Self-assembled theranostic nanoplatform-mediated calcium-overload for enhanced sonodynamic therapy
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) faces limited efficacy due to robust antioxidant systems in tumors that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). To overcome this, we developed a pH/ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanoplatform, Mn-CaCO3@NGQDs/PAA, via self-assembly of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs), Mn-doped CaCO3, and polyacrylic acid (PAA). This platform synergistically combines SDT with calcium overload. Under ultrasound irradiation, it generates abundant singlet oxygen (1O2), while the acidic tumor microenvironment triggers sustained Ca2+ release, inducing calcium overload. The combined effects amplify oxidative stress, suppressing tumor growth. Additionally, the nanoplatform exhibits dual-mode T1/T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performance, enabling tumor localization. In vivo studies demonstrated significant tumor inhibition and apoptosis, with no notable toxicity. This integrated strategy maximizes therapeutic efficacy, offering a promising approach for enhanced tumor therapy.