SCIENCE CHINA Materials•2026•DOI: 10.1007/s40843-026-4384-9
Nanovesicle-hybridized hydrogels constitute a class of bioactive materials that integrate the structural stability of polymer networks with the intrinsic biological functions of nanoscale vesicles. Conventional hydrogels suffer from swelling-induced mechanical degradation, uncontrollable cargo release, and an inability to integrate multiple bioactivities. Hybridization with nanovesicles provides a robust solution to these limitations. This review systematically delineates the evolution of construction strategies, transitioning from simple physical entrapment to advanced chemical crosslinking involving noncovalent supramolecular interactions and covalent conjugation. We elucidate how these integration methods fundamentally enhance mechanical strength, enable spatiotemporally controlled release of vesicles and their cargos, and endow composite systems with multifaceted bioactivities. The diverse biomedical applications of these hybridized platforms in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and disease therapy are thoroughly discussed. Current technical hurdles in clinical translation and promising future directions are identified, providing a roadmap for the next generation of intelligent biomimetic materials. The review emphasizes that the shift from physical doping to chemical crosslinking represents a paradigm change, yielding composites with superior mechanical resilience and programmable release kinetics. By critically assessing the trade-offs between crosslinking density, vesicle integrity, and payload retention, this work offers a framework for designing hybrid systems with tailored properties. Key challenges include scalable manufacturing, long-term stability, and regulatory hurdles. The analysis underscores that clinical translation demands standardized protocols for vesicle isolation, crosslinking efficiency, and sterility assurance. This review serves as a benchmark for researchers and engineers aiming to bridge the gap between laboratory-scale fabrication and industrial production of nanovesicle-hybridized hydrogels.
The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering•2026•DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225162
The effects of tempering temperature on the microstructure, strength-toughness balance, and precipitates of a quenched Cu-Cr-Ni ultra-high strength weathering steel were systematically investigated. The steel was austenitized at 920°C, quenched, and then tempered at 500°C, 550°C, and 600°C. Microstructural characterization was performed using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while mechanical properties were evaluated via tensile and low-temperature impact tests. Results showed that as the tempering temperature increased from 500°C to 600°C, the microstructure transformed from lath-shaped tempered sorbite to a non-lath morphology. The fraction of rod-like cementite decreased, while spheroidized cementite increased, and the size of MC (M = Ti, Nb, V, Mo) precipitates decreased from an average of 12.2 nm to 9.9 nm. Consequently, yield strength and tensile strength decreased from 935 MPa and 958 MPa to 866 MPa and 888 MPa, respectively, whereas total elongation and impact energy at -40°C increased continuously, reaching maximum values of 5.0% and 280 J at 600°C. When tempered at 550°C, the steel exhibited a yield strength of 895 MPa, tensile strength of 921 MPa, elongation of 4.3%, and impact energy of 271 J at -40°C, demonstrating an optimal combination of strength and toughness. This improvement is primarily attributed to the spheroidization of cementite and the uniform dispersion of fine MC precipitates, which alleviate stress concentration, along with the softening of the acicular ferrite matrix during tempering.
Environmental Chemistry•2026•DOI: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2025021602
Iron-based catalysts are widely used in water pollution treatment due to their high stability and redox capabilities. However, conventional single-component iron-based catalytic systems face challenges such as slow reaction kinetics and low efficiency in generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) during organic pollutant degradation. In this study, three electroactive bacteria (Bacillus megaterium, Lactococcus lactis, and Shewanella putrefaciens) were selected to interact with nano-Fe3O4 to construct bacterial/Fe3O4 hybrid materials, accelerating the degradation of gallic acid. The results showed that bacterial interaction with Fe3O4 facilitated rapid electron transfer, enhancing gallic acid degradation. The bacterial/Fe3O4 hybrid materials exhibited significantly higher gallic acid degradation rates compared to Fe3O4 alone. This improvement was mainly attributed to the ability of electroactive bacteria to promote the formation of oxygen vacancies (OVs) on the Fe3O4 surface, accelerating electron transfer and subsequently enhancing the generation of ROS, including hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, and singlet oxygen. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship between OVs and ROS generation, with hydroxyl radicals showing the highest correlation with the gallic acid degradation rate constant (r = 0.98), indicating its dominant role in gallic acid degradation; the hydroxyl radicals quenching experiment also verified its dominant role. Additionally, due to the temperature sensitivity of bacteria, the degradation rate of gallic acid reached its peak in the temperature range of 30–40 °C. This study reveals the mechanism by which electroactive bacteria enhance the catalytic activity of Fe3O4, providing a new strategy for its application in advanced oxidation technology for water pollution treatment.
Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering•2026•DOI: 10.12030/j.cjee.202512015
The co-contamination of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in agricultural soils near mining areas poses significant risks to ecosystems and human health. Conventional stabilization materials often exhibit insufficient performance for Zn, particularly in multi-metal systems. This study synthesized a novel composite biochar (PFMBC) by loading phosphate and iron-manganese oxides onto biochar via phosphoric acid impregnation followed by secondary pyrolysis at 600 °C. The stabilization efficiency of PFMBC was evaluated against pristine biochar (BC) and iron-manganese modified biochar (FMBC) in a soil collected from a lead-zinc mining area (total Cd: 43.77 mg·kg−1, Pb: 3355.94 mg·kg−1, Zn: 1296.57 mg·kg−1). After 60 days of incubation with 5% PFMBC, the DTPA-extractable (bioavailable) fractions of Cd, Pb, and Zn decreased by 73.44%, 90.10%, and 69.33%, respectively, significantly outperforming BC and FMBC. Sequential extraction indicated that PFMBC promoted the transformation of Cd, Pb, and Zn from acid-soluble and reducible fractions to more stable residual fractions. Characterization via FTIR, SEM, and XRD revealed enhanced surface functional groups and the formation of stable mineral phases. The synergistic effects of phosphate precipitation, iron-manganese oxide adsorption, and surface complexation contributed to the superior stabilization, particularly overcoming the challenge of Zn immobilization. These findings demonstrate that PFMBC is a promising amendment for the remediation of Cd-Pb-Zn co-contaminated soils, offering high efficiency and long-term stability.