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🏛️ Key Research Academy60 Indexed Works

University of Science and Technology of China

Verified scientific contributions, CAS laboratory outputs, clinical trial papers, and engineering breakthroughs produced by researchers and faculty affiliated with University of Science and Technology of China.

SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Dual-Site Adsorption over Phosphorus-Doped Copper Oxide for Efficient CO2 Electroreduction to Ethylene

Authors: HUANG Hui, LUO Yuxin, XU Airong, LIU Mengyuan, ZHANG Lanyue, HU Longfei, ZHANG Yuchen, LIU Dong, LIU Xiaokang, YAO Tao, DING Tao

Electroreduction of CO2 to ethylene offers a promising route for renewable electricity storage, yet achieving high ethylene selectivity at industrial current densities remains challenging due to the large energy barrier for C–C coupling. Here, we report a “MOF-assisted in situ doping” strategy to introduce the oxophilic nonmetal phosphorus (P) into the copper oxide (CuO) lattice, constructing a localized Cu–P dual-site adsorption configuration for the key *OCCHO intermediate. The optimized catalyst delivers an impressive Faradaic efficiency of 64.6% for ethylene with a partial current density of 646 mA cm-2. Comprehensive structural characterizations demonstrate that P mainly occupies Cu sites, generating abundant lattice defects and oxygen vacancies. In situ synchrotron infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations reveal that P doping modulates the electronic structure of Cu, optimizes the binding energies of *CO and *CHO, and stabilizes *OCCHO via P–O/Cu–C dual-site adsorption, thereby significantly lowering the asymmetric C-C coupling energy barrier to 0.74 eV. This work highlights a dual-site microenvironment regulation strategy for CO2-to-ethylene electroreduction.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Hydrophilic Single-Atom Interface Unlocks Low-Potential CO Removal on Pt in PEMFCs

Authors: WANG Kangcheng, WEI Kai, GAO Siming, YANG Tongtong, TANG Meijian, HOU Lina, GE Junjie

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) fed with reformate hydrogen suffer severe anode poisoning by trace CO, necessitating high CO electrooxidation potentials that degrade performance and durability. This work introduces a Pt@CrSA-N-C anode catalyst featuring a hydrophilic Cr single-atom interface that simultaneously weakens CO adsorption on Pt via electronic regulation and promotes water activation, thereby lowering the CO oxidation onset potential to approximately 0.13 V vs. RHE. The onset potential was determined by two independent methods: the first potential at which the background-corrected current exceeds 0 mA cm-2 during CO oxidation reaction tests in a three-electrode system, and the potential at which the forward scan current exceeds the N2 background current in CO-stripping voltammetry. The catalyst achieves a maximum power density under 100 ppm CO that surpasses reported advanced catalysts, as compiled in Table S5. Structural, spectroscopic, and electrochemical characterizations collectively establish a coherent rationale for the hydrophilic single-atom interface strategy. This approach addresses the longstanding trade-off between CO tolerance and Pt utilization, offering a viable route for low-potential CO removal in practical PEMFC anodes.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Thumb-Sized Liquid Metal System for Robust Dynamic Electrocardiography Monitoring Against Motion Artifacts

Authors: QIU Weiling, WANG Yue, YAO Jiang, LI Xiaoyan, YANG Gengxiao, LIU Guijiang, WEI Yujie, LI Ka, WANG Zhiming, PAN Liang

Dynamic electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring during physical activity remains compromised by motion artifacts that corrupt signal fidelity, particularly with conventional gel electrodes whose impedance rises sharply under deformation. This work presents a thumb-sized liquid metal system integrating gallium-based epidermal electrodes with a self-adhesive elastomeric matrix to sustain robust ECG acquisition against motion. The electrodes exploit the fluidic compliance of eutectic gallium–indium to maintain continuous skin contact, while the adhesive formulation ensures stable interfacial coupling without additional fixation. The system achieves low motion artifact levels, preserving waveform morphology and R-peak detectability during ambulation. The compact form factor enables unobtrusive wearability, and the materials architecture addresses the trade-off between adhesion and conformability that limits existing dry electrodes. The study establishes a materials and device pathway for clinical-grade dynamic ECG in ambulatory and point-of-care settings, with implications for continuous cardiac monitoring where patient movement is unavoidable.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Surface Fluorination and Liquid-Bridge Assembly of Perovskite Quantum Dots for High-Resolution Displays

Authors: ZHU Baisheng, YANG Qinglin, YAO Hongbin

Colloidal lead halide perovskite quantum dots (Pe-QDs) have achieved external quantum efficiencies exceeding 20% in red, green, and blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs), yet their integration into high-resolution displays is impeded by two persistent bottlenecks: the intrinsic ionic lability of Pe-QDs, which compromises structural and environmental stability, and the absence of mild, high-fidelity patterning techniques that avoid ligand detachment and surface defect formation. This work addresses both obstacles through a dual strategy. First, a ligand-fluoride co-stabilization method yields shape-defined, colloidally stable rhombic dodecahedral CsPbBr3 Pe-QDs; subsequent fluorine surface reconstruction using tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) enhances ligand binding affinity, producing BHOA+F CsPbBr3 Pe-QDs with a photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) of 94.6%. Accelerated ageing, ultraviolet irradiation, and thermal cycling tests confirm improved structural and environmental stability. Second, capillary liquid-bridge confined assembly enables reproducible, scalable fabrication of pixelated Pe-QDs with in-plane long-range order, vertical confinement, and precise spatial patterning. The resulting pixelated Pe-QDs LEDs exhibit high efficiency, sufficient brightness, and long operational stability, with the approach generalizable across red, green, and blue Pe-QDs for wide color gamut displays. This combination of surface fluorination and liquid-bridge assembly represents a landmark achievement in high-resolution display technology.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

In-Memory and In-Sensor Neuromorphic Computing with 2D Ferroelectrics

Authors: ZHANG Qirui, CAO Guiming, PAN Er, YANG Fan, WANG Xuemei, CHEN Jiangang, WEN Zhixing, LIU Qing, LUO Xiao, LIU Fucai

The von Neumann architecture is increasingly constrained by energy consumption and data-transfer efficiency as artificial intelligence and data-intensive applications expand. Neuromorphic computing, inspired by the human brain's information-processing mechanisms, offers an alternative paradigm. Two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials are promising candidates due to their intrinsic non-volatility, atomic-scale thickness, ultra-low power consumption, excellent fatigue endurance, and dangling-bond-free surfaces. This review examines recent advances in 2D ferroelectric materials and associated device architectures for neuromorphic applications. It first introduces ferroelectric mechanisms and representative 2D ferroelectrics, then surveys key device architectures including ferroelectric tunnel junctions, diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic devices. Their applications in in-memory computing and in-sensor neuromorphic systems are discussed, with emphasis on artificial neural networks, spiking neural networks, reservoir computing, and neuromorphic perception for efficient information processing and intelligent sensing. The unique properties of 2D ferroelectrics enable integrated sensing, memory, and computing functionalities, demonstrating potential for future neuromorphic and brain-inspired intelligent systems.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Ultra-flexible Transparent Self-powered Triboelectric Sensors for Eyelash-Guided Human-Machine Interaction

Authors: DAI Jingyun, LI Long, LYU Jiayang, SHEN Yifan, GUO Yanming, DU Lingfeng, ZHOU Xiongtu, ZHANG Yongai, GUO Tailiang, WU Chaoxing

Conventional eye-movement interaction systems depend on video capture, infrared tracking, and image recognition, which impose inherent constraints on accuracy, response latency, and stability. This study introduces an eyelash-guided signal interaction system based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (PF-TENG) using PDMS-FDTS thin films. The system employs eyelash movements as interactive inputs, eliminating the need for complex optical acquisition devices. A CNN-LSTM hybrid neural network classifies distinct eyelash movement patterns with a classification accuracy exceeding 98.5%. The PF-TENG device exhibits ultra-flexibility and transparency, enabling seamless integration onto eyeglasses without obstructing the user's field of view. Experimental validation demonstrates real-time monitoring of ocular states for driving fatigue detection, accurately identifying fatigue signs and enhancing application potential in intelligent driving. The system offers a natural, comfortable input modality and significant advantages for human-machine interaction, with broad prospects in eye-movement control and intelligent transportation.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Large intrinsic piezoelectricity in intramolecular modified relaxor ferroelectric polymers near the morphotropic phase boundary

Authors: Ze Yuan, Yuquan Liu, Zekai Fei, Yutie Gong, Zhigao Huang, Yang Li, Chenyi Li, Yun Zhang, Huamin Zhou, Yang Liu

Piezoelectric materials interconvert mechanical and electrical energy, but piezoceramics are brittle while PVDF-based ferroelectric polymers exhibit low piezoelectric coefficients (d33 ≈ -30 pC N-1). Chemical modification via morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) engineering has raised d33 in P(VDF-TrFE) to -63.5 pC N-1, and to -69 pC N-1 with stretching, but intrinsic piezoelectricity in relaxor terpolymers remains limited. Here, relaxor ferroelectric P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) with varying C=C double bond (DB) content is synthesized via dehydrochlorination. Structural and electrical characterization reveals that increasing DB content stabilizes long-range ferroelectric order while suppressing short-range relaxor characteristics, forming a trans/helix phase boundary. At a critical DB content of 2.0 mol%, a markedly enhanced intrinsic d33 of -129.0 pC N-1 is achieved, outperforming previous MPB approaches. This finding addresses the fundamental bottleneck of low piezoelectric response in flexible ferroelectric polymers and provides a viable route for high-performance wearable electromechanical devices.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

A Biomimetic Nanocomposite Co-delivering Carbon Dots and Indoximod for Synergistic Immunochemotherapy of Glioblastoma

Authors: YAN Haiyang, YAO Jinyu, DU Yuwei, HENG Liru, LI Li, MEI Qian, ZHANG Lixing

Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most lethal primary brain tumor, with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) severely restricting effective treatment options. Immunotherapy has achieved remarkable success in cancers such as lung cancer and melanoma, yet its efficacy in GBM is constrained by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and a paucity of tumor-infiltrating T cells. This study developed a biomimetic nanocomposite for the co-delivery of an immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducer and an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) inhibitor to overcome these challenges. Paclitaxel-derived carbon dots (PCDs), which induce ICD in tumor cells and promote the recruitment and activation of immune cells, were synthesized and assembled with Indoximod (an IDO-1 inhibitor) to form a nanocomposite (P-In). A biomimetic coating was subsequently applied to create M@P-In. This coating significantly enhanced BBB penetration and tumor cell uptake. The M@P-In nanocomposite efficiently induced ICD in tumor cells and inhibited IDO-1 activity via the released Indoximod, thereby reversing T-cell suppression and activating antitumor immune responses. Consequently, M@P-In demonstrated potent antitumor efficacy against glioblastoma in vivo with minimal systemic toxicity. This work presents a novel and promising strategy for immunochemotherapy against GBM by co-delivering a carbon dot-based ICD inducer and an IDO-1 inhibitor to the tumor site.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Zero-Dimensional Hybrid Zinc Halides with Bright Self-Trapped Exciton Emission for Switchable Encryption and Decryption

Authors: Zimeng Yu, Da Liu, Yawen Zhou, Sihan Zeng, Peng Wang, Xinyi Liu, Shuang Yang, Yu Hou

Zero-dimensional (0D) hybrid metal halides are promising for optoelectronic displays, bioimaging, and anti-counterfeiting due to strong exciton localization and self-trapped exciton (STE) emission. However, low-toxicity, biocompatible zinc halides with blue emission remain scarce, hindered by structural isolation of [ZnBr4]2− tetrahedra, electron-phonon coupling, lattice distortion, and nonradiative relaxation. Here, we synthesize MPAZnBr4 (MPA = N-(3-aminopropyl) morpholine), a 0D zinc bromide halide. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals a monoclinic P21/c space group with a = 6.65190 Å, b = 16.11210 Å, c = 13.79640 Å, β = 94.5700°, Z = 4, and a calculated density of 2.394 g/cm3. The isolated [ZnBr4]2− tetrahedra are hydrogen-bonded to MPA cations, with the shortest Br···Br contact of 4.76 Å indicating weak inter-cluster electronic coupling. Upon photoexcitation, MPAZnBr4 exhibits bright blue emission centered at 450 nm with a full width at half maximum of 135 nm. Wavelength-dependent emission mapping confirms a single radiative pathway, while temperature-dependent photoluminescence identifies triplet STE emission with a thermal quenching activation energy of 55 meV. The extensive hydrogen-bonding network imparts remarkable structural stability, showing negligible photoluminescence decay under prolonged excitation or storage. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate switchable and rewritable information encryption and decryption, enabling complex luminescent patterns. These findings provide a strategy for constructing highly stable, low-toxicity blue-emissive Zn-based 0D metal halides for advanced photonic and information-security applications.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Recent Advances in Electrically Actuated Functional Materials for Microrobot Locomotion

Authors: WANG Dongkai, ZHONG Junwen

Electrically actuated microrobots, typically defined as devices under 5 cm in length and 5 g in mass, offer distinct operational advantages over thermally, magnetically, or optically driven counterparts, particularly at the centimeter scale where external field-generation hardware imposes prohibitive cost and redundancy. This review systematically examines the intrinsic coupling mechanisms between the electromechanical performance parameters of functional materials and the resulting locomotion modes of microrobots. The central premise is that material-level electromechanical properties—actuation strain, blocking force, energy density, and drive voltage—directly govern critical system-level capabilities including obstacle-crossing ability and energy efficiency. The authors analyze how distinct material classes, such as dielectric elastomers, piezoelectric ceramics, and shape-memory alloys, map to specific locomotion modalities, thereby delineating the current performance boundaries of the field. The review identifies that power supply and control strategy remain the two dominant bottlenecks limiting autonomous operation and long-duration mission execution. By establishing a direct correlation between material selection and locomotion performance, this work provides a structured framework for researchers to set research directions and performance targets. The analysis concludes with a summary of challenges and future trends, emphasizing the need for materials that simultaneously satisfy low drive voltage, high strain, and high power density requirements for real-world deployment in unstructured environments.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Beyond direct excitation: advancing photochromism via triplet sensitization

Authors: DAI Jinghong, ZHU Enya, ZHANG Zhiwei, ZHANG Junji

Triplet sensitization, inspired in part by the natural management of triplet-state energy in photosynthetic systems, has emerged as a transformative strategy for overcoming the intrinsic photophysical limitations of photochromic systems driven by direct excitation, including rapid fatigue, inefficient photoconversion, and the stringent requirement for high-energy ultraviolet light. By exploiting triplet excited states and Dexter-type triplet–triplet energy transfer (TET), this strategy enables red-shifted activation and improved switching performance under milder irradiation conditions. This review summarizes recent advances in triplet-sensitized photochromism across two mechanistic platforms, E/Z isomerization (azobenzenes and overcrowded-alkene molecular motors) and electrocyclization (diarylethenes), examining the full range of triplet sensitizers employed to date, from metalloporphyrins, organic chromophores, and semiconductor quantum dots to metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) and charge-transfer complexes (CTCs). Finally, we examine the key challenges of directional control, structural organization, and efficient long-wavelength sensitization, while discuss emerging strategies that may promote triplet-sensitized photochromism as a versatile platform for next-generation photoresponsive materials and light-controlled biomedicine.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Macrocycle-Based Solid-State Lithium Electrolytes: Supramolecular Strategies and Ion-Transport Regulation

Authors: WANG Wenjie, GU Zhangjie, TIAN Jinya, LI Hongbing, CHAI Yongping, JIAO Zhaoyang, CHI Xiaodong

The rapid demand for high-energy-density lithium batteries necessitates advanced solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) to overcome the safety and performance limitations of conventional liquid counterparts. Macrocyclic compounds, with their well-defined cavities, programmable binding sites, and tunable self-assembly, have emerged as powerful molecular regulators for designing next-generation SSEs. This review examines recent advancements in macrocyclic compound-based SSEs by categorizing their functions into four fundamental supramolecular regulation paradigms: cation-centered regulation (e.g., crown ethers), anion-centered regulation (e.g., calixarenes and calixpyrroles), channel-dominated transport (e.g., cyclodextrins), and hybrid regulation (e.g., cucurbiturils). We elucidate how these macrocycles precisely control ion coordination, modulate migration dynamics, and reshape interfacial chemistry, leading to enhanced ionic conductivity, improved Li+ transference numbers, suppressed lithium dendrite growth, and superior interfacial stability. While each paradigm offers distinct advantages, the most promising SSEs often leverage synergistic combinations of these strategies. Finally, we highlight the remaining challenges, including synthetic complexity and multi-objective performance trade-offs, and propose future research directions for developing highly efficient and durable macrocycle-based solid-state lithium batteries.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Liquid Metal-Modified MXene Composite Films for Electromagnetic-Multispectral Compatibility

Authors: LIU Zhijie, YAN Huying, XIAO Zhenyang, WANG Chang, CHEN Jingyu, TIAN Haobo, YIN Liang-Jun, PENG Bo, DENG Longjiang

The proliferation of multispectral detection platforms demands materials that simultaneously satisfy electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and infrared (IR) camouflage without compromising radio-frequency (RF) transmission. Conventional MXene films exhibit exceptional EMI shielding (>40 dB) but suffer from high IR emissivity and severe RF reflection, precluding integration with wave-transmitting arrays. This work introduces liquid metal (LM)-modified MXene composite films engineered via structural patterning to decouple optical, IR, and RF responses. The LM phase, dispersed within the MXene interlayer galleries, reduces free-electron density and tailors the dielectric loss, while a periodic array architecture creates impedance-matched windows for RF transmission. The resulting films achieve an EMI shielding effectiveness of 36 dB at 510 µm thickness, with a low IR emissivity of 0.36 and an RF transmittance exceeding 80% in the X-band. The patterning strategy suppresses surface current continuity, mitigating the trade-off between shielding and transmission. These metrics represent a 20% improvement in IR camouflage and a 15% enhancement in RF transparency relative to pristine MXene films. The composite films also demonstrate mechanical flexibility, retaining 95% of initial conductivity after 1,000 bending cycles. This work establishes a scalable route for multispectral-compatible materials critical for next-generation stealth and communication systems.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Boosting the Operational Stability of Near-Infrared Perovskite LEDs Utilizing a Zinc Ion-Chelated Hybrid Electron-Transport Layer: The Critical Role of Interfacial Reactions

Authors: WU Jun, ZHONG Kaiquan, ZHAO Haifeng, LV Tianxiang, TIAN Zhennan, CHEN Xuehang, YANG Lei, YAN Cheng, YANG Yingguo, YU Junsheng, YIN Chunyang, BAI Sai

Near-infrared perovskite light-emitting diodes (NIR-PeLEDs) suffer from poor operational stability, largely due to interfacial reactions at the electron-transport layer (ETL)/perovskite interface. Here, we introduce a zinc ion (Zn2+)-chelated hybrid ETL derived from a Zn2+-chelated polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) complex, which partially retains the surface properties of ZnO but exhibits significantly reduced oxygen defects and surface-adsorbed hydroxyl groups. This well-modulated surface promotes perovskite crystallization and mitigates interface-induced deprotonation of organic cations during device operation. Consequently, NIR-PeLEDs employing this hybrid ETL achieve a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 20.1%, a high radiance of 652 W sr-1 m-2, and an exceptional T50 lifetime of 270.7 hours at a high current density of 100 mA cm-2, which is over five times that of devices based on conventional ZnO nanocrystal (NC) ETLs. Our results present an effective ETL strategy for operationally stable NIR-PeLEDs and thoroughly reveal the critical role of regulating interfacial reactions in stabilizing buried interfacial contacts. These findings provide valuable insights for advancing perovskite optoelectronic devices that suffer from interface-induced performance degradation.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Erratum: Correction of Funding Number in 'Investigation on Graphene Growth by Roll-to-Roll Chemical Vapor Deposition'

Authors: Minghao Liang, Ling-Xuan Qian, Yuting Hou, Jun Li, Changqing Shen, Fangzhu Qing, Xuesong Li

This erratum corrects an error in the Acknowledgments section of the original article 'Investigation on graphene growth by roll-to-roll chemical vapor deposition' published in Science China Materials, Vol. 65, Issue 4, page 1042, 2022. The authors regret that the funding number (No. (2021)105) for the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program was incorrectly used. The correct funding number is No. KQTD20200820113010022. The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused. This correction does not affect the scientific content, results, or conclusions of the original paper. The original research focused on the kinetics of graphene growth via roll-to-roll chemical vapor deposition (CVD), a scalable method for producing high-quality graphene films. The study addressed challenges in continuous manufacturing, such as uniformity, growth rate, and defect control, and provided insights into optimizing process parameters for industrial-scale production. The erratum ensures accurate attribution of funding sources, maintaining the integrity of the research record.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Highly Enhanced Average ZT in Bismuth Telluride Alloys via Pseudo Grain Boundary Engineering

Authors: Hao Liang, Yilin Liu, Kang Yue, Jianghu Yu, Ziyuan Wang, Tianyu Yang, Yixin Zhang, Jing Feng, Qinglin Jin, Zhenhua Ge

Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3)-based alloys remain the benchmark for low-temperature thermoelectric applications, yet their conversion efficiency is limited by the trade-off between electrical and thermal transport. This study introduces a pseudo grain boundary engineering strategy to simultaneously enhance the average figure of merit (ZT) in p-type (Bi,Sb)2Te3 (BST) materials. By incorporating Ag-based compounds, the carrier concentration is optimized via substitution of Ag+ ions, while the introduction of secondary phases at grain boundaries effectively suppresses lattice thermal conductivity. The approach yields a peak ZT of 1.35 at 393 K and an average ZT of 1.25 across 303–483 K, representing a significant improvement over pristine BST. Compared to prior reports, this work achieves superior average ZT while maintaining high electrical conductivity, addressing the longstanding bottleneck of thermal conductivity reduction without compromising carrier mobility. The findings underscore the efficacy of pseudo grain boundary engineering in advancing Bi2Te3-based thermoelectrics for solid-state cooling and power generation.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Dual-Modulation of Carbon Coating and High-Valence Nb5+ Doping Toward High-Performance Na3V2(PO4)2O2F Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Authors: Yutian Chen, Siyang Meng, Hao Zhao, Hongzhi Zhao, Xinyu Cao, Benyi Zhao, Xiaojun Wang, Jianwei Li, Zhiming Liu

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage due to sodium's abundance and low cost. Among cathode materials, polyanionic compounds like Na3V2(PO4)2O2F (NVPOF) offer high energy density and dual voltage plateaus at ~3.6 and 4.0 V, but suffer from low electronic conductivity and sluggish Na+ diffusion. Here, we report a dual-modulation strategy combining high-valence Nb5+ doping and polydopamine-derived carbon coating to synthesize Na3V1.94Nb0.06(PO4)2O2F-C (NVPOF-Nb-C) via a hydrothermal route. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement confirm that Nb5+ doping induces slight lattice expansion without altering the tetragonal I4/mmm framework. Density functional theory calculations reveal that Nb5+ doping optimizes the crystal structure and reduces the Na+ diffusion barrier, while the uniform carbon coating enhances electron transport. Consequently, NVPOF-Nb-C exhibits remarkably improved electrochemical performance, including high reversible capacity, excellent rate capability, and ultralong cycling stability. In a full cell with hard carbon anode, it delivers a high energy density of 487.2 Wh kg−1 at 1C and retains 91.51% capacity after 3000 cycles at 20C. This work provides a synergistic strategy to overcome the intrinsic limitations of polyanionic cathodes for practical SIB applications.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Biomimetic design of Turing-type grain boundary defects in copper catalysts for boosting CO2 electroreduction to multi-carbon products

Authors: Hualong Yu, Zhengrong Xu, Yang Yang, Aiguo Kong, Zilin Zhao, Yang Hou, Rui Liu

Constructing abundant grain boundary defects is a promising strategy for developing high-efficiency catalysts. However, achieving dense grain boundary defects in CuO and Cu at the nanoscale remains challenging. Inspired by Turing patterns in nature, a Turing-type CuO catalyst (TGB-CuO) with abundant grain boundaries at ~10 nm nanoscale was prepared by annealing a dodecyl sulfate-intercalated basic copper carbonate. The balanced diffusion-reaction dynamics during pyrolysis drove the spontaneous formation of Turing-type grain boundary architectures in TGB-CuO. The resulting TGB-CuO electrode exhibited outstanding performance in electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECO2RR), delivering a Faradaic efficiency of 80.15% toward multi-carbon (C2+) products and maintaining over 50% ethylene selectivity at 300 mA cm−2 for 30 h of continuous operation. Activity investigations indicated that the metallic Cu retaining Turing-type grain boundary features (TGB-Cu) formed during electroreduction was responsible for the enhanced ECO2RR performance. The Cu(100)/(100), Cu(100)/(111), and Cu(111)/(111) grain boundaries promoted CO2 activation and *CO adsorption, while lowering the free energy barriers for the rate-determining *CO2− → *COOH step and C–C coupling step. This bioinspired reaction-diffusion strategy offers a new paradigm for creating high-density grain boundary defects, offering a general route toward efficient catalyst design.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Anion modulation induced room-temperature ferromagnetism in two-dimensional CuCrSe2

Authors: Minghao Wang, Xiaolin Tai, Wenjie Wang, Yueqi Su, Huan Shen, Haofeng Sun, Yang Liu, Xuguang Liu, Jiyin Zhao, Yue Lin, Wangsheng Chu, Yuqiao Guo, Yongchun Zhu, Jing Peng, Changzheng Wu, Yi Xie

Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials hold promise for next-generation spintronics, yet most exhibit Curie temperatures (Tc) far below room temperature, limiting practical applications. Here, we report the realization of room-temperature ferromagnetism in CuCrSe2 nanosheets via controlled anion removal achieved by post-synthetic vacuum annealing. Raw CuCrSe2 shows a low Tc of ~120 K, whereas annealed CuCrSe2 (A-CuCrSe2) nanosheets exhibit robust ferromagnetic ordering above 300 K. Structural and compositional analyses, including transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, confirm that A-CuCrSe2 retains the original layered crystal structure with an estimated Se vacancy concentration of approximately 10%. Magnetic measurements reveal room-temperature ferromagnetism in exfoliated nanosheets, corroborated by magnetic imaging and electric transport measurements. Anomalous Hall effect (AHE) measurements uncover the coexistence of two ferromagnetic phases within the same sample: one with low Tc (~120 K) and another with high Tc (>300 K), indicating spatially heterogeneous magnetic ordering driven by anion removal distribution. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidate the microscopic mechanism, suggesting that Se vacancies modulate the magnetic exchange interactions, enhancing Tc. This work demonstrates that anion modulation is an effective intrinsic strategy to achieve room-temperature ferromagnetism in 2D materials, potentially advancing spintronic applications.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Transformative Breakthrough in Strength-Conductivity-Thermal Stability of Copper Foils Enabled by Gradient Super-Nano Domains

Authors: XIE Jianxin

Copper-based conductor materials, particularly copper foils, are indispensable for integrated circuit substrates and lithium battery current collectors. The progressive miniaturization of electronic devices demands foils thinner than 10 μm, yet achieving simultaneous ultra-high strength, high ductility, high electrical conductivity, and thermal stability remains a principal bottleneck. Rolled copper foils offer strengths of 200–500 MPa and conductivities of 97–100% IACS, but face production stability limits at reduced thicknesses. Electrolytic copper foils achieve strengths of 600–700 MPa via nanocrystalline refinement but suffer from poor thermal stability and room-temperature self-annealing. Only specialized alloys like Cu-Cr-Zr and Cu-Ag reach the 'double-70' benchmark (strength >700 MPa, conductivity >70% IACS). This highlight reports a transformative advance by Lu's research group, achieving 'double-90' properties (tensile strength >900 MPa, electrical conductivity >90% IACS) in pure copper foils through a gradient super-nano domain (GSD) structure. The GSD architecture, fabricated via electrodeposition under industrial conditions, comprises periodically distributed domains with semi-coherent interfaces and solute atoms (C, O, Cl) that minimize electron scattering. This innovation overcomes the traditional strength-conductivity trade-off, offering a scalable route to high-performance copper foils for advanced chip interconnects, flexible electronics, and ultrathin battery current collectors.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Enhancing interfacial bonding and compositional synergy in ANF-PPy/Ag-MXene/ANF-PPy multilayer heterostructures for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding and infrared thermal camouflage

Authors: Yu Fan, Jiangyu Fang, Ruoqi Wang, Xiaoyun Liu, Qixin Zhuang, Peiyuan Zuo

The proliferation of electronic devices and wireless communications has escalated the demand for materials that simultaneously provide electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and infrared (IR) thermal camouflage, a combination critical for military and civilian applications. Traditional metallic shields suffer from high density, poor processability, and cost, while polymer-based alternatives often lack sufficient shielding effectiveness and environmental stability. Here, we report a multilayer composite film fabricated via layer-by-layer vacuum filtration and hot-pressing, integrating modified aramid nanofibers (ANF) and MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets. The film architecture comprises ANF-polypyrrole (ANF-PPy) as the matrix and Ag-MXene as the functional filler, with in-situ grown Ag nanoparticles intercalating between MXene layers to enhance interlayer spacing and electromagnetic wave scattering. At a thickness of only 33 μm, the film achieves an average EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 66.75 dB and a specific shielding effectiveness (SSE/t) of 38432.54 dB cm2 g−1. The multilayer structure promotes multiple internal reflections and interfacial polarization losses, while the tight integration ensures high IR reflectivity. This work establishes a foundation for developing multifunctional protective materials with dual EMI shielding and IR camouflage capabilities, addressing the critical bottleneck of simultaneous performance in ultrathin, flexible formats.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Computational Screening of 2D Pentagonal Materials with Room-Temperature Altermagnetism, Multiferroicity, and Topological States

Authors: ZHANG Kai, LI Yifan, WANG Dayong, LV Haifeng, WU Xiaojun

Two-dimensional planar pentagonal crystals, long pursued for their geometrically frustrated lattice configurations and emergent quantum phenomena, have remained challenging to realize due to the intrinsic incompatibility of regular pentagons with Euclidean tiling. Here, we unveil 37 dynamically stable binary planar pentagonal monolayers through high-throughput computational screening of 1470 stoichiometric candidates. These materials exhibit room-temperature magnetism, including ferromagnetic (Curie temperature up to 521 K), antiferromagnetic (Néel temperature up to 761 K), and altermagnetic (Néel temperature = 984 K) ground states, alongside unprecedented electronic states: Dirac semimetals, Dirac half-metal, nodal-loop semimetal, nodal-loop half-metal, and altermagnetic semiconductors (Mn4N2) with giant spin splitting (0.78 eV). The latter achieves pure spin-polarized transport windows (−0.04 to 0.36 eV) and strain-tunable valley splitting (18.2 meV under 4% uniaxial strain). Intrinsic type-II multiferroicity emerges in Fe4C2 and Mn4C2, featuring in-plane electric polarization (1.4 and 1.6 pC/m), ferroelasticity (0.8% and 1.2% reversible strain), and reversal chirality. Topological band analysis identifies chiral edge states in Dirac semimetal pentagons, alongside a magnetic topological insulator with Chern number |C| = 2 in Mo2S4 and W2Te4. Temperature-driven structural transitions in Os2S4 and Tc2S4 from pentagonal to Lieb lattices accompany topological state switching and metal-to-semiconductor transitions. This work establishes pentagonal lattices as a platform for symmetry-driven multifunctionality, bridging geometric frustration with applications in spintronics, nanoelectronics, and quantum devices.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Reconfiguring hydration shells by rigidly confined interaction within graphene oxide membranes for ultra-efficient anion separation

Authors: Rui Jia, Zheng Ji, Xingyun Li, Qinshan Zhu, Jiu Yang, Ruonan Tan, Zongliang Wan, Jingjing Gu, Ziqiang Hong, Cen-Feng Fu, Jin Ran, Suixin Zhang, Peipei Zuo, Tongwen Xu

The understanding of anion transporting behaviors under sub-nanoconfined regimes can guide the design of high-performance anion selective membranes (ASMs), yet it is little known. Here, we build membrane channels that combine physical rigidity with chemical affinity to anions simply through bridging graphene oxide nanosheets with charged linkers. We observe that the rigidly confined interaction imposed by channels to anions can reconfigure hydration shells in varying degrees for different anions via compensating for hydration-induced energy barriers and differentiating their rearrangement behaviors. During the configuration evolution, water molecules within hydration shells would rotate and simultaneously change their distance from the ion center. Based on the big discrepancy in configuration evolution, these membranes can realize ultrahigh selectivity of, for example, 125 for Cl−/SO4^2− and surpass the performance upper bound concerning Cl−/SO4^2− separation by other membranes. The knowledge of the configuration change of hydration shells during the dehydration process will be key to designing next-generation ASMs.

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New Carbon Materials•2026

Electrospinning of FeNiCo/carbon nanofibers: a new paradigm for lightweight microwave absorbers

Authors: YUAN Wenpei, QU Lin, WANG Yajing, LIU Pengyu, ZHANG Yanlan, WANG Yongzhen

The proliferation of electronic devices has intensified electromagnetic radiation pollution, necessitating advanced microwave absorption materials. This study presents the electrospinning fabrication of FeNiCo/carbon nanofiber (FeNiCo/CNF) composites with exceptional microwave absorption properties. The FeNiCo/CNFs achieved a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −55.5 dB at 14.24 GHz with an ultrathin matching thickness of only 1.6 mm. Microstructural analysis and electromagnetic parameter testing revealed that the superior absorption stems from the synergistic interaction between the carbon nanofiber network and FeNiCo alloy nanoparticles, which promotes multiple reflections and efficient energy dissipation. The precise control of coercivity and permeability via systematic modulation of magnetic metal composition enabled enhanced impedance matching and optimized magnetic-dielectric synergy. Furthermore, radar cross-section (RCS) simulations confirmed the material's capability to significantly reduce RCS values across a wide angular range, validating its potential for stealth technology applications. This work introduces a cost-effective and sustainable approach for developing ultralight, high-performance microwave absorbers, addressing the limitations of conventional materials such as high density and poor stability.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Identifying the Surface Dynamic Evolution of Electrocatalysts during Oxygen Evolution Reaction by In Situ Techniques

Authors: Xiuxiu Zhang, Jing Zhang, Qizheng An, Xinyu Liu, Chengrang Leng, Shuowen Bo, Qinghua Liu, Weiren Cheng

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a critical bottleneck in next-generation sustainable energy systems due to its sluggish kinetics. Developing cost-effective, high-efficiency electrocatalysts requires understanding the dynamic structural evolution at electrode-electrolyte interfaces under operating conditions. In situ techniques are invaluable for identifying active centers and monitoring key intermediates. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in cutting-edge in situ methods for characterizing OER electrocatalyst structure evolution. It provides a brief overview of active motifs and robust structures using multiple in situ correlative techniques, establishing essential structure-performance relationships and updating mechanistic understanding at atomic scale under realistic conditions. Key challenges and perspectives are highlighted to promote rational design of promising electrocatalysts for efficient oxygen-associated electrocatalysis and electrosynthesis.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

High-performance temperature imaging of Mn4+ doped Rb2Ge4O9 film using the time-resolved intensity ratio method

Authors: Qian Zhang, Zhicheng Liao, Liting Qiu, Min Yin, Yonghu Chen, Xiantao Wei

Luminescent thermometry has become a research hotspot due to its high spatial resolution, fast response, and non-invasive nature. However, achieving high-performance temperature imaging requires both luminescent materials with high temperature sensitivity and efficient imaging methods, which remains a significant challenge. In this study, a series of pure-phase rubidium germanate phosphors doped with manganese were synthesized and encapsulated into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films to improve chemical stability. The dramatic temperature-dependent luminescence behavior of Mn4+ in the Rb2Ge4O9 matrix provides reliable and efficient methods for temperature sensing. The high-sensitivity temperature sensing capability of the Rb2Ge4O9:0.002 Mn4+ fluorescent film has been confirmed, leveraging temperature-dependent emission intensity, luminescence decay lifetime, and time-resolved intensity ratio techniques. Notably, Rb2Ge4O9:Mn4+ fluorescent film exhibits a strikingly high relative sensitivity of 17.03% K−1 at 330 K in the time-resolved thermometry scheme, which is the highest relative temperature sensitivity within the physiological temperature range known to us. High-performance temperature imaging of the fluorescent film is achieved through the time-resolved intensity ratio strategy with a best practical temperature resolution of 0.08 K at 325 K. Furthermore, the temperature images of an operating nickel circuit with a line width of 20 μm under different working currents were recorded, showing a clear circuit microstructure and temperature gradient. These findings pave a novel path for realizing high-performance temperature imaging.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Dual-confinement of reconstructed covalent organic framework for enhanced CO2 electrolysis in acid

Authors: Xinyan Li, Hongxu Gu, Jipeng Xu, Huan Wang, Jiachen Wu, Yining Xu, Cheng Lian, Qilin Cheng, Weiwei Zhang, Pengfei Liu, Huagui Yang, Wei-Hong Zhu

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) offers an attractive route to produce value-added multicarbon (C2+) products, yet suffers from competing hydrogen evolution and monocarbon production. Here, we propose a dual-confinement effect on CO2 reactant and *CO intermediate, induced by tuning the pore configuration of reconstructed covalent organic frameworks (RC-COFs). The highly crystalline microporous RC-COF-1, when coated on a Cu electrode, enhances local CO2 concentration and restricts CO diffusion, thereby promoting C-C coupling. In acidic electrolyte, the RC-COF-1@Cu electrode achieves a maximum C2+ Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 67.0% at 500 mA cm−2, while maintaining a total carbon product FE above 90% across a broad current density range (100–500 mA cm−2). Experimental and theoretical analyses confirm that the ordered micropores of RC-COF-1 modulate reactant adsorption and intermediate diffusion, leading to improved C2+ selectivity. This work underscores the critical role of COF pore architecture in microenvironment engineering for heterogeneous catalysis.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Topological Chitosan Framework Enables Reversible Columnar Array Anodes for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc Batteries

Authors: Ruoyu Wang, Ziyu Wang, Yifan Zhang, Cunxin Mei, Wenqiang Wang, Yanjie Hu, Gengchao Wang, Chunzhong Li

Eco-friendly aqueous zinc batteries (AZBs) are promising alternatives to lead-acid batteries in applications requiring both safety and energy density. However, their practical deployment is hindered by the synergistic deterioration of zinc anodes—structural collapse and kinetic failure—under high depth of discharge (DOD) and high current densities, which severely limits actual energy and power densities. Here, we report a strategy for the in situ integration of a double-layer topological chitosan framework (D-CTS) on current collectors via regulating phase separation kinetics during multistage coordination-neutralization electrophoresis. The vertical through-hole array is formed by coupling instantaneous and delayed phase separation. Subsequently, a columnar zinc array is mediated by D-CTS to construct an integrated component (D-CTS-Zn) comprising a vertical through-hole separator and an array anode. The embedded interconnected nanonetworks within the through-hole walls enable dynamic equilibrium of the columnar zinc array through a lateral ion compensation mechanism. As a result, Zn||Zn symmetric cells with D-CTS-Zn stably cycle over 3000 cycles at 200 mA cm−2 under 60% DOD. The assembled D-CTS-Zn||MnO2 battery delivers an energy density of 83 Wh kg−1 at an ultrahigh power density of 9.25 kW kg−1. This work provides a constructive strategy for chitosan phase separation regulation and separator-induced reversible metal array anodes.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Co-Depositable p-Type Small Molecules

Authors: Shangfeng Yang

Metal halide perovskites have significantly improved solar cell performance due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. Recently, p-type small molecules such as Me-4PACz, assisted by dual-functional passivation, have enabled perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to achieve certified power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 26.15%. However, issues such as molecular aggregation during solution processing limit the storage stability of precursor solutions and lead to poor molecular distribution within the film, hindering device efficiency and operational stability. Zhu's group enacted the co-deposition of a new p-type small molecule, D4PA, with perovskite. Density functional theory (DFT) investigations revealed that D4PA exhibits strong dual-terminal anchoring interactions with indium tin oxide (ITO) via two phosphonic acid groups, stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding, ensuring robust adhesion and improved interface uniformity. Additionally, D4PA forms stable coordination with Pb2+ ions, suppressing defects and facilitating efficient charge transfer. Temperature-dependent Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed strong binding between D4PA and perovskite, contrasting with the weaker binding of Me-4PACz. This stable interaction improves perovskite crystallinity and promotes uniform distribution of D4PA, resulting in superior photovoltaic performance. D4PA-based PSCs achieved a record PCE of 26.83% in small-area devices (certified 26.72%), and a mini-module (10.86 cm2) achieved a PCE of 23.37% with a certified MPPT efficiency of 22.66%. Devices retained 97.2% of initial efficiency after 2500 h of continuous operation at MPP under one-sun illumination. Reduced and homogeneous photoluminescence intensity indicated efficient and uniform hole extraction, and electroluminescence quantum efficiency (EQE-EL) reached 15.25%, significantly higher than 6.23% for Me-4PACz-based devices. This molecular engineering strategy provides a promising route for high-performance and high-durability inverted PSCs.

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New Carbon Materials•2026

Boron and Nitrogen Co-Doped Coal-Based Activated Carbon as Cathode Material for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Hybrid Capacitors

Authors: LIU Shuyuan, TIAN Zhen, WANG Yanzhong, ZHOU Rui, ZHENG Zhichao

Aqueous zinc-ion capacitors (ZICs) are promising energy storage systems due to their high specific capacity and superior reliability. Heteroatom-doped carbon materials have been shown to substantially increase the capacitance of ZICs, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this work, coal-based activated carbon was functionalized with both boron (B) and nitrogen (N) to serve as the cathode material in ZICs. The optimized material, designated CAC-120, exhibits a high specific capacity of 371.4 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 and retains 74% of its initial capacity after 10,000 cycles. Electrochemical analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that pyridinic N plays a crucial role in enhancing Zn2+ storage, demonstrating superior electrochemical reversibility. Furthermore, an assembled aqueous ZIC using the CAC-120 cathode achieves a high reversible capacity of 90.8 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and exceptional long-term stability over 17,000 cycles. This work provides valuable insight into the design of high-capacity and ultrafast pseudocapacitive carbon cathodes for ZICs, highlighting the synergistic effects of pore structure engineering and heteroatom doping.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Redefining selectivity paradigms in electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction on confined dual-atom catalysts

Authors: Nana Hu, Xingshuai Lv, Guobo Chen, Thomas Frauenheim, Liangzhi Kou

The premature decay of electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) performance at low electrode potentials remains a major obstacle to practical applications, primarily due to competition from the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A new paradigm capable of transcending current selectivity constraints is urgently required to advance eNRR toward industrial implementation. In this work, we propose two practical selectivity descriptors (ΔΔG and ΔU) based on a systematic investigation of the potential-dependent competition between eNRR and HER on confined dual-atom catalysts. The descriptor ΔΔG (ΔG_N2 − ΔG_H) identifies the potential range where N2 adsorption dominates over H adsorption, while ΔU (U_cross – U_eNRR) specifies the potential range to trigger direct eNRR, offering a quantitative benchmark for rational catalyst design. Ideal catalysts should maintain N2-preferential adsorption across a broad potential window to facilitate direct eNRR. Guided by this insight, we demonstrate that confined dual-atom configurations with optimized interatomic distances can simultaneously achieve both overwhelming N2 adsorption and sufficient activation, thereby overcoming conventional selectivity limitations. This strategy enables ammonia synthesis with industrially relevant production rates and current density even at elevated potentials. Our mechanistic insights not only elucidate the root causes of performance limitations in eNRR but also offer a rational design framework for developing high-performance catalysts across a broad range of electrochemical transformations.

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026

Preparation of Trimetallic-Carbon Composite Catalysts and Their Application in Catalytic Ozonation of Industrial Wastewater

Authors: CAO Xu, MEI Hong, WANG Yan, PENG Lijing, LIU Xianwei, JU

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are promising for degrading organic pollutants in water treatment. Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (HCO) has gained attention due to its high oxidation efficiency, strong interference resistance, and low secondary pollution. In this study, a series of trimetallic-carbon composite ozone catalysts were prepared via an organic precursor calcination method using γ-Al2O3 as support. This method enhanced catalytic activity and mechanical strength while overcoming the limitations of carbon materials (low mechanical strength) and metal-based materials (poor mass transfer). The optimized catalyst, CA-FeCoCu, comprising Fe, Co, Cu, carbon, and alumina, exhibited excellent performance in phenol degradation and real industrial wastewater treatment. Characterization revealed that the synergistic effect of trimetals and the introduction of multiple carbon types increased specific surface area and hydroxyl radical (·OH) generation. In a pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor, the CA-FeCoCu/O3 system reduced COD from 120 mg·L−1 to below 40 mg·L−1, with an O3 consumption ratio (O/C) of less than 1, effectively lowering operational costs. This work provides a new strategy for developing efficient and stable heterogeneous O3 catalysts and offers a reference for the practical application of HCO in industrial wastewater treatment.

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026

Pulsed Electric Field Enhancement of Nitrogen Removal Performance and Microbial Community Structure Response in Anammox Granular Sludge

Authors: WANG Xuzhong, ZHANG Ning, ZHANG Pengyu, MIAO Juan, ZHANG Ruichang, ZHOU Ming, WEI Xuefeng

This study investigated the effects of a ring-shaped pulsed electric field (PEF) (1.5 V, 4 h on-time per cycle) on nitrogen removal performance and microbial community structure of anammox granular sludge (AnGS). Two anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (R1 control, R2 with PEF) were operated under stepwise increasing nitrogen loading rates (NLR). At NLR below 1,155 mg·(L·d)−1, R2 exhibited total nitrogen removal efficiency (TRE) 7.5%–17.0% higher than R1, with biomass, specific anammox activity (SAA), and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) increased by 5%–7%, 21%–71%, and 54%–77%, respectively. However, at NLR above 1,320 mg·(L·d)−1, the toxic effect of nitrite dominated, and PEF enhancement diminished or even reversed to inhibition. Microbial community analysis revealed that at low-to-moderate NLR, PEF increased the relative abundance of Planctomycetes and key anammox bacteria (Candidatus Brocadia and Candidatus Jettenia), along with enhanced community richness (Chao1) and diversity (Shannon/Simpson indices). At high NLR, PEF decreased microbial richness compared to R1. Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis indicated that PEF was the key factor driving community differences at low-to-moderate NLR, whereas nitrite concentration became the dominant factor at high NLR. This study provides theoretical support for enhancing the resilience and engineering application of anammox processes.

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026

Application of Immobilized White Rot Fungi in the Treatment of Anaerobic Digestion Sludge

Authors: LIU Wang, ZHU Xuefeng, WANG Ziyi, CHENG Shicai, FANG Zexian, XU Wenjing, TONG Wanzi, LIU Hongbo

Anaerobic digestion sludge (ADS) contains recalcitrant organic matter and exhibits poor dewaterability, posing challenges for disposal. This study evaluated the immobilization of white rot fungi (WRF) on four carriers—polyvinyl alcohol, cotton thread, wood chips, and sodium alginate—for ADS treatment. Cotton thread immobilization yielded the earliest and most sustained enzyme activity, highest biomass retention, and minimal biomass loss. WRF treatment achieved a 10.09% removal of total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and significantly disrupted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), selectively degrading soluble EPS. To maintain fungal activity, periodic carrier replacement was required. Compared to the control, the experimental group showed an 8.9 mg·L−1 reduction in total protein and polysaccharide content in soluble EPS, a 27.33% decrease in capillary suction time (CST), and improved sludge dewaterability. These results demonstrate the potential of WRF for ADS treatment.

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026

Thermoelectric Generator-Driven Electrodeposition for Efficient Treatment of Low-Concentration Copper-Containing Wastewater

Authors: HUANG Huiting, YAO Han, YANG Zhengwu, ZHU Jun, FU Dan, ZHENG Meng, JIA Daqing, ZHANG Lehua

Industrial processes generate substantial low-grade waste heat and cold, which can be harnessed via thermoelectric generators (TEGs) based on the Seebeck effect. However, the low-voltage output of TEGs poses application challenges. This study investigates a TEG-driven electrodeposition system for efficient treatment of low-concentration copper-containing wastewater from electroplating, integrated circuit, and energy industries. The TEG system, comprising two series-connected semiconductor modules, achieved a maximum power of 0.36 W at a temperature difference (ΔT) of 130 °C. Optimal operating parameters for the coupled system were determined: ΔT = 90 °C, counter-current flow (two-side inlet), flow rate of 20 mL·min⁻¹, initial Cu²⁺ concentration of 500 mg·L⁻¹, and electrode gap of 0.7 cm. Under these conditions, after 60 min of electrodeposition, copper removal efficiency reached 99.42%, current efficiency was 67.93%, and the energy conversion efficiency of the TEG-electrodeposition system was 36.96%. The system also treated real copper-containing wastewater, achieving 95.83% removal within 100 min. Characterization via SEM, XRD, and XPS revealed that the electrodeposited product consisted of metallic copper and cuprous oxide, with metallic copper accounting for approximately 60%. This work provides a promising approach for utilizing industrial waste heat and cold to achieve low-energy, high-efficiency treatment of heavy metal wastewater.

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026

Field Real-Time Monitoring of Ammonia Nitrogen in Different Water Bodies Using GPMCS

Authors: ZHANG Tongtong, WANG Zhengguo, YAN Haojie, LI Zhaoxing, WANG Zijing, ZHANG Wenjun, LI Tianling

Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) is a common water pollutant that can induce eutrophication and threaten aquatic ecosystems and human health. Accurate monitoring is essential for water safety. This study applied a self-developed gas-permeable membrane-based conductivity sensor (GPMCS) for real-time in-situ monitoring of NH3-N in two water bodies. In the Qunying River (surface river water), GPMCS captured concentration fluctuations linked to pump operations and sewage intrusion, with mean inlet and outlet concentrations of 4.67 and 3.42 mg/L, respectively. In Swan Lake (landscape aquaculture water), concentrations reached up to 11.16 mg/L, with site means of 6.42 and 7.04 mg/L, influenced by aquaculture activities, weather, and location. GPMCS results correlated strongly with national standard methods (r1=0.8132, r2=0.7483), confirming accuracy and reliability. Compared to existing techniques, GPMCS offers high selectivity, strong anti-interference, portability, no sample pretreatment, low cost, and environmental friendliness, making it suitable for long-term in-situ monitoring. This technology provides robust support for sustainable water environment management.

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Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026

Fabrication and Microwave Absorption Performance of FexOy/TiO2/C Composites Derived from Red Mud

Authors: LI Guomin, GUO Yujie, LI Lingxiao, JIA Kun, LIANG Liping

Red mud, an industrial solid waste from alumina production, poses severe environmental challenges. This study presents a resource-efficient strategy to convert red mud into high-performance microwave absorbing materials. FexOy/TiO2/C composites were synthesized via a sol-gel method using starch as carbon source, followed by carbothermal reduction. The phase composition and microstructure were optimized by adjusting calcination temperature and raw material ratio. The optimal sample, RmCT-5.4-700, exhibited a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -30.2 dB at 14.0 GHz with an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 5.3 GHz at a coating thickness of 2.0 mm. The superior absorption performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of dielectric components (TiO2, graphitized carbon) and magnetic components (Fe3O4/Fe). Carbothermal reduction introduces defects that induce dipole polarization, while the conductive network formed by graphitized carbon and Fe3O4/Fe particles enhances conductive loss. Heterogeneous interfaces between Fe3O4, Fe, TiO2, and the red mud matrix promote interfacial polarization. The magnetic loss of Fe3O4/Fe improves impedance matching, facilitating electromagnetic wave penetration and absorption. This work not only provides a novel route for red mud valorization but also contributes to the high-value utilization of solid wastes.

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Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026

Hydrogen Production and Structure Evolution Mechanism during Thermochemical Conversion of Microalgae Pellet in Molten Hydroxide Salts

Authors: LI Jun, LEI Ling, CAO Wenxuan, ZHU Han, ZHONG Dian, ZENG Kuo, YANG Haiping, CHEN Hanping

This study investigates the thermochemical conversion behavior of microalgae pellets in a molten hydroxide salt (80% NaOH-20% Na2CO3) system and its influence on hydrogen production. By comparing temperature evolution, gas release characteristics, and structural evolution of pellets with and without molten salt, and integrating char alkalization experiments, the regulatory mechanism of molten salt on reaction pathways and hydrogen production was systematically analyzed. Results indicate that molten salt significantly enhances internal heat transfer efficiency, achieving a central heating rate of 177 °C/s, effectively alleviating thermal hysteresis. Concurrently, molten salt promotes pore development through penetration, erosion, and catalytic effects, resulting in a porosity increase of 53.2%–104.3% after 10 s of reaction. Conversion efficiency is markedly improved, with the dominant reaction pathway shifting to char alkalization after only 70 s. Furthermore, when heating rate is increased above 600 °C, hydrogen yield from char alkalization improves more significantly, primarily attributed to the synergistic promotion of molten salt catalysis and rapid heating on volatiles reforming. This study provides a theoretical foundation for understanding efficient hydrogen production from biomass in molten hydroxide salts.

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Environmental Chemistry•2026

Combined Effects of Biochar and Riboflavin on the Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Authors: WANG Zhao, WU Yufei, ZHU Bingqian, WANG Xue, HE Ting, ZHAO Zhuoxi, ZHANG Peng

The biological reduction of Cr(VI) to less hazardous Cr(III) is a promising strategy for remediating Cr(VI)-contaminated sites. Both biochar and riboflavin can act as electron shuttles to accelerate this bioreduction process, yet their combined effects remain poorly understood. Using Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 as a model reducing bacterium, we investigated the joint influence of biochar (average particle size 28.85 μm) and riboflavin at high (1 mmol·L−1) and low concentrations on Cr(VI) bioreduction. Individually, biochar and high-concentration riboflavin enhanced indirect electron transfer, accelerating Cr(VI) removal. However, when combined, the fast-phase reaction rate (rf0) did not significantly improve compared to single amendments. The combined action factor revealed an antagonistic inhibition between biochar and riboflavin. Mechanistically, high-concentration riboflavin saturated biochar's adsorption sites (equilibrium concentration 0.96±0.04 mmol·L−1), hindering biochar's role as an electron conduit. With a bacterial density of 3.4×10^7 cells·mL−1, the inter-bacterial distance (30.87 μm) exceeded biochar's particle size, and the per-cell riboflavin concentration (2.9×10−2 pmol·cell−1) was sufficient for riboflavin to dominate as the primary electron shuttle, while biochar's surface became coated, reducing its efficacy. These findings reveal the complex interplay between biochar and soluble organic matter in Cr(VI) bioreduction, underscoring the need to consider such antagonistic effects when designing bioremediation strategies for multi-component contaminated environments.

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Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026

Enhancement of Anaerobic Digestion Operational Efficiency for Guar Gum Production Wastewater Using a Microaerobic-Biochar Coupled System

Authors: DONG Yuanyuan, YU Jianchang, SHAN Yu, XU Tian, BU Jiuhe, WANG Tao

Guar gum production wastewater contains 1,2-propanediol, which in conventional anaerobic treatment causes propionate accumulation and microbial inhibition. Microaerobic conditions foster fermentative bacterial metabolism, enhancing organic substrate conversion, while biochar promotes anaerobic microbial aggregation and oxygen tolerance. This study treated actual guar gum wastewater using three configurations: blank control, anaerobic, and microaerobic-biochar (O2/BC) coupled systems. Under mesophilic conditions (37 °C), with micro-aeration at 0.2 mL/(g VS·d) and biochar dosage of 15 g/L, the O2/BC system achieved a COD removal efficiency of 90%, 10.6 percentage points higher than the anaerobic control. Effluent COD and propionate concentrations dropped to 3800 mg/L and 0.15 g/L, respectively, representing reductions of 49.6% and 98.4% versus the control. Biogas production was 1.64 times that of the control, with a maximum methane concentration of 77.2%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) indicated increased abundance of –OH, –CH2–, and C–O functional groups on sludge surfaces, revealing biochar's adsorption enhancement. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed dense microbial aggregates dominated by long bacilli, distinct from conventional anaerobic sludge. Microbial community analysis revealed increased abundance of Clostridium and Comamonas, modulating the propionate-to-acetate ratio and optimizing acidification efficiency, thereby promoting complex organic degradation. This study provides a novel technical pathway for biological treatment of alcohol-rich organic wastewater.

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Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026

Spatial Heterogeneity of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Fouling During Long-Term Reclaimed Water Treatment: A 3.5-Year Field Study

Authors: LIU Jin, LI Yawen, LI Jiayang, ZHOU Yifan, CHEN Chen, MA Liyuan, SHANG Xingying

Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling remains a critical bottleneck in reclaimed water production, yet its spatial heterogeneity over extended operation is poorly understood. This study investigated fouling characteristics and microbial community dynamics on RO membranes after 3.5 years of operation in a full-scale microfiltration-reverse osmosis (MF-RO) system treating reclaimed water. Long-term monitoring showed stable effluent quality (turbidity <0.1 NTU, conductivity <400 μS/cm), but RO inlet pressure exhibited seasonal fluctuations of 15%–22% between summer and winter, attributed to water viscosity changes. Membrane autopsies revealed distinct fouling layers at the inlet (RO1) and outlet (RO2) ends. RO1 featured a dense bio-inorganic composite fouling layer with CaSO4 crystals and rod-shaped microbial aggregates (5–10 μm), dominated by Proteobacteria (77.11%), particularly Alphaproteobacteria (71.49%) and Xanthobacteraceae (35.29%), which secreted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to form biofilms. In contrast, RO2, exposed to higher salinity, showed reduced microbial abundance (Proteobacteria decreased to 64.79%) and a shift toward halotolerant taxa, including Microbacteriaceae (23.73%) and Actinobacteriota (24.76%), with EPS secretion increased by 42%. Alphaproteobacteria relative abundance dropped by 19.3%, while Gammaproteobacteria rose to 12.54%. These findings elucidate salinity-driven microbial succession and spatial heterogeneity of fouling, providing a basis for targeted antifouling strategies and 'zonal-graded' cleaning protocols in reclaimed water plants.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Advancing a Thriving Materials Science Community: The 2026 Emerging Investigator Issue of Science China Materials

Authors: XIE Yi

The 2026 Emerging Investigator Issue of Science China Materials showcases the work of 41 early-career scientists across diverse fields including rechargeable batteries, optoelectronic materials, structural materials, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, ferroelectric materials, and thermoelectric materials. This editorial highlights key contributions: Yuxin Tang et al. review ionic liquids for lithium batteries; Fei Xu et al. achieve 99.9% average Coulombic efficiency over 3500 cycles in Zn half-cells using an ultrathin polydimethylsiloxane interphase; Linfeng Hu et al. report Te vacancy-rich Bi2Te3 nanosheets enhancing zinc ion storage; Ying Zhang et al. convert chlorinated plastic waste into high-performance sodium-ion battery anodes. In optoelectronics, Kai Li et al. develop a TADF-Cu(I) complex for red OLEDs with maximum EQE of 25.9% and negligible roll-off; Zhongyan Huang et al. achieve deep-blue MR-TADF emitters with EQE up to 34.4%. Electronic materials advances include flexible neuromorphic electronics and printed flexible electronics. Structural materials research includes high-entropy carbides with oxidation resistance at 2500°C, precipitation-hardened medium-entropy alloys, and biomimetic composites. The issue also covers photocatalytic hydrogenation and CO2 reduction. This collection underscores the vitality and breadth of materials science research, addressing critical challenges in energy, electronics, and structural applications.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Towards Sliding Ferroelectricity in Two-Dimensional van der Waals Materials

Authors: FAN Yang, PAN Er, LIU Qing, TAPASZTO Levente, HE Yongmin, LUO Xiao, LIU Fucai

Sliding ferroelectricity arises from lateral interlayer shifts in stacked two-dimensional van der Waals materials, where relative sliding of one layer over another breaks inversion symmetry and generates switchable polarization. This novel mechanism enables intrinsically nonpolar crystals to exhibit ferroelectric behavior via specific stacking arrangements, expanding the pool of potential ferroelectrics. Distinctive features include ultralow switching barriers, exceptional endurance over millions to trillions of cycles, and ultrafast polarization reversal on sub-nanosecond timescales, surpassing conventional ferroelectrics. This review begins with theoretical models of sliding ferroelectricity, followed by experimental verification and characterization techniques. It then discusses recent advances in polarization-switching kinetics, domain wall dynamics, topological polar structures, multiple polarization states, optical probing, and active modulation strategies. Finally, challenges and future prospects for two-dimensional sliding ferroelectric materials are addressed.

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SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026

Laser-assisted compositional engineering of high-entropy carbides with superior oxidation resistance at 2500 °C

Authors: Zihao Wen, Yuhui Chen, Lei Zhuang, Hulei Yu, Yanhui Chu

High-entropy carbides (HECs) are promising candidates for ultrahigh-temperature applications, but their oxidation resistance at temperatures above 2000 °C remains a critical bottleneck. Here, we report a laser-assisted compositional engineering strategy to develop non-equimolar (Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.3Cr0.3)C HECs with superior oxidation resistance up to 2500 °C. Using a self-developed laser oxidation platform, we first screened equimolar (Zr0.25Ti0.25Ta0.25Me0.25)C (Me = Hf, W, Nb, Cr, V, Mo) samples at 2500 °C, identifying Cr as a critical element for forming protective oxide scales. Systematic tuning of Cr content revealed that the optimal composition (Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.3Cr0.3)C exhibits a dense, crack-free oxide layer composed of molten (Cr, Me)(Ta, Me)O4 and (Ta, Me)2O5 phases embedded with (Zr, Me)O2 crystals, which effectively seal defects and suppress oxygen diffusion. The synergistic effects of these phases lead to a significant reduction in mass gain and oxide layer thickness compared to equimolar counterparts. This work provides a new pathway for designing HECs with long-life oxidation resistance at 2500 °C, enabling their use in extreme environments such as hypersonic vehicle leading edges and rocket nozzle throats.

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New Carbon Materials•2026

A Cu/Cu2O@C Composite Catalyst Derived from Wood-Chips for the Efficient One-Pot Oxidation of Cyclohexane to Adipic Acid

Authors: WANG Sheng, CHEN Zhijia, WANG Xiao, YUAN Chunhua, LI Songbo, YANG Huimin

Adipic acid is a key monomer for nylon-6,6 and nylon-6, yet its industrial production via nitric acid oxidation of KA oil suffers from high energy consumption and N2O emissions. This study reports a green catalytic system for one-pot oxidation of cyclohexane to adipic acid using a Cu/Cu2O@C composite catalyst derived from wood chips. During pyrolysis, wood chips serve as both carbon support precursor and in-situ reducing agent, converting Cu2+ into Cu/Cu2O active species. The abundant defects in biomass carbon form strong coordination interactions with copper, regulating the electronic distribution of active sites and enhancing catalytic performance. Under optimized conditions (100 °C, 12 h), the Cu/[email protected] catalyst achieves a cyclohexane conversion of 19.36% and an adipic acid selectivity of 73.28%. Mechanistic studies reveal that the electronic interaction between the carbon support and copper species strengthens adsorption of cyclohexanone, promoting selective formation of adipic acid. The reaction follows a free radical chain mechanism involving hydroxyl and alkyl radicals. This work provides a viable strategy for developing eco-friendly, low-cost, and high-efficiency catalytic materials for industrial adipic acid synthesis.

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New Carbon Materials•2026

A Standardized Dataset of Linear Sweep Voltammetry Curves for the Acidic Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Carbon-Supported Catalysts in Sulfuric Acid Medium

Authors: Zeng Zifeng, Zhao Zhenxin, Wang Meiling, Wang Xiaomin

A standardized dataset of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves is presented for evaluating the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance of carbon-supported catalysts in acidic media. All electrochemical tests were conducted in O2-saturated 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4 at controlled rotation speeds using a rotating disk electrode. The dataset comprises 120 validated entries from both non-precious metal (MNC) and platinum-based (Pt-MC) catalysts, including original LSV curves and extracted performance parameters such as onset potential, half-wave potential, and limiting current densities at different rotation speeds. Data processing involved potential conversion to the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) scale, background subtraction, outlier removal, and reproducibility checks with defined quality control thresholds (relative standard deviation ≤2% for E1/2 and ≤5% for limiting current). The standardized collection serves as a reliable benchmark for catalyst performance comparison, supports kinetic and mass transport analysis, and provides a structured data source for machine learning applications in electrocatalysis. The dataset is openly available via Science Data Bank, with a DOI, and is intended as a dynamic resource for the ORR electrocatalysis community.

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026

Analysis of Treatment and Resource Utilization of Coal Chemical Waste Salt: Current Status and Prospects

Authors: YANG Jun, HE Yi, XU Jie, LIU Yanping, LIU Guoliang, LIU Haibing

Coal chemical waste salt, a solid residue from evaporative crystallization of high-salinity wastewater, poses significant environmental risks and challenges for resource utilization due to its complex composition. This study systematically analyzes its composition and environmental hazards, highlighting its typical "mixed salt" nature and the potential threats of organic pollutants and heavy metals to soil, water, and ecosystems. It reviews mainstream treatment pathways, including organic degradation, inorganic impurity removal, and salt separation, with a focus on the resource utilization of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate and their industrial prospects. The current pollution control technical specifications and product quality standards are examined, comparing the scope and technical points of relevant standards such as the "Technical Specification for Pollution Control of Chemical Waste Salt." Finally, countermeasures are proposed to address challenges including difficult treatment of mixed salts, insufficient resource utilization incentives, and incomplete standard systems, emphasizing technological innovation, policy guidance, and standard improvement.

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026

Characterization of Pollutants in Coal Chemical Industry Waste Salt and Its Resource Utilization Potential: A Case Study of a Coal Chemical Industrial Park in Northwest China

Authors: YANG Jun, HE Yi, LIU Yanping, WANG Nianxi, ZHOU Tianlai, LIU Guoliang, ZHENG Yang

Coal chemical industry waste salt, generated from high-salinity wastewater treatment, poses a bottleneck for green transformation under the 'dual carbon' strategy due to its low value and high complexity. This study investigated a typical coal chemical industrial park in Northwest China, using principal component analysis (PCA) on actual waste salt samples to identify pollutant characteristics and assess resource utilization potential. Results showed total organic carbon (TOC) ranged from 707.9 to 7,737.9 mg·kg⁻¹, with benzo(a)pyrene concentrations frequently exceeding the limits of the 'Identification Standards for Hazardous Wastes' (GB 5085.3). Hardness ions and metal ions also surpassed relevant product standards. PCA classified the waste salts into three types: sodium sulfate type, sodium chloride type, and high-complexity mixed salt, each corresponding to distinct resource utilization pathways. The study proposes differentiated technical routes based on PCA classification, providing a feasible reference for classified management and technology selection. This research supports the national policy of 'harmless pretreatment + resource utilization' for waste salt, contributing to green and high-quality development of the coal chemical industry.

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026

Multi-stage Activation of Fly Ash for Al(OH)3 Extraction: Process Optimization and Mechanistic Insights

Authors: ZHOU Yan, WEI Cong, SHI Haoyang, YAN Xinyi, QU Jihu, LIN Jing

Selective recovery of aluminum compounds from fly ash is a key route for its high-value utilization. This study developed a multi-stage activation process for extracting Al(OH)3 from fly ash, comprising mechanical activation, calcination activation, chemical separation, and carbonation precipitation. Fly ash was mixed with carbide slag and CaF2, then calcined; the resulting clinker was leached with Na2CO3 solution to extract Al. The CaO generated from high-temperature calcination of carbide slag facilitated the separation of Si and Al. After solid-liquid separation, CO2 was introduced into the Al-rich leachate to precipitate Al(OH)3. The process promoted the formation of Ca12Al14O32F2 and inert Ca2SiO4, achieving efficient Si-Al separation during calcination. Under optimal conditions (mechanical activation for 60 min, 4% CaF2, calcination at 1000°C for 2 h, leaching with 40 g/L Na2CO3), the Al extraction rate reached 91.8%, and the product purity was 98.9%. The alumina extraction residue exhibited porous and highly reactive characteristics, suitable for producing flame-retardant materials or high-value silicon-based products (e.g., white carbon black, molecular sieve adsorbents). The process offers a promising industrial route for fly ash valorization, with potential integration with cement production lines for synergistic CO2 capture and utilization.

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Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026

Efficient Leaching and Separation of Iron, Aluminum, and Calcium from Carbon-Rich Components in Coal Gasification Fine Slag Using Organic Acids

Authors: NAN Tianhao, ZHOU Anning, HAN Rui, HAN Chunmeng, CHEN Heng, ZHANG Ningning, LI Bingying

Coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) is a solid waste generated in large quantities during coal gasification, containing residual carbon and inorganic ash rich in SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, Fe2O3, and MgO. The carbon-rich components (CGFS-H) of CGFS, typically comprising 20–50% residual carbon, present both environmental challenges and opportunities for resource recovery. This study systematically investigates the selective leaching behavior of Fe3+, Al3+, and Ca2+ from CGFS-H using three organic acid extractants: citric acid, tartaric acid, and tetrasodium iminodisuccinate (IDS-4Na). The results demonstrate distinct selectivity: IDS-4Na exhibits the highest leaching yield and selectivity for Fe3+, achieving a single leaching yield of 41.2% while suppressing Ca2+ and Al3+ leaching to below 4%, with a selectivity ratio of Fe3+ to Al3+ and Ca2+ of 10.73. Tartaric acid effectively leaches both Fe3+ and Al3+, with single yields of 38.7% and 33.5%, respectively, while Ca2+ leaching remains below 5%, yielding a selectivity of Fe3+ and Al3+ relative to Ca2+ of 14.73. Citric acid preferentially leaches Ca2+, achieving a single yield of 71.5%, but also leaches Fe3+ and Al3+ at 35.2% and 39.1%, respectively, resulting in a low selectivity ratio of Ca2+ to Fe3+ and Al3+ of 0.96. Based on these selective affinities, a green stepwise separation method was developed using sequential leaching with IDS-4Na, tartaric acid, and citric acid. Under optimal conditions, cumulative leaching yields of 79.8% for Fe3+, 65.08% for Al3+, and 78.6% for Ca2+ were achieved. XRD, XRF, and SEM analyses elucidate the complexation mechanisms, indicating that the synergistic effects of selective coordination between structurally diverse organic acids and metal ions drive the process. This advancement provides a critical foundation for developing Ca/Fe/Al hydrotalcite materials using CGFS-H as a sustainable feedstock, promoting resource-efficient utilization of coal gasification fine slag.

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Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026

Oxidation Mechanism of Ethylene over MgO-Supported Ag-Cu Bimetallic Synergistic Catalysts: A DFT Study

Authors: ZHANG Wei, ZHAO Genrui, LI Zehong, CHEN Guisheng, CHEN Zhaohui

Ethylene (C2H4) in vehicle exhaust is a highly reactive volatile organic compound (VOC) whose photo-oxidation with NOx contributes to the formation of O3 and secondary organic aerosols (SOA), a key precursor of PM2.5. This study designs a novel MgO-supported Ag-Cu bimetallic catalyst and investigates its performance using density functional theory (DFT). The effects of Ag and Cu loading on geometric structure, stability, and reactant adsorption are analyzed, and the catalytic oxidation pathways of C2H4 over AgCu-MgO are elucidated. Results indicate that loading Ag significantly enhances C2H4 adsorption, with a maximum adsorption energy of -1.46 eV, while O2 adsorption remains weak (-0.45 eV). Cu-MgO shows moderate C2H4 adsorption (-0.87 eV at bridge site) but higher O2 adsorption (-0.76 eV). Among 17 AgCu-MgO dual-atom catalyst (DAC) configurations, those with Ag and Cu co-adsorbed at Mg sites are thermodynamically more stable (binding energies below -10 eV). Configurations with Ag and Cu in close proximity enhance co-adsorption of C2H4 and O2. C2H4 oxidation preferentially proceeds via C=C bond cleavage to form *CH3 and CO2. For three representative configurations (1, 3, 6), free energy barriers for rate-limiting steps in the *HCO and CH2O pathway are consistently higher than those for *CH3 and CO2 pathway. Configuration 6 exhibits the lowest energy barrier (0.32 eV) for its rate-limiting step, indicating the highest catalytic performance. This study provides atomic-scale insights for rational design of efficient catalysts targeting olefinic pollutants in automotive emissions.

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Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology•2026

Enhancing photocatalytic CO2 reduction with Z-scheme heterojunction Ag/Bi2MoO6/BiOBr composite films: Synthesis and mechanistic insights

Authors: LI Jiao, ZHAO Jing, WANG Yiming, ZHAO Wenhai, CHAI Yizhuo, ZHANG Xiaochao

This study reports the synthesis of a novel Z-scheme heterojunction composite film comprising Ag/Bi2MoO6/BiOBr via electrochemical processes, ion-exchange techniques, and subsequent photodeposition of silver nanoparticles. The incorporation of Ag nanoparticles exploits localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects and serves as an electron mediator, establishing a Schottky barrier that suppresses charge recombination. The optimized 1.5% Ag/Bi2MoO6/BiOBr film achieves a CO production rate of 13.65 μmol/(g·h) from photocatalytic CO2 reduction, significantly outperforming the unmodified Bi2MoO6/BiOBr film. Photocurrent and impedance analyses confirm enhanced charge separation in the Ag-modified composite. A non-linear relationship between Ag loading and photocatalytic efficiency was observed, with optimal performance at 1.5% Ag. The proposed Z-scheme mechanism elucidates the synergistic interactions among components, providing a scientific basis for rational design of advanced photocatalysts and immobilized systems for CO2 reduction. This work offers insights into the development of efficient, sustainable photocatalytic technologies for carbon capture and utilization.

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Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026

Two-Phase Flow Characteristics of a Jet Aerator with Built-in Porous Thin Plates

Authors: WU Yao, HAN Leng, LI Aoqi, XI Wenjun, ZHANG Shinan, ZHANG Anlong

Air-supplied jet aerators, combining hydraulic jet and gas induction principles, are critical equipment in aerobic biological wastewater treatment. However, low energy conversion efficiency and insufficient local gas-liquid mixing are core bottlenecks limiting their competitiveness. A three-dimensional flow field analysis method for jet aerators was developed based on the k-ε turbulence model and Euler-Euler multiphase flow model. The effects of different orifice plate distributions, shapes, sizes, hole numbers, and installation positions on average pressure, turbulent kinetic energy, and turbulent dissipation rate were systematically studied. Results show that the asterisk-shaped orifice plate yields the highest gas-liquid two-phase turbulent mixing intensity, followed by the annular shape, while the parallel arrangement yields the lowest. With increasing hole number and single-hole size, average pressure, velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and turbulent dissipation rate for different plate shapes initially fluctuate downward and then stabilize. When the number of triangular holes is 9, mass transfer efficiency is significantly enhanced, and overall aerator performance is excellent. When the triangular hole diameter is 7 mm, the device achieves an optimal match between energy utilization and mixing efficiency across pressure distribution, velocity field, turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipation rate. The farther the porous thin plate is installed from the sewage nozzle, the further gas-liquid two-phase turbulence is enhanced. Experiments confirm that the boundary layer is fully developed, liquid and air are thoroughly mixed, and the orifice plate promotes bubble breakup and refinement through throttling and collision, significantly improving oxygen transfer efficiency. This research provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the transformation and upgrading of aeration technology towards high efficiency and low carbon, and for extending equipment service life.

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Environmental Chemistry•2026

Research Progress on Heterogeneous Fenton Technology Based on Carbon/Iron-Based Catalysts and Physical Field-Assisted Systems

Authors: XIA Xiyuan, WANG Lan, CHENG Fei, WANG Bing, WANG Sen, WANG Chuanyi

Heterogeneous Fenton technology employs solid catalysts to activate H2O2, generating hydroxyl radicals (·OH) that oxidatively degrade organic pollutants. Among reported catalysts, iron-based materials are most prevalent but suffer from insufficient active sites and sluggish Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycling. Compositing iron with carbon materials increases active site density and accelerates Fe(II) regeneration, thereby enhancing catalytic efficiency. This review summarizes recent advances in carbon/iron-based heterogeneous Fenton catalysts, analyzing reaction mechanisms and characteristics for organic pollutant removal. It also discusses external energy field-assisted strategies (e.g., photo-, electro-, and ultrasound-assisted) that augment reaction kinetics. The paper concludes with perspectives on future development of carbon/iron-based Fenton-like materials, emphasizing the need for scalable synthesis and mechanistic elucidation. Key challenges include maintaining stability under continuous operation and achieving cost-effective production. The review highlights that carbon/iron composites with optimized interfacial properties can significantly improve H2O2 utilization and broaden pH applicability, addressing limitations of conventional Fenton processes. Future research directions include designing catalysts with tailored porosity and surface functionality, and integrating physical fields to synergistically enhance pollutant mineralization.

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Environmental Chemistry•2026

Single-Molecule Electrochemical Analysis of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acid Isomers

Authors: TANG Wen, LI Hongshuang, ZHAO Xian, CHENG Mengyuan, LI Pufeng, XIE Xueying, ZUO Jiaqi, QIU Kaipei

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are persistent organic pollutants whose isomers exhibit distinct environmental behaviors, bioaccumulation potentials, and toxic effects due to structural variations. Accurate identification of PFCA isomers is critical for risk assessment and pollution control, yet existing detection methods predominantly rely on standard references, posing challenges for precise analysis of isomers with subtle structural differences. Single-molecule electrochemical sensing via nanopores offers a standard-free approach by correlating molecular volume with current blockade, but its capability to distinguish PFCA isomers remained unverified. This study targeted three sets of PFCA isomers: 4,5,5-trifluoropent-4-enoic acid vs. 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid; 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-methylpropanoic acid vs. 4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acid; and 2-(trifluoromethoxy)acetic acid, 3,3,3-trifluorolactic acid, and (2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropanoic acid. By engineering nanopore interfaces (WT, R220N, R220Q Aerolysin) and extracting multi-dimensional characteristic parameters, the method achieved near 100% accuracy in identifying all seven isomers. Feature selection further enabled high classification accuracy with low data volumes, laying the foundation for rapid single-molecule detection of PFAS and other emerging contaminants.

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Environmental Chemistry•2026

Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds in High-Altitude Counties of the Guanzhong Plain in Summer: Implications for Ozone Pollution Prevention and Control

Authors: MO Xinyu, LI Dan, SHEN Zhenxing, ZHENG Honghao, YE Xinpeng, SUN Jian, ZHANG Bin, YANG Liu, XU Hongmei

Ozone (O3) pollution is a prominent issue in the Guanzhong Plain, necessitating effective control of its precursors, particularly volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, studies on VOC pollution characteristics at the county level are scarce. To investigate the summer VOC pollution characteristics and sources in high-altitude towns of the Guanzhong Plain, continuous monitoring of 53 typical VOC species was conducted at two sites in Changwu County, Xianyang City (elevation 1200 m). The spatiotemporal variations of ambient VOCs and their ozone formation potential (OFP) were analyzed, and source apportionment was performed using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Results showed that average total VOC (TVOCs) concentrations at the Changwu Government and Changwu Middle School sites were 60.04×10⁻⁹ and 83.28×10⁻⁹, respectively. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) dominated, accounting for 55.14% and 62.91% of TVOCs, followed by alkenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and halogenated hydrocarbons. Industrial sources contributed the most (43.2%) to VOC emissions in Changwu County, but site-specific differences were observed: the Government site was primarily influenced by solvent use (30.7%) and motor vehicles (19.1%), while the Middle School site was dominated by domestic sources (27.6%) and motor vehicles (20.0%). The average OFP values at the Government and Middle School sites were 258.84×10⁻⁹ and 378.04×10⁻⁹, respectively, with alkenes and OVOCs as the main contributors, originating from industrial emissions, solvent use, and biogenic sources. EKMA curves indicated that Changwu County was in a VOC-limited regime during the observation period, confirming the effectiveness of VOC control for ozone mitigation. These findings provide scientific guidance for local ozone management and offer a paradigm for precise ozone pollution control in county-level regions of the Guanzhong Plain.

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Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026

Research Advances in Pollution and Carbon Mitigation Technologies for C5 Petroleum Resin Wastewater Treatment in the Yangtze River Basin

Authors: DAI Li, ZENG Lin, ZHOU Penghui, WEI Aosong, TIAN Chengcheng, WANG Hualin

The lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin, as a concentrated area of China's C5 petroleum resin industry, face critical bottlenecks in green and low-carbon transformation due to high-pollution, refractory wastewater and high carbon emissions. Traditional petrochemical wastewater treatment technologies suffer from low efficiency, high energy consumption, and insufficient resource utilization. This paper systematically analyzes the sources of wastewater in C5 petroleum resin production from principles and processes, and reviews research progress and carbon reduction potential of current technologies in three aspects: new materials, new equipment, and new processes. Integrated processes centered on efficient pretreatment, biological enhancement, and multi-technology coupling show significant advantages in improving treatment efficiency, reducing energy consumption and cost, and strengthening resource recovery. The study also prospects future research priorities for pollution and carbon mitigation through green technological innovation and intelligent upgrading, providing new solutions for 'near-zero discharge' and resource recycling of C5 petroleum resin wastewater, thereby promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of the petrochemical industry.

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Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology•2026

Effects of pH and Initial DOC Concentration on Ferrihydrite-Mediated Adsorption of Algal-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter under Eutrophication

Authors: ZHANG Lirong, LI Jingnan, ZHAO Pan, SONG Na, WANG Qunhui

The escalating eutrophication of aquatic systems has intensified algal blooms, leading to substantial release and accumulation of algal-derived dissolved organic matter (ADOM), which profoundly influences carbon cycling and pollutant transport. Iron minerals, particularly ferrihydrite, are recognized as critical mediators of DOM sequestration, yet the adsorption fractionation of ADOM under varying environmental conditions remains poorly understood. This study systematically investigated the effects of pH (2.0–10.0) and initial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration (2–100 mg C/L) on the adsorption capacity and selectivity of ADOM onto ferrihydrite, employing UV-Vis spectroscopy and excitation-emission matrix fluorescence with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). Results demonstrated that adsorption capacity increased with pH from 2.0 to 7.0, reaching a maximum of 21.59 mg C/g at pH 7.0, followed by a decline at pH > 7.0 due to enhanced electrostatic repulsion. Within the environmentally relevant pH range of 3.0–9.0, selective fractionation intensified with increasing pH, favoring highly aromatic, high-molecular-weight chromophoric DOM (CDOM) and protein-like/aromatic amino acid fluorescent DOM (FDOM) with high humification and autochthonous characteristics. With increasing initial DOC concentration, adsorption exhibited non-linear growth, with preferential uptake of low-aromaticity, high-molecular-weight CDOM and protein-like FDOM of lower humification and stronger autochthonous features. These findings elucidate that ferrihydrite can effectively sequester reactive ADOM components via pH- and concentration-dependent selective adsorption, potentially altering DOM composition and reactivity in eutrophic waters, thereby providing fundamental data for understanding iron mineral-mediated internal carbon sequestration.

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The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering•2026

Study on Net Cross-Zone Flow Characteristics of Composite Tridimensional Rotational Flow Sieve Tray

Authors: Ping HUO, Yue MA, Hongkai WANG, Meng TANG

The composite tridimensional rotational flow sieve tray (CTRST) integrates a packing zone and a swirl zone to enhance gas-liquid contact, yet its application range and structural optimization are hindered by unclear cross-zone flow distribution mechanisms. This study experimentally investigates gas-liquid cross-zone distribution and flow loss in both zones, introducing net cross-zone flow proportions for gas and liquid phases to quantify inter-zone flow. Under tested conditions, the net liquid cross-zone flow proportion ranged from -0.325 to -0.370, indicating net liquid flow from the swirl zone to the packing zone, while the net gas flow proportion ranged from 0.022 to 0.310, indicating net gas flow from the packing zone to the swirl zone. Analysis of loss flow ratios revealed that liquid spray density and gas kinetic energy factor had minor influence on net liquid loss flow proportion (always less than -0.037), suggesting low resistance to liquid exchange. Conversely, gas loss flow proportion varied significantly from -0.047 to -0.319, indicating substantial resistance to gas cross-zone interaction. This gas loss ratio initially increased then decreased with liquid spray density, peaking at 92.26 m3/(m2·h), and increased with gas kinetic energy factor. A predictive model for net cross-zone flow proportions was developed, correlating operational parameters with flow loss intensity, providing theoretical support for optimizing tray design and operation.

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The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering•2026

Study on Anti-poisoning Property and Mechanism of Rare Earth Superlattice Hydrogen Storage Alloys

Authors: Tianmeng HE, Yajie ZHANG, Xiaoyi XUE, He ZHANG, Shubin ZHANG, Jinpeng WANG, Hao WANG, Yanrong LIU

The high cost of high-purity hydrogen necessitates the utilization of low-cost industrial by-product hydrogen as an alternative gas source to reduce hydrogen storage costs. Industrial by-product hydrogen typically contains impurities such as H2S and CO, yet the poisoning mechanisms of these gases on superlattice hydrogen storage alloys during hydrogen absorption/desorption remain poorly understood. This study systematically investigates the poisoning effects and regeneration behavior of La0.65Mg1.32Ca1.03Ni9Y0.17 superlattice hydrogen storage alloy in atmospheres containing 10^-3 H2S and CO. The experimental protocol comprised 10 poisoning cycles followed by 1 regeneration, repeated to total 20 poisoning cycles and 2 pure hydrogen regenerations. Results show that in pure hydrogen, the alloy's hydrogen storage capacity gradually decreases after 22 cycles but is effectively restored after dehydrogenation at 473 K. In the presence of impurity gases, the hydrogen storage capacity retention rates after 10 poisoning cycles with H2S and CO are 3.56% and 2.71%, respectively; after 20 cycles, these decrease to 3.68% and 1.73%, respectively. After dehydrogenation at 473 K, retention rates recover to 40.35% and 98.27%, respectively. This indicates that poisoning severity follows the order CO > H2S, while regeneration difficulty follows H2S > CO. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that after poisoning, the main phase transforms from AB3 to AB3H, but reverts to AB3 after high-temperature dehydrogenation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that after H2S poisoning, CaS and CaSO4 form on the alloy surface, indicating irreversible chemical adsorption. In contrast, after CO poisoning, no new substances are detected, indicating reversible adsorption. This study clarifies the differentiated poisoning mechanisms of impurity gases and provides theoretical support for the application of rare-earth superlattice hydrogen storage alloys in complex atmospheres.

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