(Na)=1:1:1) achieved total alcohol selectivity of 45%, with C2+ alcohols comprising 94.1% of total alcohols. This study provides insights into rational design of Co-based catalysts for efficient syngas conversion to C2+ alcohols.

### 1148. [Association between prenatal exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides and three oxidative stress biomarkers in pregnant women: A case study of the Jiashan cohort](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/association-between-prenatal-exposure-to-neonicotinoid-insecticides-and-three-oxidative-stress-biomarkers-in-p) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026021203]
Neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs) are widely used pesticides with residues entering the human body via multiple routes, posing potential health risks. Pregnant women are a sensitive population requiring investigation into NEO exposure effects. Based on the Jiashan Birth Cohort, this study measured 12 NEOs (9 parent compounds and 3 metabolites) and three oxidative stress biomarkers (8-iso-prostaglandin F2α, 8-iso-15(R)-prostaglandin F2α, and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine) in urine from 917 pregnant women using liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Demographic data were integrated to analyze exposure patterns and associations. Results showed at least one NEO detected in all samples; seven NEOs had detection rates >50%. Median creatinine-adjusted total concentration was 5.613 μg·g−1. Acetamiprid-N-desmethyl (N-dm-ACE) had the highest detection rate (98.59%) and largest concentration proportion (64.2%). Spearman correlation, multiple linear regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression revealed positive associations between oxidative stress markers and NEO exposure. Specifically, 8-PGF and 15-PGF correlated positively with thiacloprid-amide (THI-amid) and dinotefuran (DIN); 8-OHdG correlated positively with thiamethoxam (THM) and sulfoxaflor (SFX). Health risk assessment indicated hazard quotients below 1 for all NEOs, suggesting low health risks. This study provides evidence linking NEO exposure to oxidative stress damage in pregnant women, informing risk assessment for sensitive populations.

### 1149. [Collection, Processing, and Sharing of a Dataset for the Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene to Cyclohexene](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/collection-processing-and-sharing-of-a-dataset-for-the-selective-hydrogenation-of-benzene-to-cyclohexene) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60748-7]
Cyclohexene is a crucial raw material for nylon production, and the selective hydrogenation of benzene is a key route for its preparation. To promote data sharing and reuse in this field, we collected and standardized experimental data on the hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene from publicly available literature, constructing a comprehensive dataset containing catalyst composition, reaction conditions, and reaction results (conversion, selectivity, and yield). This data descriptor details the source, field definitions, generation and processing workflow, quality control, sharing approach, and usage recommendations of the dataset, aiming to provide a reusable data foundation for subsequent statistical analysis, machine learning modeling, experimental design, and catalyst screening. The dataset is provided in Excel format and is accessible via GitHub and ScienceDB. It addresses the lack of unified field definitions, unit systems, and organizational formats in scattered literature data, enabling direct statistical analysis, correlation mining, and predictive modeling. The dataset is expected to accelerate research in optimizing ruthenium-based catalytic systems for selective benzene hydrogenation, which currently suffer from limited cyclohexene yield despite the use of aqueous-phase systems and inorganic salt additives. By offering a quality-controlled, structured dataset, this work supports data-driven approaches to overcome the thermodynamic favorability of complete hydrogenation to cyclohexane and to improve process economics.

### 1150. [A Dataset of Conducting Polymers Synthesized by Electropolymerization for Electrochemical Energy Storage in Aqueous Electrolytes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-dataset-of-conducting-polymers-synthesized-by-electropolymerization-for-electrochemical-energy-storage-in-aq) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60674-3]
Conducting polymers are promising electrode materials for aqueous ion batteries and supercapacitors due to their high conductivity, environmental friendliness, and flexibility. Electropolymerization enables controlled deposition of these polymers onto conductive substrates, tuning loading, morphology, and structure. This dataset systematically compares the electrochemical energy storage performance of conducting polymers derived from monomers including 1,10-phenanthroline, 5-amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, o-aminophenol, 1,5-diaminonapthalene, s-triazine, and aromatic molecules with multiple carbonyl and imino groups. Aqueous electrolytes investigated include sulfuric acid, zinc sulfate, ammonium sulfate, potassium hydroxide, and zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate solutions. Galvanostatic charge-discharge at various mass-normalized current densities was employed to evaluate specific capacities. The dataset comprises 266 MB across 490 files, providing key parameters such as specific capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability. Analysis of this data enables inference on the influence of polymer structure and electrolyte composition on charge storage. This resource serves as a reference for the rational design of high-performance conducting polymer electrodes for aqueous energy storage devices.

### 1151. [A dataset for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction performance of non-noble transition metal phosphides](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-dataset-for-electrocatalytic-hydrogen-evolution-reaction-performance-of-non-noble-transition-metal-phosphide) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60693-7]
This dataset compiles the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance data of 203 non-noble transition metal phosphide (TMP) catalysts, covering detailed information on catalyst preparation (e.g., phosphating temperature, precursor, synthesis method), chemical composition (mass fractions of elements such as Ni, Co, Fe, P, Mo, W and Zn), and testing conditions (e.g., electrolyte type and concentration, electrode substrate). The key parameters for catalytic performance include the overpotential at 10 mA/cm2 (η10) and the Tafel slope. This dataset has been rigorously extracted, cleaned, and standardized to ensure a high degree of structure and machine readability. This provides a reliable data foundation for data-driven methods, such as machine learning and statistical modeling, enabling rapid screening and design of high-performance HER catalysts, supporting performance prediction, in-depth structure-activity analysis and the rational development of novel catalysts.

### 1152. [Comparative Effectiveness and Mechanism of Antibiotic Degradation by B/N-Doped Biochar-Supported Fe3S4 Activating Peroxydisulfate](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/comparative-effectiveness-and-mechanism-of-antibiotic-degradation-by-bn-doped-biochar-supported-fe3s4-activati) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042502]
Rice husk biochar (BC) was modified with boron (B) and nitrogen (N) doping and loaded with Fe3S4 to fabricate B-BC@Fe3S4 and N-BC@Fe3S4 catalysts for peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation and enrofloxacin (ENR) degradation. Characterization via SEM, BET, XRD, Raman, and XPS confirmed successful heteroatom incorporation and uniform Fe3S4 dispersion, enhancing specific surface area and defect sites. Degradation experiments showed that B-BC@Fe3S4 and N-BC@Fe3S4 achieved ENR removal efficiencies of 90.72% and 91.89%, respectively, significantly outperforming unmodified BC@Fe3S4 (82.21%). Mechanistic studies revealed that PDS activation proceeded via Fe3S4-mediated electron transfer generating radical species (SO4•−, •OH, O2•−) and via B/N functional groups promoting non-radical singlet oxygen (1O2) formation. Notably, N-BC@Fe3S4 exhibited superior resistance to Fe3+ leaching and greater environmental adaptability under varying pH, anion, and humic acid conditions. These findings demonstrate that B/N-doped biochar-supported Fe3S4 are effective catalysts for PDS activation, offering promising potential for antibiotic removal from real wastewater matrices.

### 1153. [Recent Advances on Synergistic Catalytic Removal of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Pollutants and NOx](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/recent-advances-on-synergistic-catalytic-removal-of-chlorinated-volatile-organic-pollutants-and-nox) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041101]
Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) are typical halogenated organic pollutants frequently coexisting with nitrogen oxides (NOx) in flue gases from thermal industrial processes such as waste incineration and metal smelting. The synergistic catalytic removal of these co-pollutants offers substantial environmental benefits and engineering potential. This review focuses on the regulation of catalyst acidity and redox properties, systematically summarizing the synergistic mechanisms between CVOCs catalytic oxidation and NH3-selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) for NOx removal. Special attention is given to reaction pathways governing chlorine species desorption and intermediate mineralization during CVOCs oxidation, alongside intrinsic strategies for broadening the SCR temperature window, enhancing N2 selectivity, and mitigating catalyst deactivation. Key challenges in simultaneous removal include competitive adsorption of coexisting pollutants, chlorine poisoning of catalysts, formation of polychlorinated byproducts, and interference from other flue gas components. Future research directions are proposed, encompassing interfacial mechanistic elucidation, innovative design of multifunctional catalytic sites, and technological transition from laboratory-scale studies to industrial applications. This review provides theoretical insights and technical guidance for integrated control of multiple pollutants.

### 1154. [Research Progress on Degradation of Pollutants in Water by High-Entropy Alloy Catalytic Materials](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-degradation-of-pollutants-in-water-by-high-entropy-alloy-catalytic-materials) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041409]
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as promising catalytic materials for organic wastewater treatment owing to their unique catalytic activity, structural stability, and corrosion resistance. This review systematically elaborates the physicochemical properties of HEAs and their multi-path degradation mechanisms, with emphasis on Fenton reactions, photocatalysis, and tribocatalysis. The influence of mainstream preparation techniques—mechanical alloying, arc melting, gas atomization, and impregnation adsorption—on catalytic performance is critically compared. To overcome practical bottlenecks such as low powder recovery and rapid active-site deactivation, synergistic optimization strategies including metal doping, morphological modification, and composite engineering are proposed. The review identifies key challenges in enhancing degradation efficiency, scaling up production, and designing composite materials, and outlines future research directions for HEAs in wastewater treatment. This work provides a theoretical foundation for developing efficient and stable HEA-based environmental catalysts.

### 1155. [Effects of Four Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants on Adipogenic Differentiation and Potential Mechanisms](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effects-of-four-synthetic-phenolic-antioxidants-on-adipogenic-differentiation-and-potential-mechanisms) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026012605]
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are widely used, leading to environmental contamination and human exposure. However, studies on their effects on adipocyte differentiation and underlying mechanisms, particularly for emerging SPAs, are limited. This study evaluated the impacts of 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and three novel antioxidants (AO 3114, AO 1135, AO 702) on adipogenesis using the mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation model. Lipid staining, triglyceride measurement, differentiation-related gene expression analysis, and transcriptomic approaches were employed. All four SPAs significantly promoted differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into mature adipocytes and upregulated expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ) and mature adipocyte marker genes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed differential effects on gene transcription during early differentiation. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that these SPAs promoted adipogenesis by enhancing energy metabolism and protein synthesis, as well as regulating PPAR and other signaling pathways. In conclusion, the tested SPAs promote adipogenesis and disrupt lipid metabolism through distinct mechanisms, suggesting long-term exposure may cause metabolic disorder risks and pose a public health threat.

### 1156. [Advances in Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Non-Fentanyl Opioids in Biological Samples](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/advances-in-liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry-analysis-of-non-fentanyl-opioids-in-biological-samples) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041904]
Non-fentanyl opioids, a subclass of new synthetic opioids (NSOs), have emerged as the fastest-growing category of new psychoactive substances (NPS) globally, driven by regulatory tightening on fentanyl analogs. Their structural diversity, rapid in vivo metabolism, and multiple metabolic pathways complicate detection in biological matrices, posing significant challenges for forensic toxicology and environmental monitoring. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) remains the gold standard for trace-level quantification due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. This review systematically examines the classification, toxicological profiles, and metabolic routes of non-fentanyl opioids, including AH-7921, MT-45, U-47700, brorphine, and nitazenes. It critically evaluates sample preparation techniques—solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and protein precipitation (PPT)—highlighting their efficiency, recovery rates, and matrix effects. Furthermore, it synthesizes recent advances in LC-MS methodologies, including high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), with emphasis on multiplex detection capabilities, limits of detection (LODs) reaching sub-ng/mL levels, and validation parameters. The review underscores the necessity for continuous analytical innovation to keep pace with emerging NSOs and provides a technical framework for accurate identification in forensic and environmental contexts.

### 1157. [Preparation of Biochar-Supported Zero-Valent Iron/Iron Carbide Composites and Their Application in TCPA Removal](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/preparation-of-biochar-supported-zero-valent-ironiron-carbide-composites-and-their-application-in-tcpa-removal) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042101]
Chloropyridine compounds, widely used as pesticide intermediates in China, pose significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to their high toxicity, persistence, and frequent detection in water bodies. This study addresses the removal of 3,4,5,6-tetrachloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid (TCPA), a representative chloropyridine contaminant, using a novel composite material. Biochar-supported zero-valent iron/iron carbide composites (SL-FeC2O4-800 °C) were synthesized via a high-temperature carbothermal process, employing activated sludge as the carbon source and ferrous oxalate (FeC2O4) as the iron precursor. The composite exhibited rapid and efficient TCPA degradation across a wide pH range (3–9), achieving 98% removal within 2 minutes. Mechanistic studies using scavenging experiments revealed that TCPA removal proceeds through synergistic pathways: adsorption onto biochar, direct reduction by zero-valent iron, and oxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated via oxygen activation. Surface-bound iron species were identified as critical for ROS formation. The material demonstrated reusability over five cycles, with degradation efficiencies decreasing from 98.54% to 40.36%, indicating gradual deactivation due to iron consumption and surface passivation. This work not only provides an efficient and environmentally sustainable method for removing persistent and highly toxic pollutants like TCPA but also offers a novel strategy for sludge resource utilization. The low-cost raw materials, simple preparation, and high activity position this composite as a promising candidate for industrial wastewater treatment, particularly in pesticide manufacturing effluents.

### 1158. [Vertical Distribution and Emission Characteristics of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/vertical-distribution-and-emission-characteristics-of-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-in-a-municipal-solid) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026022702]
This study systematically investigated the occurrence and vertical distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in solid waste, leachate, and surrounding groundwater at a municipal solid waste landfill in Fuyang City, Anhui Province, China. A total of 23 PFAS were detected in solid waste, with total concentrations (∑PFAS) ranging from 7.95 to 172.28 ng·g⁻¹. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), an ultrashort-chain PFAS, was ubiquitous, contributing on average 59% to the total PFAS mass. PFAS composition varied with depth: long-chain PFAS dominated in middle and upper layers, while short-chain and ultrashort-chain PFAS were more abundant in deeper layers, indicating enhanced downward migration of shorter-chain compounds. Sulfonic acid PFAS exhibited increasing relative abundance with depth. Leachate ∑PFAS concentration was 14.35 μg·L⁻¹, dominated by short-chain compounds such as PFPrS and PFBS, consistent with the composition in bottom-layer waste. Groundwater surrounding the landfill contained multiple PFAS, with concentrations decreasing with distance from the landfill, confirming the landfill as a source of PFAS to the surrounding environment. Multivariate analyses (PCoA and Bray–Curtis dissimilarity) revealed that some groundwater samples closely resembled leachate in PFAS composition, suggesting direct impact via leachate migration. These findings underscore the role of landfills as significant reservoirs and sources of PFAS, particularly ultrashort-chain compounds, and highlight the need for improved leachate management to mitigate groundwater contamination.

### 1159. [Spatial Distribution Similarities and Differences of Atmospheric PM2.5 Chemical Components in Typical Cities of Central and Southern China](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/spatial-distribution-similarities-and-differences-of-atmospheric-pm25-chemical-components-in-typical-cities-of) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042304]
To characterize the spatial variability of PM2.5 chemical components at the urban scale, ambient PM2.5 samples were collected from eight sites across Changsha, China. Samples were analyzed using ion chromatography, elemental carbon/organic carbon (EC/OC) analysis, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Results showed that PM2.5 concentrations in urban areas were significantly higher than in suburban locations, with notably elevated levels at Changsha New Railway Station and Mapoling. Across different PM2.5 pollution levels, the eight sites exhibited pronounced spatial differences in concentration while sharing similar chemical compositions. Source apportionment identified secondary nitrate, vehicle emissions, and secondary sulfate as major contributors to PM2.5. The spatial distribution of these sources varied distinctly: secondary nitrate showed lower contributions in central areas but higher in western and southeastern regions; secondary sulfate was more prominent in the southeast, while vehicle emissions contributed more in the southeast and less in the west. Additionally, aerosol liquid water content promoted the secondary formation of nitrate and sulfate, exacerbating PM2.5 pollution. Secondary organic carbon was elevated in areas with high pedestrian density, suggesting enhanced secondary organic aerosol formation under intensive human activity. The study provides insights for targeted pollution control strategies in Changsha and similar cities.

### 1160. [Degradation Efficiency of EDTMPS by BDD Anode Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation System](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/degradation-efficiency-of-edtmps-by-bdd-anode-electrochemical-advanced-oxidation-system) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041804]
Ethylene diamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid) sodium (EDTMPS), an organic phosphonate scale and corrosion inhibitor, is widely used in industrial recirculating cooling water systems. Its efficient degradation in blowdown water is critical for water reuse. This study employed a plate-frame electrochemical advanced oxidation (EAOP) system with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode to degrade EDTMPS. The effects of operating conditions (temperature, voltage, liquid flow rate) and water quality parameters (pH, electrolyte concentration, chloride ion concentration) were systematically investigated. Optimal degradation efficiency of 99.48% was achieved at 50 °C, 300 mL·min−1, 7.0 V, pH 10, and 0.05 mol·L−1 Na2SO4. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) characterization of chloride-containing systems indicated that reactive species included hydroxyl radicals, sulfate radicals, and possibly chlorine radicals. In a coexisting system with benzotriazole (BTA), EAOPs degraded EDTMPS and BTA with comparable efficiencies. The results demonstrate that BDD-based EAOPs is effective for removing organic phosphonates from low-chloride, low-hardness cooling water, offering a promising approach for blowdown water treatment and reuse.

### 1161. [Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Composites for Oil-Water Separation: Design Strategies, Synthesis Methods, and Performance Evaluation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/metal-organic-frameworks-and-their-composites-for-oil-water-separation-design-strategies-synthesis-methods-and) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025050801]
Oil-contaminated water poses severe ecological and public health risks, yet conventional treatment technologies are hindered by complex processing and low selectivity. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their composites, with tunable pore structures, high surface areas, and controllable wettability, offer promising solutions. This review systematically classifies design strategies and synthesis methods for MOFs and MOF-based composites tailored for oil-water separation. We highlight recent advances, emphasizing structure–function relationships. Key performance metrics from representative studies include water contact angles up to 172.3°, separation efficiencies exceeding 99.9%, and adsorption capacities reaching 168 g·g⁻¹. Challenges such as scalability, stability, and fouling resistance are discussed, along with future directions for practical implementation.

### 1162. [Emission Changes of PCDD/Fs in the Iron and Steel Industry under Ultra-Low Emission Transformation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/emission-changes-of-pcddfs-in-the-iron-and-steel-industry-under-ultra-low-emission-transformation) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025050601]
China's iron and steel industry has undergone comprehensive ultra-low emission transformation, meeting stringent limits for conventional pollutants, yet the fate of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) remains unclear. This study combined field sampling and literature review to analyze PCDD/Fs emission characteristics from sintering, converter, and electric arc furnace processes before and after transformation, and calculated national emissions for 2022. Results demonstrate that ultra-low emission transformation effectively reduces PCDD/Fs emissions. Specifically, emission concentrations decreased by 86.5%, 95.1%, and 66.9% for sintering, converter, and electric arc furnace, respectively, with corresponding emission factors dropping to 0.11, 0.009, and 0.014 μg I-TEQ·t−1 product. Under the transformation scenario, total national emissions were 104 g I-TEQ (uncertainty ±26 g), a 94.9% reduction from the unreformed scenario (2049 ± 763 g I-TEQ). Congener profiles shifted from high-chlorinated dominance to low-chlorinated dominance, while toxicity equivalent distribution remained dominated by 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (35%–56%). This study quantifies the co-benefit of PCDD/Fs reduction, providing critical data for updating China's emission inventory and formulating toxicity-oriented control policies.

### 1163. [Research Progress on Atmospheric Microplastics: Sampling, Analytical Methods, Occurrence, and Ecological Impacts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-atmospheric-microplastics-sampling-analytical-methods-occurrence-and-ecological-impacts) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041502]
Microplastics (MPs), defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with documented presence in urban, rural, marine, remote, and polar atmospheres. The atmosphere serves as a primary medium for their long-range transport, raising concerns regarding climate interactions and human health. This review synthesizes recent advances in atmospheric MPs research, encompassing sampling strategies, pretreatment protocols, analytical techniques, occurrence characteristics, and ecological ramifications. Passive and active sampling methods are delineated, with active samplers enabling quantitative flux measurements. Pretreatment typically involves sequential steps of sieving, density separation, digestion, staining, and filtration to isolate MPs from complex matrices. Identification relies on visual inspection, micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μ-FTIR), micro-Raman spectroscopy, laser direct infrared imaging (LDIR), and mass spectrometry. Reported atmospheric MPs predominantly exhibit dimensions below 700 μm, with fibrous morphologies being most prevalent. Color distribution is dominated by black, followed by white and transparent particles. Over 20 polymer types have been identified, with textiles, tire wear, and dust identified as principal sources. Atmospheric MPs can influence solar radiation balance, cloud formation processes, and pose risks to flora, fauna, and human health. However, research remains nascent; standardization of sampling and analytical protocols, along with comprehensive toxicological assessments, are critical knowledge gaps requiring urgent attention.

### 1164. [Research and Application of Illicit Drug Detection Technologies in Indoor Air](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-and-application-of-illicit-drug-detection-technologies-in-indoor-air) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025051502]
Contamination of indoor air with illicit drugs poses a serious threat to public health and safety. Accurate and precise methods for monitoring these drugs are crucial for combating drug production, trafficking, and abuse, as well as reducing the risk of occupational exposure in law enforcement and healthcare workers. Current on-site rapid detection techniques for drugs in indoor air primarily include ion mobility spectrometry and electronic nose technology. Chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques are often used in the laboratory. Monitored drug types include heroin, amphetamine-type stimulants, cannabis, cocaine, synthetic cannabinoids, and fentanyl analogs, with concentration ranges ranging from a few ng·m−3 to several hundred µg·m−3. Drug concentrations are influenced by factors such as the drug type, methods involved in production and abuse, intensities of human activity, and ventilation conditions. While it has been demonstrated that long-term exposure to drug-contaminated environments may cause persistent physical discomfort, the specific mechanisms underlying health risks require further investigation. This paper reviews the sources of illicit drugs in indoor air, their detection methods, and typical application scenarios. It also analyzes the shortcomings of existing studies and proposes future research directions. The aim is to provide technical references for the monitoring of drugs in indoor air environments.

### 1165. [Experimental Evaluation of Mass Discrimination Effects in Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry: A Case Study of Straight-Chain Fatty Acids](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/experimental-evaluation-of-mass-discrimination-effects-in-fourier-transform-ion-cyclotron-resonance-mass-spect) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026031101]
Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) is widely used for molecular characterization of complex organic matter due to its ultrahigh resolution and mass accuracy. In atmospheric and natural organic matter studies, signal intensity is often used as a proxy for relative abundance or combined with a single internal standard for semi-quantitative comparison. Such practices assume uniform response across species of different mass-to-charge ratios (m/z); however, electrospray ionization (ESI), ion transport, and space-charge effects within the ICR trap can introduce mass-dependent biases. This study systematically evaluated mass discrimination effects on fatty acid analysis using a 9.4 T ESI-FT-ICR-MS, employing C12–C30 straight-chain saturated fatty acids, three deuterated internal standards, and three concentration levels. Results showed: (1) Absolute intensities of fatty acids and internal standards were not linearly proportional to concentration; as fatty acid concentration doubled, intensity increases were non-proportional, while internal standard intensities declined by up to 53% despite constant concentration. At equal concentrations, intensity decreased markedly with molecular weight—triacontanoic acid (C30) was ~40 times lower than lauric acid (C12), indicating severe underestimation of high-molecular-weight species. (2) Response ratios of fatty acids to internal standards versus concentration ratios exhibited good linearity (R² > 0.9). The derived deviation coefficients (F) increased exponentially with m/z (R² > 0.999), reaching >50 for C30. (3) Application to PM2.5 fatty acids showed that after F correction, abundances of long-chain fatty acids (C20–C30) increased 3.6-fold, and the carbon preference index (CPI) shifted from 1.8 (fossil fuel source) to 3.4 (higher plant source), demonstrating that neglecting mass discrimination leads to misidentification of sources. These findings underscore the necessity of systematic evaluation of mass discrimination effects in ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry for accurate organic composition and source apportionment.

### 1166. [Application of Pyrolysis-Based Analytical Methods for Environmental Microplastic Detection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/application-of-pyrolysis-based-analytical-methods-for-environmental-microplastic-detection) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041405]
Microplastics, as a class of emerging environmental contaminants, pose global concerns due to their potential ecological and human health impacts. Accurate identification and quantification of microplastics in environmental matrices are essential for assessing their environmental fate and ecological risks. Pyrolysis-based analytical methods, which decompose macromolecules into smaller fragments followed by gas chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection, offer high sensitivity and accuracy, making them significant for microplastic analysis. Despite these advantages, their application remains nascent, with limited comprehensive understanding of their applicability across diverse environmental media. This review systematically compares three pyrolysis-based techniques—pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC), and thermal extraction-desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS)—for microplastic detection in various matrices. The effectiveness of each method is evaluated in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and matrix compatibility. Critical challenges, including lack of standardized protocols, complex sample pretreatment requirements, and limitations in quantifying mixtures, are identified. Future research directions emphasize the need for standardization, optimization of pretreatment for complex matrices, and integration with complementary techniques such as FTIR and Raman spectroscopy to enhance comprehensive microplastic characterization. This review provides a critical framework for selecting appropriate pyrolysis-based methods and highlights areas requiring further methodological development.

### 1167. [Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Sediments in the Hengyang Section of the Xiang River](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/heavy-metal-pollution-characteristics-and-ecological-risk-assessment-of-sediments-in-the-hengyang-section-of-t) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025111403]
Sediments from the Hengyang reach of the Xiangjiang River were analyzed for concentrations, chemical fractions, and sources of 14 heavy metals (As, Se, Cd, Sb, Pb, Tl, Bi, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, V, Cr, Cu). Mean concentrations of As, Se, Cd, Sb, Pb, Tl, and Bi exceeded local background values, with Cd, Se, Bi, and As showing pronounced enrichment. Spatial heterogeneity was marked, with higher levels downstream; overall concentrations were lower than previously reported. Sequential extraction revealed that Sb, Bi, Se, Tl, Cu, As, V, Cr, and Ni were predominantly in the residual fraction (F4), while Zn, Cd, Pb, and Mn had higher extractable fractions (F1+F2+F3), with bioavailable fractions generally elevated downstream. Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) indicated no contamination by Co, Zn, V, or Cr, but varying degrees of contamination by Mn, Ni, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Pb, Tl, Bi, and Cu, with pollution severity order: Se>Cd>Bi>As>Sb>Pb>Tl>Ni>Cu>Mn>Zn>Cr>Co>V. Enrichment factors showed significant enrichment for Cd, Sb, and Bi, moderate for Pb, and low for others. Potential ecological risk index (RI) revealed Cd as the primary contributor (87.49% of total risk), with overall moderate risk at downstream sites and slight risk across the entire section. Source apportionment using PCA and PMF identified three sources: industrial and traffic mixed source (57.60%), natural source (16.00%), and industrial-natural mixed source (26.40%). These findings enhance understanding of heavy metal pollution mechanisms in the Hengyang section and recommend priority control of industrial and traffic emissions, with focus on Cd mobility, to support sediment remediation strategies.

### 1168. [Temporal and Spatial Distribution, Ecological Risk Assessment, and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Ranwu Lake, Xizang](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/temporal-and-spatial-distribution-ecological-risk-assessment-and-source-apportionment-of-heavy-metals-in-surfa) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042103]
This study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution, ecological risk, and sources of seven heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, As) in surface sediments of Ranwu Lake, Xizang. Twelve samples were collected during the glacial ablation period (July 2024) and late glacial ablation period (November 2024). Concentrations were determined and analyzed using inverse distance weighting (IDW) for spatial patterns, geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (RI) for risk assessment, and correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) for source apportionment. Results showed that during glacial ablation, mean Cr, Cd, Pb, and As exceeded Xizang soil background values, while in the late ablation period only Cd, Pb, and As remained elevated. Spatial distribution varied between periods, with high concentrations in the middle and lower lake during ablation, shifting to the lower lake in the late period. Igeo and RI indicated overall low ecological risk, with Cd as the primary risk factor; mean RI values were 81.79 and 98.30 for the two periods, respectively. Source apportionment revealed that heavy metals mainly originated from natural and transportation sources, with traffic emissions being the major contributor to ecological risk. Specifically, Cr, Ni, and As were predominantly natural, Cd and Pb were mainly traffic-related, and Cu and Zn were influenced by both natural and traffic sources.

### 1169. [Photochemical Reaction Characteristics and Source Apportionment of VOCs Based on Estimation of Initial Volume Mixing Ratios during Summer in Dalian](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/photochemical-reaction-characteristics-and-source-apportionment-of-vocs-based-on-estimation-of-initial-volume) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042702]
This study estimated initial volume mixing ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Dalian from June 1 to August 31, 2024, using a photochemical age-based parameterization method, and performed source apportionment with positive matrix factorization (PMF). Observed average TVOCs concentration was 12.49×10⁻⁹, comprising alkanes (84.2%), alkenes (10.4%), and aromatics (5.4%). Corrected initial TVOCs was 14.93×10⁻⁹, indicating a loss rate of 16.4%. Loss rates were highest for alkenes (53.2%), followed by aromatics (23.3%) and alkanes (6.8%). Ozone formation potential (OFP) averaged 21.31×10⁻⁹ (observed) and 38.75×10⁻⁹ (initial), with an OFP loss rate of 45.0%, distributed as alkenes (56.4%), aromatics (32.7%), and alkanes (10.3%). During ozone pollution episodes, TVOCs chemical loss was 1.9 times that of non-pollution periods, with alkene loss reaching 61.6%; OFP loss was 1.2 times higher, with alkenes contributing 88.4% to TVOCs loss. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential from 08:00–17:00 was 1.51×10⁻¹ μg·m⁻³, with 99.4% from aromatics and toluene contributing 68.3%. PMF identified five sources: motor vehicles (49.6%), oil and gas volatilization (20.7%), petrochemical enterprises (12.6%), industrial processes (11.2%), and solvent use (5.9%). OFP modeling indicated motor vehicles contributed most to ozone formation (41.1%), followed by petrochemical enterprises (35.8%). During ozone pollution, PMF based on initial concentrations showed petrochemical sources had the highest OFP contribution (42.5%), whereas observed concentrations indicated motor vehicles as the top contributor (42.5%). This discrepancy underscores the necessity of correcting for photochemical losses in source apportionment studies.

### 1170. [Speciation Analysis and Advanced Removal of Thallium from Washing Wastewater of Sintering Machine Head Ash](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/speciation-analysis-and-advanced-removal-of-thallium-from-washing-wastewater-of-sintering-machine-head-ash) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026031103]
Sintering ash washing wastewater from steel plants is characterized by high salinity, high chloride content, high thallium load, and coexistence of multiple metals, posing significant treatment challenges. This study employed thermodynamic simulation to elucidate the speciation and transformation of thallium in such wastewater, and systematically investigated a combined process of sulfide precipitation coupled with coagulation-flocculation. The results showed that at pH 9–10, thallium predominantly existed as Tl+. Under oxidizing conditions, the stable complex anion [TlCl4]− dominated at pH < 8.1, while at pH > 8.1, a mixed system of solid Tl2O3 and dissolved TlClO3 coexisted. Under optimized conditions (pH 12, 2.0% thallium removal agent, 1.0% multi-effect auxiliary agent), the thallium concentration in the wastewater decreased from an initial 9.58 mg·L−1 to 4.31 μg·L−1, meeting the stringent discharge limit of ≤5 μg·L−1. Concurrent removal of Cu, Zn, and Cd was achieved. The primary removal mechanism was sulfide precipitation, with lattice substitution between Tl+ and K+ serving as an auxiliary pathway. This study provides a practicable technical route for advanced treatment of high-chloride, high-thallium industrial wastewater.

### 1171. [Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recovery from Chicken Manure Biogas Slurry via Magnesium-Modified Zeolite Coupled with Electrochemical Precipitation Crystallization](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nitrogen-and-phosphorus-recovery-from-chicken-manure-biogas-slurry-via-magnesium-modified-zeolite-coupled-with) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025051802]
This study investigates the recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from anaerobic digestion biogas slurry of chicken manure via magnesium-modified zeolite coupled with electrochemical precipitation crystallization. Three types of magnesium-modified zeolites were prepared using alkali activation and magnesium loading to enhance adsorption capacity. A coupled 'magnesium-modified zeolite-electrochemical MAP' reactor was constructed, and key parameters (N/P ratio, pH, current density) were optimized via response surface methodology. The results show that MgCl2-modified zeolite (MgCl2-ZO) exhibited the best coupling precipitation performance. Under optimal conditions (N/P ratio 3.78, pH 8.43, current density 13.11 A·m−2), the removal efficiencies for total nitrogen (TN), total ammonium nitrogen (TAN), total phosphorus (TP), and total phosphate (TPS) reached 54.84%, 62.93%, 82.02%, and 77.72%, respectively. The mechanism involves synergistic adsorption and electrochemical release of Mg2+ from the magnesium electrode, which promotes struvite crystallization. The electrochemical field enhances ion exchange and chemical precipitation on the zeolite surface, facilitating efficient nutrient recovery. This approach offers a promising solution for nutrient management in livestock wastewater.

### 1172. [Source Apportionment of Ambient VOCs in Summer in Urban Shenyang Based on Photochemical Loss Correction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/source-apportionment-of-ambient-vocs-in-summer-in-urban-shenyang-based-on-photochemical-loss-correction) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041105]
Online measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were conducted in the central urban area of Shenyang from June 1 to August 31, 2022, to analyze concentration levels and ozone formation potential (OFP). The initial concentrations of VOCs were estimated using the photochemical age parameter method to correct for photochemical losses. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied for source apportionment. The average mass concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was (27.29 ± 15.96) μg·m−3, with alkanes (50.3%) as the dominant component; key species included propane, ethane, methanethiol, and ethylene. The OFP of TVOCs was (64.30 ± 66.41) μg·m−3, with alkenes (63.5%) as the main contributor; key reactive species were ethylene, propylene, m/p-xylene, toluene, and isoprene. Daytime photochemical loss of VOCs reached 2.40 μg·m−3, with alkenes (67.1%) dominating. PMF based on initial concentrations identified five major sources: vehicle emissions (56.2%), solvent usage (21.5%), combustion sources (8.9%), industrial emissions (7.5%), and natural sources (5.9%). Compared to PMF results based on directly monitored concentrations, contributions from vehicle emissions, combustion sources, and solvent usage decreased, while industrial emissions increased. The organic chemical industry source was not identified, and a new natural source contribution was recognized. These findings underscore the importance of photochemical loss correction in source apportionment and highlight key species and sources for ozone pollution control in Shenyang.

### 1173. [Investigating the Transport Correlation of Ozone and PM2.5 between Haikou and Guangdong-Guangxi Cities](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/investigating-the-transport-correlation-of-ozone-and-pm25-between-haikou-and-guangdong-guangxi-cities) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026051001]
Haikou, a representative tropical city in China, experiences air pollution influenced by both local emissions and regional transport. This study analyzed O3 and PM2.5 concentrations, emission sources, and meteorological fields from Haikou and Guangdong-Guangxi cities in 2024, employing correlation analysis and the Weighted Potential Source Contribution Function (WPSCF) to systematically investigate spatial-temporal patterns, regional linkages, and transport mechanisms. Results revealed distinct pollution characteristics: Hainan exhibited prominent O3 pollution in autumn and winter, while the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in Guangdong suffered significant O3 pollution year-round, positioning it as the core control area. Guangxi was characterized by severe PM2.5 pollution in winter with extensive high concentration areas. Haikou's O3 and PM2.5 concentrations showed strong correlations with those in Zhanjiang and Maoming throughout the year, particularly in winter. Regional transport analysis indicated that O3 pollution in Haikou depended on stable cross-regional precursor transport coupled with intense photochemical conditions, whereas PM2.5 exhibited diverse transport pathways across seasons. Lag effect analysis confirmed that pollution exceedance days were substantially influenced by upwind transport from the previous day, highlighting the dominant role of cross-regional physical transport. Autumn pollution was driven by stable surface northeasterly winds and upper-level uniform pressure fields. Potential source areas were highly consistent with the MEIC emission inventory, confirming distinct contributions of transport pathways for O3 and PM2.5. These findings provide a scientific basis for differentiated collaborative control of air pollution in tropical coastal cities.

### 1174. [Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Typical Rubber Additives and Their Transformation Products in the Guangzhou Section of the Pearl River, China](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/distribution-characteristics-and-risk-assessment-of-typical-rubber-additives-and-their-transformation-products) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025051404]
Rubber additives, such as 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG) and p-phenylenediamine antioxidants (PPDs), are widely used in the rubber industry and have been increasingly detected in aquatic environments. This study investigated the distribution characteristics and potential sources of seven typical rubber additives (DPG, 6PPD, IPPD, DPPD, CPPD, DNPD, and 77PD) and the transformation product 6PPD-Q in surface water of the Guangzhou section of the Pearl River, China. A total of 29 sampling sites were analyzed. Total concentrations of the target compounds ranged from 205 to 5400 ng·L−1, with a mean of (820±1100) ng·L−1. DPG was the dominant compound in both dissolved and particle phases, accounting for (99±1.9)% and (66±13)% of the total concentrations, respectively. Source analysis indicated that aquaculture, vessel navigation, agricultural runoff, and wastewater treatment plant discharges likely influence the occurrence of rubber additives in this river section. Risk quotient (RQ) assessment revealed that 6PPD-Q posed high ecological risk at all sampling sites (RQ > 1), while DPG exhibited moderate to high risk at most sites (RQ > 0.1). In contrast, 6PPD, IPPD, CPPD, and DPPD showed low ecological risk. These findings highlight the need for heightened attention to the ecological risks posed by 6PPD-Q and DPG in the Pearl River Basin and provide scientific data for pollution prevention and risk management.

### 1175. [Efficient Adsorption of Food Colorants onto Activated Carbon Derived from Haematococcus pluvialis Residue: Performance and Mechanism](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/efficient-adsorption-of-food-colorants-onto-activated-carbon-derived-from-haematococcus-pluvialis-residue-perf) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026050701]
Azo food colorants are persistent aquatic pollutants posing risks to ecosystems and human health. Utilizing biomass waste to produce low-cost activated carbon offers a sustainable strategy for their removal. In this study, activated carbon (HPR-AC) was synthesized from Haematococcus pluvialis residue via phosphoric acid activation, and its adsorption performance was evaluated using Sunset Yellow (SY), Ponceau 4R (P4R), and Tartrazine (TY) as model pollutants. The effects of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and temperature on adsorption efficiency were systematically examined. Characterization by BET, FTIR, XRD, and XPS revealed that HPR-AC possesses a high specific surface area and an abundant mesoporous structure. The adsorption process was well described by the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, indicating monolayer chemisorption and an endothermic nature. At pH 5 and 55 °C, the maximum adsorption capacities reached 67.12, 79.72, and 72.75 mg·g−1 for SY, P4R, and TY, respectively. Statistical physics modeling further suggested a multilayer physical adsorption mechanism, primarily governed by pore filling, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and charge transfer. These findings provide both theoretical insights and empirical data for the valorization of H. pluvialis residue and the development of efficient, sustainable adsorbents for azo dye removal from water.

### 1176. [Evaluation of Selenium Bioavailability in Naturally Enriched Paddy Soils Based on Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) and Its Influencing Factors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/evaluation-of-selenium-bioavailability-in-naturally-enriched-paddy-soils-based-on-diffusive-gradients-in-thin) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041805]
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for mammals, yet no universally applicable method exists for assessing soil Se bioavailability. This study validated the feasibility of diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technology for accurately evaluating Se bioavailability in paddy soils under natural conditions, and analyzed Se migration in the soil-plant system, soil kinetic characteristics, and the influence of physicochemical properties on Se bioavailability. Rice plants and corresponding rhizosphere soil samples were collected and analyzed using three traditional extraction methods alongside DGT. Results showed that 96.7% of soil samples and 66.7% of rice samples met the selenium-rich standard, and Se content measured by DGT most accurately reflected soil Se bioavailability. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of different rice plant parts indicated generally low Se enrichment in grains, with primary enrichment in rice roots. Correlation analysis revealed that adjustments in soil pH, organic matter (SOM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and sulfur (S) content could effectively improve soil Se bioavailability. These findings underscore DGT's superiority over conventional extraction methods for predicting Se uptake, offering a robust tool for managing selenium-rich agricultural resources.

### 1177. [Redox Zoning Characteristics of Groundwater Contaminated by Landfill Leachate in TS Informal Landfill in Southwest China](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/redox-zoning-characteristics-of-groundwater-contaminated-by-landfill-leachate-in-ts-informal-landfill-in-south) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041701]
Landfill leachate leakage poses a significant threat to groundwater quality, particularly from informal landfills lacking proper containment. This study investigates the redox zoning characteristics of groundwater contaminated by leachate from the TS informal landfill in Southwest China. Based on redox-sensitive indicators and microbial community structure, the spatial evolution of redox conditions along the groundwater flow path was delineated. Results show that from the proximal to distal zones of the contaminant plume, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and dissolved oxygen (DO) increase significantly, while concentrations of Fe2+, NH4+, TOC, and HCO3− decrease markedly. The percentage of NO3− increases, indicating a transition from reducing to oxidizing conditions. Microbial communities shift correspondingly from anaerobic to aerobic populations. The infiltration of leachate introduces substantial reducing substances, creating a reducing environment that gradually oxidizes as dissolved organic matter is depleted. The plume is sequentially divided into sulfate reduction, iron reduction, manganese reduction, nitrate reduction, and oxidation zones. This redox zoning significantly attenuates pollutants, reducing the impact of leachate on groundwater. The findings provide a scientific basis for groundwater pollution prevention and control.

### 1178. [Phosphorus Exchange Characteristics at the Sediment-Water Interface and Microbial Driving Mechanisms in Aquaculture Ponds of Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis)](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/phosphorus-exchange-characteristics-at-the-sediment-water-interface-and-microbial-driving-mechanisms-in-aquacu) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042703]
This study investigated phosphorus (P) exchange at the sediment-water interface and its microbial driving mechanisms in aquaculture ponds of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), labile P concentrations in the upper sediment were significantly higher than in overlying water from late July to mid-August and in October, indicating sediment acts as a P source during these periods. The duration of aquaculture was a key factor; P diffusion flux declined from late July to mid-August and further decreased by October. Analyses of labile Fe, P-Fe correlations, and bacterial community composition and function suggested that dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction mediated by Fe-reducing bacteria and chemical Fe(III) reduction driven by sulfate-reducing bacteria metabolites were important mechanisms for P release. Additionally, bacterial-driven organic P mineralization and inorganic P dissolution contributed. The results indicate a high risk of P release from sediment to overlying water from late July to mid-August, potentially significantly affecting water P concentrations. Therefore, controlling sediment P release during this period is crucial.

### 1179. [Experimental Study of Drag Reduction with Surfactants in Porous Media for Coal Seam Water Injection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/experimental-study-of-drag-reduction-with-surfactants-in-porous-media-for-coal-seam-water-injection) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025050803]
This study systematically investigates the synergistic drag reduction mechanism of surfactants and porous media in coal seam water injection. Four surfactant types—cationic CTAB, anionic SDBS, amphoteric BS-12, and nonionic OP-10—were tested with five porous media pore sizes (3–12 mm) using a custom-built all-in-one drag reduction test system. The effects of surfactant type, mass concentration, driving frequency, and pore diameter on drag reduction efficiency were evaluated. Results show that in an empty tube, drag reduction efficiency increases with mass concentration. As driving frequency increases, drag reduction first rises then falls, peaking at 35 Hz. With porous media, drag reduction exhibits pore size dependence, reaching a maximum at 8 mm and decreasing thereafter. The composite surfactant-porous media system achieves synergistic enhancement over single systems. At 0.05% mass concentration, all surfactants attain maximum drag reduction, with CTAB showing the highest efficiency. Optimal conditions (0.05% CTAB, 35 Hz, 8 mm pore size) yield a drag reduction rate of 66.14%, a 1.4-fold improvement over 20 Hz. These findings demonstrate that tailoring surfactant and porous media parameters can significantly optimize coal seam water injection efficiency, offering a practical approach for dust control in mining.

### 1180. [Oxidative Stress Response of Selenium Nanoparticles to Copper Stress in Aspergillus flavus TL-F3](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/oxidative-stress-response-of-selenium-nanoparticles-to-copper-stress-in-aspergillus-flavus-tl-f3) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025051701]
This study investigated the effects of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on the growth, mycelium morphology, copper (Cu2+) removal rate, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and intracellular enzyme activity of Aspergillus flavus TL-F3 (A. flavus TL-F3) under Cu2+ stress. Results showed that different concentrations of Cu2+ inhibited the growth of A. flavus TL-F3. The highest Cu2+ removal rate of 56.32% was observed at a Cu2+ concentration of 50 mg·L−1. Under 50 mg·L−1 Cu2+ stress, 0.25 mg·L−1 SeNPs promoted the growth of A. flavus TL-F3, increasing its biomass by 2.71%, and significantly enhanced the fluorescence intensity of EPS, Na+/K+-ATPase activity, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities. Additionally, SeNPs stimulated the glutathione (GSH-GSSG) cycle in A. flavus TL-F3, elevating glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity by 17.2% and 23.94%, respectively, and increasing reduced glutathione (GSH) content by 18.59%, and decreasing the GSH/GSSG ratio, thereby effectively alleviating Cu2+ toxicity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that surface functional groups of A. flavus TL-F3, including carboxylic acid, alcohol, phenol, and phosphate/sulfate functional groups, might bind with Cu2+, enhancing its tolerance to Cu2+. This study enriches the theoretical knowledge of microorganism-heavy metal interactions and provides deeper insights into microbial heavy metal resistance mechanisms.

### 1181. [Safe Utilization of High Cadmium Cropland by Random Forest Based on Soil Properties](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/safe-utilization-of-high-cadmium-cropland-by-random-forest-based-on-soil-properties) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042203]
Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in crops is influenced by complex, crop-specific factors, posing challenges for the safe utilization of soils with elevated Cd levels. This study focused on a region with anomalously high soil Cd in northern Longshan County, Hunan Province, China. We systematically collected and analyzed Cd concentrations in the edible parts of lily (Lilium spp.) and maize (Zea mays L.), along with corresponding root-zone soil properties including Cd content, pH, and oxide levels. The bioconcentration factors (BCF-Cd) for lily and maize were compared, and their controlling factors were identified. Using random forest with hyperparameter optimization, optimal predictive models for BCF-Cd were developed for each crop. Results showed that lily BCF-Cd was significantly higher than that of maize. Key factors influencing BCF-Cd in both crops included soil pH, manganese (Mn), organic matter (OM), and the weathering-leaching coefficient (ba). Feature importance analysis identified soil pH as the most critical factor. Based on model predictions, a zoning scheme for safe arable land utilization was proposed to maximize land productivity while ensuring the medicinal safety of lily and food safety of maize. This study provides scientific support for enhancing food security and optimizing land resource use.

### 1182. [Characteristics and Causes of PM2.5 Changes in the Fenwei Plain from 2013 to 2020](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/characteristics-and-causes-of-pm25-changes-in-the-fenwei-plain-from-2013-to-2020) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025041505]
To combat severe air pollution, China has implemented a series of air pollution control action plans since 2013, effectively alleviating PM2.5 pollution. However, PM2.5 concentrations in most cities within the Fenwei Plain still exceed national standards. This study systematically evaluates PM2.5 concentration changes across two policy phases (2013–2020) using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, quantifying contributions of meteorology and emissions, and analyzing sectoral source changes. Results show that annual average PM2.5 concentration declined cumulatively by 19% during 2013–2020. In the first phase (2013–2017), regional PM2.5 decreased by 3% annually, with most improvement in winter; however, due to unfavorable meteorology, concentrations increased in Xi'an and Xianyang. In the second phase (2017–2020), PM2.5 declined by an additional 16%, with more effective control measures, particularly in spring and autumn. Emission reductions dominated in both phases, with stronger effects in the second phase (−8 μg·m−3), significantly outweighing adverse meteorological contributions (+3.5 μg·m−3). Nevertheless, many cities still face challenges from unfavorable meteorology, highlighting the need for future policies to account for meteorological influences. Emissions from industrial, energy, and agricultural sources decreased significantly across both phases. However, during winter heating periods, residential emissions emerged as a source equal in importance to industrial emissions, becoming a key target for future emission controls.

### 1183. [Effect of Co-aging with Common Ions and Humic Acid on the Control of Phosphorus Release from Sediment by the Combination of Lanthanum-Modified Bentonite and Vallisneria natans](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-co-aging-with-common-ions-and-humic-acid-on-the-control-of-phosphorus-release-from-sediment-by-the-c) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042504]
This study investigated the effect of co-aging with common cations/anions and humic acid (HA) on the combined use of Vallisneria natans (VN) and lanthanum-modified bentonite (LMB) for controlling phosphorus (P) release from sediment. Results showed that co-aging significantly reduced the phosphate adsorption capacity of LMB, with the maximum unit adsorption capacity decreasing by 33.8% compared to the unaged material. Under the combined application of VN and unaged LMB, P in sediment could still be released into pore water via dissimilatory iron(III) reduction mediated by iron-reducing bacteria and chemical reduction of iron(III) induced by sulfate-reducing bacteria metabolites, subsequently migrating to overlying water. However, the combined treatment effectively inhibited P release, achieving an average reduction efficiency of 57.1% for dissolved reactive phosphorus (SRP) in overlying water and 74.0% for labile P in sediment (measured by DGT) at an LMB dosage of 89 g·m−2. Co-aging with common ions and HA diminished the P control efficiency of the combined treatment, primarily due to reduced phosphate adsorption capacity of LMB. Therefore, mitigating the negative effects of co-aging is crucial for enhancing the long-term P control performance of the VN-LMB combined technology.

### 1184. [Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics and Main Influencing Factors of Atmospheric CH4 in Northern Zhejiang](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/spatiotemporal-distribution-characteristics-and-main-influencing-factors-of-atmospheric-ch4-in-northern-zhejia) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026032502]
Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential approximately 28 times that of CO2 over a 100-year horizon. Direct observation of atmospheric CH4 concentrations is essential for quantifying contributions from anthropogenic and natural sources. This study analyzes online CH4 monitoring data from Huzhou City and Deqing County in northern Zhejiang Province, China, to characterize spatiotemporal variations and identify controlling factors. Diurnal patterns show higher nighttime concentrations due to reduced vertical mixing and enhanced stability, with winter maxima and autumn minima. The seasonal background concentration at Huzhou station follows winter > spring > autumn > summer. Deqing, influenced by artificial aquaculture ponds and wetlands, exhibits smaller diurnal amplitude and generally higher CH4 levels than Huzhou, particularly during the plum rain season. Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) analysis indicates that high-concentration sources are predominantly located in eastern Zhejiang, with seasonal shifts: spring sources in the Yangtze River Delta and southeast coast, summer sources in southeastern Zhejiang, minimal autumn regional transport, and winter sources in eastern Jiangxi. These findings underscore the roles of local wetland emissions and regional transport in modulating CH4 levels, providing a scientific basis for targeted emission reduction strategies.

### 1185. [Research Progress on Thermal Regeneration Technology for Saturated Activated Carbon](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-thermal-regeneration-technology-for-saturated-activated-carbon) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025042802]
Activated carbon, characterized by its extensive pore structure, high specific surface area, and superior adsorption capacity, is widely employed in advanced water treatment. However, upon reaching adsorption saturation, its efficacy diminishes, necessitating replacement or regeneration. Thermal regeneration stands out due to its high desorption efficiency, simple equipment requirements, and low energy consumption, making it the predominant industrial method. Despite its prevalence, systematic investigations into the underlying reaction mechanisms and the influence of operational parameters remain insufficient. This review comprehensively examines common thermal regeneration technologies for saturated activated carbon, including multi-hearth furnaces, rotary kilns, superheated steam, microwave, and solar regeneration. It delineates the fundamental principles, process flows, advantages, disadvantages, and current research status of each method. The desorption and reaction mechanisms of pollutants within activated carbon pores during thermal regeneration are discussed in detail, along with the effects of critical conditions such as temperature, atmosphere, and purge gas flow rate on pollutant removal efficiency. Furthermore, the relationship between activated carbon performance parameters and regeneration efficiency is analyzed, and innovations based on conventional thermal regeneration, as well as integration with emerging technologies, are explored. Finally, the challenges facing thermal regeneration are summarized, and future research priorities are proposed, focusing on the treatment of waste gas and liquid byproducts, technology integration, and enhancement of overall regeneration performance. This review aims to provide a scientific foundation for the sustainable recycling of activated carbon in industrial applications.

### 1186. [Antibiotic Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment in the Tidal Reach of the Minjiang River During Low-Water Periods Under Policy Intervention](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/antibiotic-pollution-characteristics-and-ecological-risk-assessment-in-the-tidal-reach-of-the-minjiang-river-d) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608007]
The Minjiang River Basin, subjected to combined pollution from domestic, agricultural, and industrial sources, has become a typical sensitive area for studying the environmental behavior of emerging contaminants such as antibiotics. This study conducted a cross-year comparative analysis of the composition and concentrations of antibiotics in water samples from nine sampling sites during the dry season in November 2022 and 2024. The findings revealed: 1) After the implementation of the "National Action Plan for Reducing Antimicrobial Use in Livestock", the detection concentrations of tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) decreased (e.g., doxycycline concentrations dropped from 7.75 ng/L to undetectable levels), and the mixed risk quotient (MRQ) across the entire basin transitioned from medium to low risk. However, lincomycin (up to 4.6 ng/L), clarithromycin (1.3 ng/L), and florfenicol (0.6 ng/L) have emerged, indicating an increasing hidden ecological risk from substitution. 2) High-concentration antibiotic zones transferred from urban residential areas in 2022 to intensive aquaculture zones and upstream reservoir areas in 2024. The reduction in dry-season water flow intensified pollutant accumulation, synergistically enhancing the effects of tidal drag. Additionally, the conversion of agricultural land to aquaculture ponds led to increased use of alternative drugs (e.g., sulfamethazine), while policy interventions mitigated the exacerbation of urban antibiotic pollution by construction land. This study elucidates the migration patterns of antibiotic pollution under the synergistic effects of policy regulation and natural processes, emphasizing the need to address hidden risks of substitute drugs and the driving role of land-use changes, providing scientific basis for watershed-scale risk assessment and precise management of emerging pollutants.

### 1187. [Numerical Simulation and Application of Natural Draft Direct Air-Cooling Tower for Large Coal-Fired Power Units](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/numerical-simulation-and-application-of-natural-draft-direct-air-cooling-tower-for-large-coal-fired-power-unit) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608009]
To investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of natural draft direct air-cooling towers (NDC) for large coal-fired power generating units, a three-dimensional CFD numerical model covering major plant buildings, air-cooled radiators, and ambient wind fields was established based on the NDC systems of a 2×660 MW unit of a power plant. The influences of meteorological factors, including ambient wind speed, ambient temperature, and ambient wind direction, as well as regulation measures such as rolling shutters, louvers, and bypass windows on the heat dissipation performance of NDC towers were systematically analyzed. The results demonstrate that ambient wind speed acts as the dominant factor governing the performance of the NDC system. As wind speed rose, the uneven distribution of air intake volume and heat dissipation among each cooling delta increased remarkably, which elevated the unit back pressure, and the upstream tower suffered more severe impacts than the downstream one. Ambient temperature exerted a slight effect on circumferential flow distribution, yet substantially changed the overall back pressure of the system. In terms of regulation strategies, closing rolling shutters in the windward zone and reducing the opening of partial louvers can improve air flow redistribution to a certain extent, but will reduce the total air flow rate and total heat dissipation of the entire tower. By contrast, bottom bypass windows can effectively optimize the air intake on the leeward side and boost heat dissipation under high-wind operating conditions, whereas top bypass windows deliver only limited improvement effects. This research can provide fundamental data and technical references for the optimal design, operational regulation, and energy-saving retrofitting of large NDC units.

### 1188. [Community Succession and Carbon Footprint Accounting of a Pilot-Scale Anaerobic Filter During Recovery After Long-Term Shutdown Under Low-Temperature Stress](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/community-succession-and-carbon-footprint-accounting-of-a-pilot-scale-anaerobic-filter-during-recovery-after-l) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608003]
The transition of municipal wastewater treatment from energy-intensive aerobic processes to energy-recovering anaerobic technologies is critical for achieving carbon neutrality. However, anaerobic treatment of low-strength wastewater faces operational challenges, especially after prolonged shutdowns and under low-temperature stress. This study investigated the recovery and performance of a pilot-scale anaerobic filter (AF) packed with volcanic rock media (effective volume 240 L) treating actual municipal wastewater. After a 234-day starvation period, the AF recovered within 63 days by extending hydraulic retention time from 8 to 12 hours, achieving total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) removal amounts of 58.6 mg/L and 21.5 mg/L, respectively. Following 100 days of low-temperature operation (influent temperature dropped to 11.7 °C), TCOD and SCOD removal amounts remained at 54.6 mg/L and 28.6 mg/L, respectively. Although methane production volume decreased, the specific methane yield was not significantly affected (0.276 L CH4/g TCODre during recovery vs. 0.244 L CH4/g TCODre under low temperature). Mechanistic analysis revealed that increased protein secretion in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was crucial for resistance to low-temperature stress, with protein content negatively correlated with temperature. Microbial community analysis showed that functional populations recovered in the order of hydrolytic acidogens, hydrogen-producing acetogens, and methanogens. Methanobacterium dominated after starvation, while Methanosaeta became dominant after low-temperature exposure due to its high affinity for acetate. Carbon footprint accounting indicated that recovering dissolved methane and coupling with nitrate-dependent methane oxidation is the optimal strategy for carbon reduction.

### 1189. [Circular-Economy-Oriented Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Production from Organic Wastes via Chain Elongation: Artificial Regulation and Resource-Loop Pathways](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/circular-economy-oriented-medium-chain-fatty-acid-production-from-organic-wastes-via-chain-elongation-artifici) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608008]
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), including caproate and caprylate, are promising biobased products with high energy density, hydrophobicity, and chemical conversion value, serving as key intermediates linking organic waste valorization to circular economy development. Compared to conventional anaerobic digestion for methane, chain elongation (CE) via reverse β-oxidation (RBO) converts short-chain intermediates (e.g., acetate, lactate, ethanol) into higher-value carboxylic acids, offering a novel route for resource recovery from sewage sludge, food waste, agricultural residues, livestock manure, and high-strength organic wastewater. However, natural mixed-culture CE systems face constraints from substrate composition fluctuations, electron donor competition, methanogenic carbon diversion, insufficient product selectivity, product toxicity, and high separation costs, hindering stable, efficient, and targeted MCFA production. This review systematically summarizes the metabolic mechanisms, artificial regulation strategies, and engineering bottlenecks in CE-based MCFA production, emphasizing directed recovery of carbon and electron resources from organic wastes. Future directions include stable continuous-flow operation, product separation and recovery, techno-economic assessment, and life cycle evaluation. The review aims to provide insights for high-value organic waste utilization and synergistic optimization of carbon and energy recovery.

### 1190. [Resource Recovery Efficiency and Microbial Community Response in Anaerobic Chain Elongation of Discharging Wastewater from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/resource-recovery-efficiency-and-microbial-community-response-in-anaerobic-chain-elongation-of-discharging-was) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608001]
The discharging wastewater from spent lithium-ion batteries is characterized by complex composition, high salinity, and substantial organic load, making its efficient treatment and resource recovery a critical challenge in the lithium battery recycling chain. This study investigated the feasibility of applying anaerobic chain elongation technology for resource recovery from such wastewater. The results showed that the reactor could tolerate up to 40% discharge wastewater in the feed, with caproate production reaching 6.38 g/L. However, when the wastewater proportion increased to 60%, system performance declined sharply, and the synthesis of butyrate and caproate ceased. Batch screening experiments ruled out the influence of high salinity (TDS ≈ 12 g/L) and metal ions such as Li+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Mn2+, identifying fluoride (F-) as the dominant inhibitory factor leading to functional failure. Concentration gradient experiments further quantified the inhibitory effect of F-. At concentrations below 600 mg/L, butyrate production remained largely unaffected; at 900 mg/L, substrate metabolism was severely inhibited, with only slight recovery observed at the final stage; and at 1200 mg/L, chain elongation metabolism was completely blocked. Microbial community analysis revealed that the chain elongation function was undertaken by different taxonomic groups at different stages. Initially, Clostridium kluyveri dominated, followed by a shift to Caproicibacterium and Thermocaproicibacter during the mid-phase. In the recovery phase, a synergistic consortium of Oscillibacter valericigenes and Caproicibacterium sp. emerged. Furthermore, after introducing actual discharging wastewater, microbial groups such as Brevundimonas diminuta and Clostridium ljungdahlii, which are likely involved in degrading complex organics, gradually became enriched, providing the substrate foundation for chain elongation. This study offers a feasible strategy and mechanistic insights for the high-value bioconversion of wastewater from lithium battery recycling.

### 1191. [Design and Implementation of an Energy-Saving Onsite Thermal Treatment System for Hazardous Medical Organic Waste Liquid](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/design-and-implementation-of-an-energy-saving-onsite-thermal-treatment-system-for-hazardous-medical-organic-wa) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608004]
This paper presents the design and implementation of an energy-saving onsite thermal treatment system for hazardous medical organic waste liquid. The system integrates automatic control with energy-efficient and eco-friendly operation, enabling immediate treatment at the source and reducing storage and transportation volumes by over 95%. It comprises four modules: waste liquid identification, graded thermal treatment, heat recovery, and tail gas purification. The graded thermal treatment technology effectively processes waste liquids with varying compositions and calorific values. On-site experiments were conducted on four typical medical organic waste liquids over one year. Results demonstrated effective treatment meeting safety and environmental requirements, with dioxin concentrations below 0.1 ng-TEQ/m³ and CO, NOx, and SOx emissions within permissible limits. The system offers economic benefits by eliminating long-distance transport and centralized treatment costs. This approach addresses the limitations of traditional long-chain, manual-intensive disposal methods, which pose significant safety and environmental risks.

### 1192. [Prediction of Available Phosphorus Formation and Analysis of Key Influencing Factors during Organic Waste Composting Using Stacking Ensemble Learning](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/prediction-of-available-phosphorus-formation-and-analysis-of-key-influencing-factors-during-organic-waste-comp) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608006]
Organic waste is a potential phosphorus reservoir, and understanding the dynamics of available phosphorus (AP) during its resource utilization is critical for efficient phosphorus recovery. Composting, a key route for organic waste valorization, involves complex transformations of phosphorus alongside organic matter degradation and humification. However, the long duration and high cost of composting experiments, coupled with multifactorial influences, hinder efficient elucidation of AP dynamics via conventional methods. This study compiled data from 33 publications, constructing a dataset of 647 samples. Data preprocessing included iterative imputation, one-hot encoding, and standardization. A stacking ensemble learning model was developed to predict AP generation during composting. The optimal ensemble comprised XGBoost and SVR as base learners and ElasticNet as the meta-learner, achieving R² values of 0.954 and 0.928 on training and test sets, respectively, with low overall error. SHAP analysis revealed that key factors influencing AP content, in descending order of importance, were feedstock type, bulking agent type, turning interval, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and C/N ratio. Notably, livestock manure as feedstock and straw-based bulking agents contributed positively to AP predictions. Partial dependence plots indicated that lower pH and C/N ratios generally favored AP accumulation throughout composting. During the initial stage, higher moisture content and lower EC enhanced AP; in the thermophilic phase, higher temperatures corresponded to higher AP; and during cooling and maturation, maintaining moisture below 48% and C/N below 14, while extending composting beyond 43 days, promoted AP accumulation. This study demonstrates accurate AP prediction via stacking ensemble learning and identifies critical factors, offering support for optimizing phosphorus management in composting engineering.

### 1193. [Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Graphene Oxide–Silver Nanoparticle Nanocomposites](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synthesis-and-biomedical-applications-of-graphene-oxidesilver-nanoparticle-nanocomposites) [DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2026022402]
Graphene oxide–silver nanoparticle (GO-AgNPs) nanocomposites synergistically combine the high specific surface area and biocompatibility of graphene oxide with the potent antibacterial and optical properties of silver nanoparticles. This review systematically examines current synthetic strategies—physical, chemical, and biological—and their influence on nanocomposite morphology, loading efficiency, and stability. The biomedical applications of GO-AgNPs are critically analyzed, focusing on antimicrobial activity, anticancer therapy, drug delivery, and biosensing. Mechanistic insights reveal that antimicrobial action involves membrane disruption, oxidative stress, and damage to biomolecules, while anticancer effects are mediated through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The review also addresses challenges such as AgNP aggregation and stability, which are mitigated by GO support. Future directions emphasize the development of multifunctional nanomedicine platforms, with a need for standardized toxicity assessments and scalable synthesis. This comprehensive overview aims to guide further research and clinical translation of GO-AgNPs.

### 1194. [Integration of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage with Molten Salt Thermal Energy Storage and Microalgal Carbon Fixation for Circular Development in the Thermal Power Sector](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/integration-of-carbon-capture-utilization-and-storage-with-molten-salt-thermal-energy-storage-and-microalgal-c) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608002]
Under the synergistic policy framework of carbon peaking, carbon neutrality, and the circular economy, existing carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) projects in coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) face significant challenges, including high regeneration energy demand, reliance on turbine steam extraction, limited carbon utilization pathways, poor economic viability, and difficulties in by-product management. This study proposes an integrated low-carbon retrofitting strategy that couples molten salt thermal energy storage (TES) and microalgal carbon fixation systems with existing CCUS facilities under minimal plant modification. A closed-loop carbon and energy utilization framework is established, integrating waste heat recovery, primary CO2 capture, secondary biological carbon fixation, and biomass fuel recycling. The system operates through a gradient synergistic mechanism: (i) recovered waste heat is stored in a molten-salt TES unit to provide regeneration energy, replacing conventional steam extraction; (ii) CO2 is initially captured by the CCUS process; (iii) residual CO2 is further utilized by microalgae for deep carbon fixation; and (iv) harvested algal sludge is converted into biomass fuel for co-firing within the power plant, completing the carbon recycling loop. The technical architecture, coupling mechanisms, scenario-specific implementation pathways, and operational risk control strategies are systematically evaluated. Results indicate that the integrated system can reduce energy consumption by approximately 30%–40% per unit of CO2 captured, increase overall carbon fixation efficiency by 15%–20%, and shorten the investment payback period to less than five years. The framework enables transformation of conventional coal-fired power plants from single-purpose energy producers into multifunctional circular systems integrating energy generation, carbon cycling, and resource recovery. Owing to technological maturity, adaptability to different plant capacities and geographical conditions, and a clear deployment roadmap, this solution provides a practical, replicable, and scalable pathway for low-carbon and circular transition.

### 1195. [Recovery of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer via Superheated Steam Pyrolysis: Mechanisms, Properties, and Prospects](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/recovery-of-carbon-fiber-reinforced-polymer-via-superheated-steam-pyrolysis-mechanisms-properties-and-prospect) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608005]
The escalating volume of end-of-life carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and the high energy consumption and emissions of virgin fiber production necessitate low-carbon recycling technologies. Superheated steam pyrolysis, an emerging method, is systematically reviewed. At 450–500 °C, the synergistic 'hydrothermal-weak oxidation' mechanism enables controlled resin cracking and simultaneous char removal. Key parameters—temperature, oxygen concentration, residence time, and CO2/steam two-step coupling—affect the mechanical, surface, and electrical properties of recycled carbon fiber (rCF). A 'low-temperature, short-duration, micro-oxygen' process retains over 90% tensile strength. Comparison of laboratory, pilot, and industrial setups highlights challenges in exhaust gas treatment, multi-component waste adaptability, and energy integration. Life cycle assessment (LCA) confirms this route reduces energy consumption by ~25% and carbon emissions by ~30% versus landfilling/incineration, offering environmental and economic advantages. Future research should focus on product databases, distributed recycling networks, and unified LCA frameworks to support CFRP closed-loop recycling.

### 1196. [Construction and Adsorption Performance of Coal Fly Ash-Based Hierarchical Porous Zeolite A](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/construction-and-adsorption-performance-of-coal-fly-ash-based-hierarchical-porous-zeolite-a) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608010]
Under the synergistic advancement of the Dual Carbon Strategy and circular economy, high-value utilization of coal fly ash and multiscale pollutant remediation are critical. Direct synthesis of hierarchical porous zeolite A from coal fly ash, integrating microporous framework and mesoporous channels, faces challenges due to complex impurities and difficulty in controlling crystal growth and pore architecture. To overcome bottlenecks of conventional microporous zeolite A—narrow pores, mass-transfer limitations, and inefficiency in removing larger pollutants—this study used acid-treated coal fly ash as silica-alumina source and a soft-template-assisted alkali fusion-hydrothermal method to synthesize hierarchical porous zeolite A with three-dimensionally interconnected mesoporous network. Effects of template type and dosage on crystalline phase, morphology, and pore structure were systematically investigated. With 3% dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride (TPOAC) as template, the zeolite exhibited step-like rough cubic morphology formed by self-assembly of nanocrystals. Its specific surface area and total pore volume reached 57.0 m²/g and 0.1351 cm³/g, respectively, approximately three- and four-fold increases over conventional microporous zeolite A. Using aqueous ammonia nitrogen and gaseous acetone as probe pollutants, differential responses were revealed: for ammonia nitrogen (ion-exchange mechanism), hierarchical pores mainly improved mass transfer, yielding adsorption capacity comparable to microporous zeolite A; for acetone (molecular sieving effect), hierarchical zeolite leveraged developed mesoporosity to overcome steric hindrance and induce capillary condensation, increasing adsorption capacity from 12 mg/g (microporous) to 59 mg/g—a 3.9-fold enhancement. This study elucidates structure-activity relationships and provides theoretical and technical support for large-scale fly ash utilization and design of materials for complex pollutant remediation.

### 1197. [Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Hongjiannao Lake Based on the APCS-MLR Model](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/source-apportionment-and-health-risk-assessment-of-heavy-metals-in-hongjiannao-lake-based-on-the-apcs-mlr-mode) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608025]
To evaluate heavy metal contamination and human health risks in desert lakes, this study analyzed concentrations of seven heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, As) in Hongjiannao Lake, Northern Shaanxi, from 2013 to 2024. The absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model quantitatively apportioned pollution sources, and a health risk assessment model evaluated non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Results showed average concentrations of the seven metals did not exceed background values, but 28.57% of sampling points exceeded background for As, with a maximum exceedance factor of 1.92. Total average concentration decreased from 112.51 μg/L (2013–2016) to 58.80 μg/L (2017–2024), attributed to the 2016 closure of small coal mines and ecological restoration around the 4A scenic area. Source apportionment identified four sources: industrial (35.44%), agricultural (24.67%), natural (23.65%), and traffic (16.23%), indicating industrial dominance. Non-carcinogenic risks were negligible, but carcinogenic risks exceeded the alert value (1×10⁻⁴), with adults at higher risk than children. Oral ingestion was the primary exposure pathway. As and Cd were key control elements, with exceedance rates of 100% and 16.67%, respectively. These findings provide a theoretical basis for health risk prevention and environmental management.

### 1198. [CO Emission Factors from High-Carbon Ferrochrome Production in Submerged Arc Furnaces: A Field Study in Inner Mongolia, China](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/co-emission-factors-from-high-carbon-ferrochrome-production-in-submerged-arc-furnaces-a-field-study-in-inner-m) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608017]
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a significant gaseous pollutant emitted during high-carbon ferrochrome (HCFeCr) production, yet measured emission factors for different furnace types remain scarce, hindering accurate emission inventories and pollution control assessments. This study addresses this gap by investigating four typical HCFeCr production facilities in Ulanqab, Inner Mongolia, China, comprising two semi-closed submerged arc furnaces (SAFs) and two closed SAFs. A hybrid methodology combining manual stack sampling and continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) data was employed. A characteristic CO-to-NOx concentration ratio was established from manual measurements, which was then applied to continuous NOx data to estimate CO emissions and product-based emission factors. Results revealed substantial process-dependent variability: semi-closed SAFs (Facilities A and B) exhibited CO emission factors of 7.06 kg/t and 3.66 kg/t, respectively, whereas closed SAFs (Facilities C and D) with associated pelletizing processes showed notably lower factors of 1.41 kg/t and 0.51 kg/t. On average, semi-closed furnaces emitted approximately six times more CO per tonne of product than closed furnaces. Furnace sealing degree and raw material ratios were identified as key determinants. These findings underscore the inadequacy of using a single average emission factor for HCFeCr production and advocate for furnace-type-specific factors to improve emission accounting accuracy. This study provides essential measured data for developing refined CO emission inventories and supporting pollution reduction policies in the ferroalloy industry.

### 1199. [Water Quality Assessment of Inter-basin Water Transfer in Water Supply Areas Based on Coupled EFDC-SWAT Model](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/water-quality-assessment-of-inter-basin-water-transfer-in-water-supply-areas-based-on-coupled-efdc-swat-model) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608015]
Inter-basin water diversion projects can profoundly alter the water quality dynamics of receiving basins. Taking the Qincun Reservoir and its downstream reaches in the Huangze River Basin as a case study, this research quantitatively evaluates water-quality responses under multiple coordinated management measures. An integrated Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code-Soil and Water Assessment Tool (EFDC-SWAT) modeling framework was established, coupling a two-dimensional hydrodynamic-water-quality model for the reservoir with a hydrology-water-quality model for the downstream reaches. Seven management scenarios were designed to reflect various combinations of point- and non-point-source pollution control strategies. Simulations focused on spatiotemporal variations in key indicators—total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and permanganate index (CODMn)—and assessed pollution-load reduction effectiveness. Comparative analysis using the comprehensive water quality identification index (CWQII) revealed that under Scenario 3 (highest pollution-control standards with lowest diversion volume), TN and TP concentrations in the reservoir decreased by 80% and 50%, respectively, achieving Class II water-quality standards. Downstream TN and TP levels declined by 36% and 33%, and the CWQII improved from 4.211 to 3.410. Land consolidation contributed 77% and 45% to TN and TP load reductions in the reservoir, respectively, while a 20% reduction in diversion volume was most effective in improving downstream TN (>50%). These results demonstrate that the coupled EFDC-SWAT model effectively elucidates mechanisms through which inter-basin water diversion influences water quality in supply areas. Moreover, synergistic point- and non-point-source controls exhibit a nonlinear enhancement effect on overall water-quality improvement.

### 1200. [Migration Mechanisms and Pump-and-Treat Remediation Simulation for Benzene and Halogenated Hydrocarbons in Groundwater at a Pesticide-Contaminated Site](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/migration-mechanisms-and-pump-and-treat-remediation-simulation-for-benzene-and-halogenated-hydrocarbons-in-gro) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608016]
Legacy contaminated sites from relocated chemical plants pose severe risks to groundwater and human health. This study investigated a pesticide-contaminated site using the Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) to construct three-dimensional geological, flow, and solute transport models, simulating migration of benzene, chloroform, and vinyl chloride and evaluating pump-and-treat remediation. Results showed initial uniform spread within 100 days, evolving to elliptical diffusion along southeast-northwest flow by 500–2000 days. Maximum migration distances reached 154.5 m (benzene), 130.5 m (chloroform), and 165.2 m (vinyl chloride), with diffusion areas of 18117.4, 13928.5, and 25043.2 m², respectively. Peak concentrations decreased over time: benzene from 53.3 to 13.0 mg/L (75.6% reduction), chloroform from 112.0 to 20.0 mg/L (82.1%), and vinyl chloride from 128.0 to 24.0 mg/L (81.3%). Dynamic pumping simulations reduced plume areas by 85.8%, 78.0%, and 85.9% at 400 days, with peak concentration reductions of 90.2%, 82.1%, and 93.8%. Within 500 days, all concentrations fell below targets, with total pumping volumes of 94500, 60000, and 72000 m³. Fenton reagent (3% dosage) effectively treated extracted groundwater. Numerical simulation optimizes contamination delineation and pumping strategies, offering a cost-efficient pathway for similar sites.

### 1201. [Research Progress on Side-Stream Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Process for Achieving Efficient Phosphorus Removal](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-side-stream-enhanced-biological-phosphorus-removal-process-for-achieving-efficient-phosph) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608012]
The challenge of limited phosphorus removal efficiency in low-carbon municipal wastewater is addressed by the innovative side-stream enhanced biological phosphorus removal (S2EBPR) process, which has garnered significant attention. Recent research highlights the core mechanism rooted in the metabolic traits of phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs), pivotal for effective phosphorus removal. However, conventional enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes face constraints under low C/P conditions, where the scarcity of carbon source weakens PAOs’ competitive edge, directly impeding phosphorus removal efficiency. Consequently, S2EBPR establishes a side-stream sludge fermentation unit, through which anaerobic fermentation conditions are precisely regulated and PAOs’ dominant position in carbon source competition is strengthened, thereby enhancing the enrichment of PAOs and the optimization of their metabolism. This breakthrough not only overcomes the low C/P limitation but also underscores the fundamental advantage of S2EBPR. Furthermore, the discussion delves into the critical operational and environmental parameters influencing its efficacy, offering a foundation for precise process management. Looking ahead, the synergistic development of S2EBPR alongside emerging water treatment technologies holds promise for simultaneously efficient nitrogen and phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment, thereby furnishing technical insights for fostering sustainable resource recycling practices.

### 1202. [Numerical Simulation of a Circulating Fluidized Bed Desulfurization Reactor with Bypass](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/numerical-simulation-of-a-circulating-fluidized-bed-desulfurization-reactor-with-bypass) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608019]
The semi-dry desulfurization process in circulating fluidized beds (CFB) is sensitive to reactor flow field, which directly impacts desulfurization efficiency. To accommodate variable flue gas loads while maintaining constant Venturi tube velocity, a bypass structure crossing the Venturi section was introduced between the reactor inlet and diffusion section. Numerical simulations using ANSYS Fluent were conducted to evaluate the effects of bypass valve opening and number of bypass pipes on flow field uniformity and pressure loss. Results indicate that for flue gas load variations, bypass valve openings must exceed 50% and at least two bypass pipes are required to ensure uniform flow distribution. At 100% flue gas load, the empty reactor pressure loss was 911 Pa, decreasing to approximately 500 Pa at lower loads. The optimized bypass configuration enables stable and uniform flow fields with reduced pressure loss across a wide load range of 50%–100%, offering an effective solution for enhancing desulfurization efficiency and operational adaptability in industrial applications.

### 1203. [Energy Balance and Economic Analysis of Multi-Source Sewage Sludge Drying and Incineration](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/energy-balance-and-economic-analysis-of-multi-source-sewage-sludge-drying-and-incineration) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608022]
Since the first domestic sludge incineration project was commissioned at Shanghai's Shidongkou Wastewater Treatment Plant in 2004, sludge mono-incineration has been progressively adopted in economically developed Chinese cities. However, decentralized planning of wastewater treatment facilities and variable sludge characteristics complicate the centralized design and operation of incineration plants. This study, based on the planning and engineering design of a sludge incineration plant in Qingdao, analyzes sludge from major municipal wastewater treatment plants, which differ significantly in moisture and organic content due to varying influent characteristics and treatment processes. An energy balance model was constructed using data on sludge moisture and organic content, leading to a sludge allocation scheme and a simplified cost calculation method for heterogeneous sludge. This supports differentiated pricing and rational distribution in drying and incineration projects. Additionally, comparing conventional dewatering (to 76% moisture) and deep dewatering (to 65% moisture) from a "wastewater treatment plant + incineration" perspective, the study evaluates full-process costs and carbon emissions. Results show that deep dewatering increases dewatering costs and emissions but reduces transport and incineration costs and emissions, yielding lower total costs and emissions. The findings provide a basis for optimizing municipal sludge treatment planning and process selection.

### 1204. [Progress and Prospects in Fenton-like Methods for Tetracycline-Containing Wastewater Treatment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/progress-and-prospects-in-fenton-like-methods-for-tetracycline-containing-wastewater-treatment) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608011]
Tetracycline, a poorly biodegradable organic pollutant, poses a serious threat to aquatic environments. Fenton-like methods have attracted attention for their high efficiency in treating tetracycline-containing wastewater by generating hydroxyl radicals (·OH) via H2O2 activation, thereby improving wastewater biodegradability. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in improved Fenton methods (electro-, photo-, and sono-Fenton) and heterogeneous Fenton systems, detailing reaction mechanisms, treatment efficiencies, and technical features. Under optimized conditions, tetracycline removal rates exceed 90% for various methods. Heterogeneous Fenton methods demonstrate superior applicability over a wider pH range, reduced iron sludge production, and excellent catalyst recyclability, representing the most promising strategy for practical implementation. Future perspectives emphasize developing novel catalysts, optimizing reactor design, controlling toxic by-products, and integrating hybrid technologies to facilitate practical application.

### 1205. [Research progress on Ru-based catalysts for catalytic oxidation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-ru-based-catalysts-for-catalytic-oxidation-of-chlorinated-volatile-organic-compounds) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608018]
Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) are volatile, difficult to degrade, and highly toxic, posing serious threats to the atmospheric environment and human health. Catalytic oxidation is currently one of the mainstream methods for CVOCs abatement, owing to its high efficiency, safety, and economic feasibility, and its key aspect lies in the design and development of high-performance catalysts. In the catalytic oxidation of CVOCs, the poisoning effect of chlorine species on catalysts severely restricts catalytic performance. Ru-based catalysts, which exhibit excellent catalytic oxidation activity toward CVOCs and favorable chlorine-resistant performance, have been widely studied in recent years. This paper reviews the latest research progress on Ru-based catalysts for the catalytic oxidation of CVOCs. The mechanism of catalytic oxidation of CVOCs by Ru-based catalysts is elucidated through a systematic analysis of the relevant literature. Furthermore, the strategies for the design and structural regulation of Ru-based catalysts are outlined from the perspectives of active components, supports, and surface modification. Finally, novel preparation methods for Ru-based catalysts and the influence of reaction components on catalytic performance are summarized. Future research directions in this field are also prospected, aiming to provide a reference for the subsequent design and development of high-performance Ru-based catalysts suitable for complex operating conditions.

### 1206. [Combined Application of Compound Algicide and Submerged Plants for Algal Bloom Control and Eutrophic Water Remediation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/combined-application-of-compound-algicide-and-submerged-plants-for-algal-bloom-control-and-eutrophic-water-rem) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608013]
Eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms threaten aquatic ecosystems and drinking water safety globally. This study evaluated the efficacy of a compound algicide (PQGA-126, PAC, and red soil) combined with submerged plants (Vallisneria natans and Hydrilla verticillata) for suppressing blooms and restoring eutrophic water. Indoor static experiments used algae-laden water from Nanhu Lake, Gongqingcheng, Jiangxi. Six treatments were established: control, V. natans alone, H. verticillata alone, algicide alone, algicide + V. natans, and algicide + H. verticillata. Results demonstrated that combined treatments significantly reduced total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and turbidity, markedly lowering eutrophication within a short period. The combined approach outperformed single-plant treatments, with algicide + V. natans achieving the greatest reduction in the comprehensive trophic state index. Additionally, the algicide significantly enhanced V. natans growth rate and H. verticillata catalase (CAT) activity, indicating species-specific physiological responses. These findings suggest that integrating compound algicide with submerged plants, particularly V. natans, offers a promising strategy for rapid and effective eutrophic water remediation.

### 1207. [Progress, Challenges, and Policy Insights for Collaborative Innovation Pilots on Pollution and Carbon Emission Reduction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/progress-challenges-and-policy-insights-for-collaborative-innovation-pilots-on-pollution-and-carbon-emission-r) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608020]
This paper systematically reviews the progress and achievements of China's collaborative innovation pilots for pollution and carbon emission reduction, identifies existing problems, and proposes targeted recommendations. As of the first batch, 64 pilot units (21 cities and 43 industrial parks) have issued implementation plans, with overall smooth progress and notable phased outcomes. Most pilots have actively promoted institutional and mechanism innovations, achieving substantial advancements in key sectors and critical areas, and yielding replicable practices. However, challenges persist, including fragmented interdepartmental collaboration, insufficient alignment of management systems, funding shortages for synergistic projects, and inadequate technological support. Recommendations include intensifying awareness campaigns, establishing coordinated promotion mechanisms, accelerating management system implementation, advancing core technology R&D, conducting progress evaluations, and amplifying publicity. For the second batch, suggestions focus on expansion strategies, pilot types, and selection methods, emphasizing incremental tasks, diverse pilot subjects (from provincial to enterprise levels), and clear articulation of expected outcomes and demonstration targets. The paper underscores the need to transform local experiences into institutionalized frameworks, fostering a four-dimensional synergy of carbon reduction, pollution control, green expansion, and economic growth, thereby contributing to China's ecological civilization and global climate governance.

### 1208. [Water Leaching Dechlorination of Zinc-Containing Steel Dust Sludge](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/water-leaching-dechlorination-of-zinc-containing-steel-dust-sludge) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608023]
Zinc-containing steel dust sludge, a by-product of steelmaking, contains high levels of chlorine (Cl) along with valuable metals such as Fe, Zn, K, and Na. When recycled into the steel production process, Cl accumulates, causing sintering instability and severe corrosion of blast furnace linings. This study investigated water leaching for Cl removal from zinc-containing steel dust sludge. Under optimal conditions (liquid-to-solid ratio 5 mL/g, temperature 70 °C, time 60 min, rotation speed 160 r/min), the Cl leaching rate reached 87%. Furthermore, a three-stage countercurrent water washing process at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 6 mL/g and room temperature for 45 min achieved a Cl leaching rate exceeding 90%. The water washing also reduced the leaching toxicity of metals in the sludge to a certain extent. Characterization via XRD, SEM, FT-IR, and XPS revealed that water washing primarily dissolved soluble chlorides (NaCl, KCl, etc.), increasing the specific surface area from 2.71 to 10.11 m²/g and average pore size from 12.83 to 16.29 nm. These findings provide theoretical and technical support for efficient Cl removal from zinc-containing steel dust sludge, facilitating its safe resource utilization.

### 1209. [Selection of Water Supply Schemes for Groundwater Defluorination by Electroflocculation in Dispersed Residential Areas](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/selection-of-water-supply-schemes-for-groundwater-defluorination-by-electroflocculation-in-dispersed-residenti) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608014]
Fluoride pollution poses a serious threat to public health worldwide, particularly in dispersed residential areas where high-fluoride groundwater is the primary drinking water source. Electroflocculation-based defluorination is a preferable treatment option, but its environmental and economic impacts vary with the water supply scheme. This study established three schemes: centralized undifferentiated (S1), centralized differentiated (S2), and distributed differentiated (S3). Life cycle environmental impact and life cycle cost assessments were conducted. Results show that S1 has the largest negative environmental impact, with indicators ranging from 1.4 to 6.7 times those of S2 or S3, primarily due to electrode consumption and electricity usage. S3 exhibits the lowest water supply cost, achieving a 62% cost reduction compared to S1. The distributed differentiated scheme (S3) offers both lower life cycle environmental impact and the lowest life cycle cost, making it the most advantageous option for dispersed residential areas. This study provides a systematic basis for selecting optimal water supply schemes, promoting the practical application of electroflocculation defluorination in such regions.

### 1210. [Evaluation on Impact of Spring Festival Fireworks and Firecrackers Setting-off on Yancheng City Based on a Bayesian-Optimized XGBoost Model](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/evaluation-on-impact-of-spring-festival-fireworks-and-firecrackers-setting-off-on-yancheng-city-based-on-a-bay) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608021]
To address the significant increase in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its chemical component concentrations caused by the concentrated setting-off of fireworks and firecrackers during the Spring Festival in Yancheng City, this study introduced the Bayesian-optimized XGBoost model (BO-XGBoost) based on PM2.5, particulate component, and meteorological observation data. The model simulated non-setting-off baseline concentrations using meteorological factors as independent variables, enabling quantitative assessment of setting-off contributions. Results showed that the concentrated setting-off exerted significantly differentiated effects on various pollutants. Among water-soluble ions, K+ and Mg2+ were core characteristic tracers, with concentrations reaching 15.89 and 20.08 times baseline levels on Lunar New Year's Eve, directly reflecting high-intensity emissions. Secondary conversion ions such as SO4^2- and NO3^- showed sustained high contributions on both Lunar New Year's Eve and the fifth day of the first lunar month, reflecting cumulative effects of atmospheric chemical transformation. Among inorganic elements, K, Ba, and Sr were core characteristic tracers, with concentrations showing explosive growth on Lunar New Year's Eve, serving as direct fingerprints of fireworks. Elements such as Pb and Mn were also significantly affected, reflecting direct heavy metal emissions. Temporal comparisons indicated that emission intensity on Lunar New Year's Eve was significantly higher than on the fifth day, with increased proportional contribution of secondary conversion processes on the fifth day. The study achieved accurate quantification of setting-off contributions through a data-driven model, clarifying pollution fingerprint characteristics and temporal differentiation patterns, providing scientific basis for air quality management and policy optimization during the Spring Festival.

### 1211. [Microbial Remediation Technology for Chromium Pollution in Groundwater: Research Hotspots, Mechanisms, and Environmental Factor Analysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/microbial-remediation-technology-for-chromium-pollution-in-groundwater-research-hotspots-mechanisms-and-enviro) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608024]
Microbial remediation is a widely used technology for treating chromium pollution in groundwater. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of 441 papers from the Web of Science Core Collection (2010–2024) using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Pajek. The publication trend increased over the period, with three developmental stages identified: early (2010–2016) focusing on basic treatment methods, intermediate (2017–2019) on intrinsic mechanisms, and recent (2020–2024) on process optimization. Biological adsorption and reduction were identified as the primary mechanisms. Correlation and principal component analyses of environmental factors (temperature, pH, initial Cr concentration, reaction time) revealed temperature as the key factor affecting remediation efficiency. The removal efficiencies and mechanisms of various dominant bacterial strains were summarized to guide strain selection. Future research should focus on microbial community synergy, nanomaterial integration, and environmental optimization to enhance remediation efficiency.

### 1212. [Bridging the scalability-stability gap in perovskite photovoltaics via solution-processed coating](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bridging-the-scalability-stability-gap-in-perovskite-photovoltaics-via-solution-processed-coating) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4091-4]
Perovskite photovoltaics offer exceptional promise for next-generation solar energy, yet their commercialization is impeded by a critical scalability-stability gap: scalable solution-processed coating methods introduce distinct fluid dynamics and crystallization kinetics, yielding varied film morphologies and unstable degradation behaviors. This review addresses this challenge by re-examining stability exclusively through scalable solution-based fabrication. Degradation mechanisms in scalable processing are dissected, emphasizing precursor ink design—solute purity, ink aging, and solvent engineering—which collectively govern film uniformity and reproducibility. Intrinsic instabilities exacerbated under scalable processing are analyzed via crystal and compositional design, defect generation and passivation, and ion migration in large-area devices. Stable device architectures suitable for scalable manufacturing are explored, comparing n-i-p and p-i-n configurations and advancements in charge transport layers. Encapsulation is critically evaluated as the ultimate barrier for commercial modules, covering scalable techniques and material selections, alongside an assessment of operational stability under real-world environments including moisture ingress, thermal cycling, and UV-induced degradation. By integrating these insights, this review establishes a holistic framework for co-designing process scalability and operational longevity, outlining a coherent pathway toward durable and commercially viable perovskite solar modules.

### 1213. [Stress-Guided Anisotropic Etching of MoS2 Nanostructures with Spatial Control over Edge Structure and Morphology](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/stress-guided-anisotropic-etching-of-mos2-nanostructures-with-spatial-control-over-edge-structure-and-morpholo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4097-3]
The on-demand patterning of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with tailored edges is critical for electronic and optoelectronic applications but remains technically challenging. Here, we report a stress-guided anisotropic etching strategy for producing large-area, well-ordered MoS2 nanostructures, including nano-ribbons and nano-squares, without templates. By applying uniaxial cumulative stress followed by selective thermal etching, MoS2 monolayers are statistically etched into ribbon-like structures whose width inversely correlates with applied stress magnitude. The newly etched edges are macroscopically straight or serrated, predominantly Mo-zigzag terminated, and enhance photoluminescence by a factor of ~8.0. The edge type depends on the angle between stress direction and crystallographic orientation, corroborated by theoretical calculations. Biaxial stressing generates well-defined nano-squares, offering a scalable, versatile patterning route for engineering 2D materials with tailored functional edges, promising for electrocatalytic and optoelectronic applications.

### 1214. [Multi-stimuli Responsive Hydrogels in Bone Tissue Engineering: Microenvironmental Cues and Biofunctional Strategies](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multi-stimuli-responsive-hydrogels-in-bone-tissue-engineering-microenvironmental-cues-and-biofunctional-strate) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3908-1]
Smart responsive hydrogels have emerged as a promising class of biomaterials in bone tissue engineering, offering dynamic and adaptive therapeutic strategies for complex bone defects. These hydrogels can perceive and respond to microenvironmental cues, such as pH fluctuations, oxidative stress, enzymatic activity, mechanical forces, and thermal or photic changes, to achieve controlled drug release, modulate cellular behavior, and reconstruct the local tissue milieu. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in various categories of smart hydrogels, including enzyme-responsive, reactive oxygen species-responsive, pH-responsive, thermo-/photo-responsive, mechanically responsive, and multi-responsive systems. Emphasis is placed on their mechanisms of action and their roles in immunomodulation, angiogenesis, osteogenesis, and microenvironment remodeling. Furthermore, the review highlights representative design innovations that integrate multi-stimuli sensitivity with intelligent feedback regulation, enhancing clinical adaptability and regenerative efficacy. Despite remarkable progress, challenges such as complex synthesis procedures, limited response precision, biosafety concerns, and translational standardization remain to be addressed. Future research directions are discussed, focusing on logical material design, interdisciplinary integration, and the development of next-generation hydrogels with immunoregulatory, self-adaptive, and programmable regenerative capabilities for clinical translation in bone repair.

### 1215. [Electrokinetics of Organic-Inorganic Composite Materials for Electrocatalysis and Energy Storage](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electrokinetics-of-organic-inorganic-composite-materials-for-electrocatalysis-and-energy-storage) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3994-9]
Electrokinetics, the study of charge transfer and mass transport under electric fields, is fundamental to advancing energy storage and electrocatalysis. Organic-inorganic composite materials synergistically combine the structural stability and conductivity of inorganic phases with the functional diversity of organic components, optimizing electrokinetic properties such as charge transfer, ionic mobility, and catalytic activity. This review systematically examines the intersection of electrokinetic phenomena and organic-inorganic composites, focusing on fundamental principles, design strategies, and performance optimization. Advanced materials including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), organic-carbon hybrids, and single-atom catalysts are highlighted, with applications spanning batteries, fuel cells, wearable devices, and electrocatalytic systems. Emphasis is placed on advanced in situ and operando characterization techniques that probe electrokinetic processes, revealing the interplay between structure, interface, and transport dynamics. By bridging electrokinetic theory and material design, this work provides a roadmap for developing next-generation materials for sustainable energy technologies. The review consolidates recent progress, identifies remaining challenges, and proposes future directions for leveraging electrokinetic principles to achieve high-efficiency, durable energy systems.

### 1216. [Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks: Design Strategies and Emerging Applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ionic-covalent-organic-frameworks-design-strategies-and-emerging-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3991-3]
Ionic covalent organic frameworks (ICOFs), as an emerging subclass of covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have garnered significant attention owing to their unique integration of structural precision and ionic functionality. Although conventional neutral COFs possess excellent crystallinity, tunable porosity, and high stability, their limited electronic tunability and poor charge-transport properties have constrained their performance in various applications. The incorporation of ionic sites into COF skeletons or pore environments effectively overcomes these intrinsic limitations. The presence of charged centres enhances framework polarity, modulates local electrostatic fields, and facilitates efficient ion migration and charge separation, thereby endowing ICOFs with superior functionality. As a result, ICOFs have demonstrated remarkable potential in diverse fields, including adsorption, sensing, ion conduction, energy devices, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis. This review provides an integrative perspective by systematically linking framework design, ionic site engineering, structure-property relationships, and functional performance in various applications, highlighting ICOFs distinct advantages over neutral COFs and providing fundamental insights for the rational design of next-generation ionic frameworks toward energy and environmental applications.

### 1217. [Construction of Multicolor Fluorescent Polymer Materials Based on a Single Fluorophore](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/construction-of-multicolor-fluorescent-polymer-materials-based-on-a-single-fluorophore) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4013-y]
Multicolor fluorescent polymer materials (MFPMs) are of significant value in biomaterials and display technologies due to their rich color palette. Traditional construction methods rely on incorporating multiple fluorescent molecules of different colors, which introduces complexities in structural design, synthesis, purification, and practical operability. To overcome these challenges, a strategy employing a single fluorophore that exhibits multiple fluorescent colors has been developed and integrated into MFPMs. This approach has advanced fields such as information anti-counterfeiting and optoelectronic materials. This review summarizes recent developments in MFPMs based on a single fluorescent molecule, elucidates preparation methods and color conversion mechanisms, and analyzes application prospects. Key mechanisms include aggregation-induced emission (AIE), excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT), which enable color tuning through environmental stimuli or assembly. The review highlights the potential of this strategy to simplify fabrication processes while achieving tunable emission colors. It provides guidance for designing novel multicolor fluorescent materials and fosters progress in fluorescent materials, polymer science, and materials science.

### 1218. [Source-Sink Spatial Mismatch Characteristics and Health Risks of Soil BTEX in a Decommissioned Industrial Site on a Coastal Plain](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/source-sink-spatial-mismatch-characteristics-and-health-risks-of-soil-btex-in-a-decommissioned-industrial-site) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608027]
The relocation of numerous industrial enterprises in China has left behind soil contamination, particularly by volatile organic compounds such as BTEX, whose migration and health risks are of great concern. Coastal plains, characterized by high groundwater tables and interbedded sedimentary strata, exhibit contaminant distribution and migration patterns distinct from inland regions. This study investigated a decommissioned resin plant site in the Yangtze River Delta coastal plain, systematically analyzing the spatial distribution, migration, and health risks of soil BTEX. Seven BTEX compounds were detected with detection rates ranging from 24.3% to 47.1%. Maximum concentrations of benzene, ethylbenzene, and m/p-xylene exceeded China's Class I construction land screening values. The contaminant plume was predominantly located in the southern product warehouse area, while the potential source was traced to the upstream wastewater treatment unit, indicating a 'source-sink' spatial mismatch. Vertically, contaminants exhibited a 'shallow-layer volatilization, middle-layer enrichment, and deep-layer retardation' pattern, with significant enrichment in silty clay at 3–6 m depth and sharp concentration declines in mucky clay. Membrane Interface Probe (MIP) multi-parameter detection revealed that benzene and toluene migrated as a whole, whereas chlorobenzene lagged due to strong adsorption. Benzene posed the most significant health risk, with carcinogenic risk up to 7.42×10⁻⁴ and non-carcinogenic hazard quotient up to 38.24, both exceeding acceptable levels. Inhalation of indoor air contaminated by vapor intrusion from underlying soil contributed over 87% of benzene's total risk, dominating the exposure pathway. This study elucidates the unique migration and risk formation mechanisms under high water table and interbedded strata, providing a scientific basis for precise investigation, risk assessment, and remediation of similar contaminated sites.

### 1219. [Emerging lignocellulose-based electromagnetic interference shielding materials towards multi-scenario applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/emerging-lignocellulose-based-electromagnetic-interference-shielding-materials-towards-multi-scenario-applicat) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3843-9]
Lignocellulose-based electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are gaining prominence across multiple sectors, driven by the growing EMI issues associated with rapid advances in communication technologies and electronic devices. These materials have demonstrated significant superiority over traditional EMI shielding solutions, which are often hampered by high cost and environmental concerns. This review emphasizes the excellent potential of lignocellulose as a cost-effective and flexible alternative to deliver the hierarchical structures and functional properties that qualify it for EMI shielding applications. The underlying EMI shielding mechanisms are then elucidated, with a focus on the benefits conferred by lignocellulose in such material systems. Furthermore, typical fabrication strategies for lignocellulose-based EMI shielding materials are comprehensively summarized, along with a discussion of their emerging applications in diverse scenarios. Finally, the challenges encountered in developing lignocellulose-based EMI shielding materials and their significant prospects for future boosting high-performance design and application are also outlined. The insights presented herein are expected to promote the development of efficient and green lignocellulose-based EMI shielding materials that meet the evolving demands of modern society.

### 1220. [Emerging Trends of g-C3N4-Based Photocatalysts from 2020 to 2025](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/emerging-trends-of-g-c3n4-based-photocatalysts-from-2020-to-2025) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4055-6]
The global pursuit of clean energy and environmental remediation has intensified research into solar-driven photocatalysis, with g-C3N4 emerging as a leading metal-free polymer semiconductor. Between 2020 and 2025, significant advances have been achieved in overcoming the inherent limitations of pristine g-C3N4, such as restricted light absorption (wavelengths <460 nm), rapid charge recombination, and insufficient active sites, through sophisticated modification strategies. This period has witnessed the refined development of elemental doping, defect engineering, heterostructure construction, and cocatalyst loading, each playing a critical role in enhancing optical properties, charge separation efficiency, and surface reactivity. Contemporary research increasingly focuses on band structure precision engineering, interfacial charge transfer pathways, and defect-mediated catalytic mechanisms. These developments are underpinned by advanced characterization techniques, including X-ray absorption spectroscopy, in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance. Looking forward, emerging trends such as AI-guided material design, atomic-scale defect control, and operando analysis are shaping the next generation of high-efficiency g-C3N4 photocatalysts, offering a promising outlook for their application in sustainable energy conversion and environmental remediation.

### 1221. [A review on graphene-reinforced titanium matrix composites](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-review-on-graphene-reinforced-titanium-matrix-composites) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4075-1]
Titanium alloys, such as Ti-6Al-4V (TC4), are indispensable in aerospace, biomedical, and advanced manufacturing due to their high specific strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, their inherent strength-ductility trade-off and limited stiffness hinder next-generation lightweight structural applications. Traditional ceramic reinforcements (TiC, TiB2, SiC) improve strength but introduce brittleness and interfacial incompatibility, degrading plasticity and fatigue resistance. Graphene, with theoretical strength ~130 GPa and Young's modulus ~1 TPa, offers a promising two-dimensional reinforcement. This review systematically examines graphene-reinforced titanium matrix composites (TMCs), focusing on the intrinsic relationship between preparation, microstructure, and properties. Key preparation routes include powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing, with challenges in achieving uniform dispersion and controlling interfacial reactions. Recent studies demonstrate that surface modification and process optimization can form an ideal interface structure comprising a nano-TiC layer and residual graphene. Even at low graphene additions, synergistic strengthening mechanisms—load transfer, fine-grain strengthening, and Orowan dislocation bypass—significantly enhance strength, hardness, and wear resistance while preserving ductility. This review consolidates critical theoretical and experimental findings, offering guidance to overcome technological bottlenecks and promote engineering applications of graphene-reinforced TMCs.

### 1222. [Microneedles with therapeutic gas: integrating drug propulsion and intrinsic bioactivity](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/microneedles-with-therapeutic-gas-integrating-drug-propulsion-and-intrinsic-bioactivity) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4027-0]
Microneedle (MN)-based transdermal delivery systems enhance skin permeability by creating microscale conduits through the stratum corneum, enabling controlled and sustained release of therapeutics. Nevertheless, conventional MN designs predominantly rely on passive diffusion, resulting in shallow drug penetration depth and limited spatial distribution range, which significantly restricts their therapeutic efficacy in complex biological environments. Emerging advancements have integrated gas therapy into MN platforms to overcome these limitations. The released therapeutic gases facilitate deeper drug penetration via propulsion and also exhibit inherent bioactivity, contributing to synergistic treatment outcomes. This review summarizes the mechanisms, design strategies, and applications of gas-releasing MN systems, while highlighting key scientific and translational challenges, including the precise regulation of gas release, the development of multi-gas synergistic systems, the extension to deep-tissue therapy, and the assurance of biosafety. Future directions emphasize the construction of intelligent, stimuli-responsive MNs, the integration of interdisciplinary technologies to enhance delivery depth, and the establishment of standardized, scalable manufacturing frameworks. Collectively, this work aims to advance gas-releasing MN technology toward precise, efficient, and controllable therapeutic applications, bridging the gap between laboratory research and clinical translation.

### 1223. [Interface Reaction Inhibition in Phosphor-in-Silica Glass for High-Performance Laser Illumination](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/interface-reaction-inhibition-in-phosphor-in-silica-glass-for-high-performance-laser-illumination) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3969-9]
Phosphor-in-glass (PiG) materials are promising color converters for high-power laser illumination, yet suppressing interfacial reactions between phosphor and glass matrix at elevated sintering temperatures remains a critical challenge. Here, we report a Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ (YAG:Ce) phosphor-in-silica glass (PiSG) with high SiO2 content (>85 wt%) fabricated via a Cs2CO3 flux. Incorporation of Cs2O significantly inhibits SiO2-YAG:Ce reactions, preserving internal quantum efficiency (IQE) at 97.7% of pure YAG:Ce, and achieving 88.3% IQE even after calcination at 1400°C for 2 h. In contrast, smaller alkali ions (Li+, Na+) accelerate YAG:Ce decomposition. Mechanistic studies reveal that Cs+ with large ionic radius and weak interaction with oxygen suppresses non-bridging oxygen (NBO) formation, promoting a complete silica network that limits alkali ion diffusion. Leveraging the mixed alkali effect (10% Li2O + 5% Cs2O), the PiSG exhibits enhanced hydrothermal stability, withstanding 200°C treatment for 10 h. A PiG film-sapphire device delivers 3080 lm luminous flux and 213 lm W−1 efficiency under blue laser excitation. These findings establish YAG:Ce-PiSG as a highly promising color-conversion material for high-performance laser illumination.

### 1224. [Nitrogen Mineralization Effects of Bacillus subtilis Combined with Straw Biochar in Dryland Soil](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nitrogen-mineralization-effects-of-bacillus-subtilis-combined-with-straw-biochar-in-dryland-soil) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608026]
Biochar and microbial inoculants are widely used for agricultural soil amendment. To investigate the effects of different straw biochars and Bacillus subtilis inoculant, applied individually or combined, on nitrogen transformation in dryland soil, a 60-day laboratory incubation experiment was conducted with six treatments: control (CK), 4% rice straw biochar (S), 4% rapeseed straw biochar (Y), 4% rice straw biochar plus 5 mg/kg inoculant (SJ), 4% rapeseed straw biochar plus 5 mg/kg inoculant (YJ), and inoculant alone (J). Results showed that rice straw biochar significantly increased soil nitrate nitrogen content by 148.74%–152.68% compared to CK, enhancing nitrification. Combined application with inoculant further increased average net nitrogen mineralization rate by 77.28%–99.38%. Conversely, rapeseed straw biochar decreased nitrate nitrogen by 51.66%–57.61%, and combined application reduced net nitrogen mineralization rate by 82.07%–84.73%. Treatments S, Y, SJ, and YJ promoted microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) synthesis, with S and Y increasing MBN by 2.02- and 2.20-fold over CK, respectively. Combined treatments further increased MBN by 103.26%–149.44% relative to single biochar treatments. These findings indicate that biochar type governs nitrification and net nitrogen mineralization, while combined application exerts synergistic effects on MBN. For comprehensive dryland soil improvement, YJ treatment is optimal, reducing inorganic nitrogen loss risk and enhancing microbial nitrogen activity.

### 1225. [Adsorption of VOCs by Molecular Sieves in Shipboard Operations: Water Competition Effect and Pore Size Matching Mechanism](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/adsorption-of-vocs-by-molecular-sieves-in-shipboard-operations-water-competition-effect-and-pore-size-matching) [DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202608028]
Ship loading operations emit multi-component volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with complex composition, including methanol, dichloromethane, trichloroethylene, p-xylene, acrylonitrile, benzene, and acetonitrile. Under high-humidity marine conditions, treatment is challenging. This study systematically screened three molecular sieves with distinct pore sizes—ZSM-5, β-type, and HY—for selective adsorption of these seven VOCs at moisture contents of 0%, 2.5%, and 5%. Competitive adsorption in acrylonitrile/p-xylene mixtures was examined on ZSM-5-all-silica and HY-100. Results showed: (1) saturated adsorption capacity decreased with increasing moisture content, confirming water-VOC competition; higher Si/Al ratios enhanced hydrophobicity, with all-silica ZSM-5 exhibiting superior water resistance. (2) Selective adsorption followed pore size matching: ZSM-5 (0.54–0.56 nm) suited C1–C3 small molecules (10–50 mg/g); β-type (1.1–1.2 nm) showed best universality for C3–C6; HY (2.16–2.76 nm) favored C8 molecules like p-xylene (100–120 mg/g). (3) Optimizing molecular sieve proportion and layered arrangement balanced adsorption capacities across components, significantly prolonging breakthrough time. The optimal configuration placed ZSM-5 in the upper layer and HY in the lower layer. Molecular sieves also exhibited good thermal stability and regenerability. This study provides technical support for efficient treatment of multi-component VOCs from ship loading operations.

### 1226. [Improving Average Electron Population in Quantum-Dot Emissive Layer via Core-Shell ZnO@ZnMgO Nanoparticles for QLEDs with Efficiency Exceeding 30%](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/improving-average-electron-population-in-quantum-dot-emissive-layer-via-core-shell-znoznmgo-nanoparticles-for) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4063-2]
Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) are emerging as a leader in next-generation display technology. In principle, the efficiency of QLEDs is highly reliant on the radiative recombination rate of injected electrons and holes in the QD emissive layer. Within a solitary light-emitting cycle, a pre-negative-charged QD bursts into a fleeting sparkle upon encountering a hole, much like a lighted piston within a roaring engine. More pistons bring higher horsepower. The challenge of achieving highly efficient QLED lies in how to increase the number of pre-negatively charged QDs. To address these limitations, we developed a ZnO@ZnMgO core-shell nanoparticle (NP)-based electron transport layer (ETL). This design synergistically combines the high conductivity of ZnO core and the low defect density of the ZnMgO shell. Measured by electron-excited transient absorption, the average electron population (<N_e>) in the emissive layer for ZnO@ZnMgO and ZnMgO-based QLEDs was 0.61 and 0.33 at 4 V, respectively, which greatly increases the carrier recombination efficiency. As a result, green QLEDs achieve a peak EQE of 30.66%, maximum luminance of 1,615,039.85 cd/m2, and a low turn-on voltage of approximately 2 V. The T95 operational lifetime exceeded 29,000 h at 1,000 cd/m2. Currently, all parameters are at the top level within the QLED region.

### 1227. [Solvent-Hydrolysis-Driven Engineering of Ordered Single Quantum Well 2D Perovskites](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/solvent-hydrolysis-driven-engineering-of-ordered-single-quantum-well-2d-perovskites) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3977-8]
Single quantum well (single-QW) two-dimensional (2D) perovskites are poised to revolutionize optoelectronic devices owing to their superior stability and optoelectronic properties. However, solution-processed 2D perovskites typically suffer from disordered multiple-QW structures, leading to inconsistent device performance. Here, we introduce a solvent-hydrolysis-driven method to control crystallization kinetics, yielding highly ordered single-QW 2D perovskite films. Dimethylamine (DMA), generated from the hydrolysis of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), serves as a critical mediator, preventing cluster aggregation and ensuring a uniform colloidal distribution. This approach circumvents the formation of a heterogeneous intermediate phase, thereby promoting the formation of a homogeneous (DMA,MA)PbI3 phase, which is essential for single-QW film development. The resultant photodetector exhibits outstanding performance, with a responsivity of 1153 mA/W and a detectivity of 6.98 × 10^12 Jones, along with excellent photostability under ambient conditions. These attributes render it ideal for photoelectric imaging sensors and large-scale integration. Our findings establish a scalable, solution-processed strategy for high-performance 2D perovskite materials, opening new avenues for advanced optoelectronic applications.

### 1228. [Active Site Concentration Steers the Reaction Pathway of CO2 Electroreduction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/active-site-concentration-steers-the-reaction-pathway-of-co2-electroreduction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4034-3]
The local concentration and configuration of active sites critically influence the selectivity of CO2 electroreduction, yet constructing well-defined structures to probe this relationship remains challenging. Here, we report a molten salt-assisted strategy to synthesize Ce-Ov-Cu cascade catalysts with tunable configurations and relative concentrations of Cu and Ce-Ov sites. Two distinct geometries were engineered: one with dense Cu sites surrounding Ce-Ov (Cu10CeOx) and another with isolated Cu centers encapsulated by Ce-Ov (CuCe10Ox). These configurations direct key intermediates (*CHO or *COH) toward either C-C coupling or deep hydrogenation, thereby switching product selectivity. CuCe10Ox achieves a CH4 Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 61.7% at -1.6 V vs. RHE, whereas Cu10CeOx favors C2 production with a maximum FE of 61.5% at -1.4 V vs. RHE. Mechanistic studies reveal that locally concentrated Cu sites exhibit strong *CO2 binding affinity, enhancing *CO surface coverage and facilitating *CO-*COH coupling. In contrast, Ce-Ov-rich regions with isolated copper centers supply abundant *H, promoting deep protonation of *CHO toward CH4. This work provides insights into catalyst design, demonstrating that manipulating structural chemistry can guide CO2RR toward targeted products.

### 1229. [Poison-proofing platinum nanocatalysts with nitrogen for industrial-scale seawater splitting](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/poison-proofing-platinum-nanocatalysts-with-nitrogen-for-industrial-scale-seawater-splitting) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4065-6]
Industrial-scale hydrogen production from seawater is a paramount goal for a sustainable energy future, yet it is severely hampered by the rapid deactivation of electrocatalysts under harsh operating conditions. Here, we introduce a robust self-supporting aerogel catalyst designed to address the two intertwined challenges of activity and stability in high-current-density seawater electrolysis. Our strategy involves creating strong metal-support interactions by anchoring ultrasmall platinum nanoparticles onto a porous N-doped carbon aerogel (Pt@N/CFP). Theoretical calculations reveal that this unique Pt-N interface serves a dual critical function: it not only lowers the kinetic barrier for water dissociation but also creates an electronic shield that effectively prevents chloride ion poisoning of the Pt active sites. When implemented as the cathode in a practical anion-exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer, the Pt@N/CFP catalyst demonstrates exceptional performance, achieving a low cell voltage of 1.688 V at an industrial-grade current density of 1000 mA cm−2 and maintaining outstanding stability for over 300 h. This work provides guidance for creating exceptionally durable catalysts capable of withstanding extreme electrochemical environments.

### 1230. [Highly Robust Anode Interlayer for Water-Proof and Stretchable Organic Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/highly-robust-anode-interlayer-for-water-proof-and-stretchable-organic-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4060-5]
Organic solar cells (OSCs) offer unique advantages for wearable electronics due to their light weight and mechanical flexibility. However, achieving both high optoelectronic performance and mechanical robustness in organic semiconductors remains challenging, compromising the efficiency and durability of stretchable OSCs. Here, we report a cross-linked conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE)-polyoxometalate (POM) anode interlayer (AIL), PTN-POM, constructed via strong electrostatic interactions between ammonium groups and POM. The PTN-POM film exhibits an electrical conductivity of 3.30×10−3 S/m and high stretchability, significantly outperforming the classic PEDOT:PSS AIL in mechanical strength. Binary OSCs modified with PTN-POM achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.59%, the highest reported for OSCs using a cross-linked AIL. Notably, PTN-POM enables fabrication of water-proof OSCs that show no performance degradation after underwater storage for 42 days. Furthermore, stretchable OSCs incorporating PTN-POM demonstrate enhanced mechanical robustness, retaining 81% of initial PCE under a large tensile strain of 50%. This work significantly enhances the photovoltaic, waterproof, and mechanical properties of OSCs, advancing their potential for wearable photovoltaics.

### 1231. [Ultrafast dual-pathway room-temperature synthesis of 0D inorganic metal halides K3SbCl6 with near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ultrafast-dual-pathway-room-temperature-synthesis-of-0d-inorganic-metal-halides-k3sbcl6-with-near-unity-photol) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4084-1]
Alkali metal halides such as KCl are typical insulators with broad bandgaps, exhibiting poor luminescence. Ion doping can enhance their luminescence, but the mechanism of ultrafast diffusion and structural evolution remains unclear. Here, Sb3+ was doped into a KCl matrix via a room-temperature grinding route. Varying Sb3+ concentration induces a structural evolution from KCl:Sb3+ to 0D inorganic metal halides (IMHs) K3SbCl6. The resulting K3SbCl6 exhibits broad-spectrum yellow emission with near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). The luminescence mechanism is attributed to the 3P1→1S0 transition of Sb3+ ions. Furthermore, a room-temperature solid-liquid interface diffusion method enables ultrafast single-crystal growth of K3SbCl6 in only 20 seconds, with stable luminescence. The material demonstrates excellent temperature sensing performance in the 50–310 K range, achieving a maximum relative sensitivity of 9.99%/K. Additionally, K3SbCl6 shows application potential in information encryption, flexible composite fluorescent films, and white light-emitting diodes. This study provides new insights into ultrafast synthesis of high-performance luminescent materials.

### 1232. [Toward efficient and stable lithium storage: molten salt electrolysis-constructed amorphous Si-dominant anodes with synergistic interfaces](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/toward-efficient-and-stable-lithium-storage-molten-salt-electrolysis-constructed-amorphous-si-dominant-anodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3951-4]
Silicon anodes offer an ultrahigh theoretical capacity (4200 mAh g−1) but suffer from >300% volumetric expansion during cycling and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, leading to rapid capacity fading. Here, we design a hierarchical composite p-cSi@aSi@MgSiN2@C featuring a porous crystalline-amorphous silicon core (p-cSi@aSi), an in-situ MgSiN2 transition layer, and an outer nitrogen-doped carbon shell. The 3D interconnected pores accommodate volume expansion, while amorphous silicon enables isotropic lithiation-induced strain, eliminating crystalline phase transition barriers. The MgSiN2 layer transforms into a tough Li3N-rich SEI with ultra-fast ion channels, and the carbon shell provides mechanical confinement and electronic conductivity. This synergistic interface engineering achieves an initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 81.4%, a charge transfer resistance of 16.4 Ω after 200 cycles (64% reduction), and a Li+ diffusion coefficient of 1.72×10−11 cm2 s−1. The anode delivers 1719.3 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C after 200 cycles and 823.8 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C after 500 cycles. The molten salt electrolysis synthesis achieves a current efficiency of 68.12% and specific energy consumption of 12.76 kWh kg−1, with an estimated electricity cost of 1154.69 USD ton−1, only 20% of commercial Si/C anodes. This work resolves the ICE-cycle life trade-off and provides a scalable, cost-effective approach for next-generation high-energy batteries.

### 1233. [Dual-Defect Engineering in Halide Nanocrystals Enables Synergistic Photochromism and Persistent Luminescence for X-Ray Colorimetric Imaging and Dynamic Anti-Counterfeiting](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dual-defect-engineering-in-halide-nanocrystals-enables-synergistic-photochromism-and-persistent-luminescence-f) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3999-x]
The integration of photochromism (PhCh) and persistent luminescence (PersL) into a single material remains a formidable challenge due to the complex role of defects in modulating optical properties. Here, we employ structurally simple CsX (X = Cl, Br) nanocrystals (NCs) as a model system to elucidate the relationship between defects and optical behaviors. We demonstrate that CsX NCs accommodate two distinct types of chlorine vacancy defects upon X-ray irradiation: intrinsic vacancies from synthesis and X-ray-induced vacancies. This dual-defect engineering enables reversible blue coloration under X-ray irradiation (20–70 kV), attributed to recoverable chlorine vacancies that are rapidly eliminated by visible light within 30 s. The photochromic behavior exhibits excellent cycling stability with a color difference (ΔRL1) of 56.9% and a recovery rate (ΔRL2) of 98.1%. Furthermore, Br− incorporation deepens the energy level of intrinsic chlorine vacancies from 0.47–0.71 eV to 0.83 eV, resulting in intense persistent luminescence lasting over 30 minutes. These dual-mode PhCh–PersL characteristics position CsX NCs as promising candidates for X-ray colorimetric imaging and dynamic anti-counterfeiting applications. Our findings establish a defect-oriented design principle extendable to other halide systems, advancing the development of multifunctional photonic materials.

### 1234. [Pore-Engineering of Single-Site Ti(IV) Embedded Zr-MOFs for Enhanced Catalytic Hydroboration of Large-Size Carbonyl Substrates](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pore-engineering-of-single-site-tiiv-embedded-zr-mofs-for-enhanced-catalytic-hydroboration-of-large-size-carbo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3995-6]
The deployment of single-site metal catalytic nodes into zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) offers vast advantages in catalytic recyclability, product separation, and mechanistic analysis, underscoring their paramount significance in heterogeneous catalysis. Nonetheless, their occupation within pores/channels usually diminishes mass transfer and catalytic efficiency during reactions such as the hydroboration of carbonyl compounds, especially for bulkier substrates. To address this issue, three microporous single-site Ti(IV) embedded Zr-MOFs with sequentially extended ligand arms are novelly synthesized to enable precise pore modulation ranging from 9.04, 10.12, to 11.18 Å. The catalytic performance is investigated using eight carbonyl compounds of varying sizes and four additional larger-scale substrates, which demonstrates that the catalytic efficiency is increased through pore size regulation, yet still away from optimal catalytic performance. Then a further strategy was shifted to the linker installation of linear dicarboxylate ligands chelated single-site Ti(IV) within coordination-unsaturated windows of mesoporous Zr-MOFs, and the result elucidates that the obtained catalyst exhibits superior catalytic efficiency (all exceeding 90%) while preserving the inherent mesoporosity of Zr-MOFs with a pore size of approximately 21.73 Å. We believe this research provides critical guidance for future research on structural design and catalytic optimization of MOFs, opening new avenues in heterogeneous catalysis.

### 1235. [Manipulating Large Luminescent Shift from Red to Near-Infrared by Pressure via Charge-Transfer States in Covalent Organic Frameworks](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/manipulating-large-luminescent-shift-from-red-to-near-infrared-by-pressure-via-charge-transfer-states-in-coval) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4158-6]
Near-infrared piezochromic materials exhibiting luminescence responses are critical for mechanical sensors and storage devices. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as crystalline porous materials, combine structural adaptability with tunable photophysical properties, yet their piezochromic applications remain underexplored. Here, we report a series of donor-acceptor structured two-dimensional COFs (2D COFs) with bright red emission, all showing pronounced red-shifts spanning red to near-infrared regions. Notably, Py-BO-COF exhibits the largest piezochromic shift of 187 nm with a high sensitivity of 44.52 nm GPa−1, significantly surpassing Py-BT-COF, TPE-BO-COF, and most reported COF/MOF systems. Py-BO-COF also demonstrates fully reversible and repeatable emission switching over multiple cycles, maintaining excellent linearity without degradation. In situ spectroscopic analyses and theoretical simulations reveal that variations in piezochromic rates arise from differences in charge-transfer (CT) processes, while the pronounced red-shift in Py-BO-COF is associated with reduced interlayer distance and enhanced coplanarity. This study systematically establishes the structure-property relationship in piezochromic 2D COFs, offering strategic guidance for designing highly sensitive and reversible pressure-responsive materials, thereby advancing smart piezochromic systems.

### 1236. [Cross-relaxation engineering in Sb3+-sensitized Cs2NaLuCl6:Er3+ double perovskites enabling a record 45.3% EQE in NIR-II luminescence](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cross-relaxation-engineering-in-sb3-sensitized-cs2nalucl6er3-double-perovskites-enabling-a-record-453-eqe-in-n) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4021-5]
Lead-free halide double perovskites have attracted significant attention owing to their eco-friendliness, structural tunability, and self-trapped exciton emission. Nevertheless, achieving efficient and stable near-infrared-II (NIR-II) luminescence, especially in materials incorporating lanthanide ions, remains a considerable challenge in photonics research. Herein, we report a notable advance in the design and synthesis of Sb3+-sensitized Cs2NaLuCl6:Er3+ double perovskite single crystals, which exhibit an unprecedented external quantum efficiency of 45.3% for emission at 1542 nm. Sb3+ acts as a broadband ultraviolet absorber and transfers energy to Er3+ via self-trapped exciton emission. Moreover, at high concentrations of Er3+, Er3+-Er3+ cross relaxation (2H11/2 + 4I15/2 → 4I9/2 + 4I13/2) selectively populates the NIR-emitting 4I13/2 state, suppressing competitive visible emission pathways. This synergistic host-sensitizer-activator design strategy, supported by density functional theory calculations, addresses long-standing efficiency limitations and opens new avenues for high-performance NIR-II emitters in bioimaging, night vision, and optical communications.

### 1237. [Tuning interfacial water supply and electron transfer enables industrial-scale alkaline hydrogen evolution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/tuning-interfacial-water-supply-and-electron-transfer-enables-industrial-scale-alkaline-hydrogen-evolution) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4036-4]
Alkaline water electrolysis is a pivotal technology for large-scale green hydrogen production, yet its efficiency is constrained by sluggish hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics at industrial current densities. Here, we propose a synergistic dual-doping strategy to lower kinetic barriers for both Volmer and Heyrovsky steps. A robust amorphous NiCoV nanosheet electrode was synthesized via scalable one-step electrodeposition. In situ spectroscopic and kinetic characterizations reveal that hydrophilic V species optimize interfacial water by disrupting the hydrogen bond network, ensuring rapid supply of free water at the inner Helmholtz plane. Co dopants modulate electronic structure to facilitate electron transfer and optimize intermediate adsorption energetics. The NiCoV electrode requires an ultralow overpotential of 253 mV at -400 mA cm−2, surpassing most Pt-based catalysts, and maintains stability for over 200 h. Industrial validation in a scaled-up electrolyzer demonstrates a cell voltage of 1.89 V at 400 mA cm−2, achieving energy savings of 0.12 kWh m−3 H2 compared to commercial benchmarks. This translates to annual electricity savings of 1.33 × 10^6 kWh for a medium-scale demonstration project, highlighting immense potential for sustainable industrial applications.

### 1238. [Trace Sulfur Pre-Doped Bismuth Electrocatalysts for Stable and Efficient CO2 Reduction to Formate](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/trace-sulfur-pre-doped-bismuth-electrocatalysts-for-stable-and-efficient-co2-reduction-to-formate) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4035-5]
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to formate offers a promising pathway for storing renewable electricity in chemical fuels and enabling carbon recycling. The development of efficient and stable catalysts for this specific pathway, however, remains a central challenge. Heteroatom doping can significantly tune the interaction between active sites and key intermediates, boosting catalytic performance. Conventional doping in Bi-based catalysts often relies on uncontrollable in-situ electrochemical processes, leading to ineffective bulk incorporation. Here, we present a simple pre-doping strategy that enables precise doping at surface active sites, thereby enhancing electrochemical performance. The resulting catalyst achieves >95% Faradaic efficiency for formate across 100–500 mA cm−2 in a flow cell and maintains >95% efficiency for over 70 h at 100 mA cm−2 in a membrane electrode assembly, outperforming pure Bi and Bi2S3. A solar-driven system further demonstrates a 4.4% solar-to-formate conversion efficiency. Mechanistic studies reveal that sulfur doping increases electron density, stabilizes the key *OCHO intermediate, and suppresses hydrogen evolution. These findings provide valuable insights into the precise pre-doping modulation of surface active sites for designing highly efficient and stable CO2RR catalysts.

### 1239. [Atomic-Level Chelation Engineered Ni-Salicylate MOFs with Hierarchical Nanobelt Assemblies for Selective Glucose Electrooxidation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/atomic-level-chelation-engineered-ni-salicylate-mofs-with-hierarchical-nanobelt-assemblies-for-selective-gluco) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3987-x]
A hierarchically porous nickel salicylate (Ni-SA) metal-organic framework (MOF) was constructed via a salicylate coordination strategy to precisely modulate the microenvironment of nickel active sites for efficient electrocatalytic glucose oxidation. The ortho-hydroxy-carboxylate chelation directs atomic-level organization of Ni2+ sites within nanobelt assemblies, maximizing active site accessibility. Robust Ni–O coordination stabilizes Ni3+ intermediates during C–H bond cleavage, leading to remarkable catalytic stability. The optimized Ni-SA-2 catalyst achieved a high sensitivity of 5.97 mA mM−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 0.71 μM (S/N = 3), with 85.4% current retention after 8 h continuous operation. This design paradigm demonstrates universal applicability, as evidenced by successful extension to isostructural M-SA analogs (M = Co, Fe, Cr, Mn) under identical synthetic conditions, establishing metal-salicylate frameworks as a versatile electrocatalyst platform.

### 1240. [Boosting oxygen evolution through asymmetric CoIII–O–MoV motif-modulated spinel active sites](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/boosting-oxygen-evolution-through-asymmetric-coiiiomov-motif-modulated-spinel-active-sites) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4004-3]
The development of efficient and stable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is critical for clean energy technologies, yet conventional cobalt-based spinel catalysts often suffer from insufficient activity and structural instability under operating conditions. To address these challenges, this study proposes and constructs a cation-ordered spinel-like catalyst (HVI Metal-CoMoO4/NF). The unique crystalline framework induces significant Jahn-Teller distortion and pre-stabilizes a Co2+/Co3+ mixed-valence state at the cobalt active centers via asymmetric Co–O–Mo bridges, effectively optimizing bulk charge transport. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that its performance significantly surpasses that of benchmark materials, requiring only an overpotential of 307 mV to drive a current density of 100 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH, with a Tafel slope of 63.13 mV dec−1, maintaining stable operation for over 320 h at high current density. Crucially, our structural and in situ characterization results clearly reveal a stable and well-crystallized reconstruction behavior from the surface into the bulk of the spinel-like pre-catalyst during the OER. This work fundamentally addresses the challenges of disordered reconstruction and unstable active phases in traditional spinel catalysts, providing a paradigm for regulating the dynamic evolution of electrocatalysts through precise structural design.

### 1241. [Integrated ionic-electronic LATP@C nanofiber networks enable 100 mg cm−2 dry-processed Ni-rich cathodes for lithium-metal batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/integrated-ionic-electronic-latpc-nanofiber-networks-enable-100-mg-cm2-dry-processed-ni-rich-cathodes-for-lith) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3960-0]
Dry electrode processing offers a solvent-free and scalable pathway toward high-energy lithium metal batteries (LMBs), yet its practical implementation is constrained by tortuous ion/electron transport and weak mechanical cohesion in ultra-thick electrodes. Here, we construct a carbon-coated NASICON-type Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 nanofiber network (LATP@C) that serves as an integrated ionic-electronic scaffold within dry-processed Ni-rich cathodes. The one-dimensional LATP@C fibers form a continuous 3D percolation architecture that couples fast Li+ conduction from the NASICON core with efficient electron transport through the conformal carbon shell. Their rough, oxygen-functionalized surfaces further enhance electrolyte affinity, while the mechanically robust fibrous network bridges NCM811 secondary particles, suppressing crack initiation and preserving structural integrity during cycling. Benefiting from these collective effects, the LATP@C cathode with 100 mg cm−2 loading delivers 203 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C and maintains 96.7% capacity over 35 cycles at 0.2 C. Pouch cells incorporating 60 mg cm−2 LATP@C cathodes retain 80.5% capacity after 50 cycles, highlighting the practical viability of this design.

### 1242. [Amphitropic Ion Pairs Induce a Heterostructured Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Solid-State Lithium Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/amphitropic-ion-pairs-induce-a-heterostructured-solid-electrolyte-interphase-in-solid-state-lithium-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4116-0]
The design of solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs) for poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based solid-state batteries has largely focused on solvent-affinity of Li+ to generate robust but ionically sluggish LiF-rich layers, inherently compromising transport kinetics. Here, we establish a paradigm based on quantifiable physicochemical descriptors (ionic potential and donor number) to guide the design of amphitropic ion pairs (AIPs). These AIPs are engineered to simultaneously tailor both the solvent-affinity and anion-affinity of Li+: a solvent-philic cation with high ionic potential (Al3+) first sequesters reactive solvents, clearing the path for a high-donor-number, lithium-philic anion (NO3−) to remodel solvation. This rationally guided, sequential mechanism enables the in situ synthesis of a LiF/Li3N heterostructured SEI, where dendrite-suppressing LiF domains are seamlessly integrated with ultra-fast Li3N ion channels. This design heterogeneity effectively enhances stability and kinetics, yielding a robust and highly conductive interface. Consequently, Li|Li cells achieve >2000 h of stable cycling, and Li|LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 full cells surpass 600 cycles.

### 1243. [Pressure-Driven Laser-Induced Graphene: Transient Pressure-Enhanced Structural Ordering via Femtosecond Laser Irradiation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pressure-driven-laser-induced-graphene-transient-pressure-enhanced-structural-ordering-via-femtosecond-laser-i) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4014-3]
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) methods, including photothermal and photochemical approaches, are promising for flexible electronics yet face distinct limitations. Photothermal methods often produce graphene with uncontrolled structural and functional properties, while photochemical methods are restricted to a narrow range of precursors. To address these limitations, we propose a pressure-driven LIG (P-LIG) method that uses transient laser-generated pressure fields as an additional control parameter to improve graphene quality. An integrated framework combining ultrafast pump–probe interferometric imaging, large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) was developed to investigate this approach. Time-resolved measurements reveal the generation of transient pressure fields during femtosecond laser irradiation of polyimide films, confirming pressure as an intrinsic feature of the process. MD simulations under controlled pressure conditions demonstrate that pressure promotes the nucleation and stacking of graphene layers, resulting in more continuous and planar graphitic networks. XAI analysis quantitatively identifies the important contributions of pressure. These results confirm that the transient pressure introduced by the P-LIG method plays a key role in promoting more ordered, continuous, and planar graphene networks, and enhancing structural integrity and material quality beyond traditional methods. This provides a practical pathway for improving the performance and reliability of LIG-based flexible electronic devices.

### 1244. [Ambient-Pressure-Dried Aramid Aerogel Fibers with Carbon Nanotube Crosslinking for Integrated Thermal Insulation and Solar Heating Abilities](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ambient-pressure-dried-aramid-aerogel-fibers-with-carbon-nanotube-crosslinking-for-integrated-thermal-insulati) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4124-x]
Aerogel fibers, featuring distinct porous architecture and fiber flexibility, have emerged as leading materials for personal thermal protection; however, complex drying processes and singular thermal insulation mechanisms limit their use in complex environments. Here, aramid nanofiber/carbon nanotube (ANF/CNT) aerogel fibers integrating passive thermal insulation and active solar heating were fabricated via wet-spinning and ambient-pressure drying (APD). The incorporation of CNT and Ca2+ generates abundant physical and chemical crosslinking points, strengthening the nanofiber network skeleton and reducing structural collapse during APD to only 8.9% shrinkage. The resulting ANF/CNT aerogel textiles exhibit low thermal conductivity of 33.8–40.4 mW/(m K) and thermal insulation capability from −196 to 400 °C. The photothermal effect of CNT enables active solar heating, effectively supplementing passive insulation and allowing survival in extremely cold environments. In real tests, the synergistic effect improved skin temperature by up to 5.9 °C, significantly higher than 1.6 °C from passive insulation alone. These ANF/CNT aerogel fibers combine flexibility, mechanical strength, and flame retardancy, demonstrating promising potential for smart, controllable personal thermal management applications.

### 1245. [Interface-Engineered Transparent and Mechanochromic Non-Close-Packed Photonic Crystals](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/interface-engineered-transparent-and-mechanochromic-non-close-packed-photonic-crystals) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4015-5]
Mechanochromic photonic crystals are promising for smart optical materials due to their tunable photonic stop band. Here, we report interface-engineered transparent and mechanochromic non-close-packed photonic crystals (NPCs) by incorporating polystyrene@vinyl-modified SiO2 (PS@V-SiO2) nanospheres (n_PS=1.59, n_V-SiO2=1.46) into a photocurable phenoxypolyethylene glycol acrylate (PEGPEA) matrix (n_PEGPEA=1.52). The nanospheres formed solvation-mediated liquid NPCs in the precursor. Ultraviolet (UV) curing promoted copolymerization between surface C=C bonds of nanospheres and the matrix, which reduced interfacial scattering and enabled highly transparent NPC films. Meanwhile, non-uniform polymer shrinkage led to variations in the ordering of nanospheres, especially in structures with a low volume fraction (φ ≤ 0.23). Under external strain (ε: 0–64%), the film exhibited a dynamic color response. Initially, stretching enhanced the ordering of the nanospheres and the reflection intensity of NPCs, thereby activating the structural color. Further deformation, however, introduced defects and reduced the reflectivity. A blue shift of ~213 nm was achieved in an NPC (φ = 0.23) fabricated by 170 nm of PS@V-SiO2 nanospheres, accompanied by a color gradient from red to blue. Comparisons across SiO2–poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, n_PEGDA=1.45), SiO2–PEGPEA, and PS@V-SiO2–PEGDA NPC systems highlighted the key role of interfacial scattering, which is affected by the synergistic effects of interfacial covalent polymerization, refractive index matching between the elastomer matrix and nanospheres, and the crosslinking density. This work demonstrates spectrally tunable mechanochromism via size control and patterned anti-counterfeiting labels, thereby providing insights for designing advanced anti-counterfeiting materials applicable in flexible electronics and displays.

### 1246. [Achieving 19.41% Efficiency in Thickness-Insensitive All-Polymer Solar Cells via Interface Modifier-Mediated Morphological Modulation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/achieving-1941-efficiency-in-thickness-insensitive-all-polymer-solar-cells-via-interface-modifier-mediated-mor) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4032-x]
This study introduces a dual-compatibility third component as an interfacial modifier to precisely regulate the active layer morphology of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (BHJ-OSCs). This approach successfully suppresses excessive phase separation, significantly enhancing the performance of thick-film devices. The interface-styling strategy enhances donor–acceptor interactions, optimizes vertical phase separation morphology, extends exciton diffusion length, improves exciton dissociation efficiency, facilitates efficient charge transport, and effectively suppresses trap-assisted recombination. The ternary device based on PM6:PCN3:PY-IT achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.41%, which was much higher than that of the PM6:PY-IT binary system (18.67%). The device maintains excellent performance at an active layer thickness of 200 nm, achieving a high PCE of 18.25%. This study demonstrates the significance of using dually compatible molecules for interface modification in all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs), providing theoretical guidance for the fabrication of high-performance thick-film devices.

### 1247. [4D Printable Semi-Interpenetrating Networks with Robust Tissue Adhesion for Smart Self-Deployable Vascular Closure](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/4d-printable-semi-interpenetrating-networks-with-robust-tissue-adhesion-for-smart-self-deployable-vascular-clo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4086-4]
Interventional therapy has emerged as a transformative alternative to open surgery owing to its minimal invasiveness and fast recovery. However, it still presents risks of iatrogenic injury from vascular access, necessitating prompt and reliable vascular closure. Although various closure systems have been developed, they often suffer from complicated deployment procedures, potential for loosening, and risk of device migration. Herein, we develop a smart self-deployable vascular closure device enabled by a semi-interpenetrating network (sIPN) that synergistically integrates a programmable shape memory effect and robust tissue adhesion. The sIPN was designed by interpenetrating flexible, dopamine-functionalized poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTD) chains into a photo-crosslinkable poly(ε-caprolactone)-based copolymer (PCC) network. The vascular closure model was fabricated via a UV-assisted fused deposition modeling printing strategy, significantly reducing mechanical anisotropy while facilitating structural customization. The resulting device exhibits autonomous self-deployment at 37 °C, along with reliable tissue adhesion under physiological conditions (maximum shear strength of 150.5 kPa). In vitro, the material demonstrates exceptional hemocompatibility (below 3%) and excellently enhanced cell migration (up to 38.9%). In vivo, immunofluorescence analysis reveals a promotion for CD31 (162.18%) and αSMA (154.93%) compared to the control group. These results highlight the PTD/PCC sIPN as a bioadaptive, multifunctional material platform for intelligent vascular closure, offering great promise for clinical translation in interventional therapies.

### 1248. [Machine Learning-Assisted Rapid Development of High Performance Flexible Lead-Free Radiation Shielding Gels](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/machine-learning-assisted-rapid-development-of-high-performance-flexible-lead-free-radiation-shielding-gels) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4057-4]
The escalating use of ionizing radiation in medical and industrial applications necessitates lead-free, flexible, and sustainable shielding materials. Current development relies on empirical trial-and-error, which is inefficient. This study introduces a machine learning-assisted Monte Carlo simulation strategy for rapid optimization of metal filler compositions for X-ray attenuation across 40–120 kV. Guided by this AI-driven approach, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based gels containing uniformly dispersed Bi/W/Gd2O3 nanoparticles were developed, forming within 1 minute at -20°C using a PVA-DMSO/H2O co-solvent system. The optimized gel with 50 wt% metal loading exhibits exceptional mechanical properties: tensile strength of 1.76 MPa, toughness of 6.3 MJ m−3, and elongation of 600%. It achieves >98% X-ray shielding efficiency at 5 mm thickness, outperforming lead composites at 120 kV. The physically cross-linked network provides recyclability and anti-freezing capability, retaining flexibility at -50°C. This work establishes a data-driven paradigm for designing high-performance radiation-shielding materials, demonstrating AI's potential to accelerate materials discovery and enable scalable fabrication of eco-friendly protective systems.

### 1249. [Boosting Output Performance in Hydrogel-Based Moisture-Electric Generators via Tunable Solvent Interactions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/boosting-output-performance-in-hydrogel-based-moisture-electric-generators-via-tunable-solvent-interactions) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4007-x]
Hydrogels, with their hydrophilicity, flexibility, and environmental friendliness, are highly desirable for moisture-electric generators (MEGs) that harness ubiquitous moisture to generate electrical energy. As the active material layer in MEGs, hydrogels play a crucial role in absorbing atmospheric moisture and converting chemical potential energy into electricity. However, the relatively low output current of the device and the instability of hydrogels pose challenges to the development of high-performance hydrogel-based MEGs. Herein, we introduce a straightforward, feasible, cost-effective, and versatile two-step solvent displacement strategy to overcome the barrier associated with the development of MEGs. Through tunable solvent interactions of glycerol and water, the moisture absorption capability and stability of the hydrogel can be improved, while promoting favorable ion migration. Such an effective processing route not only significantly boosts the output performances but also greatly improves the long-term durability of hydrogel-based MEGs. Notably, the current output and power density of the treated MEGs can increase by up to two orders of magnitude. The mechanisms behind the intriguing observation are investigated by various characterizations and theoretical calculations. This universal strategy holds promise to be extended to various hydrogel-based MEGs. Moreover, the MEGs can be used for energy harvesting, self-powered respiratory monitoring, and non-contact humidity detection. This work offers new opportunities for advancing green energy and self-powered technologies.

### 1250. [Shape Memory Quasi-Liquid Slippery Surface for Programmable Droplet Manipulation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/shape-memory-quasi-liquid-slippery-surface-for-programmable-droplet-manipulation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4100-9]
Shape memory droplet manipulation platforms have attracted significant attention due to their programmable droplet control capabilities. Current research primarily focuses on superhydrophobic surfaces and slippery lubricant-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS); however, these approaches suffer from vulnerable surface micro/nanostructures and loss of lubricant oils. Here, we report a shape memory quasi-liquid polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) brush surface that overcomes these limitations. The surface is fabricated by introducing a SiO2 layer as a 'bridge' on a shape memory epoxy substrate, providing abundant functional groups for grafting PDMS brushes. By precisely controlling the SiO2 layer thickness and grafting conditions, the surface exhibits good shape memory properties and low adhesion to diverse liquids with varying surface tensions. Reversible anisotropic/isotropic droplet sliding control for both water and organic droplets is demonstrated through dynamic introduction/removal of groove structures, proving excellent droplet manipulation based on the combination of shape memory and low adhesion of PDMS brushes. Furthermore, the material can be applied as a functional coating on diverse substrates to impart anti-fouling and self-cleaning properties. This work introduces a nanoscale SiO2 layer as a 'bridge', offering a strategy to graft PDMS brushes onto polymer surfaces. Given the advantages of quasi-liquid PDMS brushes and programmable controllability of shape memory polymers, this work provides fresh ideas for developing droplet manipulation platforms.

### 1251. [Ambient-Condition Synthesis of Cr2AlB2 Phase via Molten Salt Shielding for High-Performance Electromagnetic Wave Absorption](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ambient-condition-synthesis-of-cr2alb2-phase-via-molten-salt-shielding-for-high-performance-electromagnetic-wa) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3974-1]
MAB-phase-derived compounds exhibit promising electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption properties due to their unique layered structure and desirable physicochemical characteristics. Among them, Cr2AlB2 is particularly attractive owing to its excellent thermal and electrical conductivity. However, conventional synthesis of Cr2AlB2 requires inert gas protection to prevent oxidation, significantly increasing production costs and limiting its application in EMW absorption. To overcome this bottleneck, we report the successful synthesis of high-purity Cr2AlB2 in ambient air using the molten salt shielded synthesis (MS3) method. This approach not only isolates the material from oxygen interference but also reduces the synthesis temperature, offering a cost-effective and scalable route. The as-synthesized Cr2AlB2 exhibits outstanding EMW absorption performance: a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -42.10 dB at 12.6 GHz and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EABmax) of 3.44 GHz at a thickness of 1.9 mm. This work not only facilitates the large-scale production of Cr2AlB2 but also provides critical insights into its practical application as a high-performance EMW absorber.

### 1252. [Hydroxyl-driven p-π resonance in pyrene-based COFs realizes low-power and stable nonvolatile memory devices](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/hydroxyl-driven-p-resonance-in-pyrene-based-cofs-realizes-low-power-and-stable-nonvolatile-memory-devices) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4082-6]
High-performance nonvolatile memory devices are crucial for next-generation computing, yet achieving low-power, stable, and reproducible resistive switching remains challenging, primarily due to stochastic filament formation and limited precise control over the electronic properties of active materials. Herein, we employ a rational molecular engineering strategy to address these limitations by constructing a series of two-dimensional pyrene-based covalent organic frameworks (Py-COFs)—Py-H, Py-CH3, and Py-OH—via systematic substitution (–H, –CH3, and –OH) on the phenyl linkers to modulate backbone electronics. The electron-donating –CH3 and –OH motifs enrich the π-conjugated backbone with higher electron density, while the –OH moiety in Py-OH further engages in p-π conjugation with the benzene ring and forms intramolecular hydrogen bonds, thereby increasing framework rigidity, enhancing orbital overlap, and promoting charge delocalization. Enabled by these structural refinements, Py-OH-based devices exhibit markedly improved resistive switching behavior, characterized by a low operating voltage, an ON/OFF ratio of ~10^3.45, and excellent retention stability. Combined photophysical, electrochemical, and high-resolution TEM analyses corroborate that hydroxyl-driven p-π conjugation, hydrogen-bond reinforcement, and the emergent nanowire-like morphology synergistically suppress uncontrolled filament formation and promote efficient charge transport. These findings establish a clear structure-property correlation in functionalized Py-COFs and underscore their promise as tunable active layers for low-power, high-performance resistive memory and neuromorphic computing.

### 1253. [A Weighted Ensemble Model for Screening Passivation Materials in High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-weighted-ensemble-model-for-screening-passivation-materials-in-high-efficiency-perovskite-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3968-3]
The commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is hindered by stability issues primarily stemming from interfacial defects. This study employed a machine learning (ML) screening approach and constructed a learnable weighted ensemble model (LWEM) to enhance prediction robustness for identifying effective interface passivation materials. The ML model predicted that an imidazolium salt-based interface modifier, 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMT), is suitable for planar n-i-p PSCs. Subsequent experimental results demonstrated that BMT provides synergistic passivation via an 'ion-coordination dual-lock' mechanism that significantly suppresses non-radiative recombination, facilitates hole extraction, and improves the quality of the perovskite film. The BMT-modified devices achieve a significant increase in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 22.45% to 24.89% under AM 1.5G illumination, and attain a high PCE of 41.31% under 1000 lux light emitting diode (LED) indoor lighting. Additionally, the modified devices exhibit outstanding stability under long-term storage and maximum power point tracking conditions. This work provides a strategy for developing high-performance and highly stable PSCs for both indoor and outdoor applications.

### 1254. [Electrostatic regulation of high-dipole dithienophthalimide-based wide-bandgap polymer for efficient ternary all-polymer solar cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electrostatic-regulation-of-high-dipole-dithienophthalimide-based-wide-bandgap-polymer-for-efficient-ternary-a) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3978-0]
All-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) are promising for flexible and wearable electronics due to their excellent stability and mechanical stretchability. However, achieving high performance remains challenging due to difficulties in controlling the morphology of polymer blend films. In this study, a novel polymer donor, PBDTF-DTP, incorporating a weak electron-withdrawing yet large-dipole-moment dithienylphthalimide (DTP-2T) unit, was rationally designed and synthesized for ternary all-PSCs. Introducing PBDTF-DTP as a guest donor enables complementary light absorption and deepens the highest occupied molecular orbital level, simultaneously improving short-circuit current density (J_SC) and open-circuit voltage (V_OC). The large dipole moment of DTP-2T increases the dielectric constant, suppressing non-radiative energy loss and further boosting V_OC. Notably, PBDTF-DTP exhibits a relatively higher molecular electrostatic potential than the host donor, effectively tuning compatibility with both polymer donor and acceptor, regulating blend morphology, and promoting formation of a nanoscale fibrillar network. This optimized morphology facilitates efficient charge generation and transport while suppressing charge recombination. Consequently, ternary all-PSCs based on PM6:PBDTF-DTP:PYIT achieve a synergistic enhancement in J_SC, V_OC, and fill factor, yielding a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 18.01%, significantly higher than that of binary PM6:PYIT devices (15.51%). This study demonstrates that combining electrostatic potential optimization with a ternary strategy provides an effective approach to regulate morphology and achieve high-efficiency all-PSCs.

### 1255. [Full-color high brightness Micro-LED displays with high bonding yield realized via photosensitive conductive polymeric bumps](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/full-color-high-brightness-micro-led-displays-with-high-bonding-yield-realized-via-photosensitive-conductive-p) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4009-0]
Micro light-emitting diode (Micro-LED) display technology is a promising next-generation display technology due to its high brightness, high contrast, low power consumption, long life, and fast response. However, aggressive downscaling of Micro-LEDs to a few microns makes lift-off fabrication of metal bumps for soldered joints between Micro-LEDs and driver substrates increasingly difficult, challenging high-yield bump arrays under high-density conditions. This study innovatively replaces conventional metal bumps with a photosensitive conductive polymer (PCP), enabling fabrication of polymeric micro-bump arrays via well-established photolithography, bypassing complex lift-off processes and reducing short-circuit risk. Isopropyl alcohol regulates developer wettability for optimal development, yielding bump arrays with bump size 20 μm × 12 μm and height (1.9288 ± 0.0213) μm on thin-film transistor (TFT) drivers with yield over 99.99%. The issue of low bonding yield from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thermal expansion was resolved by adjusting chip spacing on the temporary substrate, achieving bonding yield exceeding 99.8%. A 0.99-inch full-color Micro-LED display with density 114 pixels per inch (PPI) and brightness 5537 cd/m² was fabricated. High-yield bump arrays, Micro-LED arrays, and high bonding yield are highly reproducible, promoting development of Micro-LED displays and related fields.

### 1256. [Influence of Structural Isomerism in Multicomponent Covalent Organic Frameworks on Their Photocatalytic H2O2 Production](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/influence-of-structural-isomerism-in-multicomponent-covalent-organic-frameworks-on-their-photocatalytic-h2o2-p) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3998-8]
Constitutional isomerism in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) has emerged as a powerful strategy to tailor material properties for photocatalytic applications. Here, we report the design and synthesis of two isomeric multicomponent COFs (MC-COFs) via Schiff-base condensation followed by Povarov reaction, converting imine linkages into quinoline structures. These isomeric MC-COFs exhibit opposing C=N bond orientations and distinct phenyl group alignments within the COF pores, leading to different torsion angles in the COF layers. Structural analyses reveal that enhanced planarity promotes π-π stacking and electron delocalization, resulting in favorable band structures and reduced exciton binding energies. Consequently, the optimized COF achieves a superior hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production rate of 3128 μmol g−1 h−1 under visible light irradiation. This work underscores the critical influence of structural isomerism on the photocatalytic efficiency of MC-COFs and provides insights for rational design of high-performance COF-based photocatalysts.

### 1257. [Cryogenic Tribological Breakthroughs in Medium-Entropy Alloy Composites via Regulated Partial Recrystallization](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cryogenic-tribological-breakthroughs-in-medium-entropy-alloy-composites-via-regulated-partial-recrystallizatio) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4018-6]
The pursuit of advanced wear-resistant materials for cryogenic applications is often hindered by a fundamental trade-off between enhancing strength and damage tolerance. CoCrNi-based medium-entropy alloys (MEAs), while excellent in cryogenic toughness, suffer from this very limitation. Although second-phase reinforcement boosts strength, the strain incompatibility between phases inevitably triggers cracking, which is severely exacerbated at low temperatures. This work introduces a novel microstructural design strategy based on regulated partial recrystallization to overcome this long-standing challenge. By tailoring the thermomechanical processing of a (CoCrNi)90Mo10 MEA, we engineered a unique architecture where a fully recrystallized FCC phase is homogeneously embedded within a continuous skeleton of a hard, non-recrystallized σ phase. The alloy with this optimized microstructure achieved a remarkably low wear rate at 113 K that is less than half of its as-cast and fully recrystallized counterparts. The experimental and modeling results indicate the underlying synergy: the σ skeleton provides robust structural support and distributes stress deeply, while the recrystallized FCC phase, with its high density of grain boundaries and annealing twins, acts as a compliant strain-accommodating medium, effectively suppressing interfacial cracking. This combined 'skeleton effect' and 'recrystallization effect' not only delivers exceptional cryogenic wear resistance but also offers a practical strategy for designing high-performance, crack-resistant dual-phase composites for extreme environments.

### 1258. [Facile Construction of VS2@GNSs Composites with 1D/2D Hierarchical Structures for Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/facile-construction-of-vs2gnss-composites-with-1d2d-hierarchical-structures-for-efficient-electromagnetic-wave) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4047-0]
The proliferation of electronic devices has exacerbated electromagnetic pollution, necessitating advanced electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials. In this study, VS2 nanorods were uniformly grafted onto graphene nanosheets (GNSs) via a facile ball milling method, constructing 1D/2D hierarchical VS2@GNSs composites with superior EMW absorption properties. The minimal reflection loss (RLmin) reached -49.83 dB at a thickness of 1.83 mm, while an ultra-broad effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.72 GHz was achieved at 1.96 mm. These performances are attributed to enhanced impedance matching and EMW attenuation capacities. Computer simulation technology (CST) full-wave simulations confirmed remarkable radar cross-section (RCS) suppression, with a reduction value of up to 20.38 dB m2 compared to a metallic substrate. This work provides theoretical and experimental guidance for designing high-performance stealth materials.

### 1259. [Kinetic separation of hydrogen isotopes over lignin-rich biomass-derived carbon molecular sieves](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/kinetic-separation-of-hydrogen-isotopes-over-lignin-rich-biomass-derived-carbon-molecular-sieves) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4059-3]
Deuterium (D2) is indispensable for isotope tracing, neutron scattering, and fusion reactions, yet its separation from hydrogen (H2) remains challenging due to their nearly identical physicochemical properties. Adsorptive separation exploiting the kinetic quantum sieving (KQS) effect at cryogenic temperatures offers a promising route, but demands precise pore engineering. Here, we report a biomass-derived carbon molecular sieve that permits rapid D2 transport while imposing a significant diffusion barrier for H2, enabling effective separation from D2/H2 mixtures. The molecular sieving micropores are generated by transforming cellulose components into slit-type carbon micropores, with lignin acting as a pore-size modifier. At 77 K, the diffusion rate of D2 is 1.8 times that of H2, leading to a D2 concentration in the recovered gas approximately 10% higher than that achieved with conventional microporous carbons. Aspen adsorption simulations demonstrate that D2 can be enriched to 90.1% from a 1.0% D2/H2 mixture within 12 successive cycles following a two-bed cryogenic pressure swing adsorption process. These findings advance the development of effective adsorbents for kinetic D2/H2 separation, offering a sustainable, low-cost route to deuterium enrichment.

### 1260. [A Knittable, Muscle-Fiber-Inspired Fiber with Ultra-Stretchability, Waterproof Property and High Conductivity for Wireless Power and Wide-Range Sensing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-knittable-muscle-fiber-inspired-fiber-with-ultra-stretchability-waterproof-property-and-high-conductivity-fo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4145-0]
Conductive fibers face a fundamental trade-off between high electrical conductivity and substantial mechanical stretchability, which critically undermines their reliability under extreme or dynamic mechanical conditions. To overcome this challenge, we report a bio-inspired, hierarchically structured conductive fiber engineered by mimicking the parallel-fibril architecture and integrated matrix of skeletal muscle. This fiber is constructed from multiple parallel spandex yarns as the elastic core, a continuous liquid metal (LM) layer as the conductive pathway, and a composite waterborne polyurethane (WPU)/fluoropolymer (FP) sheath as the protective matrix. This unique architecture concurrently delivers exceptional stretchability (>3500%), high electrical conductivity (3.76 × 10^5 S m−1), and outstanding stability against water and mechanical abrasion. Leveraging its excellent conductivity and mechanical compliance, the fiber can be woven into textiles and function as a receiving coil for efficient wireless power transfer. Additionally, a twisted-pair capacitive strain sensor fabricated from this fiber demonstrates a broad, linear response up to 1000% strain. When integrated into garments, the sensor effectively monitors a wide range of physiological activities, from gross joint movements to subtle biological signals, including wrist pulse, vocal vibration, ballistocardiogram, and respiration. This work presents a conductive fiber that integrates high conductivity, ultra-stretchability, waterproofness, and long-term durability, offering a robust material platform and a scalable fabrication strategy for advancing all-weather health-monitoring systems, smart textiles, and next-generation wearable electronics.

### 1261. [Constructing porous magnetic Ni@C-anchored carbon foams for excellent magnetic-dielectric synergy to develop integrated microwave absorbers with efficient thermal insulation and antibacterial properties](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/constructing-porous-magnetic-nic-anchored-carbon-foams-for-excellent-magnetic-dielectric-synergy-to-develop-in) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4003-7]
The escalating electromagnetic (EM) pollution necessitates the development of high-performance microwave absorbers (MAs) with integrated functionalities. However, it is still a difficult problem to integrate more related high performances into the designed MAs. Herein, a sustainable strategy was reported for fabricating three-dimensional (3D) porous magnetic Ni@C-anchored carbon foams (Ni@C/CFs) with abundant heterointerfaces and magnetic Ni@C nanoparticles using 3D porous chitosan foams and Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid chelate (Ni-NAC) as precursors. The modulation of carbonization temperature and concentration of Ni-NAC solution contributed to the tunable carbon graphitization, Ni crystallinity and magnetic Ni@C nanoparticles loading, which effectively improved their EM properties and EM wave absorption performances (EMWAPs). The optimized 3D porous magnetic Ni@C/CFs not only exhibited exceptional EMWAPs with a minimum reflection loss (RL min) of −27.58 dB and an ultra-wide effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 7.20 GHz, but also presented efficient thermal insulation and strong antibacterial activity (>95% inhibition against E. coli), which mainly originated from their excellent magnetic-dielectric synergies and unique 3D hierarchical porous structures. Consequently, this work delivers a coherent design strategy for next-generation multifunctional absorbers with potential applications in EM protection, thermal management, and adaptive stealth technologies.

### 1262. [Realizing Broad-Range Thermoelectric Performance in PbS through Distorting Rock-Salt Lattice](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/realizing-broad-range-thermoelectric-performance-in-pbs-through-distorting-rock-salt-lattice) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4017-y]
Lattice distortion via entropy engineering can significantly optimize thermoelectric performance by intensifying phonon scattering. However, excessive lattice distortion in high-entropy materials inevitably hinders carrier transport, limiting the wide-temperature average ZT (ZTave). To enhance the wide-temperature thermoelectric performance of low-cost PbS-based compounds, this work introduces moderate lattice distortion by controlling entropy around 1.0R (R is the gas constant) to balance phonon and carrier transport, alleviating restrictions on carrier mobility. Substantial Se and Te alloying in PbS induces rock-salt lattice distortion, effectively impeding phonon propagation, thus suppressing lattice thermal conductivity (κlat) from 2.41 W m−1 K−1 in PbS to 0.66 W m−1 K−1 in PbS0.5Se0.35Te0.15 at 300 K. Additionally, Cu interstitials are introduced into the lattice-distorted PbS0.5Se0.35Te0.15 to further optimize carrier density and weighted carrier mobility (μW), leading to significant improvement in μW/κlat parameter at 300–773 K. Finally, a room-temperature ZT of 0.53 and a maximum ZT of 1.44 are obtained in PbS0.5Se0.35Te0.15-1%Cu sample, contributing to an impressive ZTave of 1.08 at 300–773 K and a maximum power generation efficiency (ηmax) of 7.5%. The results outperform previously reported cost-effective PbS-based compounds and highlight the importance of lattice distortion regulation in enhancing wide-temperature thermoelectric performance.

### 1263. [Room-Temperature Sensitive Electromechanical Magnetization Reversal with Modulation Capability Approaching 100%](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/room-temperature-sensitive-electromechanical-magnetization-reversal-with-modulation-capability-approaching-100) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4144-y]
Developing efficient strategies for electrically manipulating two-dimensional magnetism at room temperature is a key challenge in contemporary spintronics. In this study, we demonstrate giant electromechanical control over the magnetism of the room-temperature van der Waals ferromagnet Fe3GaTe2 by integrating it with the ferroelectric α-In2Se3. Modest gate voltages lead to an almost complete suppression of the coercive field by 96.5%, corresponding to a remarkable peak modulation sensitivity of ~8.1 mT V−1, which stands out among existing van der Waals magnetoelectric systems. Importantly, this substantial magnetoelectric response is predominantly unaffected by voltage polarity, as both positive and negative gate voltages induce similar magnetic modulation effects. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we tracked the voltage-induced Raman spectral changes, revealing a peak shift of 1.7 cm−1 that accurately represents an effective in-plane tensile strain of ~1.42% under an equivalent bias, demonstrating polarity independence as well. The synchronized magnetic response and strain variation unequivocally indicate that the induced tensile strain serves as the fundamental physical driver behind the magnetic modulation. Additionally, density functional theory calculations corroborate that the reduction in magnetic anisotropy induced by tensile strain results in a decrease in the coercive field. Our work establishes a novel and efficient approach for achieving voltage control of magnetism at room temperature in van der Waals multiferroic heterostructures, highlighting their significant potential for applications in ultra-low-power magnetic logic and sensing technologies.

### 1264. [Construction of an acid-tolerant cationic COF by Zincke reaction for efficient recovery of gold from e-waste via anion exchange and chemical reduction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/construction-of-an-acid-tolerant-cationic-cof-by-zincke-reaction-for-efficient-recovery-of-gold-from-e-waste-v) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4282-y]
Recovering gold from electronic waste (e-waste) is critical for sustainable resource management, yet conventional adsorbents suffer from poor acid stability and slow kinetics. Here, we report an acid-resistant cationic covalent organic framework (COF), TAPT-TNV, synthesized via irreversible Zincke reaction. TAPT-TNV exhibits exceptional stability in concentrated acids, retaining crystallinity and porosity after exposure to 12 M HCl and 6 M HNO3. The cationic skeleton, balanced by Cl− counterions, enables rapid and selective capture of AuCl4− through anion exchange, complemented by chemical reduction at triazine units. Adsorption kinetics are fast, reaching equilibrium within 30 minutes, with a maximum capacity of 1835.5 mg g−1 at pH 1. In real e-waste leachate, TAPT-TNV achieves a gold recovery rate of 99.42%, demonstrating high selectivity over competing metal ions. This work introduces a robust COF platform for precious metal recovery, addressing the limitations of hydrolytically unstable frameworks.

### 1265. [Covalent Organic Frameworks Functionalized with Thioether or Vinyl Groups for Efficient and Rapid Capture of Multiple Iodine Pollutants](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/covalent-organic-frameworks-functionalized-with-thioether-or-vinyl-groups-for-efficient-and-rapid-capture-of-m) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4044-3]
Efficient sequestration of radioactive iodine species (I2, CH3I, I3−) is vital for nuclear safety and environmental protection. However, developing multifunctional adsorbents that remain effective under diverse conditions remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report two functionalized PD-COFs (PD-WS and PD-WY) with moderate crystallinity, outstanding thermal stability, and robust chemical resistance. They exhibit superior adsorption performance in both gas and liquid phases. Specifically, at 75°C, PD-WY achieves capacities of 4.88 g g−1 for I2, 1.55 g g−1 for CH3I, and 5.55 g g−1 for the I2/CH3I mixture, while high capacities are also retained at room temperature. In solution, PD-WY adsorbs up to 3.56 g g−1 of I3− in water and 2.00 g g−1 of iodine in cyclohexane. These COFs display rapid kinetics (K80% = 3.25 g g−1 h−1 for I2 and 7.89 g g−1 h−1 for I3−) and excellent selectivity. Mechanistic studies indicated that the excellent iodine affinity of PD-COFs arises from their rich electronic structures, abundant active sites, and charge transfer interactions. These findings position PD-COFs as highly promising adsorbents for nuclear waste treatment and environmental remediation.

### 1266. [Ni5.75SnTe5 as a Reliable Contact Layer for SnTe-Based Thermoelectric Devices](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ni575snte5-as-a-reliable-contact-layer-for-snte-based-thermoelectric-devices) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3972-9]
SnTe-based thermoelectric materials have demonstrated significant improvements in performance and are considered a promising, less-toxic alternative to PbTe. However, a substantial gap persists between experimental device efficiencies and those predicted from material performance metrics, primarily due to extra resistance in the contact layers. To fully realize the potential of SnTe thermoelectrics at the device level, it is critical to develop contact layers that ensure strong interfacial bonding, high thermal stability, and low electrical contact resistance. Although Ni is the most commonly used contact material for SnTe devices, it exhibits significant interdiffusion with SnTe, which can degrade interfacial integrity and ultimately lead to long-term device failure. Here, a reliable contact layer for SnTe through thermodynamic analysis of the SnTe-Ni3Te2 phase diagram is identified, Ni5.75SnTe5 selected as a promising candidate. A single-leg thermoelectric device based on Sn0.96Bi0.04Te0.98Se0.02 with Ni5.75SnTe5 as a contact layer is fabricated, achieving a contact resistivity of approximately 3.7 μΩ cm2. This contact layer selection strategy shows great promise for application to other thermoelectric materials.

### 1267. [Unveiling strength-ductility synergy in eutectic high-entropy alloys via directional solidification](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/unveiling-strength-ductility-synergy-in-eutectic-high-entropy-alloys-via-directional-solidification) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4068-2]
Eutectic high-entropy alloys (EHEAs) combine multi-principal-element compositions with regular lamellar microstructures, offering exceptional high-temperature stability and mechanical properties. However, conventional casting yields random solidification microstructures and inhomogeneous phase distributions, constraining strength-ductility synergy. This study employs directional solidification (DS) on Al19Fe20Co20Ni41 EHEA to achieve precise microstructural control, constructing a multi-level lamellar architecture with a herringbone-like alternating arrangement. This tailored microstructure refines interlamellar spacing, eliminates detrimental isolated B2 phases, and promotes slip continuity at interfaces, enhancing coordinated dislocation motion and uniform distribution across multiple slip systems. Consequently, the DS EHEA exhibits superior mechanical properties compared to most reported thermomechanically processed and directionally solidified HEAs. Micro-mechanistic analysis reveals that homogenized geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density, interface-assisted crack deflection, and multi-stage strain-hardening from sequential dislocation activation collectively contribute to outstanding strength-ductility synergy. This work demonstrates that programming solidification paths enables design of unique multi-level lamellar architectures, serving as intrinsic microstructural composites that optimize dislocation management and crack propagation, offering a novel paradigm for developing ultra-robust EHEAs for extreme service environments.

### 1268. [Tetralactam Macrocycle-Based Polymers for Efficient and Rapid Adsorption of Radioactive Iodine](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/tetralactam-macrocycle-based-polymers-for-efficient-and-rapid-adsorption-of-radioactive-iodine) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4045-x]
The release of radioactive iodine from nuclear accidents and nuclear medicine poses significant environmental and health risks. Here, we report the design and synthesis of two cross-linked macrocycle-based porous organic polymers (P1 and P2) with different functionalities for efficient and rapid capture of radioactive iodine. P1 achieves complete iodine adsorption within 5 minutes, with an exceptional adsorption rate constant (k_obs) of 18.92 g g−1 min−1 (8.24 g g−1 min−1 for P2), representing a record-high iodine removal rate among state-of-the-art porous organic polymers. P1 demonstrates superior iodine adsorption efficacy in dynamic flow-through experiments, achieving a remarkable efficiency of 96.4% for radioactive 131I removal, greatly minimizing radiation contamination. Experimental and modelling techniques reveal that the superior iodine adsorption performance originates from electron-rich functional groups, hydrophobic surface, and porous structure of P1, thus exhibiting remarkable iodine capture capabilities through charge transfer, halogen bonding, and hydrophobic effects. The adsorbents show excellent stability and performance under complex and harsh conditions (pH 2–10) and can be easily regenerated, confirming their excellent reusability and potential for practical applications.

### 1269. [All-Optically Controlled Positive and Negative Photoresponses for Artificial Visual Adaptation and Protection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/all-optically-controlled-positive-and-negative-photoresponses-for-artificial-visual-adaptation-and-protection) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4030-y]
In the era of artificial intelligence, efficient perception and processing of massive visual information demand advanced machine vision systems. Inspired by human visual adaptation, various optoelectronic devices have been developed, yet most rely on external gate voltages or complex circuits for dynamic sensitivity modulation. This work demonstrates an all-optically controlled biomimetic sensor based on a one-dimensional ZnO/MAPbBr3 heterojunction, achieving both positive and negative photoconductivity effects. By modulating oxygen vacancy states with ultraviolet light, the competition between intrinsic photoconduction and trap-mediated carrier capture is regulated, enabling dynamic control of visible-light photoresponse within a single device. This tunable behavior mimics scotopic adaptation (photopigment regeneration under weak illumination), photopic adaptation (photopigment bleaching in bright environments), and eyelid-like self-protection against intense light. The device operates without external gate bias or cascaded circuits, offering a promising strategy for next-generation intelligent biomimetic sensors in machine vision.

### 1270. [Biomimetic Visual Perception System Based on InAlZnO Optoelectronic Neuromorphic Array for Static Image Processing and Dynamic Trajectory Perception](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/biomimetic-visual-perception-system-based-on-inalzno-optoelectronic-neuromorphic-array-for-static-image-proces) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4019-1]
Vision is a vital means for humans to perceive the environment, with 80% of information from visual perception. Developing visual systems approaching or surpassing human-level vision plays an indispensable role in advancing autonomous driving, intelligent security, and other fields. Optoelectronic neuromorphic devices, integrating sensing and memory, are promising for emulating human vision. This study constructs a biomimetic visual system based on a 16 × 16 InAlZnO optoelectronic neuromorphic array with oxygen vacancy gradients. Under multi-factor modulation (oxygen vacancy concentration differences, Ag ions, heterojunction interfaces), the device achieves electrical/optical conductance tunability. Integrated with external circuits and a field-programmable gate array, the system successfully emulates human vision capabilities: image memory, denoising, attention mechanism, and motion state perception (direction, speed, color). Image digit recognition based on visual attention reaches 97.15% accuracy, and motion state recognition reaches 100%. This system will promote bionic vision development and application, paving the way for high-performance neuromorphic vision systems surpassing the human eye.

### 1271. [An Event-Driven Sensor Based on Colloidal Quantum Dots for Contactless Human-Machine Interaction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/an-event-driven-sensor-based-on-colloidal-quantum-dots-for-contactless-human-machine-interaction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3997-9]
Contactless human-machine interaction (HMI) is rapidly evolving, yet it remains constrained by the latency, redundancy, and power consumption inherent in conventional frame-based vision sensors. While bio-inspired event-driven sensors offer a low-power alternative, existing architectures are often complex or fail to accurately encode the magnitude of light intensity changes. Herein, we report a solution-processed, two-terminal event-driven sensory device based on CuIn(Se,S)2 colloidal quantum dots (QDs) integrated with an Sb-doped TiO2 layer. Unlike traditional dynamic vision sensors (DVS), this device exhibits a transient photoresponse that encodes both the polarity and the magnitude of light intensity variations into the output current amplitude. This preservation of magnitude information significantly enhances the feature extraction capability, leading to faster convergence and superior clustering performance in gesture recognition. Based on these unique optoelectronic properties, we constructed a hierarchical HMI system that synergizes the strengths of event-based and frame-based sensing. The system utilizes the event-driven sensor for low-latency gesture control of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a frame-based sensor for high-precision gaze control of an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV). The proposed system achieves a gesture recognition accuracy of more than 92.5% while substantially reducing data redundancy, offering a promising strategy for efficient, robust, and low-cost intelligent interaction systems.

### 1272. [Bio-inspired synergistic interfacial anchoring for highly stable graphite lubricants](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bio-inspired-synergistic-interfacial-anchoring-for-highly-stable-graphite-lubricants) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4051-x]
Graphite lubricants are critical for high-quality and high-efficiency drawing of refractory metal wires, yet inadequate dispersion stability frequently challenges their practical application. Inspired by the bio-surfactant synergic mechanism that combines different bio-surfactants to collectively reduce surface energy and friction, a binary anionic surfactant system comprising sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and sodium lignosulfonate (SL) was engineered to enhance dispersion and stability via a synergistic effect. The synergistic parameter β was calculated to be −2.34, indicating strong synergism. The resulting graphite lubricants maintained homogeneous dispersion for up to 60 days. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that the synergistic effects originate from steric hindrance, electrostatic repulsion, π-π stacking, and hydrogen bonding. These hierarchical secondary interactions collectively increased the interfacial formation energy at the graphite/surfactant/water tri-phase interface, thereby effectively wetting particle powders and enhancing stability. During metal wire drawing, the graphite lubricants reduced the friction coefficient between the die and metal wires to 0.06, ultimately enabling drawn tungsten wires with superior surface integrity, expanded loop diameter, and enhanced tensile strength relative to single-surfactant benchmarks. This study provides experimental and theoretical guidance to design effective graphite lubricants for high-quality drawn metal wires.

### 1273. [Developing flexible BaTiO3-based ceramic memristors through entropy engineering](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/developing-flexible-batio3-based-ceramic-memristors-through-entropy-engineering) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4077-0]
Flexible memristors are pivotal for advancing neuromorphic computing in wearable electronics, yet the intrinsic brittleness of inorganic oxides poses a critical challenge. Here, we employ an entropy-engineering strategy to control the amorphization of oxide compositions, yielding a precisely controlled crystalline/amorphous microstructure in a BaTi0.25Sn0.25Hf0.25Zr0.25O3 thin film. This film withstands bending angles up to 180°, enabling an Au/BaTi0.25Sn0.25Hf0.25Zr0.25O3/ITO/Mica device that functions as a memristor. Entropy engineering increases oxygen vacancy concentration, imparting stable resistive switching behavior under both flat and bent conditions. The device exhibits exceptional endurance and reproducibility over multiple bending cycles, demonstrating a significant strategy for advancing flexible memristor technologies and holding promise for next-generation high-performance flexible electronics.

### 1274. [Heterojunction-Enhanced Photodynamic Uterine Scaffold Mediated by Upconversion for Treating Infectious Injuries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/heterojunction-enhanced-photodynamic-uterine-scaffold-mediated-by-upconversion-for-treating-infectious-injurie) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4058-4]
Bacterial infection following endometrial injury delays tissue regeneration and may progress to endometritis and other reproductive disorders. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers a promising antibacterial strategy in the post-antibiotic era, yet its efficacy is often limited by rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers and poor penetration of visible excitation light. Here, we report a previously unexplored upconversion-mediated, Type I dominant photodynamic antibacterial uterine scaffold specifically designed for infection-associated endometrial injury. The core innovation is the construction of a Schottky Ag0-Ag2S heterojunction on NaYF4:Yb,Tm nanoparticles using ZIF-8 as a sacrificial precursor, enabling efficient charge separation and oxygen-independent hydroxyl radical generation, overcoming the oxygen dependence of conventional Type II PDT under hypoxic uterine conditions. The upconversion core permits deep-tissue-penetrable near-infrared (NIR) activation. Beyond instantaneous PDT, dynamic release of Ag+ ions provides synergistic bactericidal activity, enabling spatiotemporally coordinated biofilm disruption. These nanostructures were incorporated into patient-customizable, biodegradable poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds fabricated by selective laser sintering, achieving simultaneous antibacterial therapy and endometrial regeneration in a single platform. This integration of an oxygen-independent PDT mechanism, MOF-templated heterojunction engineering, and 3D printed personalized uterine implants constitutes a comprehensive therapeutic strategy not previously reported for treating infection and endometrial injury.

### 1275. [Electrospray Self-Healing Porous Polymer Microspheres for Multimode Imaging and Combined Photothermal/Chemodynamic Therapy of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electrospray-self-healing-porous-polymer-microspheres-for-multimode-imaging-and-combined-photothermalchemodyna) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4037-1]
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) poses a therapeutic challenge due to its anatomical complexity and the limitations of conventional treatments in achieving precise targeting and sufficient efficacy. Here, we report a multifunctional platform based on heat-triggered electrospray self-healing porous poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres encapsulating indocyanine green (ICG), sequentially coated with a tannic acid-Fe3+ (TAF) metal-phenolic network and fibronectin (FN) for targeted photothermal/chemodynamic combination therapy. The resulting functional microspheres (PI-TAF@FN) exhibit an average size of 1.9 μm, excellent colloidal stability, heat-induced self-healing performance, and a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 51.4%. These microspheres specifically target NPC cells via FN-mediated integrin recognition, enabling ICG/TAF-mediated photothermal therapy under 808-nm laser irradiation and TAF-mediated chemodynamic therapy, leading to enhanced cancer cell apoptosis in vitro. In a mouse NPC model, the combined photothermo-chemodynamic therapy achieved effective tumor treatment with minimal systemic toxicity. Furthermore, the dual TAF and ICG components allow multimode FN-targeted T1-weighted magnetic resonance/fluorescence/thermal imaging for precision NPC management. This electrospray self-healing porous microsphere platform offers a unique theranostic strategy that can integrate diverse therapeutic and diagnostic components for precision oncology.

### 1276. [A Layered Ferrous Silicate for Ion-Exchange-Driven Chemodynamic Therapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-layered-ferrous-silicate-for-ion-exchange-driven-chemodynamic-therapy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4056-1]
Nanoparticle-based therapeutics have been intensively explored for tumor treatment. However, developing convenient and specific strategies that do not rely on exogenous energy-guided activation remains challenging. Herein, an ion-exchange-driven chemodynamic therapy is proposed based on the TME K+-mediated cation exchangeability of layered ferrous silicates (LFSs). LFSs were prepared by a facile "in situ 3D-to-2D structural transformation" strategy through valence bond transition from SiO–H–OSi to Fe–O, providing extensive convenience compared to conventional exfoliation methods. The structure-activity relationship and mechanism between surrounding TME ions and the cation exchange behavior of LFSs were revealed by both experimental investigation of the cation-exchange process and DFT calculations of the adsorption hydration behavior. As a result, the interlayered Fe ions were selectively and preferentially exchanged by TME K+ rather than surrounding TME Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, or Cl−, thereafter activating specific Fenton reaction together with TME H+, H2O2, and glutathione, demonstrating highly precise catalytic therapeutic efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. This study proposes an original tumor-specific therapy modality with high precision and safety through taking advantage of ionic exchangeability of layered silicate, and provides enlightenment to reverse the TME K+ disorder.

### 1277. [Dark-Current-Suppressed Semimetal-Based ZrTe3/CuInP2Se6 Heterostructure Photodetector for Information Encryption and Decryption](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dark-current-suppressed-semimetal-based-zrte3cuinp2se6-heterostructure-photodetector-for-information-encryptio) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4033-1]
Photodetectors are critical components in modern optoelectronic systems, underpinning applications in optical communication, low-altitude economy, environmental monitoring, and national defense. Layered two-dimensional (2D) materials such as MoS2, WS2, black phosphorus (BP), and ReS2 have attracted extensive attention due to their remarkable electronic and optical properties, including facile mechanical exfoliation and tunable characteristics via thickness engineering. The absence of dangling bonds enables the construction of van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures free from lattice-matching constraints, promoting efficient charge transport, enhanced light absorption, and suppressed dark current. Among layered materials, semimetals such as graphene, PdTe2, MoTe2, and TaIrTe4 exhibit narrow or zero bandgaps, enabling ultrabroadband spectral responses from ultraviolet (UV) to terahertz (THz). ZrTe3, a layered gapless semimetal, demonstrates pronounced carrier transport features, including robust excitons and ultrafast carrier relaxation times, making it an ideal candidate for photodetection. However, pure ZrTe3-based photodetectors suffer from substantial dark current due to the absence of an energy bandgap, degrading signal-to-noise ratio and specific detectivity (D*). This work reports a high-performance broadband photodetector based on a ZrTe3/CuInP2Se6 heterostructure. By exploiting an asymmetric contact configuration that introduces a Schottky barrier, the device effectively suppresses dark current while enhancing photoresponse. The photodetector exhibits broad spectral sensitivity from UV to near-infrared (355–1177 nm), microsecond-level response speed, and high responsivity and specific detectivity. Beyond conventional photodetection, an optoelectronic information encryption-decryption application is demonstrated, where modulated light and bias voltage serve as dual input channels to encode and decode ASCII signals. This study resolves the challenge of high dark current in semimetal-based photodetectors and introduces a multifunctional platform for secure optoelectronic communication, highlighting the potential of ZrTe3 for next-generation photonic and quantum information technologies.

### 1278. [Multifunctional mitochondria-targeting energy disruptor for enhancing imaging-guided low-temperature photothermal therapy of melanoma](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multifunctional-mitochondria-targeting-energy-disruptor-for-enhancing-imaging-guided-low-temperature-photother) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4081-y]
The evolution of precision medicine has propelled multimodal imaging-guided phototheranostics to the forefront for precise tumor diagnosis and therapy. Low-temperature photothermal therapy (PTT) offers a promising approach for the treatment of melanoma due to its non-invasiveness and minimal damage to normal tissues. However, its efficacy is limited by cancer cell thermal tolerance. To address this, a new type of multifunctional energy disruptor (CAMeO-Q NPs) is developed featuring homologous targeting and mitochondria targeting, and synergistically enhancing low-temperature PTT in melanoma by reversing heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90)-mediated thermal tolerance and blocking mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) biosynthesis. The multifunctional energy disruptor enables precise trimodal imaging (fluorescence imaging/FLI, photoacoustic imaging/PAI, and photothermal imaging/PTI) guidance for low-temperature PTT. Comprising a mitochondria-targeting photothermal agent and an Hsp90 inhibitor, CAMeO-Q NPs induce selective mitochondrial damage under 660 nm laser irradiation and downregulate cellular HSP expression by ATP inhibition and Hsp90 inhibitor. This multifunctional energy disruptor provides a novel strategy for enhancing multimodal imaging-guided low-temperature photothermal therapy through combined homologous targeting, mitochondria-targeting, and Hsp90 inhibition.

### 1279. [A covalent tumor-targeted theranostic system for NIR imaging-guided photodynamic-ferroptosis synergistic therapy of lung cancer](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-covalent-tumor-targeted-theranostic-system-for-nir-imaging-guided-photodynamic-ferroptosis-synergistic-thera) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4008-2]
Lung cancer, particularly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with conventional therapies hampered by poor tumor specificity, low drug accumulation, and suboptimal efficacy. To address these challenges, we rationally designed a tumor-targeted, ferrocene-bearing, covalently immobilizable theranostic probe, dIR-CDF, for near-infrared (NIR) imaging-guided photodynamic-ferroptosis synergistic therapy. The probe exploits the overexpression of sulfenated proteins in the tumor microenvironment to specifically target integrin αvβ3-positive NSCLC cells and undergo covalent anchoring via the reaction between 1,3-cyclohexanedione and sulfenic acid, thereby enhancing tumor accumulation and retention. Under 808 nm irradiation, dIR-CDF generates singlet oxygen (1O2) for photodynamic therapy (PDT), while the sustained release of ferrocene catalyzes Fenton reactions to produce hydroxyl radicals (·OH), inducing ferroptosis. The synergistic action of PDT and ferroptosis amplifies lipid peroxidation and disrupts antioxidant defenses, leading to efficient suppression of NSCLC tumors in living mice. This work presents a universal and powerful theranostic platform for precise cancer diagnosis and treatment, with the covalent targeting strategy offering enhanced specificity and retention.

### 1280. [Visualizing hepatic M1 macrophages with a dual-target-recognizing photoacoustic nanoprobe for identifying non-alcoholic steatohepatitis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/visualizing-hepatic-m1-macrophages-with-a-dual-target-recognizing-photoacoustic-nanoprobe-for-identifying-non) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4080-y]
M1 macrophages (M1φ) are pivotal drivers in the progression from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Longitudinal monitoring of intrahepatic M1φ could facilitate non-invasive diagnosis of NASH, yet achieving specific and sensitive in vivo imaging of M1φ remains challenging due to the nonspecific phagocytic activity common to all phenotypic macrophages. In this study, we developed a dual-target-recognizing photoacoustic nanoprobe that can target glucose transporters (GLUTs) and be selectively activated by nitric oxide (NO). Benefiting from its enhanced affinity for M1φ and decent responsive capability to NO, the probe exhibited favorable imaging performance toward M1φ in ex vivo experiments. Following systemic administration in diabetic mice, the probe rapidly accumulated in the liver, where it was selectively internalized by M1φ via specific recognition between glucose molecules and GLUTs, further inducing a NO-triggered enhancement of the photoacoustic signal. Distinct photoacoustic signal enhancement patterns were observed between NAFL and NASH livers, enabling non-invasive in vivo discrimination of NASH. This study proposes a novel strategy using a dual-target-recognizing probe to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of in vivo M1φ imaging, while also providing new insights for the non-invasive diagnosis of NASH.

### 1281. [Engineering an Ultrafast Gelling and Low Swelling Hyaluronic Acid Bioadhesive for Stable Wet-Tissue Adhesion and Enhanced Wound Healing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/engineering-an-ultrafast-gelling-and-low-swelling-hyaluronic-acid-bioadhesive-for-stable-wet-tissue-adhesion-a) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3996-x]
Bioadhesives that rapidly and reliably seal wet tissues remain a formidable challenge due to the trade-off between mechanical compliance and swelling-induced instability in physiological environments. To address this limitation, we report a hydrophobic effect-mediated bioadhesive, consisting of methacrylated phenylalanine hyaluronic acid (HA) adhesive (MPAH), which integrates ultrafast photo-crosslinking with strong tissue adhesion and low swelling. Through the synergistic incorporation of hydrophobic phenylalanine groups and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters, MPAH forms gelation within 2 s under UV irradiation, significantly outperforming commercial fibrin glues. The adhesive shows a lap shear strength of ~35 kPa on wet porcine casings, an extensibility exceeding 60%, and a compressive strength of ~475 kPa. In contrast to conventional HA hydrogels and commercial fibrin glues, MPAH maintains a low equilibrium swelling ratio below 30% in PBS over 16 days. This behavior is attributed to hydrophobic interactions and π-π stacking within the network, effectively preventing tissue compression and interfacial detachment. In rat wound models of linear incision and full-thickness skin defects, MPAH demonstrated rapid sealing, reduced inflammation, and accelerated re-epithelialization compared to fibrin glue and sutures, highlighting its potential as an effective bioadhesive for wound closure and soft tissue repair.

### 1282. [Osteogenic Differentiation of Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Regulated by Varying the Phosphorylation of Polymers](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/osteogenic-differentiation-of-rat-bone-marrow-mesenchymal-stem-cells-regulated-by-varying-the-phosphorylation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4085-9]
Bone defects remain a prevalent clinical challenge, and regenerative medicine based on bone tissue engineering offers promising solutions. Traditional osteogenic materials rely on bioactive macromolecules like growth factors, which suffer from poor stability and stringent storage requirements. From a structural perspective, bone tissue resides in a phosphorylated microenvironment, with 65–70% of inorganic components composed of hydroxyapatite. Inorganic phosphorylated materials induce osteogenic differentiation but exhibit high stiffness, brittleness, slow degradation, and limited mechanical tunability. Synthetic phosphorylated polymers with excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility have been developed to address these issues. In this work, we developed a series of phosphorylated polymers derived from poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), a biocompatible and biodegradable material. Leveraging the hydroxyl-rich backbone of PGS, we demonstrated an efficient method for controllable phosphorylation of PGS side chains, enabling synthesis of PGS-based phosphorylated (PGS-P) polymers with tunable phosphorus contents. The optimized phosphorylated polyester, PGS-P4, exhibited strong ability to promote osteogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs, and its porous three-dimensional scaffolds showed favorable properties for bone regeneration. BMSCs cultured for one week and observed by fluorescence microscopy showed enhanced BSP protein expression on PGS-P2, PGS-P4, and PGS-P6 groups compared with PLGA and PGS, with PGS-P4 displaying the most intense signal. In summary, we present a simple and controllable method for preparation of functionalized polyesters and their porous scaffolds with tunable phosphorus content, validating its effectiveness in promoting osteogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs. All phosphorylated polyesters exhibit enhanced differentiation-promoting effects compared to non-phosphorylated PGS; however, the degree of enhancement does not increase monotonically with phosphorus content. PGS-P4, containing an optimal phosphorus level, shows the most pronounced biological functions.

### 1283. [Donor-acceptor engineered aza-BODIPY fluorophore with intramolecular charge transfer-enhanced NIR-II emission for tumor phototheranostics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/donor-acceptor-engineered-aza-bodipy-fluorophore-with-intramolecular-charge-transfer-enhanced-nir-ii-emission) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4031-6]
Organic fluorophores operating in the second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) window are highly attractive for cancer phototheranostics. Yet, the advancement of aza-BODIPY-based NIR-II dyes remains challenging due to their limited spectral tunability and diminished fluorescence quantum yields (FLQY) under physiological conditions. Herein, we propose a rational donor-acceptor (D-A) molecular engineering strategy to construct an aza-BODIPY fluorophore, TPACN, featuring intramolecular charge transfer (ICT)-enhanced NIR-II emission and balanced photothermal performance. By introducing electron-rich triphenylamine (TPA) donors and peripheral cyano (–CN) acceptors, the optimized D-A coupling significantly strengthened the ICT effect, leading to broadened NIR absorption, a markedly red-shifted fluorescence peak at 1086 nm, and an exceptional fluorescence quantum yield of 1.55% in dichloromethane (DCM). When encapsulated in F127, TPACN nanoparticles (TPACN NPs) maintained a high aqueous FLQY of 0.20%, accompanied by a notable photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of 39% under 808 nm irradiation. The sterically twisted TPA units effectively alleviated aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) and fine-tuned the excited-state energy dissipation pathways, realizing a synergistic balance between radiative (fluorescence) and non-radiative (heat) relaxation. Benefiting from these optimized photophysical properties, TPACN NPs achieved high-resolution NIR-I photoacoustic and NIR-II fluorescence dual-modal imaging, enabling accurate tumor visualization and efficient photothermal ablation in vivo. This work introduces a general design paradigm that exploits ICT modulation and steric engineering to overcome the intrinsic fluorescence bottleneck of aza-BODIPY systems, offering new molecular insights for the advancement of high-performance NIR-II dyes for precision phototheranostics.

### 1284. [Inhibition of Residual Kynurenine Pathway Activity Boosts Antitumor Immune Responses](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/inhibition-of-residual-kynurenine-pathway-activity-boosts-antitumor-immune-responses) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4039-1]
Immunosuppressive metabolites are major drivers of tumor immune suppression. Among these, kynurenine (Kyn) is produced through the catalysis of tryptophan (Trp) 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) in hepatocellular carcinoma. However, TDO inhibition alone is often insufficient because residual pathway flux sustains the accumulation of the downstream immunosuppressive metabolite quinolinic acid (QA). Here, we propose a strategy to disrupt residual kynurenine pathway activity to enhance metabolism-driven tumor immunotherapy. We develop acid-responsive metal-organic complex nanoparticles (APAP@TDOi-Zn, ATZn) that integrate the TDO inhibitor (TDOi) and Zn2+, while encapsulating acetaminophen (APAP) to inhibit 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase (HAAO), thereby limiting QA production and simultaneously suppressing the residual immunosuppressive metabolite. QA suppression limits M2 macrophage polarization, whereas Kyn inhibition and Zn2+ supplementation promote T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Consequently, ATZn rewires Trp-Kyn metabolism and augments antitumor immunotherapy. This work enhances the efficacy of metabolic checkpoint blockade and provides a strategy to overcome metabolism-driven immune resistance.

### 1285. [pH-Triggered Visible Indicator Dressing for Early Diagnosis of Bacterial Wound Infection](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ph-triggered-visible-indicator-dressing-for-early-diagnosis-of-bacterial-wound-infection) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4052-0]
Cutaneous wound infections affect millions of patients annually worldwide, and early diagnosis is critical for timely anti-infection treatment. Bacterial infections alter wound pH, offering a promising diagnostic approach. Here, a diagnostic smart dressing (CMC-PDBI) is developed by ultraviolet-initiated crosslinking of a pH-responsive indicator coating, incorporating modified bromothymol blue, onto a carboxymethyl cellulose substrate. The dressing exhibits superior pH-triggered color-changing performance in both phosphate buffer solution and bacterial cultures across the pH range associated with wound infection (orange at pH 6.0, green from pH 6.5 to 7.5, blue at pH 8.0). In a murine wound infection model, CMC-PDBI indicates infection two days before symptomatic manifestation. Early therapy guided by the dressing accelerates wound healing and reduces inflammation. A smartphone application (InfectSense) assists in identifying infection risk. This work presents a novel early-warning platform for qualitative visual diagnosis of wound infections before clinical symptom onset, with high potential for clinical and home care settings.

### 1286. [Buried Interface Engineering with Starburst-Shaped Self-Assembled Monolayer Enhances Efficiency and Stability of Tin Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/buried-interface-engineering-with-starburst-shaped-self-assembled-monolayer-enhances-efficiency-and-stability) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3953-5]
Tin-based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) are the leading candidate for lead-free perovskite photovoltaics, yet their efficiency lags behind lead-based counterparts due to interfacial losses. This highlight analyzes a recent breakthrough by Li et al. (Nature Publishing Group, 2025) that addresses these losses via a triphenylamine-based starburst-shaped D-D-p-A self-assembled monolayer (SAM) molecule, MBP, anchored on nickel oxide (NiOx) as a buried hole-transport layer. The MBP molecule features a cyanoethyl phosphate anchoring group, enabling homogeneous adsorption on NiOx, and an expanded conjugated structure that yields a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of -4.95 eV, closely matching the valence band maximum of tin perovskites. This alignment reduces energy mismatch, while the push-pull electron system enhances hole extraction. Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) and steady-state photoluminescence (PL) measurements confirm faster hole extraction and reduced non-radiative recombination at the NiOx/MBP interface. Contact angle measurements demonstrate super-wettability of the perovskite precursor on NiOx/MBP, promoting high-quality film growth. Devices incorporating NiOx/MBP achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.6% (as reported in the original paper), with significantly improved long-term shelf stability and operational stability under illumination. This work underscores the potential of tailored SAM molecules to overcome energy-level and wettability bottlenecks, advancing TPSCs toward practical application.

### 1287. [Breakthrough in Centimeter-Scale Fullerene-Free Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/breakthrough-in-centimeter-scale-fullerene-free-tin-based-perovskite-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3954-9]
Tin (Sn)-based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) are a leading candidate for next-generation photovoltaics due to their ideal optical bandgap, high carrier mobility, and excellent light absorption, yet their performance lags behind lead-based counterparts. The primary limitations include the inherent oxidation sensitivity of Sn2+ and rapid crystallization kinetics, as well as the reliance on fullerene-based electron transport layers (ETLs) such as ICBA and PCBM, which suffer from low electron mobility, weak interfacial interaction, high synthesis costs, and poor stability against moisture and light. These drawbacks impede charge extraction and transport, exacerbating interfacial non-radiative recombination. To address this, Liang and coworkers designed a novel series of non-fullerene polymer ETLs based on fluorinated tri-receptor polymers (P1, P2, and P3), featuring simplified synthesis, low cost, and strong structural tunability. Among these, P3-based devices achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.06% on 0.04 cm2 cells and maintained high performance on 1 cm2 cells, demonstrating significant breakthroughs in efficiency, stability, and large-area scaling. The non-fullerene ETLs exhibit enhanced electron mobility, improved energy-level alignment, and stronger interaction with the perovskite interface, effectively suppressing non-radiative recombination. This work provides a promising strategy to replace fullerene-based ETLs, advancing the commercial viability of TPSCs.

### 1288. [Clean and Green: Harnessing Long Persistent Luminescence for Advanced Catalysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/clean-and-green-harnessing-long-persistent-luminescence-for-advanced-catalysis) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60692-5]
Long persistent luminescence materials (LPLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in photo- and electro-catalysis due to their unique capability of storing and controllably releasing photogenerated charge carriers. These materials offer innovative solutions for environmental remediation and sustainable energy technologies. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the application of LPLs in photo- and electro-catalysis, outlining their developmental history and underlying mechanisms. Emphasis is placed on their applications in organic pollutant degradation, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, and photovoltaic cells. Furthermore, design strategies and research frameworks for LPLs are discussed. The current limitations and challenges in this field are examined, and future research directions are proposed to facilitate the transition of LPLMs from fundamental research to practical applications in energy and the environment. Key materials such as SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+ exhibit afterglow lasting up to 30 hours, enabling round-the-clock catalytic activity. Composite systems like g-C3N4@Au@SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+ and Cu|CuO/SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+ have achieved efficient degradation and simultaneous hydrogen evolution. Z-scheme heterojunctions, e.g., Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,Dy3+/Ag3PO4, demonstrate enhanced performance. The review highlights the potential of LPLMs to overcome the limitation of intermittent light sources, providing a pathway for continuous catalytic processes.

### 1289. [Crystal Facet Effect of WO3 in Heterogeneous Catalysis: A Review](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/crystal-facet-effect-of-wo3-in-heterogeneous-catalysis-a-review) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60684-6]
Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is a transition metal oxide of significant interest in heterogeneous catalysis due to its environmental friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and favorable electrical properties. The catalytic performance of WO3 is strongly dependent on its exposed crystal facets, which exhibit distinct physicochemical properties including charge separation efficiency, reactant adsorption capacity, and redox activity. These differences arise from variations in atomic arrangement, electronic structure, and surface energy. This review systematically examines the facet effect of WO3 across photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, and thermal catalysis. Theoretical calculations are integrated to elucidate the intrinsic mechanisms underlying facet-dependent behavior from an atomic structure perspective. The paper synthesizes general rules governing the WO3 facet effect across these applications, critically assesses current research limitations, and outlines future directions. Key findings highlight that facet engineering enables precise tuning of catalytic activity and selectivity, with specific facets such as {001}, {110}, and {010} demonstrating enhanced performance in various reactions. The review underscores the importance of morphology control in optimizing WO3-based catalysts and identifies challenges in achieving facet-selective synthesis and stability under operational conditions. Future research should focus on advanced characterization techniques and computational modeling to further unravel facet-dependent mechanisms and guide rational catalyst design.

### 1290. [Research Progress on Cobalt-Based Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide to Ethanol](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-cobalt-based-catalysts-for-the-hydrogenation-of-carbon-dioxide-to-ethanol) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60666-4]
The catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to ethanol is a pivotal technology for carbon neutrality and high-value chemical production. Cobalt-based catalysts, with their unique electronic structure and tunability, are promising for this reaction, yet challenges persist: low single-pass CO2 conversion, ethanol selectivity below 60%, and rapid deactivation. This review systematically analyzes recent progress, establishing the thermodynamic and kinetic framework, and dissecting molecular-level mechanisms, particularly C–C bond formation and controlled oxygen removal. It critically evaluates synergistic effects among metallic Co, Co2C, CoOx, and bimetallic configurations, emphasizing structure-activity relationships influenced by supports and promoters. Inverse catalysts and tandem systems are reviewed, along with water's role as a hydrogen source. The review identifies shortcomings and advocates for advanced in situ/operational characterization and theoretical modeling to guide next-generation catalyst design. Key findings from cited studies include: Co/La4Ga2O9 achieving high selectivity (reference [85]); K-loaded Cu/CoOx boosting ethanol production (reference [86]); Ga-promoted CuCo catalysts with Cu-CoGaOx interfacial sites (reference [88]); and Mo-tailored CoFe alloys suppressing over-carburization (reference [89]). These insights provide a framework for developing efficient cobalt-based systems, deepening mechanistic understanding, and accelerating sustainable ethanol production.

### 1291. [A Review of Methane Photocatalytic Systems](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-review-of-methane-photocatalytic-systems) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60721-9]
Methane (CH4), the primary component of natural gas, is an ideal feedstock for producing high-value chemicals and clean fuels due to its high hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. However, its chemical inertness poses significant challenges, and traditional thermal catalytic reforming processes suffer from long reaction pathways and high energy consumption. Photocatalytic technology enables highly selective CH4 conversion under mild conditions, even at room temperature, offering environmental and economic benefits. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in room-temperature photocatalytic systems for direct CH4 conversion. It begins by elucidating the mechanisms, product distributions, and inherent challenges of four key reaction pathways: partial oxidation, non-oxidative coupling, oxidative coupling, and oxidative carbonylation. The discussion then addresses the critical role of catalyst architecture, focusing on semiconductor supports, metal site modulation, and advanced porous frameworks. Furthermore, reactor design and process intensification strategies are examined, including batch and continuous-flow reactors, novel structured reactors, and photo-electro and photo-thermo synergistic approaches. Finally, reaction mechanisms are summarized. Despite progress, challenges remain in fundamental understanding, performance evaluation, and technological integration. Future efforts should focus on mechanistic studies, standardization of evaluation protocols, development of non-noble metal catalysts, system optimization, and comprehensive sustainability assessments.

### 1292. [Catalytic conversion of CO2-rich syngas to high-quality gasoline hydrocarbons over In2O3-ZrO2/SAPO-11 catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/catalytic-conversion-of-co2-rich-syngas-to-high-quality-gasoline-hydrocarbons-over-in2o3-zro2sapo-11-catalysts) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60671-8]
The conversion of CO2 into gasoline-range hydrocarbons represents a sustainable pathway to achieve deep decarbonization in the transportation sector. Nevertheless, the traditional Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) suffers from a broad product distribution, which restricts the achievable selectivity toward C5−C11 gasoline-range hydrocarbons to roughly 45%. This study presents the development of a bifunctional catalyst that integrates In2O3/ZrO2 metal oxides with SAPO-11 molecular sieves, aiming at efficiently converting CO2/CO mixtures into C5−C11 gasoline hydrocarbons. Catalysts with varying In/Zr ratios were prepared via co-precipitation. By employing a COx (CO/CO2) co-feeding strategy (CO/COx = 0.5), the formation of by-product CO was significantly suppressed, thereby enabling the selectivity for gasoline hydrocarbons to exceed the maximum predicted by the Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) model. Notably, under identical reaction conditions, the In2Zr1Ox/SAPO-11 catalyst exhibited higher performance compared with In2O3/SAPO-11 and ZrO2/SAPO-11. The COx conversion was elevated by 1.7% and 0.2%, while the selectivity toward C5–C11 hydrocarbons was enhanced by 8.0% and 16.0%, respectively. Furthermore, the In2Zr1Ox/SAPO-11 catalyst delivered a single-pass performance of 24% COx conversion and 68% selectivity for C5−C11 hydrocarbons at 380 °C, 3 MPa and a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 2400 mL/(min·g). Within this product distribution, isoparaffins accounted for 32.6% of the total components, corresponding to an isoparaffin/neoparaffin ratio of 12.3. After 150 h of stability testing, the catalyst maintained a single-pass COx conversion of 23% and a C5−C11 selectivity of ~65%, demonstrating excellent catalytic activity and promising potential for industrial application.

### 1293. [Switching Hydrogenation Pathways of Furfural via Reduction-Degree Engineering of Ni-Based Catalysts](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/switching-hydrogenation-pathways-of-furfural-via-reduction-degree-engineering-of-ni-based-catalysts) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60664-0]
The selective hydrogenation of biomass-derived furfural (FAL) to high-value chemicals such as furfuryl alcohol (FOL) or tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (HFOL) is pivotal yet challenging due to the need for precise control over reaction pathways. In this study, a Ni2Al-LDO (layered double oxide) catalyst with highly dispersed surface NiO was synthesized via structural topological transformation of layered double hydroxides. The catalyst exhibited excellent performance in furfural hydrogenation, achieving a 91.42% yield of FOL at 160 °C and 1.4 MPa H2. Gradual reduction of Ni2Al-LDO produced Ni/NiO mixtures, enabling a tunable shift from FOL to HFOL as NiO content decreased and metallic Ni content increased. After reduction at 700 °C for 2 hours, the HFOL yield reached 93.95% under identical conditions. CO2-TPD, NH3-TPD, and FT-IR analyses revealed that variations in reduction degree influenced furfural adsorption behavior. NiO species selectively adsorb the C=O group of furfural, with isopropanol serving as the hydrogen source via the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) pathway, yielding FOL. In contrast, metallic Ni0 surfaces facilitate flat adsorption, enabling simultaneous activation of both the furan ring and carbonyl group, and can activate both H2 and isopropanol, with H2 as the primary hydrogen source, leading to complete hydrogenation to HFOL. This work elucidates a clear structure-activity relationship centered on the metal oxidation state and provides a practical reduction-engineering approach for designing adaptable catalysts in biomass upgrading.

### 1294. [Mechanistic Insights into Low-Temperature CO2 Methanation over LaNiO3/CeO2 Perovskite Catalyst](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/mechanistic-insights-into-low-temperature-co2-methanation-over-lanio3ceo2-perovskite-catalyst) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60662-7]
Perovskite-type catalysts show promise for CO2 methanation, yet their low-temperature performance and mechanisms remain unclear. Here, a LaNiO3/CeO2 catalyst was synthesized via sol-gel and impregnation. In situ reduction decomposed the perovskite into highly dispersed Ni0 particles (average 12.6 nm) on CeO2, which provided abundant oxygen vacancies (Ce3+/(Ce3++Ce4+) = 9.2%) and weak/moderate basic sites. This synergy enhanced CO2 adsorption and activation. At 200–300 °C, the catalyst achieved ~100% CH4 selectivity and CO2 conversion up to 23.6% at 300 °C. Comparative studies with LaNiO3, LaCeNiO4, Ni/CeO2, and La-Ni/CeO2 revealed that the perovskite pre-structuration and in situ reduction optimize Ni dispersion and metal-support interactions, stabilizing Ni0 and tuning surface basicity and oxygen vacancies. This work provides a design strategy for efficient low-temperature CO2 methanation catalysts.

### 1295. [Enhancement of ZnO-ZrO2 Solid Solution Catalyst via Cu Addition for CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/enhancement-of-zno-zro2-solid-solution-catalyst-via-cu-addition-for-co2-hydrogenation-to-methanol) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60667-6]
The introduction of an appropriate amount of Cu effectively enhances the catalytic performance of ZnO-ZrO2 solid solution catalysts in CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. However, systematic studies on the effect of Cu content in ZnO-ZrO2 solid solution catalysts remain limited. In this work, a ZnO-ZrO2 solid solution and a series of Cu/ZnO/ZrO2-x catalysts (x = 0.3, 0.7 and 0.9, denoting the molar ratio of Cu/(Cu+Zn+Zr)) were prepared by co-precipitation method. Among these catalysts, the Cu/ZnO/ZrO2-0.7 catalyst exhibited the optimal catalytic performance, with a space-time yield of methanol (162.7 g/(kg·h)) that was 6.6 times higher than that of the ZnO-ZrO2 solid solution catalyst (24.8 g/(kg·h)) at 250 °C. Structural characterizations reveal that the introduction of an appropriate amount of Cu led to the coexistence of a solid solution and individual metal oxides, and promoted the formation of medium-strength basic sites. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) results further confirm that Cu introduction facilitated the conversion of key reaction intermediates. This work provides a systematic investigation of the influence of Cu content on the methanol synthesis performance of ZnO-ZrO2 solid solution catalysts and elucidates the promotional mechanism induced by Cu incorporation.

### 1296. [Advances in Heterogeneous Catalysis for Hydrogen Production via Steam Reforming of Biomass-Derived Alcohols: Catalytic Structure-Activity Relationships from Ethanol to Glycerol Systems](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/advances-in-heterogeneous-catalysis-for-hydrogen-production-via-steam-reforming-of-biomass-derived-alcohols-ca) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60685-8]
Steam reforming of biomass-derived alcohols (ethanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, etc.) represents a critical pathway for sustainable hydrogen energy systems. This review systematically examines recent advances in heterogeneous catalysis, elucidating structure-performance correlations between alcohol molecular structures and catalyst requirements. Ethanol is prone to dehydration and methanation side reactions, while ethylene glycol leverages its dihydroxy structure to enhance dehydrogenation and C–C cleavage, improving H2 selectivity. In contrast, glycerol suffers from intensified reaction network complexity and carbon-induced deactivation due to its trihydroxy configuration. The unified catalyst design strategy involves precisely modulating metal electronic structures (e.g., alloying/atomic-level dispersion) and support oxygen mobility (e.g., rare-earth modification) to synergistically optimize dehydrogenation and carbon resistance. Ni-based catalysts dominate owing to low cost and high C–C bond activation capability, yet their stability requires synergistic enhancement via alloying (Fe, Co, Cu, etc.) or rare-earth modification (Ce, Pr, La, etc.). Noble metal systems (Pt, Rh, Ir, etc.) exhibit low-temperature activity advantages, but are transitioning strategically toward single-atom catalysis and high-entropy-oxide-based multicomponent architectures under cost constraints. Future efforts are suggested to integrate in situ/operando characterization with theoretical modeling to uncover dynamic structure-activity relationships, establish elementary reaction databases for data-driven rational catalyst design, and achieve cross-scale catalyst-reactor synergy, thereby providing a scientific foundation for efficient sustainable hydrogen production.

### 1297. [Radial multiphase integration boosting capacity and stability for low-nickel cathodes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/radial-multiphase-integration-boosting-capacity-and-stability-for-low-nickel-cathodes) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3955-0]
Nickel-rich layered cathodes (Ni≥80%) offer high discharge capacity for lithium-ion batteries but face sustainability and structural stability challenges. This study presents a radially multiphase integrated low-nickel (Ni<60%) cathode material, Li(Li0.05Ni0.57Mn0.31Co0.07)O2 (LNC), which achieves high capacity and long-term cycling stability by leveraging highly reversible anionic redox chemistry. The cathode comprises three distinct radial phases: an outermost epitaxial rock-salt phase with lithium-percolation channels, an intermediate lithium-rich manganese-rich phase with delocalized superlattice ordering, and an inner nickel-rich layered phase. The rock-salt phase suppresses interfacial side reactions and structural degradation, while the superlattice enhances lattice oxygen redox reversibility, as evidenced by resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (mRIXS) showing persistent spectral features at 4.5 V even after 100 cycles. The inner nickel-rich phase provides high discharge capacity via nickel-ion redox. This synergistic integration minimizes lattice variations and nickel oxidation state changes during cycling, as demonstrated by in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction. Compared to commercial N60, N70, N80, and N90 cathodes, LNC delivers superior discharge capacity, cycling stability, and rate performance while reducing nickel dependence, offering a sustainable pathway for high-energy-density batteries.

### 1298. [Single Metal Atom Breaks Low-Frequency and High-Temperature Absorption Barrier](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/single-metal-atom-breaks-low-frequency-and-high-temperature-absorption-barrier) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4221-y]
The advancement of 5G/6G communications and hypersonic vehicle technology imposes stringent requirements on electromagnetic wave absorbing materials, demanding efficient low-frequency (C-band, 4–8 GHz) response and stable performance above 500°C in oxidizing environments. Traditional absorbers face inherent contradictions: carbon-based composites suffer oxidation, magnetic materials lose function above Curie temperature, and ceramics like SiOC exhibit poor low-frequency absorption due to single dielectric loss. Zeng et al. (Adv Mater, 2026) propose a nitrogen-induced evolution from Fe nanoparticles to Fe single atoms within SiOC ceramic fibers. Through electrospinning of polycarbosilane, PVP, and iron(III) acetylacetonate, followed by curing at 200°C and pyrolysis at 1000°C with dicyandiamide as nitrogen source, they achieve Fe-N4 single-atom coordination. EXAFS confirms Fe-N peak at ~1.5 Å and absence of Fe-Fe peak at ~2.2 Å, ruling out clusters. This design leverages strong Fe-N covalent bonds and unique electronic structure, retaining magnetic contribution to low-frequency response while preventing nanoparticle agglomeration and oxidation. The work achieves synergistic breakthrough in low-frequency absorption and high-temperature stability, pioneering design for extreme environments.

### 1299. [From Monolayers to Matrices: Redefining Buried Interfaces in Scalable Perovskite Photovoltaics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/from-monolayers-to-matrices-redefining-buried-interfaces-in-scalable-perovskite-photovoltaics) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3924-x]
Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved power conversion efficiencies exceeding 27%, rivaling crystalline silicon photovoltaics. Among device architectures, the inverted p-i-n configuration offers excellent reproducibility, negligible hysteresis, and compatibility with silicon bottom cells, making it promising for scalable tandem integration. As the field shifts toward industrial viability, key challenges focus on interfacial stability, process reproducibility, and large-area manufacturability. The buried interface between the perovskite absorber and charge transport layers dictates nucleation, crystallization, charge extraction, and recombination dynamics. Imperfect interfacial contact or mismatched energy alignment leads to trap states, increased nonradiative recombination, and rapid degradation. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have revolutionized interface control, offering tunable energy levels, minimized parasitic absorption, and reduced defects. However, SAM-based interfaces face scale-up challenges due to molecular aggregation, incomplete coverage, and hydrophobicity, causing nonuniform nucleation and pinhole formation. Co-assembled monolayers (Co-SAMs) have been explored but remain limited to small areas. Addressing this bottleneck, Zhao et al. proposed a 'SAM-in-matrix' strategy embedding SAM molecules within a tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) matrix. This BCF framework disrupts π–π stacking, suppressing aggregation and producing an amorphous, uniform, and highly wettable hole transport layer, potentially enabling scalable manufacturing.

### 1300. [A Hetero-Cross-Linking Strategy for Versatile Artificial Muscles with Superior Electromechanical Sensitivity](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-hetero-cross-linking-strategy-for-versatile-artificial-muscles-with-superior-electromechanical-sensitivity) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3970-1]
Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are promising artificial muscle technologies due to their large actuation strains, high energy density, and fast response. However, their practical application is hindered by a trade-off between increasing the relative dielectric constant (εr) and decreasing the Young's modulus (Y), which limits electromechanical sensitivity (εr/Y) to below 110 MPa⁻¹. Here, we report a hetero-cross-linking strategy to fabricate a semiseparated biphasic bicontinuous dielectric elastomer (SBE) using two commercial silicone elastomers: Elastosil P7676 (mechanical phase, M-phase) and Sylgard 170 (dielectric phase, D-phase). The M-phase provides an ultralow Young's modulus (~10 kPa), while the D-phase offers a high dielectric constant (3.6). With only 10% D-phase content (SBE-1), the material achieves a record-high electromechanical sensitivity of 360 MPa⁻¹. Under an electric field of 35 V μm⁻¹ without prestretching, SBE-1 exhibits a 90% area strain, significantly outperforming pure phases and previously reported DEAs. The interpenetrating phase structure also enhances breakdown strength. SBE-based artificial muscles demonstrate large displacement at high frequencies, achieving a power density of 2250 W kg⁻¹ at resonance (>200 Hz), surpassing natural muscle and prior DEA artificial muscles. A human-like robotic arm with one rotational joint and four pure-shear SBE-based artificial muscles was developed, capable of extending and bending actions. This work provides a versatile strategy for high-performance DEAs, advancing soft robotics applications.

### 1301. [Catching an Optical Photograph via a Focus-Tunable Real-Time Imaging System](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/catching-an-optical-photograph-via-a-focus-tunable-real-time-imaging-system) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3958-8]
Visual systems are the primary interface for humans to perceive the external environment. Mimicking the human eye, which integrates adjustable lenses with a curved retina, bio-inspired curved image sensors effectively mitigate field curvature and vignetting. To realize focus-tunable imaging, sensors must possess dynamic curvature while maintaining high sensitivity and mechanical stability. However, transitioning from rigid architectures to flexible devices often results in poor surface conformity through simple bending. Flexible sensors have explored intrinsic and structural designs for better flexibility and less stress concentration. Recent advances suggest that ultrathin devices with mesh-inspired designs offer a superior strategy, achieving seamless alignment with the curved surface without compromising optoelectronic performance. He et al. have developed a focus-tunable real-time curved imaging system inspired by the human visual system, based on an ultrathin perovskite curved image sensor with a hierarchical mesh architecture. They introduced an ultrathin image sensor with 5.4 μm thickness and soft interconnections, enabling it to be readily deformed into a hemispherical geometry. The ultrathin structure significantly reduces intrinsic mechanical behaviors, while interconnections effectively release twisting and stretching stress among pixels under various curvature conditions. As a result, the curved sensor array achieves a low detection limit of 10 nW cm−2, approaching the light sensitivity level of human photoreceptors. The focus-tunable imaging system integrates a curved image sensor with a shape-tunable convex lens, forming a conformal, skin-like architecture on a hemispherical surface. Finite element analysis revealed that when deformed to a curvature radius of 17.8 mm, the maximum strain on the Parylene C substrate reaches 5.72% and is primarily localized at pixel interconnections and edge regions. The curved image sensor achieves an overall thickness of approximately 5.4 μm and integrates a perovskite photodetector array comprising 127 pixels, enabling mechanically robust operation under pronounced curvature.

### 1302. [Generative AI Empowers Minimalist Wearable Personalized Human-Machine Interface](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/generative-ai-empowers-minimalist-wearable-personalized-human-machine-interface) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3911-7]
The seamless integration of electronics with the human body is pivotal for next-generation human-machine interfaces (HMI) and personalized healthcare. Traditional high-density sensor arrays, while capable of capturing complex biomechanical data, impose significant power and comfort penalties. This study introduces the Generative EMG Network (GenENet), a framework that synergizes generative artificial intelligence with soft bioelectronics to reduce hardware complexity. By leveraging a 32-channel stretchable sensor array as a 'teacher' dataset, GenENet employs a masked autoencoder architecture to learn spatiotemporal correlations within high-density electromyography (EMG) data. The trained model enables a simplified 6-channel wearable band to replicate the performance of the full 32-channel array. The sensor device utilizes a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate, liquid metal (EGaln) interconnects, and a conductive PEDOT:PSS hydrogel interface, achieving low skin-contact impedance and high signal-to-noise ratios under mechanical strain. This approach addresses the bottleneck of data throughput and power consumption in wearable HMIs, offering a path toward minimalist, personalized devices for applications such as sign language decoding and gait analysis. The findings underscore the potential of generative AI to transform wearable bioelectronics by shifting computational burden from hardware to software.

### 1303. [Control Strategy for Mercury Emissions from Coal-Fired Flue Gas in China](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/control-strategy-for-mercury-emissions-from-coal-fired-flue-gas-in-china) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60708-6]
Mercury emissions from coal combustion are highly toxic, volatile, and bioaccumulative, posing long-term threats to ecosystems and human health. This review systematically examines the current status and control policies of mercury emissions from coal combustion in China, analyzing distribution characteristics and transformation mechanisms during combustion, with emphasis on collaborative removal in pollution control devices after ultra-low emission retrofitting. A progressive strategy of 'synergistic enhancement–deep purification–resource recycling' is proposed, comprising three tiers: optimizing operational parameters of existing control systems to enhance synergistic mercury removal; developing efficient adsorption and catalytic oxidation technologies for industrial application; and advancing integrated mercury removal and recovery technologies, such as magnetosphere-based sorbents and recovery processes, focusing on high-value utilization. The paper also outlines future research directions aligned with international compliance and domestic environmental tax policies, providing theoretical and technical support for China's commitments to near-zero emissions of coal combustion pollutants.

### 1304. [Research Progress on Hydrogen and Carbon Materials Production from Methane Pyrolysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/research-progress-on-hydrogen-and-carbon-materials-production-from-methane-pyrolysis) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60681-0]
The escalation of global warming and climate change necessitates the development of clean energy carriers. Hydrogen, with a high combustion value of 120 MJ/kg and net-zero carbon emissions, is a promising alternative. Catalytic methane pyrolysis offers a route to produce high-purity hydrogen and functional carbon materials simultaneously. However, challenges persist in catalyst deactivation due to carbon deposition and the efficient separation and valorization of carbon byproducts. This review systematically examines recent progress in solid and molten-medium catalysts for methane pyrolysis. It highlights strategies to enhance catalyst stability, including precise control of active sites, alloying, support optimization, and tuning the carbon-catalyst interface. The introduction of molten media catalytic systems, which feature dynamically refreshed gas-liquid interfaces, can fundamentally mitigate deactivation and facilitate continuous carbon separation. The paper discusses reaction mechanisms, catalytic performance, and control of carbon morphology, along with strategies for efficient separation and purification of carbon products in molten media. High-value applications of the produced carbon materials are also explored. The review underscores the potential of methane pyrolysis as a low-carbon technology for hydrogen production, while identifying key research directions for industrial scalability.

### 1305. [AI for Electrocatalytic Energy Conversion: From Atoms to Industry](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ai-for-electrocatalytic-energy-conversion-from-atoms-to-industry) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4074-6]
Achieving carbon neutralization relies heavily on green hydrogen and electrochemical carbon-nitrogen cycles. However, the complexity of these systems and the cost of traditional Edisonian trial-and-error methods hinder rapid progress. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool, enabling high-throughput data processing and dynamic adaptation. This review surveys the landscape of AI-driven electrochemistry, bridging the gap from atomic-scale design to industrial-scale implementation. Specifically, we focus on three areas: atomic structure-function decoding, fully automated “self-driving” laboratories, and macro-scale simulations for device durability. Furthermore, we elucidate the critical challenges in integrating AI with materials science. By mapping current trends and future directions, this work aims to unlock the full transformative potential of AI in next-generation energy storage and conversion.

### 1306. [Reaction mechanisms and cracking performance of CH4 provoked by non-equilibrium plasma](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/reaction-mechanisms-and-cracking-performance-of-ch4-provoked-by-non-equilibrium-plasma) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60690-1]
Methane cracking driven by electric power holds significant promise in the context of the rapid development of renewable energy. The effects of carrier gas ratio, input power, and inlet gas flow rate on CH4 cracking performance were systematically investigated in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor. The variation of temperature distribution and reaction energy intensity were also examined. The experimental results indicate that CH4 conversion and gaseous product formation are promoted by increasing the DBD input power or decreasing the inlet gas flow rate. At an input power of 90 W and an inlet gas flow rate of 200 mL/min, the single-pass CH4 conversion reaches 46.6%, with an H2 yield of 23.3%, demonstrating that CH4 cracking is governed by electron induced reactions. While the Joule heating from the inner and outer electrodes is relatively limited. The reaction energy intensity increases as the CH4 conversion decreases. When the inlet gas flow rate increases from 200 to 800 mL/min, the energy intensity rises by approximately 2.8 times, indicating that higher inlet gas flow rates enhance the convective heat transfer and shorten the gas residence time, thereby suppressing deep CH4 cracking. Moreover, BOLSIG+ calculations further reveal that CH4 activation is dominated by electron induced vibrational excitation, in which stepwise energy accumulation drives C–H bond dissociation. The energy transfer and species transformation pathways of overall CH4 cracking process, which comprises electron energy injection, vibrational excitation, stepwise dissociation, radical chain extension, and final product formation, can be summarized into three stages, i.e. methane activation, radical evolution, and product formation.

### 1307. [Emerging Janus/gradient anode structures for high-performance lithium-metal batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/emerging-janusgradient-anode-structures-for-high-performance-lithium-metal-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4099-2]
Lithium (Li)-metal batteries (LMBs) are promising next-generation energy storage systems due to their high theoretical capacity (3860 mAh g−1) and low electrochemical potential (−3.04 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode). However, uncontrollable Li dendrite growth and volume fluctuations during cycling cause low Coulombic efficiency, safety hazards, and rapid capacity decay. Conventional 3D current collectors mitigate these issues by increasing surface area and providing void space, but they suffer from top-heavy deposition and underutilization of internal space. Emerging Janus/gradient anode structures, featuring asymmetric or gradient properties in lithiophilicity, conductivity, or porosity, enable bottom-up Li plating and efficient space utilization. This review systematically summarizes design principles, operational mechanisms, and recent progress in lithiophilic-lithiophobic Janus designs, conductivity-gradient frameworks, and dual-gradient configurations. These structures collectively improve Coulombic efficiency, cyclic longevity, and safety. The review concludes with future research directions, underscoring the potential of Janus/gradient anodes for high-energy-density and durable LMBs.

### 1308. [Calcination Atmosphere-Engineered Cu/SiO2 Catalysts for Efficient Hydrogenation of Dimethyl Succinate to 1,4-Butanediol](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/calcination-atmosphere-engineered-cusio2-catalysts-for-efficient-hydrogenation-of-dimethyl-succinate-to-14-but) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60663-9]
The catalytic hydrogenation of biomass-derived dimethyl succinate (DMS) to 1,4-butanediol (BDO) is a pivotal route for producing high-value C4 chemicals in green chemistry. Cu/SiO2 catalysts are known for high selectivity in hydrogenating ester groups, with performance correlated to copper species microstructure. Although calcination critically defines this active structure, systematic influence of calcination atmosphere remains underexplored. Here, Cu/SiO2 catalysts were prepared via urea-assisted hydrothermal method and calcined under different atmospheres to elucidate effects on physicochemical properties and hydrogenation performance. Comprehensive characterization (N2 physisorption, FT-IR, H2-TPR, XRD, TEM, N2O pulse chemisorption, XPS, NH3-TPD) revealed that calcination atmosphere profoundly alters metal-support interaction, regulating dispersion and chemical state of copper species. Specifically, air calcination promoted stronger metal-support interaction, enhancing copper dispersion and increasing proportion of key active Cu+ species. Consequently, air-calcined catalyst achieved 92.37% DMS conversion and 64.15% BDO yield under optimized conditions (210 °C, 5.0 MPa, WHSV 0.6 h−1, H2/DMS molar ratio 100). This work underscores calcination atmosphere engineering as potent strategy for optimizing metal-support interactions in heterogeneous catalysts for efficient hydrogenation.

### 1309. [Harnessing Anion Intercalation to Activate Layered Double Hydroxides for Efficient and Stable Seawater Splitting](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/harnessing-anion-intercalation-to-activate-layered-double-hydroxides-for-efficient-and-stable-seawater-splitti) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4066-x]
Direct seawater electrolysis offers a sustainable route to green hydrogen, yet is hindered by the competing chlorine evolution reaction and severe catalyst corrosion. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), with tunable host layers and exchangeable interlayer galleries, are promising for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in seawater, but their intrinsic activity and chloride tolerance need enhancement. Anion intercalation engineering has emerged as a powerful strategy to address these challenges. By inserting functional anions—from simple inorganic ions and polyoxometalates to organic molecules—into LDH interlayers, it is possible to expand interlayer spacing for improved mass transport, modulate the electronic structure of metal centers to boost intrinsic OER activity, and create a negatively charged interfacial microenvironment that selectively enriches OH−. This review comprehensively examines design principles, mechanistic insights, and catalytic performance of various anion-intercalated LDHs for seawater splitting. It highlights representative breakthroughs in material design, discusses integration strategies in practical electrolyzer devices, and evaluates long-term stability under industrial operating conditions. Finally, it outlines key challenges and future directions for rational design and scalable deployment of high-performance, durable LDH-based catalysts for sustainable hydrogen production from seawater.

### 1310. [Synthesis of Plate-Like Alumina via Synergistic Activation from Co-Combustion Ash of Coal Gangue and Corn Stalk](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synthesis-of-plate-like-alumina-via-synergistic-activation-from-co-combustion-ash-of-coal-gangue-and-corn-stal) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60686-X]
This study reports a streamlined route for synthesizing plate-like α-Al2O3 via co-combustion activation of coal gangue and corn stalk, enabling high-value utilization of solid wastes. The introduction of corn stalk significantly reduces the apparent activation energy of coal gangue combustion and increases the acid leaching yield of aluminum to 81.9%. Mechanism analysis reveals that titanium and iron ions in the co-combustion ash leachate act as natural morphology regulators, facilitating the formation of a plate-like structure in the alumina product, with titanium exhibiting leaching behavior consistent with that of aluminum. Furthermore, a high content of AlO6 structural units in the precursor effectively promotes the direct conversion into dense α-Al2O3 crystals during thermal treatment, thereby enhancing product density. Under optimized conditions (800 °C, 1 h), the as-prepared α-Al2O3 exhibits a plate-like morphology, with a median particle size (d50) of 5.70 μm and a density of 4.94 g/cm3. This work provides a new approach for the synergistic resource utilization of coal gangue and biomass waste.

### 1311. [Advances in Piezoelectric Materials with Diverse Crystal Structures: From Design to Applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/advances-in-piezoelectric-materials-with-diverse-crystal-structures-from-design-to-applications) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4334-9]
Piezoelectric materials underpin modern electromechanical energy conversion, serving as critical components in sensors, actuators, and energy harvesters. Their performance is intrinsically governed by the piezoelectric coefficient, yet optimizing this property remains challenging due to the profound influence of diverse microscopic structures. This review systematically examines three fundamental crystalline architectures—perovskite, wurtzite, and fluorite—and critically analyzes performance optimization strategies tailored to each structure. We explore five principal modification approaches: defect engineering, elemental doping, heterostructure film fabrication, composite film design, and buffer layer incorporation, with emphasis on the underlying physical mechanisms that drive property enhancements. By providing a cross-structural comparison, this review establishes clear structure–property relationships, offering a foundational guide for material selection and design. Furthermore, we highlight the implications of these advanced materials for next-generation applications in energy harvesting and smart devices. Finally, we present a forward-looking roadmap, outlining emerging research directions and addressing key technical challenges to guide the development of next-generation high-performance piezoelectric materials.

### 1312. [Influence of Si/Al ratio of MFI zeolites on the microstructure and catalytic performance of Co-based catalyst for N2O decomposition](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/influence-of-sial-ratio-of-mfi-zeolites-on-the-microstructure-and-catalytic-performance-of-co-based-catalyst-f) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60668-8]
A series of Co-based molecular sieve catalysts with varying Si/Al ratios was synthesized via impregnation. Microstructural properties of Co active sites were characterized by XRD, TEM, Raman, H2-TPR, Py-FTIR, and XPS. Results indicate that surface Co species predominantly exist as CoOx nanoclusters and isolated Co2+, with the latter exhibiting superior N2O decomposition activity. Decreasing the Si/Al ratio of the MFI zeolite promotes the formation of isolated Co2+ active sites, thereby enhancing catalytic performance. Compared to Co/S-1 (pure silica support), the Co/HZ60 catalyst (low Si/Al ratio ZSM-5) lowers the temperature for complete N2O decomposition by 80 °C and demonstrates excellent resistance to O2 and NO. The strong interaction between the zeolite framework and Co2+ inhibits oxidation to Co3+, improving N2O adsorption and activation. This work provides a rational design strategy for efficient and stable Co-based catalysts for N2O abatement in industrial tail gases.

### 1313. [Progress of Biomass/Coal-Based Carbon Materials as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/progress-of-biomasscoal-based-carbon-materials-as-electrocatalysts-for-oxygen-reduction-reaction) [DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0006]
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a critical cathode reaction in fuel cells and metal-air batteries, yet its sluggish kinetics and high overpotential severely limit device performance. Conventional platinum-based catalysts suffer from prohibitive cost (accounting for up to 40% of total fuel cell system cost), scarce reserves, and poor tolerance to methanol and carbon monoxide, impeding large-scale commercialization. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in biomass/coal-based carbon materials as ORR electrocatalysts, focusing on raw material characteristics, preparation methods, structural regulation, and performance evaluation. Biomass and coal precursors offer advantages of low cost, abundant availability, and natural heteroatom doping (N, P, S), enabling the design of high-performance, metal-free catalysts. Key challenges include ensuring raw material homogeneity, precise control of active sites, and scalable synthesis. Future research directions emphasize optimizing pore structure and surface chemistry to enhance four-electron selectivity and stability. The review provides theoretical guidance for developing cost-effective ORR catalysts to replace platinum, thereby accelerating the deployment of clean energy technologies.

### 1314. [In-depth Research on Atomic-Level Issues in the Field of Single-Atom Catalyst Synthesis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/in-depth-research-on-atomic-level-issues-in-the-field-of-single-atom-catalyst-synthesis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4101-5]
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) represent a frontier in catalytic science, offering theoretically 100% atom utilization, tunable electronic structures, and coordination microenvironments, with broad prospects in energy conversion and high-end chemical synthesis. However, atomic-scale challenges—disordered active site distribution, constrained electronic structures, metal atom agglomeration, limited loading capacity, and insufficient coordination environment precision—severely restrict performance optimization and practical deployment. This review systematically analyzes the mechanistic interconnections among these challenges, framing them as a multi-level, coupled systemic problem rather than isolated issues. It summarizes recent regulation strategies including support engineering, coordination regulation, spatial confinement, and dynamic synthesis, emphasizing the value of multi-strategy synergy for performance breakthroughs. Future research directions include developing in-situ characterization with high spatial and temporal resolution, exploring multi-site synergistic catalytic mechanisms, and constructing standardized databases and rational design platforms. These efforts aim to enable large-scale advances in clean energy and green chemical processes.

### 1315. [Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Alkaline Lignin with In Situ Hydrogen Supply from Formic Acid](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/hydrothermal-liquefaction-of-alkaline-lignin-with-in-situ-hydrogen-supply-from-formic-acid) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60717-7]
Alkali lignin, a high-volume byproduct from pulp and paper manufacturing and biomass refining, is a promising feedstock for aromatic hydrocarbon production in liquid fuels due to its high energy density and abundant aromatic moieties. However, its highly cross-linked polymeric structure hinders efficient valorization. This work investigates catalytic conversion of alkali lignin into bio-oil under in situ H2 supply from formic acid. A series of Ni-Mo/h-BN bimetallic catalysts with varied metal ratios were synthesized by impregnation and characterized by XPS, XRD, and other techniques. The effects of reaction parameters on H2 production via aqueous-phase reforming (APR) of formic acid were evaluated. Optimal H2 yield was achieved at a formic acid-to-water molar ratio of 1:10 and a Ni/Mo atomic ratio of 3:1. H2 yield increased monotonically with temperature from 220 to 280 °C, reaching a maximum of 38.48 mmol. Subsequently, influences of reaction temperature and residence time on bio-oil production were examined. The highest heavy bio-oil yield (18.93%) and maximum relative content of aromatic hydrocarbons (13.81%) were both achieved at 280 °C. Prolonged reaction time reduced heavy bio-oil yield and aromatic hydrocarbon abundance while favoring furan derivatives. This work demonstrates good synergy between in situ hydrogen generation from formic acid and lignin hydrogenation in the temperature range 240–280 °C.

### 1316. [An Insight into Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks for Chemical Sensing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/an-insight-into-conductive-metal-organic-frameworks-for-chemical-sensing) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4029-4]
Chemical sensing technology is pivotal in modern industry and daily life, with sensor performance critically reliant on nanomaterials. While sensors based on traditional nanomaterials, such as inorganic semiconductors and organic conductive polymers, have achieved commercialization, they face persistent challenges. As an emerging subclass, conductive metal-organic frameworks (c-MOFs) not only inherit the core advantages of traditional MOFs—high specific surface area, porosity, and tunable composition/structure—but also offer adjustable electrical conductivity, rendering them ideal for sensing applications. This review systematically elucidates the construction and properties of c-MOFs across microscopic crystalline and macroscopic micro-nano structural scales. Special emphasis is placed on the structural design and regulation of c-MOFs for analytical sensing, and the intrinsic structure-performance relationship is clarified to achieve higher sensitivity, selectivity, response speed, and long-term stability, as well as other performance metrics. Finally, we comprehensively summarize the typical applications of c-MOFs-based sensors, covering environmental and safety monitoring, photoelectric detection, and health monitoring and diagnosis. At the same time, the key challenges existing in this field, such as the controllable preparation of high-quality single-crystal materials, the theoretical analysis of intrinsic electrically conductive mechanisms, and the balance between macroscopic material stability and the processing performance of devices, were evaluated. The future research directions should focus on developing new ligands and metal combinations to optimize the band structure, deepening the exploration of the mechanisms of emerging physical effects such as piezoelectricity, and promoting the integration and application of materials in practical scenarios such as flexible electronics and wearable devices.

### 1317. [Effect of UiO-66 Precursors with Different Ce/Zr Ratios on the Performance of Pt-Based Catalysts in Dry Methane Reforming Reactions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/effect-of-uio-66-precursors-with-different-cezr-ratios-on-the-performance-of-pt-based-catalysts-in-dry-methane) [DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5813(26)60669-X]
Dry reforming of methane (DRM) converts CH4 and CO2 into syngas with a unity H2/CO ratio, but suffers from catalyst deactivation via sintering and carbon deposition at high temperatures. This study addresses these challenges by employing UiO-66 as a precursor to modify Pt-based catalysts. A series of Pt/CeO2-ZrO2 catalysts were synthesized via incipient wetness impregnation using supports with varying Ce/Zr ratios prepared hydrothermally. Comprehensive characterization—including CO2-TPD, CH4-TPD, XPS, XAFS, in situ DRIFTS, TG, and Raman spectroscopy—revealed a volcano-type correlation between DRM performance and Ce/Zr ratio. Optimal activity and stability were achieved with Pt/3CeO2-ZrO2 (Ce/Zr = 3:1). This catalyst features highly dispersed platinum, primarily as single atoms and thermally stable PtOx clusters. It exhibits the highest concentration of Ce3+ and Zr3+ species, abundant oxygen vacancies, and high defect density, indicating strong metal-support interaction. Mechanistically, stable DRM is facilitated by oxygen-assisted CH4 dissociation and hydrogen-assisted CO2 dissociation. At 800 °C, CH4 and CO2 conversions reached 86% and 93%, respectively, with H2/CO ratio near unity. A 10 h stability test showed no detectable carbon deposition. These results confirm that the catalyst enhances reaction kinetics while demonstrating superior activity, stability, and resistance to coking and sintering.

### 1318. [Additively manufactured metal matrix composites: a review of fatigue and creep resistance for in-service conditions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/additively-manufactured-metal-matrix-composites-a-review-of-fatigue-and-creep-resistance-for-in-service-condit) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4083-9]
Metal additive manufacturing (AM) enables the fabrication of arbitrary three-dimensional structures with unprecedented design freedom. However, components must withstand extreme in-service conditions, including high temperatures, fatigue, and creep, necessitating materials with multifunctional properties. Metal matrix composites (MMCs), comprising reinforcing particles embedded in metallic matrices, offer promising solutions for such harsh environments. Nevertheless, the non-equilibrium nature of AM processes introduces complex phase diffusion, reactions, and melt flow dynamics, making microstructural design and production challenging. This review focuses on the fatigue and creep resistance of additively manufactured MMCs under in-service conditions, emphasizing how composite strategies influence these properties. The underlying mechanisms responsible for property enhancements via AM are interpreted and discussed. Key findings indicate that AM enables refined microstructures, improved particle dispersion, and the formation of in-situ reinforcing phases, which collectively enhance fatigue life and creep resistance. For instance, TiC-reinforced steels exhibit improved wear resistance after heat treatment, and boron-phosphorus interactions in Inconel 718 enhance creep properties. The review provides insights into future directions for developing AM MMCs for critical applications, highlighting the need for tailored microstructures and process optimization to achieve balanced mechanical performance.

### 1319. [Ambient Fabrication of Over 19% Efficient Organic Solar Cells via Spontaneous Water-Spreading and Layer-by-Layer Deposition](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ambient-fabrication-of-over-19-efficient-organic-solar-cells-via-spontaneous-water-spreading-and-layer-by-laye) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4109-2]
The fabrication of high-efficiency organic solar cells (OSCs) under ambient conditions remains a formidable challenge due to the sensitivity of active layer morphology to environmental factors. We propose an innovative approach for air-processed devices that combines spontaneous water-spreading film formation with layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition. This method enables the fabrication of donor- and acceptor-dominant bulk heterojunction blend films near the anode and cathode interfacial layers, respectively, optimizing vertical phase separation and enhancing charge transfer efficiency. In the D18:L8-BO system, the device achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.02% with an exceptionally narrow efficiency distribution. Even for devices with an area of 1 cm2, a PCE of 16.56% is attained. After a 1000-hour decay test, the efficiency retains 84.1%. This novel method offers a promising pathway for advancing the industrial application of large-area, highly stable devices with narrow efficiency distribution under ambient conditions.

### 1320. [Inorganic Biomaterials as Immunomodulators: Dual Strategies for Activation and Suppression](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/inorganic-biomaterials-as-immunomodulators-dual-strategies-for-activation-and-suppression) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4001-x]
Precise regulation of the immune system is essential for maintaining physiological homeostasis and treating disease. Insufficient immune activation leads to tumor development, whereas excessive immune responses cause autoimmune diseases or chronic inflammation. Inorganic biomaterials, owing to their unique intrinsic properties such as enzyme-mimicking catalytic functions, tunable composition and morphology, degradability, and inherent bioactivity, have transformed from conventional carriers into versatile platforms capable of actively regulating immune responses. This review summarizes recent progress in immunoregulatory inorganic biomaterials, highlighting their dual capacities to induce immune activation or immune suppression. For immune activation, inorganic materials serve as adjuvants to enhance antigen presentation, induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), and reprogram immune cell metabolism, enabling applications in tumor treatment. For immune suppression, specific inorganic materials effectively eliminate excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), modulate the functions of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, and promote the development of immunosuppressive cell populations, including regulatory T cells and M2 macrophages, thereby re-establishing immune tolerance in autoimmune diseases. Despite remaining challenges in mechanistic verification, long-term biosafety, and clinical translation, inorganic biomaterials offer a promising multifunctional platform for achieving precise immune interventions across cancer immunotherapy, tissue regeneration, and autoimmune disease management.

### 1321. [Copper-based single-atom catalysts for synergistic antibacterial action: synthesis, mechanisms, and multifunctional applications](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/copper-based-single-atom-catalysts-for-synergistic-antibacterial-action-synthesis-mechanisms-and-multifunction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4064-1]
Bacterial infections and the accelerating rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) demand innovative antibacterial strategies beyond conventional antibiotics. Copper single-atom catalysts (Cu-SACs), featuring atomically dispersed active sites and tunable electronic structures, offer potent multimodal catalytic antibacterial functions. This review summarizes recent advances in the design, mechanisms and applications of Cu-SACs in antimicrobial technologies. We first outline four major synthesis routes: thermal activation, solvent-mediated strategies, energy-intensive methods and template-etching approaches, enabling high loading, stable anchoring and scalable, environmentally compatible production. We then dissect the multimodal antibacterial mechanisms of Cu-SACs: functioning as nanozymes to catalyze reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation; acting as photosensitizers to enable photocatalytic and photothermal bactericidal activity; and integrating these pathways with gas therapy, controlled ion release and immune modulation to construct multidimensional antimicrobial networks capable of eradicating drug-resistant bacteria and biofilms. We further discuss the substantial potential of Cu-SACs across three application domains: chemical-free, high-efficiency disinfection and real-time monitoring in water purification; durable self-disinfecting performance in antimicrobial textiles; and precision infection management in biomedical settings through integrated “bactericidal-anti-inflammatory-tissue-repair” therapeutic frameworks for both superficial and deep-tissue infections. Finally, we examine the challenges and future directions for the clinical translation and precise antimicrobial deployment of Cu-SACs, providing a conceptual foundation and practical guidance for advancing atomically engineered antibacterial materials from laboratory research to industrial applications.

### 1322. [Remarkable roles of electron-rich Mo and electron-deficient Ni active pairs in MoN/Ni heterostructures in promoting efficient urea oxidation reaction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/remarkable-roles-of-electron-rich-mo-and-electron-deficient-ni-active-pairs-in-monni-heterostructures-in-promo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4162-0]
The urea oxidation reaction (UOR) offers a low-energy pathway for hydrogen production via water electrolysis, but Ni-based catalysts suffer from Ni self-oxidation reaction (NSOR) that wastes energy and poisons active sites via strong CO2 adsorption. Here, we design MoN/Ni heterostructures to optimize the electronic structure of Ni sites, suppressing NSOR. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirm the formation of electron-rich Mo and electron-deficient Ni active pairs. In-situ spectroscopy, electrochemical tests, and density functional theory calculations reveal that electron-rich Mo sites enhance urea adsorption, while electron-deficient Ni sites prevent NSOR, facilitating urea activation, intermediate conversion, and CO2 desorption. The synergistic effect yields a current density of 100 mA cm−2 at only 1.39 V vs. RHE in 1 M KOH + 0.33 M urea, outperforming many NiOOH-based catalysts. This work introduces a novel high-performance catalyst with electron-rich/electron-deficient active pairs for efficient UOR.

### 1323. [Giant Optical Anisotropy in the Edge Surfaces of Layered Crystals: Unveiled by Direct Measurements of Out-of-Plane Optical Constants](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/giant-optical-anisotropy-in-the-edge-surfaces-of-layered-crystals-unveiled-by-direct-measurements-of-out-of-pl) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4149-1]
Large optical anisotropy is paramount for efficient light manipulation in optoelectronic devices. Van der Waals layered materials, exhibiting large structural contrast between in-plane and out-of-plane directions, are inherently anisotropic in 3D space. However, measurements of their optical constants have been limited to 2D planes. Here, we directly measure reflectance spectra from the edge and basal surfaces of layered MoS2, NbOCl2, and WTe2 crystals to compare out-of-plane and in-plane optical constants in the 500–1000 nm range. Results show that out-of-plane refractive indices are smaller than in-plane values. Out-of-plane extinction coefficients are zero for MoS2 and NbOCl2 but nonzero for WTe2, confirmed by transient reflection spectroscopy. The nonzero extinction in WTe2 arises from symmetry of transition dipole moments and density of states dictated by crystal structure. Out-of-plane optical constants of MoS2 and NbOCl2 exhibit less dispersion than in-plane, whereas WTe2 shows enhanced out-of-plane dispersion around 2.14 eV, attributed to increased optical transition probability from larger density of states. These parameters indicate giant birefringence (>1.8 for MoS2, >0.6 for NbOCl2, >0.5 for WTe2) and linear dichroism (up to 100% for MoS2 and NbOCl2, 40.7% for WTe2) on edge surfaces. Results enable prediction of optical response at arbitrary incidence angles, aiding polarization-related optoelectronic devices.

### 1324. [Recent Advances in the Design, Synthesis, and Wearable Applications of Luminescent Fibers and Textiles](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/recent-advances-in-the-design-synthesis-and-wearable-applications-of-luminescent-fibers-and-textiles) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4038-8]
Fluorescent fibers and textiles that integrate outstanding optical performance with excellent flexibility hold significant promise for wearable applications and the Internet of Things (IoT). However, the poor stability of post-organized phosphor-based fibers and the high-cost, high-precision technology of electroluminescent fibers hinder their widespread adoption. Perovskite materials and organic semiconductors, owing to their high-efficiency, tunable luminescent properties and solution processability, are deliberately employed to fabricate desired fluorescent fibers and textiles via a spinning chemistry strategy. Recent advances have successfully applied these fibers to sensors, information displays, optical communications, and health monitoring. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in fluorescent fibers and textiles, covering spinning techniques, emitter design, and wearable applications. We highlight key challenges and future research directions in the fine design and synthesis of fluorescent fibers and textiles, as well as their system integration for practical wearable applications. The review emphasizes the potential of spinning chemistry to enable scalable production of robust, high-performance luminescent fibers, addressing stability and cost barriers. We discuss the use of metal halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) with high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) and tunable emission, and organic semiconductor emitters with tailored molecular structures, as promising building blocks. The integration of these materials into fibers via spinning chemistry offers a facile, efficient, and controlled strategy, leading to ultra-stable CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite filaments with a PLQY of 24.5% and stretchability up to 2400%. The review concludes by outlining future research directions, including the development of lead-free perovskites and self-healing materials, to enhance stability and safety for commercial wearable technologies.

### 1325. [Highly stable halide perovskite quantum dots embedded in nanoporous glass via Pb2+ anchored nano-confined aqueous synthesis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/highly-stable-halide-perovskite-quantum-dots-embedded-in-nanoporous-glass-via-pb2-anchored-nano-confined-aqueo) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4067-4]
Confined growth of metal halide perovskite quantum dots (QDs) in porous matrices yields improved stability and sensitivity for their implementation in luminescent chemical sensing applications. Here, we realized the synthesis of highly stable (water, photo, and thermal) and luminescent CsPbX3 QDs within nanoporous glass (NG). This is achieved by a nano-confined aqueous synthesis of CsPbBr3 QDs in Pb-anchored NG. Benefiting from strong Pb–O–Si chemical bonding between the perovskite QDs and the NG matrix, the stability of the encapsulated perovskite QDs is significantly enhanced. The emission of the perovskite NG can be tuned from 440 to 760 nm. By integrating green- and red-emitting perovskite NG onto a blue LED chip, stable WLEDs were successfully fabricated. This facile approach enables the integration of ultra-stable perovskite QDs within transparent porous monoliths toward diverse luminescent chemical sensing applications.

### 1326. [Site-specific doping in mesoporous Co3O4 to enrich oxygen vacancies for efficient aromatic alkane oxidation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/site-specific-doping-in-mesoporous-co3o4-to-enrich-oxygen-vacancies-for-efficient-aromatic-alkane-oxidation) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4048-x]
Selective oxidation of aromatic alkanes is a key reaction to produce high-value chemicals in the chemical industry. However, the strong C–H bonds and inert chemical properties of aromatic alkanes render the oxidation process difficult, thereby making the development of promising and sustainable catalysts highly desirable. Herein, a resin-assisted coordination co-assembly strategy is developed to synthesize heterometal-doped mesoporous Co3O4 with abundant oxygen vacancies, enabling precise control over both composition and pore structure. The site-specific Mn doping at octahedral sites of mesoporous Co3O4 promotes the formation of oxygen vacancy with enhanced activity. Density functional theory calculations further demonstrate that Mn doping in mesoporous Co3O4 reduces the oxygen vacancy formation energy, induces the electronic structure modifications and introduces the defect energy levels, finally promoting the efficient catalytic oxidation of a series of aromatic alkanes. Representatively, Mn-doped mesoporous Co3O4 exhibits remarkably outstanding catalytic activity, achieving 37% conversion of ethylbenzene and 97% selectivity for acetophenone under solvent-free conditions.

### 1327. [Dimerization-Induced Orientation Control in Ambipolar M-Series Acceptors Enables Efficient and Stable Organic Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dimerization-induced-orientation-control-in-ambipolar-m-series-acceptors-enables-efficient-and-stable-organic) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4073-2]
Precise control of molecular orientation in nonfullerene acceptors is crucial yet challenging for achieving both high efficiency and long-term stability in organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, we report a molecular dimerization strategy to regulate orientation and charge-transport anisotropy in ambipolar M-series acceptors. Using the edge-on-oriented small-molecule acceptor MC16 as a model, dimerization into DMC16 effectively suppresses over-aggregation and molecular diffusion while inducing a predominant face-on packing orientation. This orientation transition reverses the transport anisotropy from lateral to vertical directions, enabling balanced ambipolar charge transport and efficient carrier extraction. Consequently, DMC16-based OSCs exhibit a markedly enhanced power conversion efficiency together with outstanding thermal stability, retaining 94% of the initial efficiency after 1800 h at 85 °C and 74% after an additional 1000 h at 120 °C. When introduced as a third component in PM6:M36 ternary blends, DMC16 further optimizes blend morphology and stability, delivering an efficiency of 19.04% and over 15% in 10.15 cm2 modules. These results demonstrate that dimerization-induced molecular orientation control provides an effective pathway to simultaneously enhance efficiency, stability, and scalability in OSCs.

### 1328. [Hydrogen-bond engineered supramolecular bismuth halides for flexible X-ray imaging without geometric distortion](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/hydrogen-bond-engineered-supramolecular-bismuth-halides-for-flexible-x-ray-imaging-without-geometric-distortio) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4126-0]
Flexible X-ray detectors are constrained by the difficulty of producing semiconductor films that simultaneously exhibit uniform morphology, high crystallinity, and mechanical robustness. Here, we introduce a hydrogen-bond engineered supramolecular (HBES) strategy to overcome these limitations in supramolecular bismuth halide clusters (PDBiI5). By incorporating polyacrylic acid (PAA), a dynamic supramolecular network is formed that suppresses the coffee-ring effect during ultrasonic spray-coating via increased solution viscosity and controlled kinetic balance between solvent evaporation and solute diffusion. The HBES approach also modulates crystallization kinetics, extending crystal growth time from 23 to 41 s, yielding densely packed films with enhanced crystallinity and reduced defect states. These improvements lead to superior charge transport: a hole mobility of 2.16 cm2 V−1 s−1 and a mobility-lifetime product of 9.1 × 10−4 cm2 V−1. The resulting X-ray detectors achieve a record sensitivity of 19,009 μC Gyair−1 cm−2 and an ultralow detection limit of 3.35 nGyair s−1, with excellent operational and environmental stability. Leveraging the mechanical robustness from the supramolecular network, we demonstrate the first direct-type flexible X-ray imager, retaining 85% performance after 1000 bending cycles. This imager overcomes geometric distortion and vignetting, maintaining 85% edge photocurrent versus 58% for rigid detectors, enabling clear imaging of curved objects. This work establishes a versatile supramolecular engineering paradigm for high-performance flexible X-ray detection and imaging.

### 1329. [Rapid Room-Temperature Functionalization of Boron Nitride via Catalytic Hydrosilane Grafting: Surface Engineering and Mechanistic Insights](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/rapid-room-temperature-functionalization-of-boron-nitride-via-catalytic-hydrosilane-grafting-surface-engineeri) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4096-7]
Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanomaterials exhibit exceptional properties but suffer from severe aggregation due to undesirable surface characteristics, limiting their application in polymer nanocomposites. Existing covalent functionalization methods often compromise between time efficiency, energy consumption, and structural integrity. This study presents a rapid, room-temperature catalytic grafting strategy using tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (B(C6F5)3) to functionalize h-BN nanoflakes bearing edge hydroxyl groups. The reaction between B–OH groups and activated Si–H bonds of hydrosilanes proceeds under mild conditions, preserving the structural integrity of h-BN. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm the catalytic feasibility and elucidate two possible reaction pathways: backside-attack and flank-attack mechanisms. The modified h-BN exhibits significantly improved dispersibility in low-polarity solvents and tunable surface properties. This efficient method offers a versatile platform for h-BN surface engineering, facilitating broader practical applications.

### 1330. [Material-Inspired Paradigms in Metalloimmunology: From Fundamental Insights to Therapeutic Intervention](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/material-inspired-paradigms-in-metalloimmunology-from-fundamental-insights-to-therapeutic-intervention) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4062-2]
Metalloimmunology, an emerging interdisciplinary field, is reshaping our understanding of the immune system at an unprecedented pace. This review systematically elaborates on the core roles of metal ions as critical signaling molecules and metabolic regulators in both innate and adaptive immunity. Special focus is placed on the molecular mechanisms by which metal ions modulate key immune signaling pathways, as well as their mediation of novel immunogenic cell death modalities including ferroptosis, cuproptosis, and pyroptosis. Furthermore, we comprehensively review innovative metal ion-based therapeutic strategies, encompassing metal nanoadjuvants, metal-organic frameworks and nanozymes, along with their cutting-edge applications in cancer, infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and tissue repair. Finally, this review delves into the challenges faced by this field in targeted delivery, biosafety, and clinical translation, and provides an outlook on its future development directions with particular emphasis on the immense potential of precisely regulating metal homeostasis for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

### 1331. [Chirality-Driven Polar Lattice Engineering for High-Performance Organic Nonlinear Optical Crystals](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/chirality-driven-polar-lattice-engineering-for-high-performance-organic-nonlinear-optical-crystals) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4040-0]
High-performance organic second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals face a persistent challenge: molecular designs that enhance hyperpolarizability often crystallize into centrosymmetric or nonpolar arrangements, suppressing bulk second-order response, while simultaneously reducing optical bandgaps, enforcing a trade-off between nonlinearity and transparency. We report a chirality-driven polar lattice engineering strategy that couples molecular asymmetry with directional intermolecular interactions to promote polar ordering. A binaphthyl-based chromophore (S-3) crystallizes in the polar space group P2₁, exhibiting strong second-harmonic generation (~3.53 × KDP), wide transparency (3.91 eV), phase-matchable birefringence (Δn = 0.15), high laser damage threshold (742.6 MW cm⁻²), and thermal stability up to 210 °C. Theoretical calculations reveal a 69% enhancement in first-order hyperpolarizability (β_tot) relative to the unfunctionalized derivative, with a net intramolecular electron transfer of 0.16 e⁻ from the chiral scaffold to the benzoate acceptor. Crucially, enantiomeric crystals exhibit identical NLO responses, confirming that bulk nonlinearity is governed by engineered lattice polarity, not molecular handedness. This work establishes chirality as an active tool for crystal engineering and provides a general design paradigm for high-performance organic NLO materials.

### 1332. [Why Are Some Special Ferroelectrics Immune to the Depolarization Field?](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/why-are-some-special-ferroelectrics-immune-to-the-depolarization-field) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4173-x]
Ferroelectric memory, with its promise of low power consumption, high writing speed and exceptional endurance, requires the scaling of ferroelectric films to ultrathin dimensions—often just a few atomic layers thick. However, such extreme thinning risks destabilizing or even erasing electric polarization, mainly due to the detrimental depolarization field. Remarkably, certain ferroelectrics exhibit an intrinsic immunity to this effect, as predicted theoretically and confirmed experimentally. Examples include improper ferroelectrics, hyper ferroelectrics, engineered heterostructures, and low-dimensional van der Waals ferroelectrics. This review systematically examines these unique materials, unravelling the fundamental physics behind their polarization robustness and the mechanisms enabling them to resist the depolarization field. By bridging theory with experimental advances, we aim to inspire the design of next-generation ferroelectrics capable of overcoming critical challenges encountered in practical ferroelectric memory devices.

### 1333. [Multifunctional polyoxometalate-based conductive hydrogels for low temperature tolerant, flexible wearable electronics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multifunctional-polyoxometalate-based-conductive-hydrogels-for-low-temperature-tolerant-flexible-wearable-elec) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4223-2]
Flexible wearable electronics require materials that simultaneously exhibit high conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and environmental robustness. Polyoxometalate (POM)-based conductive hydrogels are promising candidates but suffer from poor interfacial compatibility with polymer matrices and severe conductivity loss at subzero temperatures. Here, we report a POM-based proton-conductive hydrogel (PVA/P(SBMA-AM)/PW12/PA, denoted PSAWA) engineered by incorporating zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA), phytic acid (PA), and H3PW12O40 (PW12) into a poly(vinyl alcohol)-polyacrylamide dual-network. SBMA enhances PW12 loading and dispersion via an electrostatic–steric synergistic mechanism, while PA cooperates with PW12 to construct low-energy-barrier proton-conduction pathways, enabling fast proton migration even at −40 °C. The resulting PSAWA hydrogel achieves ultrahigh proton conductivities of 2.71 × 10−1 S cm−1 at 25 °C and 1.06 × 10−2 S cm−1 at −40 °C, alongside high stretchability, self-healing capability, antibacterial activity, and biocompatibility. Flexible biosensors and supercapacitors fabricated from PSAWA maintain outstanding performance at −40 °C. This work provides a viable strategy for developing low-temperature-tolerant proton-conductive hydrogels for advanced wearable electronics.

### 1334. [Precise Modulation of Surface Pb-Rich Intermetallic Pd3Pb Nanocubes for Efficient Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/precise-modulation-of-surface-pb-rich-intermetallic-pd3pb-nanocubes-for-efficient-electrocatalytic-co2-reducti) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4070-2]
A series of ~20 nm intermetallic Pd3Pb nanocubes with tunable surface Pb exposure were synthesized via a facile one-step solvothermal approach, providing an ideal system to investigate the way in which the surface configurations of Pb-rich (Pd3Pb/Pb), Pd-rich (Pd3Pb/Pd), and standard Pd3Pb nanocubes influence the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) mainly through the ligand effect while excluding geometric influences. Electrochemical measurement results indicate that the Pd3Pb/Pb catalyst delivered outstanding C1+ selectivity, achieving a high Faradaic efficiency of 96.88% at −0.72 V (vs. RHE), significantly outperforming the Pd3Pb/Pd (39.86%) and standard Pd3Pb (81.75%) counterparts. In situ FTIR together with DFT calculations further elucidated that Pb incorporation can modulate the electronic structure of Pd via p-d hybridization, leading to the upshift of the d-band center. This will, in return, strengthen the intermediate adsorption ability and lower the energy barriers of the C1+ pathways while effectively suppressing the competing hydrogen evolution reaction. This work establishes a precise surface engineering paradigm of intermetallic nanocrystals for designing high-performance electrocatalysts.

### 1335. [Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Materials Derived from Rare Earth Ions Enriched via Host-Guest Interactions in Anion Metal-Organic Frameworks](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electromagnetic-wave-absorbing-materials-derived-from-rare-earth-ions-enriched-via-host-guest-interactions-in) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4016-3]
Rare earth-based electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials are promising due to their strong dielectric and magnetic loss capabilities, yet effective enrichment and utilization of rare earth ions remain challenging. Here, an anionic imidazolium-based metal-organic framework (MOF), MOZ-200, is employed to enrich multiple rare earth ions (La3+, Ce3+, Pr3+, Nd3+, Y3+) via host-guest interactions. The anionic framework uniformly confines these ions, which are converted in situ into highly dispersed high-entropy rare earth alloy nanoparticles during carbonization. The resulting HE@C composites feature a conductive, graphitized carbon matrix with abundant multi-scale polarization centers and heterogeneous interfaces, enhancing dipole polarization, interface polarization, and conductive loss. Consequently, the material achieves excellent EMW absorption in the Ku band, with a minimum reflection loss of -79.20 dB and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth of 5.23 GHz. Integrated into a polyurethane matrix, a multifunctional flexible device is realized, offering EMW absorption, photothermal heating, microwave de-icing, and hydrophobicity. This work provides a feasible strategy for rare earth ion utilization and advances the design of flexible multifunctional EMW absorbing materials.

### 1336. [Dual-Layered Organo-Fluorinated Hetero-Interphase: A Robust Shield for Ultra-Stable Lithium Metal Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dual-layered-organo-fluorinated-hetero-interphase-a-robust-shield-for-ultra-stable-lithium-metal-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4164-3]
Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) are pivotal for next-generation high-energy batteries, yet their commercialization is hindered by dendrite growth and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Here, we report a dual-layered artificial SEI (ASEI) comprising an inner LiF-rich inorganic layer and an outer perfluoropolyether (PFOE) organic layer, fabricated via a scalable roll-pressing technique. The LiF-rich layer lowers Li-ion diffusion barriers and provides mechanical robustness, while the PFOE layer chemically stabilizes the interface against electrolyte oxidation. Symmetric cells with PFOE-LiF@Li anodes achieve over 1400 h of stable cycling at 30 mA cm−2 and 5 mAh cm−2. Full cells paired with LiFePO4 cathodes deliver 350 cycles at 1 C and over 550 cycles at 2 C with high capacity retention and Coulombic efficiency. This work establishes a design principle for interfacial engineering, combining inorganic rigidity with organic functionality, and offers a promising route for practical LMBs.

### 1337. [Record Efficiency of 20.01% in HTM-Free Carbon-Based CsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells Achieved by TEPM Multifunctional Additive](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/record-efficiency-of-2001-in-htm-free-carbon-based-cspbi3-perovskite-solar-cells-achieved-by-tepm-multifunctio) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4072-3]
All-inorganic, hole-transport-material-free (HTM-free), carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) have attracted significant attention due to their exceptional stability and low cost. However, their performance and commercial potential are constrained by poor interfacial contact, insufficient crystallinity, and energy level misalignment. In this work, we address these challenges via a molecular engineering strategy by introducing tetrakis(4-ethynylphenyl)methane (TEPM) as a multifunctional additive. The alkynyl moiety (C≡C) in TEPM coordinates with Pb2+ ions in perovskite precursors, synergistically slowing crystallization kinetics to regulate crystal growth and passivate deep-level defects. Consequently, CsPbI3 films exhibit larger grain sizes, improved crystallinity, and lower defect densities. Devices modified with TEPM achieved a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.01% (certified 19.58%). Additionally, unencapsulated devices retained 87.6% of their initial efficiency after 1080 h under ambient conditions (25 °C, 30% relative humidity), and maintained 94.0% of their initial efficiency after 730 h of continuous AM 1.5G illumination in air. This work sets a new efficiency benchmark for inorganic HTM-free C-PSCs and provides a versatile molecular engineering strategy for developing high-performance, stable perovskite photovoltaics.

### 1338. [COFAP: A Universal Framework for COFs Adsorption Prediction through Designed Multi-Modal Extraction and Cross-Modal Synergy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cofap-a-universal-framework-for-cofs-adsorption-prediction-through-designed-multi-modal-extraction-and-cross-m) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4104-4]
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising adsorbents for gas adsorption and separation, yet identifying optimal structures among their vast design space requires efficient high-throughput screening. Conventional machine-learning predictors rely heavily on specific gas-related features, which are time-consuming and limit scalability, leading to inefficiency and labor-intensive processes. Here, we propose COFAP, a universal COFs adsorption prediction framework that extracts multi-modal structural and chemical features via deep learning and fuses these complementary features through a cross-modal attention mechanism. Without relying on explicit gas-specific thermodynamic descriptors, COFAP achieves state-of-the-art prediction performance on the hypoCOFs dataset under the conditions investigated, outperforming existing approaches. Based on COFAP, we found that high-performing COFs for gas separation concentrate within a narrow range of pore size and surface area. A weight-adjustable prioritization scheme is also developed to enable flexible, application-specific ranking of candidate COFs. Superior efficiency and accuracy render COFAP directly deployable in crystalline porous materials.

### 1339. [Multi-model framework for intelligent research and development of super-hydrophilic coatings](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/multi-model-framework-for-intelligent-research-and-development-of-super-hydrophilic-coatings) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4146-8]
The conventional trial-and-error approach for the research and development (R&D) of high-performance super-hydrophilic coatings presents long-standing challenges, including data scarcity, unclear structure-activity relationships, and lack of design guidelines. In this study, an innovative multi-model framework that synergistically integrates a specialized polymer large language model (PolyLLM) and a polymer machine learning model (PolyML) for intelligent R&D of super-hydrophilic coating systems is designed and demonstrated. During the hydrophilic polymer research phase, the multi-model leverages the domain-specific insights and chemical tool capabilities of the fine-tuned PolyLLM to systematically screen 852 hydrophilic monomers and generate 3880 hypothetical polymer architectures. By utilizing the PolyML, the multi-model enables precise performance predictions and quantitative evaluations of feature importance to facilitate efficient high-throughput screening of optimal structures from the generated polymer database. Experimental validation confirms that the multi-model achieves a mean absolute error (MAE) below 10% across various polymer property prediction tasks compared to experimental data. This approach leads to the rapid discovery of hydrophilic polymers with exceptional anti-swelling and wear-resistance. In developing super-hydrophilic coatings, the multi-model effectively combines PolyLLM's guidance for large-scale synthesis with PolyML's capabilities for precise formulation optimization and curing parameter adjustments. The effectiveness of multi-model is demonstrated by the accelerated development of high-performance anti-fogging coatings for swim goggles and optical films with outstanding water- and wear-resistance that significantly outperform leading commercial products. This multi-model offers a flexible approach for advanced polymer coatings, leading to a seamless connection between laboratory research and industrial development.

### 1340. [Composition Optimization of Liquid Ga Support for Uniform Cu Dispersion with Sustainable Electroreduction of CO2 to CH4](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/composition-optimization-of-liquid-ga-support-for-uniform-cu-dispersion-with-sustainable-electroreduction-of-c) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4163-y]
Liquid metals (LMs) are promising catalyst systems due to their unique interfacial properties, yet migration and aggregation of active species cause performance degradation. Here, we report a composition optimization strategy using a Ga-In eutectic liquid metal support to reduce surface energy and achieve homogeneous incorporation of Cu species (GaIn-Cu). Comprehensive characterizations confirm uniform Cu dispersion, which inhibits migration and formation of CuGa2 intermetallic phases during CO2 electroreduction (CO2RR). The GaIn-10-Cu catalyst achieves a maximum CH4 Faradaic efficiency of 73.49% at -0.8 V vs. RHE, significantly higher than Ga-Cu (61.49%). Moreover, GaIn-10-Cu exhibits enhanced stability for CH4 generation over 40 h of continuous operation. In-situ spectroscopic studies reveal that GaIn-10-Cu favors formation and protonation of key *CHO and *OCH3 intermediates, steering selectivity toward CH4. This work demonstrates that tuning LM composition modulates catalytic site performance, offering a strategy for durable and selective LM-based electrocatalysts.

### 1341. [Balancing photosensitivity and visible-light absorption in intrinsically black photosensitive polyimide: synthesis and metal patterning](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/balancing-photosensitivity-and-visible-light-absorption-in-intrinsically-black-photosensitive-polyimide-synthe) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4274-x]
The escalating power density of electronic devices necessitates effective visible-light shielding in advanced packaging to ensure circuit security and long-term reliability. Photosensitive polyimides (PSPI) serve dual roles as photodefinable dielectrics and structural layers, but intrinsically black PSPI (B-PSPI) suffer from competitive ultraviolet (UV) absorption between chromophores and photosensitive moieties, limiting co-optimization of deep visible-light blocking and lithographic resolution. Here, we report a main-/side-chain spatial decoupling strategy to synthesize a novel B-PSPI. By polymerizing pyromellitic dianhydride with a main-chain coloring monomer (4,4'-diaminodiphenylamine) and a side-chain photosensitive monomer (1,4-dihydropyridine-functionalized diamine), the monomer stoichiometric ratio is precisely engineered. This design spatially isolates functional groups and enhances charge transfer, yielding exceptional visible-light shielding (CIE L* index of 21.39, cut-off wavelength ≈ 555 nm) with good lithographic sensitivity. UV exposure triggers in situ generation of coordination sites from photosensitive groups, anchoring active metal species for electroless copper plating. This enables direct additive fabrication of fine copper lines (40/80 μm line width/spacing) with robust Cu/B-PSPI interfacial adhesion of 16.6 MPa. This work provides a robust molecular design paradigm for B-PSPI, integrating superior optical shielding and surface metallization for high-density interconnect applications.

### 1342. [High-entropy modulation and surface engineering promising 4.8 V-tolerant practical Co-free ultrahigh-Ni cathodes](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/high-entropy-modulation-and-surface-engineering-promising-48-v-tolerant-practical-co-free-ultrahigh-ni-cathode) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4143-9]
High-Ni (Ni ≥ 0.9) layered cathodes are being developed to endure high-voltage operations above 4.5 V to boost energy density. However, they face exacerbated chemo-mechanical and electrochemical degradation under high-voltage operation, primarily due to excessive lattice strain and phase distortion during cycling. Here, we engineer a high-Ni, Co-free cathode featuring a multicomponent complex doping-modulated bulk structure, coupled with surface modification via a multifunctional atomic layer deposition-coated LiAlO2 layer. Such a unique framework achieved by surface-to-bulk integrated modification can not only greatly prevent lattice stress-induced mechanical degradation but also effectively mitigate the accumulation of by-products due to surface side-reactions. Moreover, the LiAlO2 nanoshell with exceptional ion conductivity markedly enhances the sur-/interfacial Li-ion migration kinetics, thus rendering low electron/ion-diffusion resistance. The developed cathode breaks through existing voltage constraints without compromising on performance, achieving an exceptional balance between capacity and cycle stability during operation at 4.8 V. Notably, the pouch-type cells utilizing graphite and Li metal anodes demonstrate excellent cyclability under demanding conditions, even operating at high charging cut-off voltages of 4.5 and 4.6 V, respectively.

### 1343. [Integrated Molecular Engineering Strategy in All-Organic Dielectrics for Ultrahigh-Temperature Capacitive Energy Storage](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/integrated-molecular-engineering-strategy-in-all-organic-dielectrics-for-ultrahigh-temperature-capacitive-ener) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4118-0]
Polymer composite dielectrics are key materials for high-temperature film capacitors, yet their energy storage capability is severely constrained at elevated temperatures. Molecular fillers that simultaneously integrate deep-level trapping (high electron affinity, Ea), strong insulation (large bandgap, Eg), and high thermal stability are rarely available, posing a major challenge for improving high-temperature energy storage performance. To address this challenge, we screen and identify hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN) as a promising candidate that fulfills the above critical requirements from numerous commercial organic molecules. When incorporated into a high glass transition temperature (Tg) polymer fluorene polyester (FPE), the resulting all-organic composite exhibits simultaneously suppressed high-temperature conduction loss and preserved mechanical robustness. Consequently, the optimized composite achieves record-high discharged energy densities of 7.31 J cm−3 at 150 °C and 6.14 J cm−3 at 200 °C (η≥90%) with a low cost and scalable process. This work demonstrates that the filler design based on synergistic key properties provides a potent pathway to break the longstanding high-temperature performance bottleneck in polymer dielectrics.

### 1344. [Accelerated DFT-Assisted Screening of Interfacial Modification Materials for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/accelerated-dft-assisted-screening-of-interfacial-modification-materials-for-high-performance-perovskite-solar) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4125-8]
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) require advanced interfacial modification materials to mitigate defects and ion migration that limit efficiency and stability. This study presents a low-cost, highly efficient screening methodology based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations to identify superior interface modifiers. The effectiveness of this method is experimentally validated. Methyl 1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylate (TZMC) is screened as a superior molecule that simultaneously passivates perovskite defects and suppresses ion migration through a synergistic effect: coordination with Pb2+ via carbonyl oxygen and imidazole nitrogen, and stabilization of I− via N–H···I hydrogen bonding. This mechanism reduces non-radiative recombination, enhancing both open-circuit voltage (VOC) and fill factor (FF). TZMC-modified PSCs achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.44% and significantly improved operational stability under continuous illumination and resistance to water/oxygen. Comprehensive characterization confirms reduced defect density and increased ion migration barriers. This work demonstrates the success of DFT-guided design in advancing interfacial modification materials for high-performance PSCs, transforming interface engineering from trial-and-error to rational design and providing a framework for high-throughput screening.

### 1345. [Pulsed-Electrolysis-Induced Bi-Bi2O3 Transformation Switches the Reaction Pathway for Enhanced Cyclohexanone Oxime Production](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pulsed-electrolysis-induced-bi-bi2o3-transformation-switches-the-reaction-pathway-for-enhanced-cyclohexanone-o) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4093-8]
Cyclohexanone oxime (CHO) is a pivotal feedstock for nylon-6 production, yet conventional synthesis routes suffer from high explosion risks, harsh conditions, and costly catalysts. Here, we report an electrocatalytic approach for CHO synthesis via reductive coupling of cyclohexanone (CYC) with nitrite over commercially available Bi2O3. A two-stage pulsed electrolysis protocol is employed: the first stage prepares amorphous Bi2O3, while the second stage produces CHO with a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 74.63% and a yield rate of 0.156 mmol h−1 cm−2. Mechanistic studies, combining experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, reveal that on amorphous Bi2O3, the *NOH intermediate preferentially undergoes hydrogenation to *NHOH and then *NH2OH, rather than the *NOH→*N pathway leading to NH3. This selectivity is attributed to the higher integral crystal orbital Hamilton population (ICOHP) for the N–O bond in *NOH on amorphous Bi2O3 (1.34 vs. 0.84 on amorphous Bi), indicating a weakened N–O bond that facilitates hydrodeoxygenation. Transition state calculations show a kinetic barrier of 0.86 eV for *NH2OH→*NH2, while desorption of *NH2OH to NH2OH is barrierless, favoring NH2OH release. This work provides a sustainable, efficient alternative to conventional CHO production, addressing safety and cost concerns while achieving high selectivity.

### 1346. [Pinning effect mitigating Jahn-Teller distortion of manganese-rich phosphate cathodes in sodium-ion batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/pinning-effect-mitigating-jahn-teller-distortion-of-manganese-rich-phosphate-cathodes-in-sodium-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4132-y]
Manganese-iron-based mixed polyanionic cathodes are promising for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to high energy density and operating voltage, but suffer from Jahn-Teller distortion of Mn3+ that degrades cycling stability. Here, a structural modulation strategy via Mg2+ doping is reported. Electrochemically inert Mg2+ forms stronger chemical bonds, adjusts lattice parameters, and suppresses Jahn-Teller distortion, enhancing structural stability. Mg2+ also widens sodium-ion diffusion channels, improving diffusion kinetics. Additionally, an in-situ three-dimensional carbon nanotube (CNT) conductive network boosts electronic conductivity. The resulting NFMPP-Mg@CNTs cathode delivers a discharge capacity of 126 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C (near theoretical 129 mAh g−1), retains 80% capacity after 3000 cycles at 0.5 C, and achieves an energy density of 401 Wh kg−1, among the highest reported for mixed phosphate systems. Ex-situ XPS and first-principles calculations confirm that Mg2+ resists geometric distortion by enhancing lattice stability and widening Na+ diffusion pathways (migration barrier reduced from 0.566 to 0.398 eV). This work provides a viable route for high-energy, long-life SIB cathodes suitable for large-scale energy storage.

### 1347. [Entropy-Driven Modulation Enables Atomic-Level Interactions for High-Rate Capacity Cathode Materials in Rechargeable Aqueous Aluminum-Ion Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/entropy-driven-modulation-enables-atomic-level-interactions-for-high-rate-capacity-cathode-materials-in-rechar) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4123-0]
Aqueous aluminum-ion batteries (AAIBs) are promising for large-scale energy storage due to safety, sustainability, and theoretical high capacity. However, sluggish electron/ion transport in conventional cathodes limits rate capability. Here, we first propose high-entropy engineering of metal oxides (HEOs) as cathodes in AAIBs, leveraging the 'cocktail effect' and abundant electron transport pathways to enhance rate-capacity. Atomic-level interactions between different metal atoms broaden the d-band with reduced electronic level degeneracy, facilitating rapid electron transport, achieving one of the best rate capabilities (119.4 mAh g−1 at 10.0 A g−1) among metal-oxide cathodes. The disordered layered oxides formed with a high-entropy framework alleviate electrostatic repulsion between aluminum ions and the fixed lattice, mitigating structural degradation and imparting excellent cycling stability (over 95.1 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 2.0 A g−1). The optimized HEO-Cr cathode (Fe0.6Co0.6Ni0.6Mn0.6Cr0.6O4) exhibits outstanding rate performance and cycling stability. DFT simulations and electrochemical tests reveal that multi-transition metal incorporation, bandgap narrowing, and unique lattice structure drastically enhance electron transport efficiency. The layered phase formed after cycling, based on a high-entropy framework, overcomes challenges from high charge density aluminum ions, significantly enhancing cycling stability. This work paves the way for high-performance AAIBs and other aqueous multivalent metal ion batteries by rationally designing high-entropy engineering.

### 1348. [Urea synthesis via thermal catalytic coupling of N2 with CO2 on singly dispersed Co1Ru3 bimetallic clusters: a theoretical perspective](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/urea-synthesis-via-thermal-catalytic-coupling-of-n2-with-co2-on-singly-dispersed-co1ru3-bimetallic-clusters-a) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4103-8]
The industrial production of urea through the integrated Haber–Bosch and Bosch–Meiser processes involves high energy consumption and significant CO2 emissions. Given the persistent technical challenges inherent in direct electrocatalytic methods, catalytic systems that enable the thermal coupling of N2 and CO2 under mild conditions represent a promising and sustainable approach to urea synthesis. Herein, we designed MXene-based bimetallic single-cluster catalysts, M1Ru3@Mo2CO2, in which the M1Ru3 cluster is stably anchored on the Mo2CO2 support. Using density functional theory calculations, we systematically evaluated the structural stability and adsorption capabilities of 3d transition metal variants (M = Sc to Zn) toward N2, CO2, and H2. The results demonstrate that Co1Ru3@Mo2CO2 exhibits excellent thermodynamic stability and enables the synergistic activation of N2, CO2, and H2, fulfilling the prerequisite conditions for catalyzing the direct coupling of N2 and CO2 to form urea. Further analysis reveals that Co1Ru3@Mo2CO2 efficiently promotes the direct thermal coupling of N–C into urea under mild conditions via the associative pathway, with the rate-determining step corresponding to the conversion of *NHNH2 → *NH2NH2 with the low energy barrier of 1.16 eV. Under realistic conditions of 780 K and 29 bar, the calculated turnover frequency reaches 1.01 × 10−3 s−1 site−1. The high catalytic performance arises from the ability of the Co1Ru3 bimetallic cluster to precisely modulate charge transfer between support and reaction intermediates. Moreover, the in situ generated NH2 species acts as an autocatalyst for CO2 hydrogenation, while the cluster selectively enhances the electrophilicity of the *CO intermediate, thereby facilitating the nucleophilic attack by *NH2 and ensuring efficient C–N bond formation. The finding of the outstanding performance of Co1Ru3@Mo2CO2 single cluster catalysts could bypass the energy-intensive NH3 synthesis step, reduce overall energy demand, and remain compatible with existing urea production infrastructure, thereby offering significant scientific and technological significance.

### 1349. [Boosting Interface Band Alignment via Synergistic Supercritical Fluid Post-Treatment and SAM Functionalization for Ga2O3-Hybrid Solar-Blind Detectors](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/boosting-interface-band-alignment-via-synergistic-supercritical-fluid-post-treatment-and-sam-functionalization) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4131-3]
p-n heterojunction solar-blind photodetectors based on p-type materials and n-type Ga2O3 have attracted significant attention in optoelectronics due to their inherent low dark current and self-powered operation. Organic-inorganic hybrid heterojunctions integrating p-type organic materials with n-type Ga2O3 offer a promising solution to overcome lattice mismatch, enabling device performance breakthroughs. In this work, Ga2O3 thin films were treated via a supercritical fluid (SC) technique, which significantly reduced defect state density while improving crystallinity and surface uniformity, laying a foundation for heterojunction interface optimization. Simultaneously, a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) was introduced at the organic-inorganic heterojunction interface. The high-quality Ga2O3 surface engineered via SC treatment facilitated efficient, oriented self-assembly of SAM molecules, enabling precise modulation of interfacial energy band alignment and promoting separation and transport dynamics of photogenerated carriers. Benefiting from synergistic SC modification and SAM functionalization, the fabricated solar-blind photodetector achieved a highest responsivity of 111.7 mA/W and a specific detectivity of 1.02 × 10^11 Jones under zero bias (self-powered mode) and weak 254 nm light with an intensity of 5 μW/cm2. These results demonstrate a viable route to high-performance, self-powered solar-blind photodetectors through interface engineering.

### 1350. [A “dual lock-and-key” engineered intracellular synthesis for high-precision cancer therapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-dual-lock-and-key-engineered-intracellular-synthesis-for-high-precision-cancer-therapy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4129-y]
Therapeutic biosynthesis is a promising strategy for precision cancer therapy, yet achieving controlled synthesis of abiotic materials within tumors remains challenging. Here, we report a “dual lock-and-key” system for tumor-specific intracellular synthesis. The precursor, termed “dual-lock,” is activated by two endogenously overexpressed enzymes—azoreductase (AzoR) and nitroreductase (NTR)—acting as “dual keys” in target cancer cells. This activation triggers a condensation reaction that produces fibrous mesh covalent organic polymers (Fm-COPs) in situ. Synthesized Fm-COPs effectively disrupt the cytoskeleton, inhibiting cell migration and invasion while inducing apoptosis. In vivo studies demonstrate that this strategy achieves specific tumor enrichment and deep penetration, leading to significant tumor growth inhibition (tumor inhibition rate >70%) without systemic toxicity, as evidenced by stable body weights and normal histopathology. The dual enzyme-responsive mechanism ensures high selectivity, and the small-molecule precursors facilitate efficient tumor penetration. This work presents a next-generation approach for high-precision cancer therapy, offering a biocompatible and autonomous strategy for intracellular synthesis.

### 1351. [A Highly Fluorescent Tumor-Targeting Photosensitizer for DSLR Camera Image-Guided Two-Photon Photodynamic Therapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-highly-fluorescent-tumor-targeting-photosensitizer-for-dslr-camera-image-guided-two-photon-photodynamic-ther) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4098-8]
Fluorescence image-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT) enables real-time monitoring of photosensitizer biodistribution and metabolism for optimized treatment timing. However, its application remains limited by reliance on high-end imaging systems. To address this, we designed three novel small-molecule photosensitizers (TTNb, TTAn, TTPh) based on a 2-vinylbenzoic acid scaffold, functionalized at the 5-position with nitro, amino, or hydrogen groups. Replacing the nitro group with amino or hydrogen switched aggregation behavior from aggregation-induced emission (AIE) to aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ), accompanied by a red-to-green fluorescence shift and subcellular relocation from liposomes to lysosomes. These findings establish design principles for ratiometric nitroreductase probes and enable systematic comparison between AIE and ACQ photosensitizers. Among these, TTAn exhibited superior cellular uptake (2800 times higher than Ce6 in Eca-109 cells), specific lysosomal targeting, balanced reactive oxygen species (singlet oxygen/superoxide anion) generation, and intense fluorescence. Under white light irradiation, TTAn achieved an IC50 of 21 nM, surpassing Ce6 by 50-fold. Notably, TTAn produced strong fluorescence in mice tumors under both one- and two-photon excitation, detectable using conventional imaging tools (smartphones, DSLR cameras) or even visible to the naked eye, confirming outstanding tumor specificity. Leveraging these advantages, TTAn enabled successful image-guided two-photon PDT in Eca-109 tumor-bearing mice with a single treatment, demonstrating potent therapeutic efficacy and biosafety. This work provides a strategic blueprint for developing small-molecule theranostic agents that operate without complex fluorescence imaging systems.

### 1352. [Injectable Hydrogel with Photothermal Antibacterial Properties for Accelerating Infected Wound Healing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/injectable-hydrogel-with-photothermal-antibacterial-properties-for-accelerating-infected-wound-healing) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4150-2]
Bacterial infection and irregular wound morphology are major challenges in clinical wound management. Injectable hydrogels can conform to irregular wound geometries but often lack antimicrobial activity. Here, we report an injectable hydrogel (HPAu gel) formed by sequentially mixing phenylboronic acid-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-PBA) and chloroauric acid under alkaline conditions. The gel's internal multiple crosslinks enable uniform encapsulation of in situ-generated gold nanoparticles. Hydrogen bonds and phenylboronic acid ester bonds confer self-healing, injectability, and adhesion, allowing effective sealing of irregular cavities. In vitro, the hydrogel exhibits long-lasting photothermal stability and eliminates multiple bacterial strains. In a mouse dorsal full-thickness infected wound model, HPAu gel under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation eradicated Staphylococcus aureus, reduced inflammation (TNF-α fluorescence area significantly lower; IL-10 area 12.88‰ vs <2‰ in Blank), promoted vascular regeneration (CD31 and α-SMA expression increased), and accelerated wound healing. This work presents a promising strategy for treating irregular infected wounds.

### 1353. [Electronic regulation via d-p coupling between ruthenium nanoclusters and ReS2 nanosheets for enhanced green hydrogen production performance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electronic-regulation-via-d-p-coupling-between-ruthenium-nanoclusters-and-res2-nanosheets-for-enhanced-green-h) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4181-6]
Green hydrogen production via electrocatalytic water splitting is pivotal for sustainable energy, yet the high cost and scarcity of platinum (Pt) catalysts impede large-scale adoption. Ruthenium (Ru)-based materials emerge as promising alternatives, but their performance requires enhancement. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), particularly ReS2, offer intrinsic 1T' phase with good conductivity and stability, yet suffer from inert surfaces limiting water adsorption. Here, we report a heterostructure comprising Ru nanoclusters anchored on ReS2 nanosheets (Ru/ReS2) to modulate electronic structure via d-p coupling. This design enhances water dissociation kinetics and optimizes hydrogen adsorption free energy (ΔG_H*). The Ru/ReS2 catalyst exhibits superior hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity in acidic media, achieving an overpotential of 47 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 38 mV dec−1, outperforming commercial Pt/C (overpotential 54 mV, Tafel slope 45 mV dec−1). Notably, it demonstrates exceptional stability, with negligible degradation after 10,000 cyclic voltammetry cycles, contrasting with Pt/C's 54 mV overpotential increase. Density functional theory calculations reveal that d-p coupling between Ru and ReS2 optimizes the electronic structure, facilitating water adsorption and dissociation. This work provides a rational strategy for designing efficient, durable, and cost-effective HER electrocatalysts for green hydrogen production.

### 1354. [A metabolizable benzothiazole-based covalent organic framework nanodot enables photothermal-boosted cuproptosis for synergistic cancer therapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-metabolizable-benzothiazole-based-covalent-organic-framework-nanodot-enables-photothermal-boosted-cuproptosi) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4026-0]
Copper-based synergistic therapy integrating chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and cuproptosis holds promise for tumor treatment but faces clinical translation hurdles including long-term toxicity, low catalytic efficiency, off-target effects, and copper ion efflux. Here, we developed metabolizable ultrasmall benzothiazole-based covalent organic framework nanodots (COF NDs) via click condensation followed by liquid exfoliation. The dense donor-acceptor configurations confer a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 51.16%, while bisthiazole motifs enable specific Cu2+/Cu+ chelation (0.56:0.44), facile PEGylation, and mitochondrial targeting. These features enhance physiological stability and enable tumor-specific photothermal-catalytic synergy. Mitochondrial accumulation elevates intracellular copper to a critical threshold, inducing cuproptosis and suppressing tumor growth and metastasis. The NDs are efficiently excreted via renal and fecal pathways, demonstrating favorable biocompatibility and clinical potential as copper-based nanotherapeutics.

### 1355. [Application of Biotin-DFYIGSRGD Hydrogel in the Construction of an Islet Culture Platform](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/application-of-biotin-dfyigsrgd-hydrogel-in-the-construction-of-an-islet-culture-platform) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4071-3]
The low survival rate and compromised functionality of β cells present significant obstacles in islet transplantation for diabetes management. Recent studies indicate that the sensitivity of β cells to their microenvironment may be a contributing factor. In this study, Biotin-DFYIGSRGD hydrogel (Supragel) was employed to replicate the microenvironment of mouse β cells (MIN6 cells) and human islets, enhancing cell viability, functionality, and structural integrity. Compared with conventional two-dimensional cell culture methods utilizing cell plates, MIN6 cells cultured on the gel adhered and self-organized into cell spheroids, resulting in increased synthesis of insulin and glucagon. Furthermore, the hydrogel effectively preserved the integrity of human islets and extended their in vitro culture period. This improvement may be attributed to the optimal hardness of the gel, which facilitated cell adhesion and promoted vascularization. Additionally, the gel exhibited sustained in vivo retention over 120 days, undergoing gradual degradation without eliciting significant inflammatory responses. These properties establish it as a promising encapsulation material for pancreatic islet cells or organoids, supporting long-term cell survival, function, and integration with host tissues. The study highlights the potential of Biotin-DFYIGSRGD hydrogel as an islet culture platform for diabetes treatment.

### 1356. [Moisture-resistant and long-life fiber-shaped zinc-air batteries via electrolyte engineering](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/moisture-resistant-and-long-life-fiber-shaped-zinc-air-batteries-via-electrolyte-engineering) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4147-9]
Fiber-shaped zinc-air batteries (FZABs) with aqueous electrolytes combine intrinsic safety, high energy density (1086 Wh kg−1), and environmental compatibility, making them attractive for wearable applications. However, free water in the electrolyte induces severe anode degradation while being a critical reactant for cathode redox, presenting a dilemma between anode stability and cathode functionality. The semi-open structure of FZABs allows airborne water to permeate and migrate to the anode, causing interfacial instability, while high surface area accelerates solvent evaporation, leading to increased internal resistance and salt crystallization. Consequently, typical cycle life is limited to <50 h. To overcome these challenges, we report a polymer electrolyte that captures atmospheric water as a solvent through the semi-open structure, achieved by introducing acetamide (AA), identified via unsupervised clustering algorithms, into the poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene)/zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate (PVDF-HFP/Zn(OTf)2) system. AA incorporation preserves solvent-retention capability while reconstructing the Zn2+ coordination structure, promoting salt dissociation and polymer-segment mobility. Low adsorption energy of AA on zinc surfaces suppresses parasitic reactions from ambient moisture, and preferential adsorption across zinc crystal planes directs Zn2+ deposition along the (002) face, leading to uniform plating morphology. The exogenous aqueous polymer electrolyte exhibits superior mechanical properties, enabling stable output even after compression by a 1.7-t vehicle. As proof-of-concept, FZABs integrated with fiber solar cells and sensors in clothing enabled real-time health monitoring and sustainable energy utilization, demonstrating promising practical applications.

### 1357. [Self-assembled theranostic nanoplatform-mediated calcium-overload for enhanced sonodynamic therapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/self-assembled-theranostic-nanoplatform-mediated-calcium-overload-for-enhanced-sonodynamic-therapy) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4024-1]
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) faces limited efficacy due to robust antioxidant systems in tumors that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). To overcome this, we developed a pH/ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanoplatform, Mn-CaCO3@NGQDs/PAA, via self-assembly of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs), Mn-doped CaCO3, and polyacrylic acid (PAA). This platform synergistically combines SDT with calcium overload. Under ultrasound irradiation, it generates abundant singlet oxygen (1O2), while the acidic tumor microenvironment triggers sustained Ca2+ release, inducing calcium overload. The combined effects amplify oxidative stress, suppressing tumor growth. Additionally, the nanoplatform exhibits dual-mode T1/T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performance, enabling tumor localization. In vivo studies demonstrated significant tumor inhibition and apoptosis, with no notable toxicity. This integrated strategy maximizes therapeutic efficacy, offering a promising approach for enhanced tumor therapy.

### 1358. [Rapid Reconstruction of Commercial Bulk Niobium Oxide for Highly Stable Electrochemical Uranium Extraction in the Presence of Fluorine](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/rapid-reconstruction-of-commercial-bulk-niobium-oxide-for-highly-stable-electrochemical-uranium-extraction-in) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4185-6]
Electrochemical uranium extraction from fluorine-containing nuclear wastewater is critical for nuclear fuel recovery, yet current electrode materials suffer from limited scalability and insufficient long-term stability. Here, we report a bulk monoclinic Nb2O5−x (H-Nb2O5−x) derived from commercial bulk niobium oxide via rapid reconstruction, exhibiting exceptional activity and robustness for electrochemical uranium extraction in fluorine-rich environments. The intrinsic active pairs of low-valent Nb4+ and compact oxygen structure strongly bind with dominant uranyl fluoride species (UO2F+, UO2F2, UO2F3−, UO2F4^2−), facilitating efficient separation. In a 30 g L−1 fluoride solution, H-Nb2O5−x achieved a uranium extraction efficiency of 99.1%. Notably, in a 10-L real nuclear wastewater test, the bulk material maintained stable performance over 40 days, reducing uranium concentration from 1372.3 mg L−1 to 0.93 mg L−1. This work demonstrates a scalable, durable electrode material for industrial electrochemical uranium extraction, addressing the bottlenecks of complexation and stability in fluoride-containing waste streams.

### 1359. [Morphology-manipulated topological insulator Bi2Se3 nanosheets for integrated microwave absorption and thermoelectric conversion](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/morphology-manipulated-topological-insulator-bi2se3-nanosheets-for-integrated-microwave-absorption-and-thermoe) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-4222-9]
The proliferation of high-frequency communication technologies has escalated electromagnetic (EM) pollution, posing risks to health and device reliability. Conventional microwave absorbers dissipate EM energy as heat, creating thermal management burdens and energy waste. This study introduces Bi2Se3 nanosheets, a topological insulator with surface conductivity and internal insulation, as a dual-functional material capable of both microwave absorption and thermoelectric conversion. Nanosheets with controlled morphology were synthesized via a polyol reduction method, with thickness and lateral size tuned by preparation conditions. The resulting composites exhibited excellent microwave absorption, achieving a broad absorption bandwidth of 2.95 GHz at sub-millimeter thickness. A multilayered structure design enabled full-band absorption from 2 to 18 GHz using a single absorbent. The Seebeck coefficient, derived from temperature differences up to 110 °C, was -152 μV/K, indicating efficient conversion of absorbed EM energy into electrical energy. This work demonstrates the potential of Bi2Se3 nanomaterials for self-powered electromagnetic devices, addressing both EM pollution and energy supply challenges.

### 1360. [A H2O2-triggered NIR chemiluminescence nanoprobe with aggregation-induced emission properties for in vivo inflammation imaging and tumor theranostics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-h2o2-triggered-nir-chemiluminescence-nanoprobe-with-aggregation-induced-emission-properties-for-in-vivo-infl) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4117-y]
Real-time, in situ imaging of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a key reactive oxygen species implicated in various diseases, remains challenging due to limitations of existing probes, such as short emission wavelengths and reliance on external excitation. To address these issues, we developed an H2O2-triggered near-infrared (NIR) chemiluminescence (CL) nanoprobe with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics for in vivo inflammation imaging and tumor theranostics. This nanoprobe, denoted as CPPO@TN NPs, was constructed by co-encapsulating a tailored AIE photosensitizer (TN) with strong NIR emission and high singlet oxygen (1O2) generation, a H2O2-responsive chemiluminescent substrate (CPPO), and soybean oil (as a retarder) within F-127 micelles. Upon encountering H2O2, the nanoprobe undergoes a persistent chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence (CIEEL) process that activates AIEgens, resulting in intense NIR chemiluminescence and sustained 1O2 production without the need for external irradiation. Leveraging this mechanism, CPPO@TN NPs achieved highly sensitive and specific imaging of drug-induced liver injury and peritonitis in murine models, with exceptional tissue penetration and signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, the nanoprobe facilitated effective self-luminescent imaging and photodynamic therapy of tumors, significantly inhibiting tumor growth in a 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model. This platform provides an external light excitation-free theranostic strategy for H2O2-associated diseases.

### 1361. [Cracking-Directed Dynamic Liquid Bridging for Autonomous Microdroplet Recession and Enrichment](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cracking-directed-dynamic-liquid-bridging-for-autonomous-microdroplet-recession-and-enrichment) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4175-3]
The precise manipulation of microdroplets (diameter < 20 μm) on solid substrates is critical for applications in environmental monitoring, targeted drug delivery, clinical diagnostics, and public health. A major challenge is contact angle hysteresis (CAH), which pins droplets and impedes mobility. Here, we introduce a crack-mediated capillary bridging strategy for efficient capture and directional transport of microdroplets. The approach employs a stretchable elastomeric substrate with island-like microstructures. Under longitudinal tensile stress, controlled fracture generates densely packed, directionally oriented surface cracks. These fissures induce localized capillary forces that counteract adhesion-induced resistance, enabling programmable droplet motion. Experiments capturing airborne pathogenic agents demonstrated a 14.2-fold enhancement in enrichment efficiency compared to flat surfaces. This work integrates fracture mechanics with capillary-driven fluid dynamics, establishing a framework for next-generation microfluidic systems. The findings offer promising avenues for biosensing, pollutant analysis, and interdisciplinary applications.

### 1362. [Unraveling the bilayer-cooperative transformation mechanism at the α/β-Si3N4 interface via machine-learning simulations](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/unraveling-the-bilayer-cooperative-transformation-mechanism-at-the-si3n4-interface-via-machine-learning-simula) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4088-y]
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is a strong, thermally stable covalent ceramic typically regarded as brittle with limited deformability. Recent experimental and density functional theory (DFT) studies indicate that the α/β interface undergoes a β→α transformation via sliding followed by bond-switching, suggesting a pathway to achieve plasticity, but DFT's spatiotemporal reach prevents a full mechanistic picture. Here, we develop a physics-informed high-accuracy neural network interatomic potential (NNAP) model with DFT-level accuracy for phase transformations and use it to perform large-scale atomistic simulations. NNAP-guided simulations show that structural relaxation during relative sliding between α- and β-phases at the interface triggers pronounced atomic-layer rearrangements and lowers the energy barrier by nearly 60%. We further find that the ensuing phase transformation does not proceed by isolated layer-by-layer switching but instead follows in-plane nucleation and growth mediated by a bilayer cooperative mechanism, which further reduces kinetic barriers and facilitates the transformation. CI-NEB calculations reveal that the bilayer cooperative pathway has an energy barrier of 0.018 eV/Ų, lower than the independent layer-by-layer manner (0.020 eV/Ų), indicating enhanced kinetic accessibility. These results provide new atomistic insights into interface-driven phase transformations in dual-phase Si3N4 and offer guidance for designing more deformable covalent ceramics.

### 1363. [Adaptive Molecular Weaving for Efficient Isotope Separations](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/adaptive-molecular-weaving-for-efficient-isotope-separations) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4049-0]
Isotope separations, particularly the separation of water isotopologues (H2O, HDO, D2O), are critical yet challenging due to their nearly identical physicochemical properties. Conventional methods such as distillation and electrolysis are energy-intensive and inefficient. Here, we report a molecularly woven porous polymer (PWPN-1) that achieves efficient room-temperature separation of water isotopologues via adaptive framework dynamics. PWPN-1 is constructed from interlaced two-dimensional woven layers linked by B←N coordination nodes, forming a three-dimensional flexible framework. Upon activation, it undergoes reversible contraction along the crystallographic c-axis, exhibiting a breathing behavior that creates differentiated adsorption sites favoring D2O retention. Gas-phase breakthrough experiments demonstrate markedly different retention times for H2O (223 min g−1) and D2O (686 min g−1), with clearly resolved breakthrough curves for H2O/HDO/D2O mixtures under continuous flow. The material is synthesized on a 100-gram scale with ~95% yield and remains stable over multiple adsorption-desorption cycles. Single-crystal structure analyses, combined with path-integral molecular dynamics and DFT calculations, reveal that D2O exhibits slightly stronger binding energies (by 1–2 kJ mol−1) and higher diffusion barriers, arising from nuclear quantum effects. These small energetic differences are amplified by the flexible woven topology, enabling efficient isotope separation under ambient conditions. This work represents a conceptual advance in materials design, transposing macroscopic weaving to the molecular scale for practical isotope enrichment.

### 1364. [Boosting efficiency to 13.07% in flexible Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells via heterojunction regulation of defects and stress](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/boosting-efficiency-to-1307-in-flexible-cu2znsnsse4-solar-cells-via-heterojunction-regulation-of-defects-and-s) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4216-7]
Flexible Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells are promising for lightweight and mechanically pliable photovoltaics, yet their performance is limited by severe non-radiative recombination and residual stress. Here, we report a sealed constant temperature (SCT) annealing strategy that simultaneously optimizes the CZTSSe/CdS heterojunction and alleviates stress. Under uniform mild thermal conditions (85°C, 5 h), SCT annealing promotes gradient diffusion of Cd2+ into the absorber, partially substituting Zn2+, which optimizes band alignment, passivates interface defects, and suppresses near-interface CuZn defects. This reduces open-circuit voltage loss and improves fill factor. The flexible device achieves a power conversion efficiency of 13.07%, a significant improvement over the reference (12.1%). The SCT strategy also enhances mechanical flexibility by reducing residual stress. Our findings provide a controllable route to advance both efficiency and flexibility of flexible CZTSSe solar cells.

### 1365. [Carbon Networks Enable Durable Alloy Anodes for Na-ion Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/carbon-networks-enable-durable-alloy-anodes-for-na-ion-batteries) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4135-3]
Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) are increasingly recognized as a promising technology for large-scale energy storage and heavy-duty electric vehicles, owing to the global abundance and cost-effectiveness of sodium resources. While gravimetric energy density has been the focus of battery research, the burgeoning demand for compact energy storage in space-constrained applications has shifted priorities toward volumetric energy density. In this context, alloy-based anodes—particularly metallic tin (Sn)—offer a compelling theoretical capacity (847 mAh g−1) and a high tap density that far exceeds that of conventional hard carbon. However, the commercialization of micrometre-sized Sn has been chronically hindered by two intrinsic material limitations: the “cold welding” effect during manufacturing, caused by its extreme Mohs softness (1.5), leading to agglomeration of the electrode material, and the rapid structural pulverization resulting from massive volume expansion (~420%) during sodiation/desodiation cycles, causing the electrode particles to lose electrochemical activity and resulting in capacity fading. Conventional mitigation strategies, such as nanostructuring and addition of high weight-percentage carbon additives, often sacrifice initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), volumetric capacity, and material scalability. Addressing the fundamental challenge of how to maintain stable electrical connectivity and structural integrity in micrometre-scale alloy particles without compromising the energy density of the entire electrode represents a significant research endeavor. Recently, Hu’s group introduced single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as a conductive cross-linker, termed “9226-SWCNT”, configured as (92 wt% Sn, 2 wt% SWCNTs, and 6 wt% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder). This specific ratio creates a robust three-dimensional cross-linked network. Unlike zero-dimensional carbon black (acetylene black), the high-aspect-ratio SWCNTs act as a flexible “nano-bandage” that wraps around the micrometre-scale Sn particles. This transforms the electrical connectivity from inefficient point contact to stable “face-to-face” contact. This network offers a dual benefit: the SWCNTs serve as a mechanical barrier that prevents Sn particles from cold welding during the mixing process, and they function as an elastic scaffold that maintains electrical continuity despite the drastic volume fluctuations of the Sn particles. When the conventional acetylene black-based electrodes fail rapidly, the 9226-SWCNT system demonstrates 87.6% capacity retention after 6000 cycles at 2 A g−1, proving that the mechanical architecture of the conductive network is as vital as its electronic properties. The Sn electrode transforms into a three-dimensional porous coral-like structure upon sodiation, which facilitates Na+ diffusion and buffers the mechanical stress induced by volume expansion. The authors compared the effects of different proportions of SWCNTs. To characterize the resulting morphological evolution, they introduced topological analysis and machine learning (ML), using the first Betti number (β1) as a metric to quantify the coral-like structure by counting the closed loops within the sodiated Sn anode. The 9226-SWCNT electrode maintains a significantly higher β1 value during cycling compared to the 9046-SWCNT (4 wt% SWCNT) sample. This reveals that a higher content of conductive additive (4% vs. 2%) actually results in fewer structural pores; that is, an excessive amount of SWCNTs hinders the topological evolution of Sn and consequently impedes its sodiation process. The authors further explain this through the “exposure effect”: initially, Sn particles are “embedded” and shielded by the SWCNT-CMC network. If the network is too dense, it restricts the necessary morphological transformation, underscoring the critical balance between conductive additive content and electrochemical performance.

### 1366. [Synergistic regulation of entropy effect and interface engineering to boost metal fluoride cathode performance in lithium-ion batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-regulation-of-entropy-effect-and-interface-engineering-to-boost-metal-fluoride-cathode-performance) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4169-9]
Transition metal fluorides (TMFs) are promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity and energy density, yet their practical application is hindered by low utilization rates stemming from particle sizes exceeding the effective Li+ transport distance (<20 nm). This work introduces a multiphase metal fluoride composite (MMFC) synthesized via a hydrothermal method, leveraging high-entropy concepts and interface engineering to enhance electrochemical performance. The MMFC, after annealing at 400°C (MMFC-400), exhibits high specific capacity, excellent rate capability, and cycling stability. The multiphase interfaces accelerate Li+ migration kinetics and provide additional active sites, addressing the limitations of conventional TMF cathodes. This study proposes a multiphase interfacial energy storage strategy for advanced TMF cathodes, offering a pathway to high-performance LIBs.

### 1367. [Boosting the cycling stability of P2-type layered oxide cathodes via a synergistic high sodium and Li/Mg co-doping strategy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/boosting-the-cycling-stability-of-p2-type-layered-oxide-cathodes-via-a-synergistic-high-sodium-and-limg-co-dop) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4208-8]
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are emerging as a cost-effective alternative to lithium-ion batteries due to the abundance of sodium resources. Among cathode materials, P2-type layered oxides (Na_xTMO_2) offer high ionic conductivity and rate capability but suffer from low initial sodium content and Na+/vacancy ordering, leading to structural degradation and capacity fading. This study proposes a synergistic strategy combining high sodium content with Li/Mg co-doping to enhance the cycling stability of P2-type cathodes. The high sodium content increases the sodium reservoir, reducing the depth of desodiation for a given capacity, while Li/Mg co-doping mitigates Na+/vacancy ordering and stabilizes the crystal structure. The optimized cathode exhibits significantly improved cycling performance, retaining 82.3% of its initial capacity after 500 cycles at 1C, compared to 65.4% for the undoped counterpart. Furthermore, the co-doped material demonstrates enhanced rate capability, delivering 112 mAh/g at 5C, and suppressed phase transitions, as evidenced by in-situ X-ray diffraction. This work provides a rational design pathway for high-performance P2-type cathodes, addressing key bottlenecks in SIB commercialization.

### 1368. [Upcycling spent LiFePO4 via a fluorine doping-assisted direct regeneration strategy for high-rate lithium-ion batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/upcycling-spent-lifepo4-via-a-fluorine-doping-assisted-direct-regeneration-strategy-for-high-rate-lithium-ion) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4229-6]
The escalating retirement of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) necessitates efficient recycling technologies to recover cathode materials, particularly lithium iron phosphate (LFP), which dominates the traction battery market. Conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods are energy-intensive and environmentally burdensome. Here, we report a fluorine doping-assisted direct regeneration strategy for spent LFP (SLFP) cathodes, yielding a regenerated LFP-F (RLFP-F) with a hybrid structure of ordered crystalline and disordered domains. Fluorine doping reduces the Li+ diffusion energy barrier, as evidenced by density functional theory calculations, and strengthens Fe–O bonding, suppressing Fe migration and anti-site defect formation. The O 2p band center shifts downward, increasing the Fe 3d–O 2p energy separation from 3.23 eV in pristine LFP to 3.46 eV in RLFP-F, enhancing structural stability and electronic conductivity. Electrochemical tests demonstrate that RLFP-F delivers a high-rate capability and excellent cycling stability. Life-cycle assessment reveals that direct regeneration consumes only 9.986 MJ kg−1 and emits 0.324 kg CO2-equivalent per kg of cell, significantly outperforming pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. Economic analysis based on 2025 Chinese market prices indicates a net profit of $397.15 per ton of SLFP battery recycling, attributed to the closed-loop cathode-to-cathode design. This work provides a sustainable and economically viable route for upcycling spent LFP batteries.

### 1369. [An In-Situ Oxidation Routine for Reliable Low-Voltage 2D FeFETs](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/an-in-situ-oxidation-routine-for-reliable-low-voltage-2d-fefets) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4215-3]
The escalating demand for energy-efficient edge inference in artificial intelligence has intensified the search for hardware that transcends the von Neumann bottleneck. Ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs) are promising due to their non-destructive readout, low programming energy, and multilevel operation. However, integrating ultrathin ferroelectrics with two-dimensional (2D) channels remains challenging due to the inert surfaces of 2D materials, which impede uniform film growth. Moreover, conventional ferroelectrics like doped hafnia and AlScN suffer performance degradation at thicknesses required for sub-1V operation. The interface between ferroelectric and 2D semiconductor is often plagued by traps and parasitic layers, causing threshold drift and fatigue. In a recent Science report, Hailin Peng and colleagues present an innovative solution: a native ferroelectric buffer derived from the semiconductor itself. By oxidizing layered Bi2O2Se below 400°C, they produce wafer-scale α-Bi2SeO5, a van der Waals ferroelectric oxide. This material retains robust ferroelectricity down to the monolayer limit, supporting both out-of-plane and in-plane polarization switching. It exhibits a high relative dielectric constant (~24) and a Curie temperature near 880 K. The in-situ oxidation approach enables precise thickness control, yielding a uniform, switchable, and robust gate stack for 2D FeFETs, addressing the critical challenges of voltage scaling and interface quality.

### 1370. [A Critical Artifact in Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries: Charging under Aerial Oxidation Distorts Discharged-Cathode Characterization](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-critical-artifact-in-aqueous-zinc-ion-batteries-charging-under-aerial-oxidation-distorts-discharged-cathode) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4196-x]
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are promising for safe, low-cost energy storage, but accurate cathode characterization is essential for understanding their electrochemical behavior. This study identifies a critical artifact: routine air-drying of deeply discharged cathodes triggers spontaneous aerial oxidation, which distorts post-mortem analysis. Using NH4V4O10 (NVO) as a model cathode, we show that ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of discharged electrodes reveals only V4+/V5+ signals, with no detectable V3+, implying a theoretical capacity of only 245.5 mAh g−1, yet experimentally measured capacity reaches ~334.5 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1. This discrepancy arises because air exposure during sample preparation oxidizes the reduced vanadium states, leading to a self-charging effect that recovers ~83% of capacity. Electrochemical re-oxidation (EO-NVO) is superior to aerial oxidation (AO-NVO), producing a stable, long-range ordered bulk structure with efficient Zn2+ transport channels, whereas aerial oxidation induces only superficial changes and structural disorder. These findings resolve a key analytical inconsistency and reveal a novel capacity-contribution pathway, with direct implications for accurate material assessment and advanced battery design.

### 1371. [Atomic proximity-controlled Pd-Ti bifunctional catalyst for the sustainable direct ammoximation of cyclohexanone in water](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/atomic-proximity-controlled-pd-ti-bifunctional-catalyst-for-the-sustainable-direct-ammoximation-of-cyclohexano) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4184-6]
The industrial production of ε-caprolactam, the essential precursor for nylon-6, is a cornerstone of the modern polymer industry. Historically, this process evolved from energy-intensive non-catalytic routes to the more atom-economical ammoximation of cyclohexanone over titanosilicate catalysts using H2O2 as a green oxidant. Despite this progress, the reliance on concentrated H2O2 presents a significant sustainability bottleneck, as its commercial production via the anthraquinone process is energy-intensive, waste-prone, and involves hazardous transportation. A more sustainable ideal reaction involves the direct use of H2 and O2 to generate active oxygen species in situ. However, implementing this bifunctional route has long been thwarted by high noble metal loadings, poor H2 efficiency due to the rapid decomposition of intermediate H2O2, and the inherent instability of catalysts in the alkaline aqueous media required for ammoximation. In the January 2026 issue of Nature Catalysis, Wu and colleagues report a breakthrough by engineering a titanium-mordenite-confined, low-loaded Pd catalyst (0.055 wt% Pd@A-Ti-MOR-R) that achieves exceptional efficiency and industrial-grade longevity for direct ammoximation in water. The researchers proposed a “structured” solution to spatial confinement by utilizing an acid-treated Ti-MOR (A-Ti-MOR) featuring specific Ti-OH defect sites adjacent to silanol nests. These defects act as precise anchors to stabilize subnanometric Pd2 clusters, ensuring that the Pd and Ti active sites remain in “atomic proximity” within the 8-ring side pockets of the zeolite. This atomic-level configuration was rigorously verified using spherical-aberration-corrected annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM), which identifies bright contrasts from subnanometric Pd clusters with diameters below 0.5 nm near the framework pores. Furthermore, Pd K-edge extended X-ray-absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) analysis confirms the formation of Pd–O–Ti bridges through the identification of a specific scattering path at 3.67 Å, proving that the Pd clusters are chemically bonded to the framework Ti sites.

### 1372. [Simplified model for the melting point of oxides](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/simplified-model-for-the-melting-point-of-oxides) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4186-7]
The development of ultrahigh-temperature technologies, such as nuclear reactors, rocket nozzles, scramjet propulsion systems, and hypersonic vehicles, demands materials with melting points (Tm) exceeding 3273 K. However, the highest reported Tm among non-radioactive oxides is 3125 K (MgO), limiting progress. Existing predictive models for oxide Tm suffer from a trade-off between physical insight and practical utility: thermodynamic approaches require complex calculations, Lindemann's criterion relies on elusive parameters like Debye temperature, and semi-empirical correlations lack transferability. Machine learning models offer predictive power but lack interpretability and reliable extrapolation. Here, we simplify a previously derived semi-empirical model based on bond-breaking probability, which links Tm to effective potential barrier Ueff, proportional to bond length (d), bond density (Nb), and bond ionicity (fi). By analyzing a dataset of 68 oxides, we establish a simplified linear relationship between Tm and Ueff, expressed as Tm = 0.052Ueff + 122.6 K, with Ueff in kJ/mol. This model achieves a mean absolute error of 76 K and a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.97, outperforming existing empirical models. The model's physical transparency and simplicity enable rapid screening of novel oxides, guiding the design of materials with Tm exceeding 3273 K. Our findings provide a practical tool for accelerating the discovery of ultrahigh-temperature oxides, addressing a critical bottleneck in next-generation thermal protection systems.

### 1373. [Synergistic regulation of bottom-up sodium deposition via sodiophilicity and electric field dual gradients for long-cycle sodium metal batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergistic-regulation-of-bottom-up-sodium-deposition-via-sodiophilicity-and-electric-field-dual-gradients-for) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4188-x]
Sodium metal anodes, with high theoretical capacity (1166 mAh g−1) and low redox potential (−2.71 V vs. H+/H2), are promising for low-cost, high-energy sodium metal batteries (SMBs). However, uncontrolled dendrite growth and drastic volume changes cause short circuits and safety hazards. This work presents a dual-gradient engineering strategy to address these issues. A 3D self-supporting current collector (SSM-ZnS@Zn) was fabricated by laminating a stainless steel mesh (SSM) with a Zn foil decorated with pre-grown ZnS nanoparticles via a one-step rolling process. The substantial electrical conductivity difference between the bottom zinc foil (~16.6×10^6 S m−1) and the top SSM (~1.3×10^6 S m−1) establishes an electric field gradient. Simultaneously, a sodiophilicity gradient is created by electrochemically in-situ generated sodiophilic NaZn13 and Na2S on the bottom zinc foil, combined with the sodiophobic upper SSM layer. This dual-gradient synergy guides bottom-up sodium deposition, homogenizes current density and electric potential, and reinforces mechanical robustness. The framework exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance in both symmetric and full cells, outperforming most reported 3D structures. A pouch cell assembled with SSM-ZnS@Zn successfully lit an LED lamp, demonstrating practical application potential. This strategy surpasses single-gradient limitations and offers a new approach for high-performance sodium metal anode design.

### 1374. [A new strategy for buried 2D/3D heterojunctions in perovskite solar cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-new-strategy-for-buried-2d3d-heterojunctions-in-perovskite-solar-cells) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4137-3]
Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising as high-efficiency, low-cost photovoltaics; however, their efficiency and stability are often compromised by high defect densities at grain boundaries and interfaces. To mitigate these issues, long-chain ammonium salts are introduced to the surface of three-dimensional (3D) perovskites to construct 2D/3D heterostructures, enabling effective chemical and field-effect passivation. Previous studies have mainly integrated 2D/3D heterostructures into the perovskite bulk or at its upper surface to improve device performance. Nevertheless, 2D/3D perovskite engineering at the buried interface remains challenging, because the pre-deposited 2D perovskite layer would be dissolved during subsequent 3D perovskite processing, while 2D perovskites introduced as additives are also difficult to selectively assemble at the buried interface. Moreover, achieving controllable 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction at the buried interface with well-defined dimensionality, orientation, and energy-level alignment has become a key challenge, and related studies remain scarce. Previous ligand-based methods for constructing buried 2D/3D heterojunctions suffer from weak interfacial interactions, leading to undesirable ligand diffusion into the 3D perovskite bulk and non-uniform distribution at the interface. Recently, Jen et al. constructed localized 2D/3D perovskite heterojunctions at the buried interface by leveraging the Lewis acid-base interaction between the –NH3+ group of the oleylammonium iodide (OAmI) ligand and a sulfur-functionalized self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The rationally designed SAMs featuring Lewis-basic sulfur atoms (CbzBT-B) are able to anchor the ligands and thereby facilitate the growth of localized 2D perovskite phases. Besides, De Wolf et al. added 4-hydroxybenzylamine (HBzA) into the 2PACz solution, where an acid-base reaction between the HBzA amine and the phosphonic acid group (–PO(OH)2) of 2PACz forms a robust ionic bond. This interaction improves HBzA anchoring on the ITO surface and facilitates the formation of a 2D/3D heterojunction at the buried perovskite interface. However, the intrinsic packing density and uniformity of SAMs limit ligand anchoring and the subsequent growth of 2D perovskites. Therefore, achieving a well-defined buried 2D/3D heterojunction requires tightly confining ligands to the charge-selective contact, particularly for scalable PSCs. In the recent work by Wang et al., an in situ solid-state ligand-exchange strategy is proposed to form a 2D perovskite layer exclusively at the SnO2/perovskite interface, without introducing undesired 2D-phase contamination into the 3D perovskite bulk. Owing to the binding affinity between the –SH and SnO2, thioglycolic acid (TGA) is first introduced during the synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles to obtain TGA-capped SnO2 nanoparticles, thereby enhancing the adhesion of alkylamine molecules on the SnO2 surface. Subsequently, various alkylamines were anchored onto the SnO2-TGA nanoparticles via an acid-base reaction between the –NH2 and –COOH groups. Therefore, OAm is immobilized on the SnO2 surface through ionic bonding with TGA. During the subsequent thermal annealing of perovskite, ion exchange occurs between OAm-TGA and FAI, leading to the formation of 2D/3D perovskite heterojunctions. In situ photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy is employed to elucidate the crystallization kinetics of perovskite films on the SnO2-TGA-OAm substrate. At the initial stage of ethyl acetate antisolvent dripping, both the control and target samples exhibit a rapid increase in PL intensity. In the subsequent period, however, the target sample undergoes a prolonged stage of continuous PL increase, whereas the control shows persistent PL decay, indicating that the SnO2-TGA-OAm substrate effectively modulates the crystallization process, promoting the formation of high-quality perovskite films with reduced defects.

### 1375. [Flexible 'fiber chip': integrating high-density integrated circuits into an elastic polymer fiber](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/flexible-fiber-chip-integrating-high-density-integrated-circuits-into-an-elastic-polymer-fiber) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4050-2]
Fiber electronics have evolved from passive conduits to active devices with sensing, powering, and display functions, yet their computational capabilities remain constrained by reliance on external rigid chips. This highlight reviews a recent breakthrough by Wang et al. that integrates high-density integrated circuits directly into elastic polymer fibers, achieving a multilayered spiral architecture with an unprecedented integration density of 100,000 transistors per centimeter. The fabrication process employs a highly flat polymer substrate with parylene encapsulation, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) interlayer with modulus-gradient heterostructure, and adhesive interlayers with thickened edges to ensure mechanical robustness and uniformity. The resulting fiber-integrated circuits (FICs) demonstrate versatile computing functions, including digital logic gates (NOR, NAND, XOR, RS latches) and analog circuits (amplifiers, waveform generators). By incorporating organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), the FICs achieve neural-style computing with 99.8% accuracy on the Olivetti Research Laboratory database. Notably, the FICs withstand 100,000 cycles of abrasion and 1-mm bending, indicating exceptional mechanical durability. This work addresses the critical bottleneck of integrating dense microdevice arrays into soft, cylindrical fibers, paving the way for truly intelligent and interactive fiber systems suitable for wearable and biomedical applications.

### 1376. [Dynamic Isomers Fortify Perovskite Grain Boundaries Under Cyclic Illumination](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dynamic-isomers-fortify-perovskite-grain-boundaries-under-cyclic-illumination) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4121-9]
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a promising photovoltaic technology, yet their commercialization is hindered by insufficient long-term operational stability under real-world conditions. While progress has improved resilience against static stressors (constant heat, electrical bias, humidity), durability under dynamic outdoor environments—particularly diurnal light cycling and temperature fluctuations—remains inadequately understood. Cyclic illumination induces interfacial expansion and contraction, leading to mechanical stress accumulation and grain-boundary (GB) fragmentation, ultimately decomposing the perovskite into Pb2+ and inactive phases. To address this, Zhang et al. propose a dynamic GB-resilience strategy integrating a photoswitchable isomeric compound, 4-(phenylazo) benzoic acid (Ca-Abz), into triple-cation lead-based perovskite grain boundaries. In the dark, Ca-Abz adopts a planar trans (E) configuration, anchoring via carboxylic acid-Pb2+ coordination. Under UV illumination, electronic excitation lowers the rotational barrier of the azo bond, triggering a transition to a sterically twisted cis (Z) configuration. This reversible molecular switching dynamically accommodates periodic lattice expansion and contraction, dissipating intergranular stress and regulating local strain. Density functional theory and first-principles molecular dynamics simulations show the Z isomer binds slightly stronger to the perovskite surface (−11.01 eV) than the E isomer (−10.99 eV), indicating illumination actively strengthens passivation. This approach represents a shift from static passivators to stimuli-responsive interfacial regulators that utilize UV energy to stabilize grain boundaries during lattice expansion, offering a promising route to enhance PSC operational stability under cyclic illumination.

### 1377. [Engineering Hydrogen-Bond Networks in Self-Assembled Molecules Boosts All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cell Efficiency](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/engineering-hydrogen-bond-networks-in-self-assembled-molecules-boosts-all-perovskite-tandem-solar-cell-efficie) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4136-y]
All-perovskite tandem solar cells (TSCs) are poised to surpass the Shockley–Queisser limit of single-junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by integrating wide- and narrow-bandgap subcells to broaden spectral utilization. However, their performance remains constrained by interface charge transfer losses and non-radiative recombination in wide-bandgap subcells. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) serve as effective hole-selective contacts, yet conventional designs suffer from uncontrolled intermolecular interactions due to amphiphilic characteristics, leading to detrimental self-aggregation, suboptimal molecular packing, and weakened interfacial adhesion. In a recent breakthrough published in Nature Energy, Wang et al. introduced a rational molecular design that integrates amide units as dual hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors into a bicarbazole-based biphosphonic acid dimer (AOCzPA). This design suppresses self-aggregation via a twisted conformation of the C–C-linked carbazole dimer, enhancing steric hindrance and preventing π–π stacking. The amide groups establish an expansive, cooperative hydrogen-bonding network, forming intramolecular bonds, intermolecular connections, and strengthened bonds with hydroxylated transparent conductive oxides (TCO) via C=O···HO–In/Sn and N–H···O–In/Sn. This network impedes long-range crystalline order, creating an amorphous, homogeneous molecular distribution without nanovoids. Consequently, the energy band at the perovskite interface bends upward, narrowing the energy offset to 0.42 eV and aligning HOMO levels for barrier-free hole extraction. The strategy yields exceptional performance: 1.77 eV single-junction wide-bandgap PSCs achieve a PCE of 21.56%, V_OC of 1.35 V, and FF of 85.76%, indicating low voltage losses and suppressed non-radiative recombination. This work advances SAM design from monolayer assembly to networked interface engineering, enhancing mechanical and chemical robustness and minimizing hole-transport losses.

### 1378. [Oxide-channel ferroelectric transistor enables ultralow-power NAND flash technology](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/oxide-channel-ferroelectric-transistor-enables-ultralow-power-nand-flash-technology) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4023-8]
The escalating power consumption of 3D NAND flash memory, driven by the need for high pass voltages (V_pass) to read cells in vertically stacked strings, poses a critical challenge as layer counts approach 1000. Conventional charge-trap NAND requires V_pass of 5–10 V for quad-level cell (QLC) operation, while silicon-channel ferroelectric NAND suffers from limited memory windows due to low-k interlayers. Here, we highlight a breakthrough by Yoo et al. that introduces an oxide semiconductor (OS)-channel ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET) with a gate stack comprising a zirconium-doped hafnium oxide (HZO) ferroelectric layer sandwiched between low-k (SiO2/SiNx) and high-k (Ta2O5) interlayers, and an indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) channel. The absence of hole carriers in IGZO suppresses the 'down' polarization state, enabling a near-zero threshold voltage (V_th) and reducing V_pass to as low as 1 V. The high-k Ta2O5 interlayer prevents oxygen diffusion, mitigating off-current degradation, while the low-k SiO2/SiNx interlayer enhances charge trapping, yielding a memory window exceeding 11 V for a 5-nm SiO2 layer. This enables 5-bit-per-cell (penta-level cell, PLC) operation, surpassing current QLC NAND. The combination of ultralow V_pass and wide memory window achieves both low power consumption and high storage density, positioning OS-channel FeFETs as a promising solution for next-generation memory systems.

### 1379. [Slidable van der Waals Layers in Wearable Medical Monitoring: Structural Regulation Logic and Design Principles for Flexible Bioelectronics](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/slidable-van-der-waals-layers-in-wearable-medical-monitoring-structural-regulation-logic-and-design-principles) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4411-4]
Wearable medical monitoring devices require conformal, long-term tissue integration, yet conventional rigid electronics fail to accommodate dynamic tissue deformation. This highlight examines the structural regulation logic of slidable van der Waals (vdW) layers as an instructive design paradigm for flexible bioelectronic materials. The approach leverages weak interlayer interactions to enable adaptive sliding, reducing interfacial stress and enhancing mechanical compliance. Key advances include spray-based fabrication, which offers scalability and cost-effectiveness for industrial translation. The strategy addresses bottlenecks in deep-tissue dynamic physiological monitoring, where existing interfaces suffer from mechanical mismatch and signal degradation. By tuning mechanical performance, enabling low-cost mass manufacturing, and integrating multi-hardware systems, this interface strategy promises to accelerate the transition from laboratory prototypes to clinical and consumer wearable devices. The highlight synthesizes recent literature, including a movable long-term implantable soft microfibre (Nature, 2025) and drawn-on-skin electronic tattoos (Sci Adv, 2026), to contextualize the vdW sliding approach. Quantitative metrics from these studies—such as mechanical compliance, operational stability, and fabrication throughput—are discussed to underscore industrial viability. The findings suggest that vdW layer sliding can be engineered to achieve fatigue resistance and conformal contact, critical for chronic implantation. This work provides a framework for designing next-generation bioelectronic interfaces, with implications for personalized medicine and remote health monitoring.

### 1380. [Synergy of Dynamic Covalent Bonds and Hydrogen Bonds Enables Dual Dynamic Recyclable Helical Polymers](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/synergy-of-dynamic-covalent-bonds-and-hydrogen-bonds-enables-dual-dynamic-recyclable-helical-polymers) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4042-6]
Biopolymers such as proteins exhibit both stability and dynamic properties, reflected in precise conformational adaptability and reversibility within cells. Simulating this dual dynamic nature in fully synthetic covalent polymers has been a major challenge, aiming to enable a single material to reversibly transform between defined helical conformations and random coils, and to be fully recycled back to original building units. Recently, Zhang, Qu, Feringa and co-workers reported a groundbreaking advance in Nature Chemistry, achieving a helical covalent polymer with reversible conformational switching between ordered and disordered states while maintaining complete chemical recyclability to its monomers. This system is built on poly(disulfide)s, utilizing biologically relevant building blocks (1,2-dithiolane asparagusic acid, AA) and amino acid derivatives. Monomers undergo reactive ring-opening polymerization (ROP) initiated by sodium bisulfate under mild conditions, forming polymers that exhibit reversible conformational interconversion between disordered coils and helical structures. Incorporation of a dipeptide motif (AA-L-Ala-L-Ala) establishes stable extended β-sheet-like hydrogen bonds, improving helical stability. Following polymerization, nanocrystalline polymers can be reorganized into semicrystalline structures upon thermal treatment, yielding rod-like flexible cylinders approximately 2.1 nm in diameter and 25 nm in length. Structural analyses reveal hierarchical organization, including β-sheet-stabilized rod-like flexible cylinders and columnar liquid crystal assemblies, imparting remarkable thermal stability and conformational resilience. The dual energy landscapes govern monomer-polymer equilibrium and conformation-dependent closed-loop recycling, enabling intrinsic reconfigurability among small-molecule monomers, random coils, and helical poly(disulfide)s, triggered by temperature.

### 1381. [Correction to: Intrinsic Pseudocapacitive Na0.44MnO2 Prepared by Novel Ion-Exchange Method for High Rate and Robust Sodium-Ion Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/correction-to-intrinsic-pseudocapacitive-na044mno2-prepared-by-novel-ion-exchange-method-for-high-rate-and-rob) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4332-3]
This correction addresses an error in the affiliations of the authors of the article 'Intrinsic pseudocapacitive Na0.44MnO2 prepared by novel ion-exchange method for high rate and robust sodium-ion batteries' originally published in Science China Materials, volume 66, issue 10, 2023, pages 3810–3816. In the original publication, one affiliation of the first author (Yuge Cao) was missing, and the affiliations of the authors were incorrectly labeled. The corrected affiliations are as follows: Yuge Cao is affiliated with the State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; the Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; and the Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China. The other authors' affiliations are also corrected accordingly. The corresponding authors are Hui Bi (bihui@mail.sic.ac.cn) and Fuqiang Huang (huangfq@mail.sic.ac.cn). This correction does not affect the scientific content of the original article.

### 1382. [Highly dispersed Cu/WO3 heterojunctions featuring a promoted hydrogen radical-mediated pathway for efficient nitrate reduction to ammonia](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/highly-dispersed-cuwo3-heterojunctions-featuring-a-promoted-hydrogen-radical-mediated-pathway-for-efficient-ni) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3480-1]
Electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia (NRA) offers a sustainable route for wastewater denitrification and decentralized ammonia synthesis, but its practical deployment is constrained by sluggish reaction kinetics and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Monometallic Cu electrocatalysts, despite favorable nitrate adsorption and tunable electronic structure, exhibit weak H* adsorption, limiting the hydrogen radical-mediated pathway that suppresses HER at low overpotentials. Here, highly dispersed Cu/WO3 heterojunctions supported on carbon fiber were synthesized via carbothermal shock reduction, which reaches ultra-high temperatures within seconds and prevents active-site accumulation. The optimal Cu/WO3 heterojunction achieves an ammonia yield rate of 158.66 μmol h−1 cm−2 and a Faradaic efficiency of 98.27%. Electron paramagnetic resonance and density functional theory calculations reveal a synergistic mechanism: Cu sites preferentially adsorb NO3−, while adjacent WO3 sites accelerate water dissociation to generate hydrogen radicals (H*), which drive the continuous hydrogenation of nitrate to ammonia. This spatial separation of functions promotes the H*-mediated pathway and suppresses HER. The work establishes a heterojunction design strategy for non-precious-metal NRA electrocatalysts, enabling high-rate, high-selectivity ammonia production under mild conditions.

### 1383. [Platinum single-atom catalysts anchored on van der Waals heterostructure support for durable hydrogen evolution](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/platinum-single-atom-catalysts-anchored-on-van-der-waals-heterostructure-support-for-durable-hydrogen-evolutio) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3510-0]
The activity and stability of single-atom catalysts (SACs) are intimately associated with the structure of supports. Herein, by employing a van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure support, we construct a highly active and durable Pt SAC for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The unique support consists of monolayer MoS2 attaching on hierarchical N-doped carbon nanocages (hNCNC), on which Pt presents as individual single atoms on the hNCNC and as island-like single-atom layers on the MoS2. The optimized Pt1-MoS2/hNCNC demonstrates low overpotential (11 mV at 10 mA cm−2) and high mass activity (5.6 A mgPt−1 at −20 mV) in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution, outperforming commercial Pt/C. Impressively, the Pt1-MoS2/hNCNC exhibits improved long-term stability in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer relative to commercial Pt/C. The excellent HER performance is attributed to the regulated electronic structure, robust interaction of Pt atoms with MoS2/hNCNC and facilitated charge transfer. This study establishes an innovative strategy to develop a highly active and durable Pt SAC using vdW heterostructure supports.

### 1384. [Poly(terphenyl-diphenylmethane piperidinium) anion exchange membranes assembled with non-precious metal electrodes for high-performance water electrolysis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/polyterphenyl-diphenylmethane-piperidinium-anion-exchange-membranes-assembled-with-non-precious-metal-electrod) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3631-1]
Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) offers cost and dynamic-response advantages over proton exchange membrane systems, yet commercial deployment is constrained by the alkaline stability of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) and the sluggish kinetics of non-precious metal catalysts. This work reports a series of poly(terphenyl-diphenylmethane piperidinium) (QPDPMTP) membranes synthesized with varied diphenylmethane (DPM) content. The alkyl chain of DPM induces pronounced microphase separation and elevates free volume fraction, yielding an OH− conductivity of 152 mS cm−1 at 80 °C for QPDPMTP-10. After 1032 h immersion in 6 M NaOH at 80 °C, the membrane retains 90.7% of its initial conductivity. An AEMWE cell integrating QPDPMTP-10 with a non-precious NiFeCo LDH/NiS/NF anode achieves 3.11 A cm−2 at 2 V in 1 M KOH at 80 °C and sustains 1 A cm−2 for 1800 h under gradient KOH concentration. These results establish a viable pathway for durable, low-cost AEMWE systems.

### 1385. [Parallel Adsorption of Parts-per-Million Level Additives for Highly Efficient Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/parallel-adsorption-of-parts-per-million-level-additives-for-highly-efficient-aqueous-zinc-ion-battery) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3587-4]
Unstable zinc interfaces arising from dendrite growth and parasitic reactions impede the practical deployment of rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries. This study introduces 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) as a parts-per-million (ppm) level electrolyte additive to stabilize the Zn anode. Theoretical and experimental analyses reveal that PAN undergoes parallel adsorption on the Zn surface, establishing strong π-π interactions between adjacent molecules that efficiently repel water. The OH, pyridine N, and azo N groups in PAN chelate Zn2+, modulating Zn2+ diffusion and promoting uniform deposition while suppressing dendrite formation. A 10 ppm (0.04 mM) PAN addition extends the lifespan of a symmetrical cell to 1500 h at 2 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. The Zn||Cu half-cell achieves a Coulombic efficiency of 99.91% over 3500 cycles at 5 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. Full cells with NH4V4O10 and MnO2 cathodes exhibit enhanced cycling stability. Notably, a Zn||NH4V4O10 pouch cell retains 71.1% capacity after 250 cycles at 0.8 A g−1. This work demonstrates a viable strategy for selecting high-efficiency additives for aqueous metal-based batteries.

### 1386. [Bioinspired Photonic Polyurethane: Uniting Self-Healing and Flexibility for Multiple Sensing](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/bioinspired-photonic-polyurethane-uniting-self-healing-and-flexibility-for-multiple-sensing) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3551-5]
Flexible photonic crystal (PC) materials exhibit exceptional optical properties but suffer structural degradation under repeated mechanical stress, leading to photonic band gap impairment and limited sustainability. This study introduces a self-healing thermoplastic polyurethane (STPU) with an inverse-opal PC structure, inspired by natural structural coloration and self-healing mechanisms. Synergistic dynamic covalent disulfide bonds and hydrogen bonds enable reversible mechanical adjustment, yielding a tensile strength of 26.76 MPa and elongation at break of 2000%. The inverse opal structure facilitates reversible color transitions in response to solvents (water, ethanol) and mechanical strain (0–70%) via lattice spacing modulation. Incorporating an interpenetrating network of polyacrylamide hydrogel and carbon nanotubes enhances strain sensitivity and structural color stability. The material demonstrates broad potential in flexible sensors, adaptive optical devices, bioinspired robotic skins, and dynamic anti-counterfeiting encryption, overcoming traditional PC limitations such as high fragility and single functionality. This strategy advances durable intelligent sensing materials with enhanced environmental adaptability and multifunctional integration.

### 1387. [Design of multifunctional phosphonic acid molecule for highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/design-of-multifunctional-phosphonic-acid-molecule-for-highly-efficient-and-stable-inverted-perovskite-solar-c) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3643-8]
Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) suffer from defect-mediated nonradiative recombination and inefficient charge extraction, particularly at the buried interface and grain boundaries (GBs), which limit power conversion efficiency (PCE) and operational stability. This study introduces a multifunctional phosphonic acid molecule, (2-(3,6-bis(trifluoromethoxy)-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (M28), as an additive in the perovskite precursor solution. M28 spontaneously segregates toward the buried interface and GBs, fulfilling three roles: (1) slowing crystallization to enlarge grains and improve film quality, (2) passivating defects to suppress charge recombination, and (3) inducing p-type doping to create an extra electric field that promotes hole transport. Devices incorporating M28 achieve a champion PCE of 25.96% and retain 80% of initial efficiency after 1500 h of maximum power point tracking. This work demonstrates the efficacy of multifunctional phosphonic acid additives in addressing buried-interface and GB defects, offering a viable route to high-performance, stable inverted PSCs.

### 1388. [Efficient Orbit-Torque Driven Spiking Neuromorphic Device Mimicking the Selective Attention Mechanism for Self-Adaptive Recognition](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/efficient-orbit-torque-driven-spiking-neuromorphic-device-mimicking-the-selective-attention-mechanism-for-self) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3535-8]
The brain's selective visual attention mechanism (SVAM) enables robust visual recognition in noisy environments through diverse neural action potential peaks acting as filters. Spiking neural networks (SNNs) mimic this paradigm but limited noise immunity and high write current density hinder brain-like efficiency. Hardware implementing SVAM necessitates spiking spintronic devices with noise-resistant and low operation current densities; such devices remain unreported. Here, we report an orbit-torque (OT) actuated ferromagnetic spiking synapse and neuron featuring a tunable peak action potential. These are more akin to biological neurons with varying sensitivities to external sensory stimuli, thereby augmenting the perception aptitude of the system in complex surroundings. Capitalizing on the high-efficiency OT, the ferromagnetic device demands a write current density of 5 × 10^6 A/cm^2, which is an order of magnitude lower than other spiking devices actuated by spin-orbit torque. Leveraging these neuromorphic devices, an all-spin SNN with low current density and tunable action potential peak has been fabricated, successfully mimicking the SVAM. In complex noise environment, the SNN achieves 92% on Cifar-10 and 95% on MNIST dataset, surpassing state-of-the-art spin-based SNNs by 5%. Our work provides a promising avenue for exploring the SVAM-inspired spiking neuromorphic devices, enhancing the bionic performance of the SNNs.

### 1389. [Highly Robust and Fatigue-Resistant Organic Hydrogel Composite Elastomer Fibers with Multi-Sensing Capabilities](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/highly-robust-and-fatigue-resistant-organic-hydrogel-composite-elastomer-fibers-with-multi-sensing-capabilitie) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3580-0]
Hydrogel-based one-dimensional fibers offer a route to smart textiles, yet cyclic deformation fractures low-energy amorphous crosslinks, causing fatigue and hysteresis that degrade mechanical performance. This study integrates an Ecoflex elastomer backbone into an organic hydrogel to fabricate composite fibers (OHEF) with enhanced fatigue resistance and eliminated hysteresis. After 10,000 cycles at 200% strain, mechanical properties show no significant degradation. The strain sensor exhibits a gauge factor of ~3.0, response time of 140 ms, recovery time of 130 ms, and repeatability over 10,000 cycles at 70% strain. The OHEF also resists dehydration and freezing, enabling smart textiles that detect deformation, temperature, proximity, and pressure, and perform passive sensing via triboelectric nanogenerator principles. These results demonstrate a viable path for durable, multi-sensing hydrogel fibers in wearable electronics.

### 1390. [Dual-Responsive Peptide-Photosensitizer Conjugate Based on a Hypocrellin Derivative for Tumor-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/dual-responsive-peptide-photosensitizer-conjugate-based-on-a-hypocrellin-derivative-for-tumor-targeted-photody) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3548-9]
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is constrained by the absence of tumor selectivity in conventional photosensitizers (PSs), which produces phototoxicity in normal tissues and risks activation by ambient light. Covalent conjugation of PSs to targeting peptides improves accumulation but does not suppress off-target activation. This work reports B-HCPP-RGD, a single-molecule PS that integrates αVβ3 integrin targeting with dual responsiveness to H2O2 and cathepsin B. The hypocrellin-derived type I PS HCEA is masked by a 4-(bromomethyl)phenylboronic acid pinacol ester H2O2-responsive group and conjugated to cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (cRGD) through a cathepsin B-cleavable Gln-Val dipeptide linker. ROS generation in solution is effectively suppressed until both H2O2 and cathepsin B are present, at which point HCEA is released. In vitro, B-HCPP-RGD shows negligible phototoxicity toward normal cells and pronounced phototoxicity toward tumor cells, including under hypoxic conditions. In vivo, the conjugate actively targets tumor tissue and achieves a high tumor inhibition rate with favorable biosafety. The results establish a modular design for dual-responsive, tumor-targeted PSs that improves the precision and safety of PDT.

### 1391. [Two-dimensional graphene-like BeO sheet: a promising deep-ultraviolet nonlinear optical material with strong and highly tunable second harmonic generation](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/two-dimensional-graphene-like-beo-sheet-a-promising-deep-ultraviolet-nonlinear-optical-material-with-strong-an) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3680-8]
Two-dimensional (2D) materials with ultrawide band gaps and strong, tunable second-harmonic generation (SHG) coefficients are critical for miniaturized deep-ultraviolet (DUV) nonlinear optical (NLO) devices. Despite extensive experimental synthesis of 2D materials, none have satisfied DUV NLO requirements. Here, an experimentally available graphene-like BeO monolayer composed solely of NLO-active [BeO3] units is identified as an excellent 2D DUV NLO material via first-principles calculations. It exhibits an ultrawide band gap of 6.86 eV and a strong SHG coefficient χ22(2)(2D) = 6.81 Å pm/V. Through stacking, strain, and twist engineering, numerous 2D BeO sheets are predicted, and their flexible structural characteristics enable tunable NLO properties. Remarkably, extremely stress-sensitive out-of-plane χ15(2)(2D) and χ33(2)(2D) (with an exceptional 30% change) and robust in-plane χ22(2)(2D) against large strains are achieved together in AC- and ACE-stacked BeO sheets under in-plane biaxial strain, exhibiting emergent phenomena uniquely not observed in other known 2D NLO materials. These results establish 2D BeO systems as a new option for 2D DUV NLO materials.

### 1392. [CPL-Enabled Spatial Displaying for Immersive Human-Machine Interaction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/cpl-enabled-spatial-displaying-for-immersive-human-machine-interaction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3465-y]
Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) offers a route to stereoscopic displays with wide viewing angles and reduced visual fatigue, yet electrically driven real-time modulation and high luminescence dissymmetry factors (g_lum) remain unresolved. Zhuang and Yu encapsulated macroscopically helical liquid crystals into microspheres, dispersed them in a polymer precursor, and self-positioned the solution above luminescent regions via hydrophilic-hydrophobic surface tension differences. Simultaneous ultraviolet irradiation and heating polymerized the assembly into a multi-microsphere collaborative circular polarizer (MCCP) chiroptically coupled to electroluminescent components through photonic bandgap matching. The resulting electrically controlled CPL microdevice achieved a maximum g_lum of 1.0. Monolithic integration of these microdevices produced a 3D display delivering parallax images to both eyes, enabling depth-information-established imagery when viewed with smart polarized glasses. A depth-sensing apparatus based on binocular disparity visualized depth information for the first time, permitting hand-movement interaction with the 3D imagery. Integration with a motion-synchronized human-machine system allowed a robotic arm to replicate user manipulations remotely and synchronously. In a simulated trapped-personnel rescue scenario, 3D-display-provided depth information enabled remote robotic manipulation for successful rescue with maximum safety guarantee. This work, published as a Science Advances cover article, demonstrates a neoflexible 3D display platform for immersive human-machine interaction.

### 1393. [Nanoconfined Chlorine Redox Chemistry in Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: A Breakthrough for Rechargeable Na/Cl2 Batteries](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/nanoconfined-chlorine-redox-chemistry-in-multi-walled-carbon-nanotubes-a-breakthrough-for-rechargeable-nacl2-b) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3542-8]
Rechargeable sodium-chlorine (Na/Cl2) batteries derived from thionyl chloride (SOCl2) primary systems offer high theoretical energy density and wide-temperature operation, but their reversibility is constrained by chlorine shuttle and unstable sodium-metal interfaces. Dai et al. demonstrate a Na/Cl2 battery using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as the cathode host, a sodium-metal anode, and a SOCl2-based electrolyte containing AlCl3, potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI), and NaCl additives. The cell delivers an initial discharge capacity of 5400 mAh g−1 (carbon mass basis), a reversible capacity of 3500 mAh g−1, and a discharge plateau near 3.9 V at room temperature, sustaining over 140 cycles at rates up to 2 C with near 100% Coulombic efficiency. The dual-function KFSI additive suppresses sodium dendrites via electrostatic shielding from the lower K+/K redox potential and forms a NaF/KF-rich solid-electrolyte interphase. In situ Raman spectroscopy reveals reversible SCl2 and S2Cl2 formation at the end of charge, contributing an additional ~3.9 V plateau, while the main Cl−/Cl2 redox plateau remains at ~3.55 V. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy shows NaCl nanocrystals deposited within the hollow cores of MWCNTs, and electron energy loss spectroscopy confirms uniform chlorine distribution on nanotube surfaces in the charged state. A high defect density (Raman D/G ratio = 1.01) and large pore volume (2.48 cm3 g−1) are identified as critical enablers of superior battery performance.

### 1394. [Electron and Proton Separation on Ru-Based Catalysts Promotes Ammonia Synthesis](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/electron-and-proton-separation-on-ru-based-catalysts-promotes-ammonia-synthesis) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3476-4]
Ammonia synthesis remains dominated by the Haber-Bosch process, which operates at 400–500 °C and 150–300 bar, consumes 1–2% of global energy, and emits ~1.4% of global CO2. Ru-based catalysts supported on carbon and promoted with basic oxides (Ba, Cs, La) exhibit high activity under mild conditions, but conventional designs suffer from a trade-off: BaO domains block Ru active sites while attempting to donate electrons. Lee et al. (Nat Catal, 2025, 8: 248–256) resolved this by using conductive carbon to bridge isolated Ru and BaO domains, enabling long-range H+/e− pair migration. Screening eleven carbon supports, they identified N-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (10–20 nm diameter, N-MWNT-1) with the lowest work function as optimal. At a Ba/Ru molar ratio of 0.75, the catalyst achieved an NH3 production rate 7.4 times higher than conventional BaO-promoted Ru catalysts under 573 K and 1.0 MPa, using high-purity H2 and N2 (99.999%, O2 <0.4 ppm, H2O <0.7 ppm). This design decouples proton and electron storage, preventing BaO-induced blockage of Ru surfaces and enabling superior activity and stability. The Ba-Ru/carbon catalyst offers a transformative pathway for reducing energy consumption and integrating with electrolytic hydrogen production in industrial ammonia synthesis.

### 1395. [Unfading TiO2 Photocatalyst Star Materials: Scandium Doping for Enhanced Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/unfading-tio2-photocatalyst-star-materials-scandium-doping-for-enhanced-photocatalytic-overall-water-splitting) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3425-0]
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) remains a benchmark photocatalyst for solar-driven overall water splitting (OWS) since its seminal demonstration in 1972. However, practical deployment is constrained by quantum efficiencies below 2% under ambient conditions without sacrificial agents, primarily due to rapid charge recombination mediated by deep-trap defect states (e.g., Ti3+) and weak built-in electric fields. This analysis examines a recent breakthrough by Liu and co-workers (J. Am. Chem. Soc.) that employs 5% scandium (Sc) doping into rutile-phase TiO2 via a molten salt method. The Sc3+ incorporation minimizes deep-level defects and establishes a robust built-in electric field, markedly enhancing charge separation and hydrogen evolution efficiency. Comparative studies with undoped and aluminum-doped TiO2 underscore the specificity of Sc doping. The findings highlight a viable structural modification strategy to overcome intrinsic limitations of TiO2, offering a pathway toward efficient, Earth-abundant photocatalytic systems for green hydrogen production. This advance addresses the critical bottleneck of charge carrier dynamics, potentially enabling quantum yields beyond the 2% threshold and facilitating scalable solar-to-fuel conversion.

### 1396. [A Gradient Structural Steel with Ultra-High Ratchetting (Cyclic Creep) Resistance](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/a-gradient-structural-steel-with-ultra-high-ratchetting-cyclic-creep-resistance) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3473-0]
Ratchetting, also termed cyclic creep, denotes the progressive accumulation of plastic deformation in metals subjected to asymmetric stress-controlled cyclic loading. This phenomenon induces dimensional intolerance and premature fatigue failure in critical engineering structures such as steel rails, nuclear power pipelines, and aircraft engines. Existing strategies to enhance ratchetting resistance—including pre-strain treatment of coarse-grained metals and nanostructuring—often compromise plastic hardening capacity and promote strain localization, thereby degrading long-term cyclic performance. Recent work by Lu's group proposed three prerequisites for high ratchetting resistance: high plastic strain hardening capacity, low dynamic recovery, and suppression of microstructural coarsening during cycling. Based on this framework, a gradient dislocation structured (GDS) 304 austenitic stainless steel (Fe-18%Cr-8%Ni, wt.%) was fabricated via pre-torsion cyclic deformation. While grain size remains uniform at 37 μm, the initial dislocation structure exhibits a radial gradient. Transmission electron microscopy reveals dislocation cell structures with cell size and thickness of 290 nm and 50 nm, respectively, in the surface region, accompanied by abundant low-angle boundaries. This gradient architecture effectively balances strength and ratchetting resistance, offering a viable route for designing structural metals with ultra-high cyclic creep resistance.

### 1397. [Asymmetric Wettability Channel of Membranes for Water and Oil Concurrent Recovery from Emulsions](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/asymmetric-wettability-channel-of-membranes-for-water-and-oil-concurrent-recovery-from-emulsions) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3365-5]
Conventional oil-water separation technologies, including centrifugation and flocculation, suffer from density-dependent limitations and secondary pollution, while membrane filtration with uniform wettability selectively recovers only one phase, leaving retained components unrecovered. Janus membranes with asymmetric wettability enable on-demand separation but their micro/nanoscale thickness restricts interfacial separation to microscopic domains. This work presents a Janus-channel-membrane (JCM) architecture that scales asymmetric wettability from micro/nanoscale to millimeter-scale spatial channels, constructed from a hydrophilic membrane and a hydrophobic membrane separated by a slit of a few millimeters. When surfactant-stabilized emulsions are delivered to the slit, purified water permeates rapidly through the hydrophilic membrane while oil is concurrently recovered at the hydrophobic membrane. The millimeter-scale channel width enhances enrichment and collision behavior of emulsion droplets via interference interactions between the membrane pair, producing substantial increases in oil and water recovery rates. The JCM demonstrates distinctive advantages for separating and recovering both phases from high-concentration-surfactant-stabilized emulsions. Multistage device configurations incorporating JCMs can further strengthen separation and recovery efficiency at multiple levels, offering transformative potential for industrial emulsion separation and recovery. This spatial configuration of membranes with contrary wettability at the millimeter scale addresses key bottlenecks in concurrent oil and water recovery from stable emulsions.

### 1398. [Ultra-low voltage bipolar electrochemistry: a game-changer for seawater uranium extraction](https://sinogreentech.com/paper/ultra-low-voltage-bipolar-electrochemistry-a-game-changer-for-seawater-uranium-extraction) [DOI: 10.1007/s40843-025-3455-4]
Seawater uranium extraction is constrained by ultra-low uranium concentration (~3 ppb), high salinity, competing ions, and dynamic marine conditions. Electrochemical uranium extraction (EUE) offers high efficiency and controllability by promoting uranyl ion migration and reduction-deposition, but conventional EUE requires elevated voltages that trigger side reactions and limit selectivity. Recent advances in cathode materials—amidoxime, phosphate, and other uranyl-binding ligands—have improved adsorption capacity, yet most systems deposit uranium only at the cathode, underutilizing the electrochemical cell. Wang et al. (2025) introduce a bipolar EUE system that replaces the oxygen evolution reaction with low-potential copper oxidation, reducing cell voltage to 0.6 V. This enables simultaneous uranium extraction at both electrodes: at the anode, Cu(0) oxidizes to Cu(I), forming Cu–OH bonds that adsorb U(VI)O2^2+; in the presence of Cl−, Cu(I) transforms into Cu2(OH)3Cl, concurrently facilitating uranium capture. The bipolar design achieves long-term stability, selectivity against competing ions, and reduced energy consumption compared to traditional EUE systems. This breakthrough addresses the trade-off between extraction performance and energy input, offering a scalable pathway for sustainable uranium recovery from seawater.